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Editor Guest Co-Editors Executive Editor Art Director .

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Managing Editor Associate Editors Assistant Editor Production Fulfillment .

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Charles Newman Lawrence Levy John Perreault Elliott Anderson Lawrence Levy Theresa Maylone Michael McDonnell Allan Gray Mary Elinore Smith Cynthia Anderson Mary M. Zakrasek

TriQuarterly is an international Journal of arts, letters, and opinion published in the fall, winter, and spring at Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60201. Subscription rates: One year $10.00; two years $15.00; three years $20.00. Foreign subscriptions $1.00 per year additional. Single copies usually $3.50. Back issue prices on request. Contributions, correspondence, and subscriptions should be addressed to TriQuarterly, UniverSity Hall 101, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60201. The editors invite submis­ sions, but queries are strongly suggested. No manuscript Will be returned unless accompanied by a stamped, self-addressed envelope. All manu­ scripts accepted for publication become the property of TriQuarterly, unless otherwise indicated Copyright © 1975 by TriQuarterly. All rights reserved.

The views expressed in this magazine are to be attributed to the writers, not the editors or sponsors. Printed in the United States of America. Claims for missing numbers will be honored only within the four-month period after month of issue.

National distributor to retail trade: B. DeBoer, 188 High Street. Nutley, New Jersey 07110. Distributor for west coast retail trade: Book People, 2940 7th Street Berkeley, California 94710. Distributor for Great Britain and Europe: B. F Stevens & Brown, Ud., Ardon House, Mill Lane, Godalming, Surrey, England.

Reprints of back issues of TflQuarterly are now available in full format from Kraus Reprint Company, Route 100, Millwood, New York 10546, and in microfilm from University Microfilms, A Xerox Company, Ann Arbor, Michl' gan 48106.

John Perreault

Michael Crane

Ira Joel Haber

Michael Kirby

Lawrence Weiner

Stephen Zaima

Joseph Beuys

Eleanor Antin

Christo

Jan Sullivan

Agnes Denes

Nancy Holt

Marjorie Strider

Adrian Piper

Douglas Huebler

Robert Barry

Gregg Powell

Richard Long

Brenda Miller

Sol LeWitt

John Baldessari

Robert Smithson

Gilbert and George

Joseph Kosuth

LeAnn Bartok Wi Ichusky

Alice Aycock

Vito Acconci

A. Ribe

Hans Haacke

Daniel Buren

Richard Serra

Rafael Ferrer

Will Insley

Scott Burton

Phil Berkman

Les Levine

John Perreