Ludka Majernikova_Y4 | Unit 14 | Bartlett School of Architecture by UNIT 14

UNIT Y4 LM

BRATISLAVA TERMINALLUDKA MAJERNIKOVA

YEAR 4 @unit14_ucl

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www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/architecture

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Cover design by Charlie Harris

ludmila.majernikova@gmail.com

@ludka_majernikova

BRATISLAVA TERMINAL

HIGH-SPEED RAILWAY STATION

BRATISLAVA, SLOVAKIA

Set within the European project for high-speed railway development Magistrale for Europe the proposal of the Bratislava Terminal aims to reimagine what infrastructure could look like through a more user-oriented, human-scaled approach.

The project looks to traditional, vernacular, utilitarian Slovak timber construction methods for inspiration, merging the domestic and familiar with the infrastructural and innovative to create a new architectural language. Working within the restrictive framework of Slovak legislation concerning the use of structural timber in civic buildings, the proposal aims to become a showcase of this possibility embodied by the unifying timber roof sitting over the entire proposed station and bridge.

As a large intervention into the city, it is both infrastructurally and socially transformative. It not only brings the railway closer to the city center, but also acts as an inter-mobility hub merging the railway, public transport network as well as pedestrian and cycle infrastructures. Bridging over the Danube it interconnects public circulations, elevating the active streetscape across both banks. The development will not only interconnect the disjoint capital city but will also aid in bringing it a step closer to western Europe.

LUDKA MAJERNIKOVA YEAR

Y4 LM

I. ARTEFACT ANALYSIS

SEMESTER I. STUDY OF TIMBER CONSTRUCTION

VERNACULAR TIMBER CONSTRUCTION IN SLOVAKIA

Historically located at the center of changing spheres of influence, traditional Slovak construction methods were greatly influenced by, and became a fusion of Slavic, Eastern-European, Germanic trends. The case study is an archetypal log house found across central and eastern Slovakia.

House scale

The scale of the houses was modest in length often dictated by the length of a trunk to avoid splicing of components. For this reason the houses expanded in length, adding smaller rooms for domestic or utilitarian use.

Ridge purlin

Gabled roof often clad with vertical planks

Timber roof rafter

Roof tie beam

Often times two logs spliced together depending on building depth

Timber roof joist

Ridge purlin

Gabled roof often clad with vertical planks

Roof battens

Often notched directly onto roof rafters

Roof overhanging eaves

Creates protected circulation around building perimeter and kept rain away from facade

Perimeter up-stand

Made of stone or masonry, the raised foundation was particularly useful in uneven, mountainous terrain

SEMESTER 1 ANALYSIS: VERNACULAR TIMBER CONSTRUCTION IN SLOVAKIA

5m Bedroom Kitchen Storage 2.5m 4m

SEMESTER 1 ANALYSIS: VERNACULAR TIMBER CONSTRUCTION IN SLOVAKIA

DESIGN PORTFOLIO | BRATISLAVA TERMINAL

Interlocking shingles

Most often hand hewn from larch or spruce, in Slovak šindeľ

Roof truss post

Timber plank flooring

Roof edge beam sill

Interlocking notch connection on external walls corner

Timber floor joists

Often sat directly on rammed earth with an air gap acting as insulation

Roof beam notch

Beams directly attach onto external wall elements by notching, increasing the stability of the interlocking frame

Hand hewn logs

Main walls most often from softwood like spruce, hand hewn into rectangular profiles or in older houses left round. Gaps between logs were stuffed with moss or straw to help with thermal performance.

Roof corner

Edge beams joined by half lap or cross lap connection

Roof to wall connection

Wall logs extend outwards and interlock creating a bracket system supporting the roof edge beams

STACKING OF STRUCTURE

CORNER CONDITION

The roof edge beams overlap in roof corners, joined by cross lap connections allowing them to protrude. They are supported by the timber bracketry composed of extended wall logs towards the top of the walls. The stepping varies from house to house but most typically consist of four beams. These are typically also connected by cross lap joints to allow for protrusions. The base logs of the wall structure are anchored into the stone up-stand.

I. Roof edge beams

Beams overlap in roof corners, joined by cross lap connection allowing them to protrude

II. Roof to wall connection

Wall logs extend outwards, interlock and stack up with a cross lap creating a bracket system which supports the roof edge beams

III. Perimeter up-stand

The base logs of the wall structure are anchored into the stone up-stand with timber members.

DESIGN PORTFOLIO | BRATISLAVA TERMINAL ARTEFACT ANALYSIS | FRAGMENT EXPERIMENTATION

DESIGN

| BRATISLAVA TERMINAL ARTEFACT ANALYSIS | FRAGMENT EXPERIMENTATION

PORTFOLIO

II. I.

CROSS

LAP CONNECTIONS

SPLICE CONNECTIONS

Splices are used to join two timber members end-to-end to span a greater length than the individual piece of timber spans. This offers a grain face to grain face connection. Lap connections are used when members meet perpendicularly and have to overlap to a flush corner connection or cross over and continue spanning.

I. Half-Lap III. Under Squinted Half-Lap V. Under Squinted Stop Splayed with Table II. Half-Lap With Table IV. Under Squinted Stop Splayed Half-Lap II. Stop Bladed with Cogs I. Flush Cross-Lap II. Cross-Lap III. Curved Cross-Lap IV. Mitered Half-Lap V. Dove-Tail Half-Lap VI. Half-Lap

VOLUMETRIC STACKING: SCALING OF CORNER CONDITION

Scaling the analysed cantilevering corner condition to a full building level allows for a study of the potential spatial opportunities the system offers. Due to the nature of the material chosen the structural principles and tectonic change significantly, pushing the direction towards more contemporary timber solutions such as lamination in glulam and baubuche solutions.

I. Scaled up notch corner condition II. Simple truss construction III. Fused horizontal and vertical structure

DESIGN

| BRATISLAVA TERMINAL

This condition under-pass direction tree circulation OVERPASS SEMESTER 1 ARTEFACT ANALYSIS STACKING OF VOLUMES STACKING I. Scaled up notch corner condition II. Simple truss construction III. Fused horizontal and vertical structure

PORTFOLIO

MULTI-DIRECTIONAL

IV. Maintaining dynamic directionality I. Creation of single component from curved lamellas to achieve desired shape II. Splitting component into core of without curvature and additional stepped curved lamellas III. Fusion of horizontal beam structure with slanting components while maintaining the curvature of the diagonal member DESIGN

| BRATISLAVA

This under-pass direction tree OVERPASS SEMESTER 1 ARTEFACT ANALYSIS STACKING OF VOLUMES STACKING

PORTFOLIO

TERMINAL MULTI-DIRECTIONAL

MULTI-DIRECTIONAL OVERPASSOVERPASS - UNDERPASS NODE

OVERPASS STUDY: MULTI-LEVEL CIRCULATION

This condition looks at the possibility of simultaneously being able to under-pass and over-pass from the same location. Staggering the staircase direction can allow for easy access to both types of circulations, connecting tree circulation corridors at different levels.

MULTI-LEVEL CIRCULATION NODE

condition vertical structure directionality single curved achieve component without and stepped lamellas horizontal structure with components maintaining of the member

STACKING OF CIRCULATION

II. BRATISLAVA TERMINAL

CITY CONTEXT + ANALYSIS

ORIENT / EAST-MEDITERRANEAN LINK

BALTIC-ADRIATIC LINK

RHINE-DANUBE LINK

TRANS EUROPEAN TRANSPORT NETWORK

Built on the crossroads of historic international trade routes and the river Danube, Bratislava has always held a strategic position in inter-continental trade. Today it sits on the crossroad of three Trans European Transport Networks - rail and river - directly connecting it to the Adriatic, Black, Baltic and North Seas.

Frankfurt Hamburg Strasbourg Kraków Brno Warszawa Budapest Bratislava Žilina Wien Salzburg Praha München Berlin Bremen Leipzig Mannheim Venezia Bologna Ancona Nürnberg Dresden Wrocław Katowice Poznań Stuttgart Bucureşti Soﬁa Braşov Arad Thessaloníki Athína Pátra Graz Erfurt Linz Szczecin Lübeck Bratislava Kúty AUSTRIA DESIGN PORTFOLIO | BRATISLAVA TERMINAL Currently 80-100 railway and Central SLOVAKIA For 2022: 40% Iron Ore 13% Metals 12% Coal 9% Stone (Building 8% Petroleum 7% Timber 6% Chemical 5% Other INDUSTRY RAILWAY CARGO TRANSPORT PROJECT NARRATIVE: WIDER CONTEXT

RAILWAY CONNECTIVITY

10-70 km/h

71-100 km/h

101-120 km/h

120-160 km/h

INDUSTRY + IMPACT ON RAILWAY DEVELOPMENT

RAIL TYPES

CARGO TRANSPORT DIVISION

For 2022:

40% Iron Ore

13% Metals

12% Coal

9% Stone (Building material)

8% Petroleum products

7% Timber

6% Chemical products

5% Other

CHEMICAL & PETROLEUM PRODUCTS IRON ORE COAL TIMBER

SLOVAKIA RAIL DEVELOPMENT + OVERVIEW

TRANSITION OF GAUGES

Bordering the Ukraine makes eastern Slovakia a strategic transit zone for all goods transported further east as well as incoming imports moving further west. For this reason both the narrow and wide gauges can be found in this region.

Currently there are no high-speed railway tracks in Slovakia, the average speed being only around 80-100 km/h, with few 160 km/h segments. The aim should be to link to the existing high-speed railway links in close proximity, to become a part of the network much enjoyed by the rest of Wester and Central Europe.

RAILWAY LINES MID-SPEED RAILWAY MISSING HIGH-SPEED LINK WIDE-GAUGE RAIL TRANSITION TO UE

Bucureşti Braşov Thessaloníki Athína Bratislava Komárno Čierna nad Tisou Muszyna Svrčinovec Kúty Žilina Košice Bratislava Komárno Čierna nad Tisou Muszyna Svrčinovec Kúty Žilina Košice Bratislava Komárno Čierna nad Tisou Muszyna Svrčinovec Kúty Žilina Košice HUNGARY 30 MINUTES 60 MINUTES 90 MINUTES 180 MINUTES 240 MINUTES UKRAINE POLAND CZECHIA AUSTRIA

ICE / ECE DEUTSCHE BAHN

RAILJET - OBB, DB, ČD PARTNERSHIP

EXPRESS INTERCITY PREMIUM (PKP)

MAGISTRALE FOR EUROPE

Currently there are no high-speed railway tracks in Slovakia, the average speed being only around 80100 km/h, with few 160 km/h segments. The aim should be to link to the existing high-speed railway links in close proximity, to become a part of the network much enjoyed by the rest of Wester and Central Europe. The EU project Magistrale for Europe - high-speed rail network linking Paris to Bratislava - will bring major development of Bratislava and its economy by bringing it closer to the West.

Frankfurt Köln Dortmund Bremen Liège Hannover Hamburg Berlin Leipzig Brussel Paris Milano Zürich Mannheim Innsbruck Venezia Dresden Wrocław Katowice Kraków Brno Praha Warszawa Stuttgart München Salzburg Graz Budapest Bratislava Wien Gdańsk Erfurt Linz Duisburg Amsterdam Rostock Lübeck

Dublin London Amsterdam Paris Luxembourg Brussels Lisbon Madrid Bern DESIGN PORTFOLIO | BRATISLAVA TERMINAL PROJECT NARRATIVE: WIDER CONTEXT

EUROVELO CYCLE-PATHS

Sarajevo

Bern Bratislava currently sits on the intersection of several trans-european Eurovelo cycle-paths. Boosting cycle infrastructure in the city will so grow the european cycle infrastructure along the Danube, strengthening the link between the cycle paths connecting Bratislava to Vienna, Budapest and beyond.

Dublin London Amsterdam Oslo Copenhagen Helsinki Tallinn Stockholm Riga Moscow Minsk Kiev Warsaw Vilnius Berlin Prague Paris Luxembourg Brussels Rome Bratislava Vienna Budapest Liubljana Zagreb Sarajevo Belgrade Prisitina Skopje Soﬁa Tirana Bucarest Athens Podgorica Lisbon Madrid Bern Amsterdam Oslo Copenhagen Helsinki Tallinn Stockholm Riga Moscow Minsk Kiev Warsaw Vilnius Berlin Prague Paris Luxembourg Brussels Rome

Vienna Budapest

Bratislava

Liubljana Zagreb

Belgrade

Skopje Soﬁa

Bucarest Athens

Prisitina

Tirana

Podgorica

CZECHIA & AUSTRIA

FIRST STATION BUILDING

BRATISLAVACENTRAL STATION

EAST SLOVAKIA & HUNGARY

PUBLIC TRANSPORT STATION

RAILWAY STATION STYLE 19TH CENTURY TYPOLOGY

This half-timbered architectural style came to the slovak region under the Austro-Hungarian empire in the late 19th century. Under the influence of existing 19th century germanic industrial styles in Slovakia the half-timbered style it blended into a new style, linked with railway buildings and leisure centers from this period.

A unified style of railway architecture on the oldest railway links in Slovakia is however primarily due to the influence of the Austian National Railway Service (Österreichische Staatseisenbahngesellschaft – StEG) which funded most of the railway construction in Slovakia at the time.

RAILWAY STATION STYLE 19TH CENTURY TYPOLOGY

The current building lacks the capacity, connectivity, public space and services a station of an EU capital city should offer. The station sits in little valley at the feet of the Kamzik mountain (first peak of the Small Carpathians) and the Castle hill. The terrain conditions make any expansion or modernisaton attempts very difficult and costly.

TRAIN STATION PRESENTATION 01 26/04/2021

Štrba, 1871

TRANSPORT MUSEUM

Tatranská Štrba,

DESIGN PORTFOLIO | BRATISLAVA TERMINAL

STATION DEVELOPMENT: SYMBOL OF POLITICAL REGIMES Štrba, Traditional Commonly stations in Slovakia TRADITIONAL 1871 1848 1940 1989 PROJECT NARRATIVE: CITY CONTEXT

STATION

STYLE TYPOLOGY

style came to the slovak empire in the late 19th existing 19th century germanic half-timbered style it blended railway buildings and leisure

architecture on the oldest railway primarily due to the influence Service (Österreichische which funded most of the time.

STYLE TYPOLOGY

to the slovak in the late 19th century germanic style it blended buildings and leisure

oldest railway the influence (Österreichische funded most of

RAILWAY STATION STYLE 19TH CENTURY TYPOLOGY

Štrba, 1871

TRADITIONAL STATION DESIGN - PUBLIC RAILWAY

TRAIN STATION PRESENTATION 01 26/04/2021

Traditional Austro-Hungarian Railway Secession style inspired by Germanic Alpine architecture. Commonly used during the late 19th and early20th century in first railway holiday destinations or simply stations dedicated for public use. The common traits were external timber framing, uncommon otherwise in Slovakia - so clearly linking to the building’s function.

Stará Kremnička, 1872 Štrba, 1871 Trenčín, 1883 Bjarke Ingels Group ESET Campus Nové Štrbské Pleso, 1896 Stará Kremnička, 1872 Tatranská Lomnica, 1895 Plešivec, 1896 Štrba, 1871 Trenčín, 1883 Nové Štrbské Pleso, Stará Kremnička, Tatranská Lomnica, 1895 Štrba, 1871 Nové Štrbské Pleso, 1896 Tatranská Lomnica, 1895

EXPANSION ISSUES

EXPANSION ISSUES Lamač Tunnel

EXISTING STATIONS: PEOPLE: 60,000 - 90,000 Daily PUBLIC TRAINS: 125 - 130 Daily PLATFORMS: 6 Platforms 10 edges TRACKS Transport tracks: 31 Manipulation tracks: 16 Side-tracks: 23 Other: 6

DESIGN PORTFOLIO | BRATISLAVA TERMINAL

Transport Museum 1. 6.

STATION BUILDING

VIENNA, CZ EAST SLOVAKIA

2. 3. 4. 5.

Aside from its personal transport role The Central Station is home to the main railway depot, maintenance tracks and cargo manipulation tracks. Due to this, the efficiency of personal transport is compromised as the station struggles to cope with the capacity. Within the context of 2030 EU targets more cargo and more people need to be transported via railway making it’s expansion and / or functional division essential.

Aside from its personal transport role The Central Station is home to the main railway depot, maintenance tracks and cargo manipulation tracks. Due to this, the efficiency of personal transport is compromised as the station struggles to cope with the capacity.

Within the context of 2030 EU targets more cargo and more people need to be transported via railway making it’s expansion and / or functional division essential.

Personal Transport tracks Cargo / Train manipulation tracks Side-tracks PEOPLE: 60,000 - 90,000 Daily PUBLIC TRAINS: 125 - 130 Daily PLATFORMS: 6 Platforms 10 edges TRACKS Transport tracks: 31 Manipulation tracks: 16 Side-tracks: 23 Other: 6 Lamač Tunnel VIENNA, CZ EAST SLOVAKIA STATION BUILDING Transport Museum 1. 6. 2. 3. 4. 5.

DESIGN PORTFOLIO | BRATISLAVA TERMINAL

BRATISLAVA CENTRAL STATION Personal Transport tracks Cargo / Train manipulation tracks Side-tracks

BRATISLAVA CENTRAL STATION

EXISTING STATIONS:

BRATISLAVA PETRŽALKA

Due to it’s peripheral location the station has historically relied on Cargo transport rather than public transport. Connected to several industrial areas in the city, the majority of the tracks are dedicated to cargo. Passenger transport is reliant on the OBB high-speed track extension to the station connecting to Vienna.

Personal Transport tracks Cargo / Train manipulation tracks Side-tracks PEOPLE: ~40,000 Daily PUBLIC TRAINS: 76 Daily PLATFORMS: 2 Platforms 3 edges TRACKS Transport tracks: 12 Side-tracks: 4 Other: 1

cargo manipulation 1.

Tracks for

INDUSTRIAL PARK MATADOR AUSTRIA HUNGARY STATION BUILDING

CENTRAL STATION, INDUSTRIAL PARK SLOVNAFT, BA PORT

DISJOINT INFRASTRUCTURE

Due to the geographic condition of the city, two railway loops converge towards the historic city center from the north and south banks of the Danube.

The northern railway network first connected Bratislava to Vienna and later Budapest. The southern connection had room to expand not being restrained by mountainous terrain, currently serves as a crucial international link for cargo and industrial goods’ transport. It is also the link towards the European high-speed railway.

DESIGN PORTFOLIO | BRATISLAVA TERMINAL

PROJECT NARRATIVE: CITY CONTEXT

GEOGRAPHICAL PLACEMENT

CZECH REPUBLIC & AUSTRIA EAST SLOVAKIA & HUNGARY

The main railway station of Bratislava is situated just north of the city center at the feet of the Carpathian mountains. Given the topographical conditions the location is strategic, sitting right in the only mountain pass through the Carpathians in Bratislava - connecting the ancient trade routes of the Danube river, Amber Road and connection to Prague.

DESIGN PORTFOLIO | BRATISLAVA TERMINAL CITY CONTEXT: INTERMOBILITY: Socialist 1970s construction CURRENT Further increasing public into cargo INTEGRATED

BRATISLAVA METRO PROPOSAL CURRENT TRAM LINE

Socialist plans for Bratislava Metro from the 1970s that never came to be realized even though construction began.

INTEGRATED PUBLIC TRANSPORT: INTERMOBILITY

Further deepening the agenda for an integrated public transport system network, increasing intermobility with particular focus on the revival of the railway as means of public transport. The proposed link would furthermore shift the public railway station into the heart of the city center while leaving the two peripheral stations dedicated for cargo transport.

DESIGN PORTFOLIO | BRATISLAVA TERMINAL SITE ANALYSIS: AREAS OF INTEREST

1. 2. 3. 4.5. 8. 10.

0m 100m 200m 400m

11. 12. 1. Bratislava castle 2. National Gallery 3. National Museum 4. University

10.

11.

12.

DESIGN PORTFOLIO | BRATISLAVA TERMINAL SITE ANALYSIS: AREAS OF INTEREST

5. Galley Umelka 6. National Theater 7. Commercial hub

8. Theater Arena 9. Central Bus Station

Historic park

Cultural / market venue

Cathedral Floodplain Forest Flood Zone Parks Areas of Development

1. 2. 3. 4.5. 8. 10.

0m 100m 200m 400m

11. 12. 1. Bratislava castle 2. National Gallery 3. National Museum 4. University 5. Galley Umelka

6. National Theater 7. Commercial hub 8. Theater Arena 9. Central Bus Station 10. Historic park 11. Cultural / market venue 12. Cathedral Floodplain Forest Flood Zone Parks Areas of Development

Mapping mobility and

DESIGN PORTFOLIO | BRATISLAVA TERMINAL Cycle Pedestrian Public JAN AVERAGE MONTHLY TEMPERATURES + PRECIPITATION PRECIPITATION AVERAGE DAILY MIN COLD NIGHTS AVERAGE DAILY MAX HOT DAYS -10°C -20°C 0°C -1°C 4°C 10°C 17°C 22°C 2°C 6°C 11°C 15°C 27°C 15°C 12°C 9°C 5°C 1°C -2°C -2°C 27°C 24°C 21°C 16°C 10°C 5°C 3°C 10°C 20°C 30°C 40°C 100mm 50mm 0mm 25mm 75mm FEBMARAPR MAY JUNJUL AUG SEPOCT NOV DEC >1 >5 >12 >19 >28 >38 >50 >61 km/h N NNE NE ENE E ESE SE SSE S SSW SW WSW W WNW NW NNW 0 500 1000 1500 DANUBE STANDARD LEVELS 50 YEAR FLOOD LEVELS 100 YEAR FLOOD LEVELS FLOODPLAIN FOREST SITE SITE SELECTION + STRATEGY DEFINITION

SITE STRATEGY: CONSTRAINTS + OPPORTUNITIES

Mapping of possible site constraints and opportunities with the focus on mobility and circulation: pedestrian, cyclist, public transport, river transport and railway as well as natural conditions such as greenery and the flood zone

SITE STRATEGY: CONSTRAINTS + OPPORTUNITIES

FLOOD ZONE TRANSPORT CORRIDOR CONTEXT BUILDING HEIGHT CLEAR HEIGHT FOR BOATS SAD JANKA KRALA PARK FLOODPLAIN FOREST CYCLE PATH CYCLE PATH RIVER PROMENADE RIVER PROMENADE RIVERSIDE MAIN ROAD TRAMLINE GALLERY UMELKA THEATER ARENA FLOOD ZONE TRANSPORT CORRIDOR CONTEXT BUILDING HEIGHT CLEAR HEIGHT FOR BOATS SAD JANKA KRALA PARK FLOODPLAIN FOREST CYCLE PATH CYCLE PATH RIVER PROMENADE RIVER PROMENADE RIVERSIDE MAIN ROAD TRAMLINE GALLERY UMELKA THEATER ARENA Danube transport corridor Flood Barrier Zone Floodplain forest Historic Park

path

Public Transport stops MIN MAX

Cycle

Pedestrian path

Pedestrian path Public Transport stops MIN MAX

Cycle path

path Pedestrian path Public Transport stops MIN MAX

Cycle

III. THE BRIDGE STATION

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

P2 P1 A1 F1 137.0 18.0 24.0 80.0 45.0 50.0 P2 P1 A1 F1 137.0 80.0 45.0 50.0

P3 P4 A2 18.0 90.0 95.0 P3 P4 A2 90.0 95.0

BRATISLAVA

MASSING STRATEGY: BUILDING GENESIS

RESPONSE TO CONSTRAINTS

EXISTING + REUSE

Dismantling of existing bridge structure and maintaining existing masonry piers.

HIERARCHY / DIRECTIONALITY

Adjusting mass to reflect the hierarchy of the two river banks and dominant directionality of both programme and circulation flows towards the historic north bank of Bratislava.

Adjusting massing to surrounding building heights, minimum boats, pedestrian and cycle paths along the river bank

Adjusting massing to surrounding building boats, pedestrian and cycle paths along the

CITY STRATA: MATERIAL LAYERING

Adjusting mass to reflect the hierarchy of the two river banks directionality of both programme and circulation flows towards bank of Bratislava.

Adjusting mass to reflect the hierarchy of the directionality of both programme and circulation bank of Bratislava.

MASSING

DESIGN PORTFOLIO | BRATISLAVA TERMINAL DESIGN DEVELOPMENT:

STRATEGY

TRANSPORTCORRIDOR FLOODPLAIN PROMENADE EUROVELO DESIGN

MASSING STRATEGY

PORTFOLIO |

TERMINAL DESIGN DEVELOPMENT:

heights, minimum clear height for river the river bank and other constraints.

PROGRAMME REQUIREMENTS

Programme sizing and placement on site. Simple division between terminal hall, platforms, promenade and railway positioning. Respecting all site constraints.

LAYERING

the two river banks and dominant circulation flows towards the historic north

ACTIVATION + CIRCULATION

Addition of perimeter promenades as an extension of the public realm around. The result is a seamless merging of the urban realm with the bridge programme and elevating the existing public infrastructures.

FLOODPLAIN PROMENADE PUBLIC TRANSPORT

ENTRANCE

CYCHLE-PATH

TERMINAL

ENCLOSURE

CYCLE-STATIONS PLATFORMS

PROMENADE

PROGRAMME REQUIREMENTS + ORGANIZATION

The station programme is primarily divided across levels to create a direct, userfriendly and fast route from the station concourse to the bridge platforms without being affected by supporting programme on the perimeter.

INFORMATION BAR AREA TERMINAL SEATING BEER HALL BRIDGE SEATING +BAR AREA SUPPORT (WC’s) SUPPORT (WC’s) SUPPORT (WC’s) TICKET PURCHASE

AREAS CONCOURSE

WAITING

HALL

EXT.

INT.

CYCLE-PATH

PROMENADE CYCHLE-PATH

BRIDGE

+ STORAGE

+ STORAGE DESIGN PORTFOLIO | BRATISLAVA TERMINAL TERMINAL HALL BEER HALL WAITING PLATFORMS CYCLE PATH BEER HALL MEP BOH

LINE

CYCLE-STATIONS PLATFORMS

B.O.H.

ENCLOSURE

ZONE

LINE

ENCLOSURE

INFORMATION TERMINAL SEATING BEER HALL BRIDGE SEATING +BAR AREA (WC’s)

SUPPORT (WC’s) TICKET PURCHASE WAITING AREAS CONCOURSE

PROGRAMME ZONING STRATEGY

SUPPORT (WC’s)

HALL

CYCLE-PATH EXT.

INT.

BRIDGE

+ STORAGE

B.O.H.

DESIGN PORTFOLIO | BRATISLAVA TERMINAL TERMINAL HALL BEER HALL WAITING PLATFORMS CYCLE PATH BEER HALL MEP BOH

B.O.H. + STORAGE

LINE

ZONE ENCLOSURE

PROGRAMME

route activation B01 L01

Division

PROGRAMME ZONING STRATEGY

PROGRAMME LAYERING

Division of programme across levels in a way to maintain direct route for masses of rushing passengers, while having perimeter activation at all other times

Terminal concourse

Platforms

Beer

Public

Cycle-path B.O.H. MEP areas

SUPPORT + BOH TICKETS HALL MEP ENTRANCE ZONE SUPPORT + BOH TICKETS + WAITING AREAS ENTRANCE HALL SUPPORT + BOH BEER HALL + WAITING AREAS ENCLOSED CYCLE-PATH BEER HALL WAITING AREAS PUBLIC PROMENADE PLATFORMS

B01

RIVERSIDE ENTRANCE GF - MAIN ENTRANCE HALL L01 - BEER HALL L02 - WAITING AREAS + PLATFORMS

Hall

Promenade

BRIDGES OF BRATISLAVA

STRUCTURAL RE-USE Pier Caps will have built upon to increase clear height under the

BRIDGE OF THE SLOVAK NATIONAL UPRISING

Cable-stayed bridge with fan system, steel & concrete frame box frame

MASSING

Cable-stayed bridge with fan system, steel & concrete frame box frame

Reinforced concrete dation. Typical cross-section provides minimal resistance water flow

BRIDGE OF THE SLOVAK NATIONAL UPRISING

Steel frame through truss bridge 460m long, 32m wide, 10m tall

APOLLO BRIDGE

Tied-arch bridge with inclined hangers, steel & concrete frame

IDENTIFYING SUITABLE BRIDGE TYPE

IDENTIFYING SUITABLE BRIDGE

BEAM / GIRDER BRIDGE

Most suitable type for large spans without suspension, easy pre-fabrication, potentially two levels for linear programme

TERMINAL

IDENTIFYING SUITABLE BRIDGE TYPE

TYPE

Most suitable type for large spans without suspension, easy pre-fabrication, potentially two levels for linear programme

CABLE-STAYED BRIDGE

BRIDGE

TIED-ARCH BRIDGE

430m 350m 840m 303m 54m 98.7m 82.6m 70.2m 51.5m 74.8m 50m ~20m 36m ~15m 85m 60m 240m 460m 32m 75.9m 75.6m 137m 107m 32.6m 430m 350m 840m 303m 54m 98.7m 82.6m 70.2m 51.5m 74.8m 50m ~20m 36m ~15m 85m 60m 240m 460m 32m 75.9m 75.6m 137m 107m 32.6m ~15m 430m 350m 840m 303m 54m 98.7m 82.6m 70.2m 51.5m 74.8m 50m ~20m 36m ~15m 85m 60m 240m 460m 32m 75.9m 75.6m 137m 107m 32.6m ~15m SUPER-STRUCTURE SUB-STRUCTURE BEAM BRIDGE TRUSS BRIDGE CANTILEVER BRIDGE ARCH BRIDGE SUSPENSION BRIDGE CABLE-STAYED BRIDGE BEAM BRIDGE TRUSS BRIDGE CANTILEVER BRIDGE ARCH BRIDGE SUSPENSION BRIDGE CABLE-STAYED BRIDGE BEAM BRIDGE TRUSS BRIDGE CANTILEVER BRIDGE ARCH BRIDGE CABLE-STAYED BRIDGE BEAM BRIDGE TRUSS BRIDGE CANTILEVER BRIDGE ARCH BRIDGE SUSPENSION BRIDGE CABLE-STAYED BRIDGE TIED ARCH BRIDGE BEAM BRIDGE TRUSS BRIDGE CANTILEVER BRIDGE ARCH BRIDGE SUSPENSION BRIDGE CABLE-STAYED BRIDGE TIED ARCH BRIDGE BEAM BRIDGE TRUSS BRIDGE CANTILEVER BRIDGE ARCH BRIDGE SUSPENSION BRIDGE CABLE-STAYED BRIDGE TIED ARCH BRIDGE

BRIDGE TRUSS BRIDGE

BRIDGE ARCH BRIDGE

BRIDGE

BEAM

CANTILEVER

CABLE-STAYED

TIED-ARCH

STRATEGY: STRUCTURAL RE-USE DESIGN PORTFOLIO | BRATISLAVA TERMINAL

11m 11m 430m 350m 840m 303m 54m 98.7m 82.6m 70.2m 51.5m 74.8m 50m ~20m 36m ~15m 85m 60m 240m 460m 32m 75.9m 75.6m 137m 107m 32.6m 430m 350m 840m 303m 54m 98.7m 82.6m 70.2m 51.5m 74.8m 50m ~20m 36m ~15m 85m 60m 240m 460m 32m 75.9m 75.6m 137m 107m 32.6m ~15m 430m 350m 840m 303m 54m 98.7m 82.6m 70.2m 51.5m 74.8m 50m ~20m 36m ~15m 85m 60m 240m 460m 32m 75.9m 75.6m 137m 107m 32.6m ~15m SUPER-STRUCTURE SUB-STRUCTURE BEAM BRIDGE TRUSS BRIDGE CANTILEVER BRIDGE ARCH BRIDGE SUSPENSION BRIDGE CABLE-STAYED BRIDGE BEAM BRIDGE TRUSS BRIDGE CANTILEVER BRIDGE ARCH BRIDGE SUSPENSION BRIDGE CABLE-STAYED BRIDGE BEAM BRIDGE TRUSS BRIDGE CANTILEVER BRIDGE ARCH BRIDGE CABLE-STAYED BRIDGE BEAM BRIDGE TRUSS BRIDGE CANTILEVER BRIDGE ARCH BRIDGE SUSPENSION BRIDGE CABLE-STAYED BRIDGE TIED ARCH BRIDGE BEAM BRIDGE TRUSS BRIDGE CANTILEVER BRIDGE ARCH BRIDGE SUSPENSION BRIDGE CABLE-STAYED BRIDGE TIED ARCH BRIDGE BEAM BRIDGE TRUSS BRIDGE CANTILEVER BRIDGE ARCH BRIDGE SUSPENSION BRIDGE CABLE-STAYED BRIDGE TIED ARCH BRIDGE BEAM BRIDGE TRUSS BRIDGE CANTILEVER BRIDGE ARCH BRIDGE CABLE-STAYED BRIDGE TIED-ARCH BRIDGE

DESIGN

| BRATISLAVA

MASSING STRATEGY: STRUCTURAL RE-USE

PORTFOLIO

6.7m 3.7m Danube Basin 11m 6.7m 3.7m Danube Basin 11m 430m 350m 840m 303m 54m 98.7m 82.6m 70.2m 51.5m 74.8m 50m ~20m 36m ~15m 85m 60m 240m 460m 32m 75.9m 75.6m 137m 107m 32.6m 430m 350m 840m 303m 54m 98.7m 82.6m 70.2m 51.5m 74.8m 50m ~20m 36m ~15m 85m 60m 240m 460m 32m 75.9m 75.6m 137m 107m 32.6m ~15m 430m 350m 840m 303m 54m 98.7m 82.6m 70.2m 51.5m 74.8m 50m ~20m 36m ~15m 85m 60m 240m 460m 32m 75.9m 75.6m 137m 107m 32.6m ~15m SUPER-STRUCTURE SUB-STRUCTURE BEAM BRIDGE TRUSS BRIDGE CANTILEVER BRIDGE ARCH BRIDGE SUSPENSION BRIDGE CABLE-STAYED BRIDGE BEAM BRIDGE TRUSS BRIDGE CANTILEVER BRIDGE ARCH BRIDGE SUSPENSION BRIDGE CABLE-STAYED BRIDGE BEAM BRIDGE TRUSS BRIDGE CANTILEVER BRIDGE ARCH BRIDGE CABLE-STAYED BRIDGE BEAM BRIDGE TRUSS BRIDGE CANTILEVER BRIDGE ARCH BRIDGE SUSPENSION BRIDGE CABLE-STAYED BRIDGE TIED ARCH BRIDGE BEAM BRIDGE TRUSS BRIDGE CANTILEVER BRIDGE ARCH BRIDGE SUSPENSION BRIDGE CABLE-STAYED BRIDGE TIED ARCH BRIDGE BEAM BRIDGE TRUSS BRIDGE CANTILEVER BRIDGE ARCH BRIDGE SUSPENSION BRIDGE CABLE-STAYED BRIDGE TIED ARCH BRIDGE BEAM BRIDGE TRUSS BRIDGE CANTILEVER BRIDGE ARCH BRIDGE

MASSING STRATEGY: STRUCTURAL RE-USE DESIGN PORTFOLIO | BRATISLAVA TERMINAL

STRUCTURAL RE-USE

Pier Caps will have to be built upon to increase the clear height under the bridge

ANALYSIS OF EXISTING PIERS

The original 1880’s limestone priers have historically held four different bridges since their initial construction, and so have become an essential part of the city’s historic material fabric. By analysing historic photographs and drawings it has been possible to guess their dimensions and composition.

20m 20m 15m 3.7m Danube Basin 20m 20m 15m 3.7m Danube Basin 11m 460m 32m 75.9m 75.6m 137m 107m 32.6m ~15m

Perimeter walls of pier from limestone masonry Masonry infill most likely composed of clay bricks, gravel and cement Reinforced concrete foundation. Typical cross-section provides minimal resistance to water flow Reinforced concrete foundation piles

Arched Bridge 340m longest span, 2 piers

BRIDGE MASSING STUDY

Initial study focusing on overall bridge volume and scale in relation to structural strategy dictated by large spans across the wide river Danube. Study raises questions of the relationship between the Terminal Building, its bridging counterpart and the integration into the surrounding urban fabric.

Rigid Frame Bridge

Girder-Box section prefab frame, 4 piers 134m longest span

380 m 290 m 134 m 126 m 394 m 134 m 290 m 340 m OPT 1 Beam Bridge Girder-Box section prefab frame 340m longest span, 2 piers OPT 3 Arched Bridge 340m longest span, 2 piers OPT 2 Arched Bridge 380m longest span, 2 piers

290 m 340 m DESIGN DEVELOPMENT | BRATISLAVA TERMINAL DESIGN PORTFOLIO | BRATISLAVA TERMINAL INHABITING

OPT

Rigid Frame Bridge Girder-Box section prefab frame, 4 piers 134m longest span

380 m 290 m 134 m 126 m 394 m 134 m 290 m 340 m OPT 1 Beam Bridge

Girder-Box section prefab frame 340m longest span, 2 piers OPT

OPT

Arched Bridge 380m longest span, 2 piers

OPT 4

290 m 340 m DESIGN DEVELOPMENT | BRATISLAVA TERMINAL DESIGN

| BRATISLAVA

INHABITING

PORTFOLIO

TERMINAL

INHABITING STRUCTURE: BRIDGE CROSS SECTION

10.8 m 5.2 m 54 m 8.7 m 7.2 m 58 m Station embedded in girder-box Timber structure supporting public promenade Timber roof structure acting as envelope Station embedded in girder-box Timber structure supporting public promenade Timber roof structure acting as envelope Station embedded in girder-box Deeper box section allows for two levels of platforms Timber roof structure acting as envelope Public programme above station platforms Station embedded in girder-box Public promenade on section perimeter Timber roof structure acting as envelope Public programme above station platforms 8.0 m 9.0 m 50 m 6.8 m 9.0 m 52 m

MATERIAL LAYERING: CITY STRATA

The overarching material strategy for the proposal reflects on the material strata of historic surrounding context. The bottom strata are the existing limestone piers from the 19th century. The middle and main portion of the bridge is from pre-fabricated concrete modules reflecting the south bank Petrzalka -

a Socialist masterplan designed and built completely from prefabricated concrete modules. The last layer is the timber frame of the bridge and terminal hall. This part looks both to the past and future and as the largest timber structures in the city aims to set precedent within the region when it comes to these technologies.

MASSING

DESIGN

STRATEGY: MATERIAL LAYERING AND CITY STRATA

PORTFOLIO | BRATISLAVA TERMINAL

MASSING

MATERIAL LAYERING AND CITY STRATA

STRATEGY:

DESIGN PORTFOLIO | BRATISLAVA TERMINAL

Light roof cladding; solar shingles Pre-fab, Pre-stressed girder module Original 1880’s limestone section Primary glulam roof structure; sitting on girder edge

Pre-fab, prestressed concrete box girder module Original 1880’s bridge pier; limestone section with infill Primary timber roof structure Glulam columns supporting bridge roof Station Platforms Roof cladding; solar shingles Acoustic treatment Pre-stressed RC box module of bridge body 1880’s bridge pier; section with infill Thermally enclosed Terminal Hall Secondary glulam roof structure

Train tracks

Internal high-speed cycle-path

Train tracks

Internal high-speed cycle-path

Cavities for services

INHABITING STRUCTURE: PROGRAMMATIC INTEGRATION

Public promenade with external cycle-paths

Station Platforms

The key strategy for the bridge structure was to integrate the station programme into it as seamlessly as possible, thus creating an inhabitable city structure. The structural sizing was informed by the programmatic requirements, circulation strategies and key principles of the box-girder forming a compact cross-section.

CROSS

Cross-section structural

BRIDGE

+ PROGRAMMATIC INTEGRATION

STRUCTURE

DESIGN PORTFOLIO | BRATISLAVA TERMINAL

15m 8.8m 15m 8.8m 15m 8.8m BRIDGE STRUCTURE + PROGRAMMATIC INTEGRATION 24.0 DESIGN

PORTFOLIO

BRATISLAVA TERMINAL

CROSS PIER CONDITION

CROSS SECTION DEVELOPMENT

Cross-section developing based on programmatic, circulation and structural requirements and sizing.

134m 134m 5m 14.5m 16m 15m 9m 5m 10m 4.5m 8m 7.8m 8.8m 7m 18m 7.5m 6m 6m 7.5m 11.5m 11.5m 11.5m 11.5m 6m 6m 11.5m 11.5m 7.5m 7.5m 11.5m 11.5m 23m 7.5m 7.5m 11.5m 11.5m 23m 23m 38m 7.5m 7.5m 11.5m 11.5m 38m 35m 134 m 134m 134m 5m 14.5m 16m 15m 9m 5m 10m 4.5m 8m 7.8m 8.8m 7m 18m 7.5m 6m 6m 7.5m 11.5m 11.5m 11.5m 11.5m 6m 6m 11.5m 11.5m 7.5m 7.5m 11.5m 11.5m 23m 7.5m 7.5m 11.5m 11.5m 23m 23m 38m 7.5m 7.5m 11.5m 11.5m 38m 35m 134 m 134m 134m 5m 14.5m 16m 15m 9m 5m 10m 4.5m 8m 7.8m 8.8m 7m 18m 7.5m 6m 6m 7.5m 11.5m 11.5m 11.5m 11.5m 6m 6m 11.5m 11.5m 7.5m 7.5m 11.5m 11.5m 23m 7.5m 7.5m 11.5m 11.5m 23m 23m 38m 7.5m 7.5m 11.5m 11.5m 38m 35m 134 m P2 P1 A1 F1 P3 P4 A2 137.0 18.0 24.0 80.0 45.0 50.0 90.0 95.0 P2 P1 A1 F1 P3 P4 A2 137.0 80.0 45.0 50.0 90.0 95.0 Platforms with CROSS SECTION CONDITIONS PIER CONDITION TYPICAL CONDITION END CONDITION 10.8 m 5.2 m 54 m 6.8 m 9.0 m 52 m 8.5 m 9.0 m 8.5 m 8.7 m 8.0 m 9.0 m 50 m 7.2 m 58 m 35 m 6 m 8 m 28 m 5 m

DESIGN PORTFOLIO | BRATISLAVA TERMINAL

STRATEGY: SHELTERED PROMENADE

Inspired by Slovak vernacular roof frames, the structure is simple and utilitarian, allowing the materials to speak for themselves. It’s slope reflects the form of the box girder below, while horizontal openings to its perimeter bring in additional light onto the platforms.

DESIGN PORTFOLIO | BRATISLAVA TERMINAL

INTERMOBILITY: SHELTERED PROMENADE

ROOF FORM STUDY: EAVES

The roof form was shaped by studying the depth of the roof overhanging eaves, to create a protected circulation route on the bridge perimeter and keep rain away from platforms.

Circulation Types:

1. 2. 3. 1. External Cycle Lane 2. Pedestrian Promenade 3. Platform 4. Railway tracks 5. Internal Cycle-lane

5. 3. 4. RAILWAY PLATFORM CYCLE PATH PEDESTRIAN PROMENADE

DESIGN PORTFOLIO | BRATISLAVA TERMINAL

CYCLE STATION: SAFE TRANSPORT INTERCHANGE

The strategy of integrated transport is to have bike-sharing stands directly next to the platforms throughout the bridge so passengers can change their mode of transport without leaving the station [bridge].

BRATISLAVA TERMINAL

PORTFOLIO

Currently two of the most frequented public transport interchanges in the city center

LINKING DISJOINT CITY INFRASTRUCTURE

CYCLE PATHS

PUBLIC TRANSPORT LINKS

TRAM LINE

PUBLIC TRANSPORT LINKS

TRAM LINE

AREAS UNDER DEVELOPMENT

HIGHLY FREQUENTED PUBLIC TRANSPORT HUBS

Currently two of the most frequented public transport interchanges in the city center DESIGN PORTFOLIO | BRATISLAVA TERMINAL

IMPACT ON CITY INFRASTRUCTURE

DESIGN

IMPACT ON CITY INFRASTRUCTURE

Direct connection of station to city public transport

Interconnecting cycle lanes on both banks

Direct connection to international EUROVELO cycle route

IV. BRATISLAVA TERMINAL FINAL

PROPOSAL

SPATIAL ARRANGEMENT: STATION DIRECTIONALITY

TERMINAL TO BRIDGE CONNECTION

Terminal short section: The station is designed to offer a clear, direct route for passengers while having additional programme on the perimeter for daily visitors. The open, flexible areas, exposed structure and large roof overhang

The station is divided by a buffer zone marking the division between the bridge structure and terminal building. This is the area of bridge retention allowing for structural expansion while marking the thermal line of the terminal building. This zone also houses the bridge part of the Beer Hall.

DESIGN PORTFOLIO | BRATISLAVA TERMINAL TERMINAL TO

CONNECTION: BUFFER ZONE

BRIDGE

DESIGN PORTFOLIO | BRATISLAVA TERMINAL

BRIDGE PLATFORMS

TERMINAL

SHORT SECTION: SPATIAL ARRANGEMENT

TERMINAL

BUILDING

SPATIAL ARRANGEMENT: STATION DIRECTIONALITY

DESIGN PORTFOLIO | BRATISLAVA TERMINAL

TERMINAL SHORT SECTION: SPATIAL ARRANGEMENT

PORTFOLIO | BRATISLAVA TERMINAL

DESIGN

TERMINAL ENCLOSURE

Both the roof and facade are primarily constructed from timber frame making the station an importnatbenchmark for timber construction at such scale in Slovakia, particularly due to its restrictive legislation concerning structural timber in civic buildings.

Structural facade fins support diagonal primary timber roof members Ground floor entrance zone around perimeter of terminal Thermally protected terminal hall

DESIGN PORTFOLIO | BRATISLAVA TERMINAL

TERMINAL STRUCTURE

The structural strategy for the terminal hall is a glulam frame supporting the roof structure of the entire bridge. This way, timber becomes a part of the visitors journey from the terminal hall onto the bridge platforms and beyond.

DESIGN PORTFOLIO | BRATISLAVA TERMINAL

PROGRAMME LAYERING: STATION JOURNEY

Journey across levels from external plaza, through the terminal [beer] hall up towards the platforms.

PROGRAMME LAYERING: STATION JOURNEY

TERMINAL LONG SECTION: PROGRAMME LAYERING

1. External plaza - buffer zone 2. Main entrance zone 3. Terminal concourse

10.

11.

12.

4. Ticket purchase + information 5. [Terminal] Beer Hall 6. [Bridge] Beer Hall

Waiting areas Platforms Riverside entrance hall B.O.H. areas MEP areas Riverside promenade 1. 2. 3. 5. 7. 11.

TERMINAL LONG SECTION: PROGRAMME LAYERING

BEER LOVERS

Journey across levels from external plaza, through the terminal [beer] hall up towards the platforms. 1. External plaza - buffer zone 2. Main entrance zone 3. Terminal concourse 4. Ticket purchase + information

10.

11.

12.

5. [Terminal] Beer Hall 6. [Bridge] Beer Hall

Waiting areas Platforms Riverside entrance hall B.O.H. areas MEP areas Riverside promenade 1. 2. 3. 5. 7. 11.

TERMINAL LONG SECTION: PROGRAMME LAYERING

BEER LOVERS

Journey across levels from external plaza, through the terminal [beer] hall up towards the platforms. 1. External plaza - buffer zone 2. Main entrance zone 3. Terminal concourse 4. Ticket purchase + information 5. [Terminal] Beer Hall 6. [Bridge] Beer Hall

Waiting areas

Platforms

Riverside entrance hall

10.

B.O.H. areas

11.

MEP areas

12.

Riverside promenade 1. 2. 3. 5. 7. 9. 11. BEER LOVERS TOURISTS

10. 12.

8. 9.

INTER-RAILERS

6. TOURISTS +

[VIENNA] COMMUTERS

CYCLISTS + PEDESTRIANS 4.

10. 12.

8. 9.

6. TOURISTS + INTER-RAILERS

[VIENNA] COMMUTERS CYCLISTS + PEDESTRIANS

APPROACH: ROOF OVERHANG

Roof overhand creating protected perimeter circulation and public space around the terminal hall.

TERMINAL HALL

Roof structure creating spatial unity across the entire station terminal and bridge, playing with traditional Slovak architectural gestures.

PLATFORM ARRIVAL

The Barn: a domestic infrastructure

BRIDGE PLATFORMS

The Barn: a domestic infrastructure

[TERMINAL] BEER HALL

[BRIDGE] BEER HALL

BRIDGE CROSS-SECTION: INTERMOBILITY

INTERMOBILITY: BRIDGE FRAGMENT

Cross-section of bridge exploring the different circulation routes and their separation.

1. External cycle-lane

2. Pedestrian promenade

3. Railway platforms

4. Train tracks

BRIDGE CROSS-SECTION: INTERMOBILITY

5. High-speed internal cycle-lane DESIGN PORTFOLIO | BRATISLAVA TERMINAL

5. High-speed internal cycle-lane

DESIGN PORTFOLIO | BRATISLAVA TERMINAL

1. 5. 2. 3. 4. 1. 5. 2. 3. 4.

5. 4.

[CYCLE] STATION INTERCHANGE

Integration of public transport so passengers can change their mode of transport without leaving the station [bridge].

INTERMOBILITY

Elevating and layering of public infrastructure.

APPROACH: THE PROMENADE

Integration of and elevation of existing pedestrian infrastructure, making the station an active part of daily life.

ENTRANCE

Aerial exploring the buffer zone between the station terminal and existing city infrastructure.

CITY BUILDING

Aerial view of Bratislava’s bridges and their different reactions to asnd relationships with the banks of the city center.

IV. APPENDIX

GENERAL ARRANGEMENT DRAWINGS

1. TERMINAL HALL WAITING AREAS

2.STATION PLATFORM CONCOURSE

3. STATION PLATFORMS

4. CYCLE STATION DOCK

5. PUBLIC PROMENADE

P2 P1 A1 F1 137.0 18.0 24.0 80.0 45.0 50.0 P2 P1 A1 F1 137.0 80.0 45.0 50.0 DESIGN PORTFOLIO | BRATISLAVA TERMINAL GENERAL ARRANGEMENT DRAWINGS LONG SECTION 1:1500 @ A3 DESIGN PORTFOLIO | BRATISLAVA TERMINAL

GENERAL ARRANGEMENT DRAWINGS 1:1500 @ A3 L02 PLAN 0 15 30 60 120 1.

P3 P4 A2 137.0 18.0 90.0 95.0 P3 P4 A2 137.0 90.0 95.0

1. TERMINAL HALL WAITING AREAS

2.STATION PLATFORM CONCOURSE

3. STATION PLATFORMS

4. CYCLE STATION DOCK

5. PUBLIC PROMENADE

DESIGN PORTFOLIO | BRATISLAVA TERMINAL

LONG SECTION - TERMINAL TO BRIDGE CONNECTION 1:500 @ A3

+135.0 m B01 +129.0 m B02 +143.0 m GF +148.0 m L01 +153.0 m L02 5.00 11 01 5.00 5.00 5.00 02 03 04 5.00 05 5.00 06 5.00 07 5.00 08 5.00 09 5.00 10 5.00 11 01 5.00 5.00 5.00 02 03 04 5.00 05 5.00 06 5.00 07 5.00 08 5.00 09 5.00 10 R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00

GENERAL ARRANGEMENT DRAWINGS

DESIGN PORTFOLIO

BRATISLAVA TERMINAL

GENERAL ARRANGEMENT DRAWINGS 1:1500 @

L02 PLAN 0 15 30 60 120

1. 2.

5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 23 24 25 26 27 28 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 23 24 25 26 27 28

DESIGN PORTFOLIO | BRATISLAVA TERMINAL

1. TERMINAL HALL WAITING AREAS

2.STATION PLATFORM CONCOURSE

3. STATION PLATFORMS

4. CYCLE STATION DOCK

5. PUBLIC PROMENADE

END CROSS SECTION - BRIDGE CONDITIONS 1:500 @ A3

134m 16m 15m 5m 10m 7.8m 8.8m 7.5m 11.5m 7.5m 11.5m 23m 7.5m 7.5m 11.5m 11.5m 23m 38m 7.5m 7.5m 11.5m 11.5m 38m 134m 16m 15m 5m 10m 7.8m 8.8m 7.5m 11.5m 7.5m 11.5m 23m 7.5m 7.5m 11.5m 11.5m 23m 38m 7.5m 7.5m 11.5m 11.5m 38m 134m 16m 15m 5m 10m 7.8m 8.8m 7.5m 11.5m 7.5m 11.5m 23m 7.5m 7.5m 11.5m 11.5m 23m 38m 7.5m 7.5m 11.5m 11.5m 38m

GENERAL ARRANGEMENT

PIER CONDITION

GENERAL ARRANGEMENT

0 15 30 60 120

TERMINAL

DRAWINGS

DESIGN PORTFOLIO | BRATISLAVA TERMINAL 3.

DRAWINGS 1:1500 @ A3 L02 PLAN

TYPICAL CONDITION

134m 5m 14.5m 9m 4.5m 8m 7m 18m 6m 6m 7.5m 11.5m 11.5m 11.5m 6m 6m 11.5m 11.5m 7.5m 11.5m 23m 35m 134 m 134m 5m 14.5m 9m 4.5m 8m 7m 18m 6m 6m 7.5m 11.5m 11.5m 11.5m 6m 6m 11.5m 11.5m 7.5m 11.5m 23m 35m 134 m 134m 5m 14.5m 9m 4.5m 8m 7m 18m 6m 6m 7.5m 11.5m 11.5m 11.5m 6m 6m 11.5m 11.5m 7.5m 11.5m 23m 35m 134 m

1. TERMINAL HALL WAITING AREAS

2.STATION PLATFORM CONCOURSE

3. STATION PLATFORMS

4. CYCLE STATION DOCK

5. PUBLIC PROMENADE

DESIGN PORTFOLIO | BRATISLAVA TERMINAL GENERAL ARRANGEMENT DRAWINGS DESIGN PORTFOLIO CITY CONTEXT 1:5000 @ A3 050 100 200 300 DESIGN PORTFOLIO | BRATISLAVA TERMINAL

GENERAL ARRANGEMENT DRAWINGS 1:1500 @ A3 L02 PLAN 0 15 30 60 120

3. 1. 2.

1. MEP + BOH

1. TERMINAL HALL WAITING AREAS

2. ADMIN + SUPPORT

2.STATION PLATFORM CONCOURSE

3. STATION PLATFORMS

3. RIVERSIDE TICKET HALL

4. WC’s

4. CYCLE STATION DOCK

5. PUBLIC PROMENADE

5. MEP + BOH

01 5.00 5.00 5.00 02 03 04 5.00 05 5.00 06 5.00 07 5.00 08 5.00 09 01 5.00 5.00 5.00 02 03 04 5.00 05 5.00 06 5.00 07 5.00 AB C 3.00 5.00 F GH 24.00 5.00 3.00 08 5.00 09 + 135.0 m DESIGN PORTFOLIO | BRATISLAVA TERMINAL GENERAL ARRANGEMENT DRAWINGS DESIGN PORTFOLIO 1:500 @ A3 B01PLAN 05 10 20 40 1.

2. 3.4. DESIGN PORTFOLIO | BRATISLAVA TERMINAL 3. GENERAL ARRANGEMENT DRAWINGS 1:1500 @ A3 L02 PLAN 0 15 30 60 120 1.

09 5.00 10 AB C D E 3.00 5.00 F GH 8.00 8.00 8.00 5.00 3.00 09 5.00 10 + 135.0 m 5.

1. TERMINAL HALL WAITING AREAS

1. TERMINAL HALL CONCOURSE

2.STATION PLATFORM CONCOURSE

2. TICKETS + INFORMATION

3. WC’s

3. STATION PLATFORMS

4. CYCLE STATION DOCK

4. BOH + ADMIN

5. PUBLIC PROMENADE

+ 143.0 m + 143.0 m + 142.0 m + 141.0 m 01 5.00 5.00 5.00 02 03 04 5.00 05 5.00 06 5.00 07 5.00 08 5.00 09 01 5.00 5.00 5.00 02 03 04 5.00 05 5.00 06 5.00 07 5.00 AB C 3.00 5.00 F GH 24.00 5.00 3.00 08 5.00 09 DESIGN PORTFOLIO | BRATISLAVA TERMINAL GENERAL ARRANGEMENT DRAWINGS 1:500 @ A3 GF PLAN 05 10 20 40 1.

2. 3.

DESIGN PORTFOLIO | BRATISLAVA TERMINAL

GENERAL ARRANGEMENT DRAWINGS 1:1500 @ A3 L02 PLAN 0 15 30 60 120 1.

+ 142.0 m + 141.0 m + 135.5 m 09 5.00 10 AB C D E 3.00 5.00 F GH 8.00 8.00 8.00 5.00 3.00 09 5.00 10 4.

1. TERMINAL HALL WAITING AREAS

1. TERMINAL HALL LOUNGE AREAS

2.BEER HALL

2.STATION PLATFORM CONCOURSE

3. WC’s

3. STATION PLATFORMS

4. CYCLE STATION DOCK

4. BOH + STORAGE

5. PUBLIC PROMENADE

5. ENCLOSED CYCLE-LANE

01 5.00 5.00 5.00 02 03 04 5.00 05 5.00 06 5.00 07 5.00 08 5.00 09 01 5.00 5.00 5.00 02 03 04 5.00 05 5.00 06 5.00 07 5.00 AB C 3.00 5.00 F GH 24.00 5.00 3.00 08 5.00 09 + 148.0 m DESIGN PORTFOLIO | BRATISLAVA TERMINAL GENERAL ARRANGEMENT DRAWINGS 1:500 @ A3 L01PLAN 05 10 20 40

DESIGN PORTFOLIO | BRATISLAVA TERMINAL

GENERAL ARRANGEMENT DRAWINGS 1:1500 @ A3 L02 PLAN 0 15 30 60 120

09 5.00 5.00 7.85 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 12.5 7.85 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 12.5 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 10 11 X1 X2 X3 X4 X5 23 24 25 26 27 28 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 11 X1 X2 X3 X4 X5 23 24 25 26 27 28 AB C D E 3.00 5.00 F GH 8.00 8.00 8.00 5.00 3.00 09 5.00 10 2.

4. 6.

1. TERMINAL HALL WAITING AREAS

2.STATION PLATFORM CONCOURSE

3. STATION PLATFORMS

4. CYCLE STATION DOCK

5. PUBLIC PROMENADE

01 5.00 5.00 5.00 02 03 04 5.00 05 5.00 06 5.00 07 5.00 08 5.00 09 01 5.00 5.00 5.00 02 03 04 5.00 05 5.00 06 5.00 07 5.00 AB C 3.00 5.00 F GH 24.00 5.00 3.00 08 5.00 09 DESIGN PORTFOLIO | BRATISLAVA TERMINAL GENERAL ARRANGEMENT DRAWINGS 1:500 @ A3 L02 PLAN 05 10 20 40

DESIGN PORTFOLIO | BRATISLAVA TERMINAL

GENERAL ARRANGEMENT DRAWINGS 1:1500 @ A3 L02 PLAN 0 15 30 60 120

09 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 11 23 24 25 26 27 28 AB C D E 3.00 5.00 F GH 8.00 8.00 8.00 5.00 3.00 09 5.00 10 + 153.0 m

3. 4.

1. TERMINAL HALL WAITING AREAS

2.STATION PLATFORM CONCOURSE

3. STATION PLATFORMS

4. CYCLE STATION DOCK

5. PUBLIC PROMENADE

DESIGN PORTFOLIO | BRATISLAVA TERMINAL

GENERAL ARRANGEMENT DRAWINGS 1:1500 @ A3 L02 PLAN 0 15 30 60 120

3. 1.

DESIGN PORTFOLIO | BRATISLAVA TERMINAL

GENERAL ARRANGEMENT DRAWINGS 1:1500 @ A3 L02 PLAN 0 15 30 60 120

3. 1. 2.

4. 5.

IV. APPENDIX

SEMESTER I. ARTIFACT ANALYSIS

FRAGMENT EXPERIMENTATION

ARTEFACT ANALYSIS

VERNACULAR TIMBER CONSTRUCTION CONTEXT

PROTECTED

41% of Slovakia’s wooded

Cross-lap intersection

Parallel circulation fusion to double height interface

Perpendicular penetration to double height interface

Timber

Ridge purlin

Gabled roof often clad with vertical planks

Perpendicular penetration through double height space

Diagonal penetration through double height space

Roof battens Often notched directly onto roof rafters

Roof overhanging eaves Creates protected circulation around building perimeter and kept rain away from facade

Cross-lap penetration through double height space

Perimeter up-stand

Made of stone or masonry, the raised foundation was particularly useful in uneven, mountainous terrain

BRATISLAVA TERMINAL

Double cross-lap penetration through double height

VOLUMETRIC INTERSECTIONS

Corner half-lap intersection

In stacked log construction the key areas of offering stability are notches created in corner conditions when different walls meet. To increase the stability of the whole system additional support can be offered by locking the logs in place along their entire length with different types of grooving. As the timber dries it sets into place strengthening the connection of the groves .

VERNACULAR TIMBER CONSTRUCTION

Historically located at the center of changing methods were greatly influenced by, and became trends. The case study is an archetypal log mountain areas and protected villages such

Inspired Central connect volumes VOLUMETRIC

PROTECTED ZONES UNPROTECTED ZONES

DESIGN PORTFOLIO | BRATISLAVA TERMINAL ARTEFACT ANALYSIS

FRAGMENT EXPERIMENTATION

Timber roof rafter I. Flat on flat IV. Round on round with chinking II. Flat on flat with spline V. Round on round with spline III. Flat on flat with corner support VI. Round on round with corner support VII. Single tongue and grove X. Double tongue and grove XI. Round double tongue and groveXII. Round on round with groove VIII. Round single tongue and grove IX. Round on round with saddle

STACKED LOG CONSTRUCTION TYPES DESIGN PORTFOLIO |

Analysis of spatial relationships created by intersecting of volumes in various configurations. From corner intersections to volume penetrations the study looks at the interface of single and double height spaces.

Stepped perpendicular half-lap intersection

PROTECTED FORESTS

Slovakia’s land coverage are forests and areas.

Roof tie beam

Often times two logs spliced together depending on building depth

Timber roof joist

Roof corner

Interlocking shingles

Most often hand hewn from larch or spruce, in Slovak šindeľ

Roof truss post

Timber plank flooring

Roof edge beam sill

Interlocking notch connection on external walls corner

Timber floor joists

Often sat directly on rammed earth with an air gap acting as insulation

Roof beam notch

Beams directly attach onto external wall elements by notching, increasing the stability of the interlocking frame

Hand hewn logs

Main walls most often from softwood like spruce, hand hewn into rectangular profiles or in older houses left round. Gaps between logs were stuffed with moss or straw to help with thermal performance.

Edge beams joined by half lap or cross lap connection

CONSTRUCTION IN SLOVAKIA

changing spheres of influence, traditional Slovak construction became a fusion of Slavic, Eastern-European, Germanic house found across central and eastern Slovakia in such as W or Vlkolínec.

Roof to wall connection

Wall logs extend outwards and interlock creating a bracket system supporting the roof edge beams

House scale

5m Bedroom Kitchen Storage 2.5m 4m

Cross-lap intersection

Parallel circulation fusion to double height interface

I. Roof edge beams

Beams overlap in roof corners, joined by cross lap connection allowing them to protrude

II. Roof to wall connection

Wall logs extend outwards, interlock and stack up with a cross lap creating a bracket system which supports the roof edge beams

Perpendicular penetration to double height interface

Perpendicular penetration through double height space

Diagonal penetration through double height space

Cross-lap penetration through double height space

III. Perimeter up-stand

The base logs of the wall structure are anchored into the stone up-stand with timber members.

Double cross-lap penetration through double height

Stepped perpendicular half-lap intersection

CORNER CONDITION

VOLUMETRIC INTERSECTIONS

DESIGN PORTFOLIO | BRATISLAVA TERMINAL

ANALYSIS | FRAGMENT EXPERIMENTATION

ARTEFACT

II. I.

DESIGN PORTFOLIO |

| FRAGMENT EXPERIMENTATION

BRATISLAVA TERMINAL ARTEFACT ANALYSIS

Corner half-lap intersection

Inspired Central connect volumes VOLUMETRIC

structure are with

CORNER NOTCH TYPES

I. Saddle Notch Interlocking of full logs without hewing, creating the simplest and fastest method of log construction. It is believed to be the oldest of methods due to it’s simplicity.

II. Box Notch The simplest hewed approach, relying on the addition of a vertical timber pin to lock all the elements in place for stability of whole system.

III. Dovetail Notch Probably the most common of connections although variation in profile angles is common. Angling offers additional stability to the frame particularly against torsion.

IV. Locked / Tooth-edge Notch This system offers further stability to the frame, as the profiles lock into each other firmly. It is however more complex to hew and so is rarer than the others.

interlock creating joined them

I. Saddle Notch II. Box Notch III. Dovetail Notch IV. Locked/Tooth-edge Notch

ARTEFACT ANALYSIS

Cross-lap intersection

Parallel circulation fusion to double height interface

Perpendicular penetration to double height interface

CROSS LAP CONNECTIONS

Perpendicular penetration through double height space

Diagonal penetration through double height space

Cross-lap penetration through double height space

I. Half-Lap

Double cross-lap penetration through double height

VOLUMETRIC INTERSECTIONS

Corner half-lap intersection

SPLICE CONNECTIONS

Stepped perpendicular half-lap intersection

Inspired Central connect volumes VOLUMETRIC

DESIGN PORTFOLIO | BRATISLAVA TERMINAL | FRAGMENT EXPERIMENTATION

III. Under Squinted Half-Lap V. Under Squinted Stop Splayed with Table II. Half-Lap With Table IV. Under Squinted Stop Splayed Half-Lap II. Stop Bladed with Cogs I. Flush Cross-Lap II. Cross-Lap III. Curved Cross-Lap IV. Mitered Half-Lap V. Dove-Tail Half-Lap |

VI. Half-Lap | FRAGMENT EXPERIMENTATION

DESIGN PORTFOLIO

BRATISLAVA TERMINAL

STRUCTURAL STACKING: UNRAVELING OF VERNACULAR CORNER CONDITION

Taking the traditional wall to roof interface condition of Slovak log-construction and unraveling it by increasing the spacing between horizontal elements vertically as well as gradually increasing the cantilever of the top elements.

Cross-lap intersection

Parallel circulation fusion to double height interface

Perpendicular penetration to double height interface

Perpendicular penetration through double height space

Diagonal penetration through double height space

Cross-lap penetration through double height space

I. Creation of single component from curved lamellas to achieve desired shape

II. Splitting component into core of without curvature and additional stepped curved lamellas

Double cross-lap penetration through double height

VOLUMETRIC INTERSECTIONS

Corner half-lap intersection

VOLUMETRIC STACKING: SCALING OF CORNER CONDITION

Stepped perpendicular half-lap intersection

III. Fusion of horizontal beam structure with slanting components while maintaining the curvature of the diagonal member

DESIGN PORTFOLIO |

ARTEFACT ANALYSIS | FRAGMENT EXPERIMENTATION

BRATISLAVA TERMINAL

I. Scaled up notch corner condition II. Simple truss construction III. Fused horizontal and vertical structure IV. Maintaining dynamic directionality

DESIGN

EXPERIMENTATION

PORTFOLIO

BRATISLAVA TERMINAL ARTEFACT ANALYSIS

FRAGMENT

Inspired Central connect volumes VOLUMETRIC

Addition of horizontal structural elements to proposed framework to support frame rigidity in the form of interlocking horizontal members

STRUCTURAL INTERLOCKING THROUGH STACK

Following key principles of lafting, by creating vertical structure without the use of vertical components like columns. Addition of horizontal structural elements to proposed framework to support frame rigidity in the form of interlocking horizontal members. Avoiding placement of columns by fusing horizontal and vertical structure.

Addition of secondary horizontal elements to tie into frame finishing, services integration and fragment skin

corner condition construction and vertical structure

dynamic directionality Creation of single component from curved to achieve shape Splitting component core of without curvature and additional stepped curved lamellas Fusion of horizontal structure with slanting components maintaining curvature of the diagonal member

BRATISLAVA

Cross-lap intersection

Parallel circulation fusion to double height interface

Perpendicular penetration to double height interface

Perpendicular penetration through double height space

Diagonal penetration through double height space

Cross-lap penetration through double height space

Double cross-lap penetration through double height

VOLUMETRIC INTERSECTIONS

Corner half-lap intersection

Stepped perpendicular half-lap intersection

| FRAGMENT EXPERIMENTATION

DESIGN PORTFOLIO

BRATISLAVA TERMINAL ARTEFACT ANALYSIS

DESIGN PORTFOLIO |

| FRAGMENT EXPERIMENTATION

TERMINAL ARTEFACT ANALYSIS

Inspired Central connect volumes VOLUMETRIC

NEST STACK

double double

ORTHOGONAL STEPPED STACK

INTERSECTING CIRCULATION

VOLUMETRIC STACKING

Inspired by the Vitra House by Herzog De Meuron, Habitat 67 by Roberto Conte and Tallin Central Train Station by ZHA this study looks at volumetric intersections creating visually connect half levels, external terraces, circulation routes cutting through double-height volumes and bridging conditions often seen in infrastructural typologies.

half-lap

DIAGONAL

II. REMOVAL OF VERTICAL STRUCTURE

STRUCTURAL FUSION

Following the principles of structural stacking the attempt is to either fuse horizontal and vertical structure or to over-scale diagonal bracketry to remove vertical elements. The principles aim to reduce the amount of connection points in one place, but rather spread them around decreasing the potential for structural failure in single point within the frames.

DESIGN PORTFOLIO | BRATISLAVA TERMINAL

I. FUSION OF COLUMN AND BEAM

ARTEFACT ANALYSIS | FRAGMENT EXPERIMENTATION DESIGN PORTFOLIO | BRATISLAVA TERMINAL

tree

OVERPASS

MULTI-DIRECTIONAL This condition under-pass direction

circulation

I. FUSION OF COLUMN AND BEAM

ARTEFACT ANALYSIS | FRAGMENT EXPERIMENTATION

MULTI-DIRECTIONAL OVERPASSOVERPASS - UNDERPASS NODE

OVERPASS STUDY: MULTI-LEVEL CIRCULATION

MULTI-LEVEL CIRCULATION NODE

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Unit book design by Charlie Harriswww.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/architecture

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@unit14_ucl UNIT

CONSTRUCTED FUTURES 2023

At the center of Unit 14’s academic exploration lies Buckminster Fuller’s ideal of the ‘The Comprehensive Designer’, a master-builder that follows Renaissance principles and a holistic approach. Fuller referred to this ideal of the designer as somebody who is capable of comprehending the ‘integrateable significance’ of specialised findings and is able to realise and coordinate the commonwealth potentials of these discoveries while not disappearing into a career of expertise. Like Fuller, we are opportunists in search of new ideas and their benefits via architectural synthesis. As such Unit 14 is a test bed for exploration and innovation, examining the role of the architect in an environment of continuous change. We are in search of the new, leveraging technologies, workflows and modes of production seen in disciplines outside our own. We test ideas systematically by means of digital as well as physical drawings, models and prototypes. Our work evolves around technological speculation with a research-driven core, generating momentum through astute synthesis. Our propositions are ultimately made through the design of buildings and through the in-depth consideration of structural formation and tectonic. This, coupled with a strong research ethos, will generate new and unprecedented, one day viable and spectacular proposals. They will be beautiful because of their intelligence - extraordinary findings and the artful integration of those into architecture.

The focus of this year’s work evolves around the concept of ‘Constructed Futures’. The term aims to describe architecture and as such fundamentally human future as the result of the architect’s highest degree of synthesis of underlying principles. Constructional logic, spatial innovation, typological organisation, environmental and structural performance are all negotiated in a highly iterative process driven by intense architectural investigation. Inspiration for inherent principles of organisational intelligence can be observed in both biotic and abiotic systems, in all spatial arrangements where it is critical for the overall performance of the developed order. Through the deep understanding of constructional principles, we will generate highly developed architectural systems of unencountered intensity where spatial organisation arises as a result of sets of mutual interactions. Observation as well as re-examination of civilisatory developments will enable us to project near future scenarios and position ourselves as avant-garde in the process of designing a comprehensive vision for the forthcoming. The projects will take shape as research based imaginative tales, architectural visions driven by speculation.

Thanks to: ARUP, ALA, DKFS, knippershelbig, RSHP, HASSELL, Seth Stein Architects, ZHA, Expedition Engineering

All work produced by Unit 14

Unit book design by Charlie Harris

www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/architecture

UNIT 14 @unit14_ucl

No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording or any information storage and retreival system without permission in writing from the publisher.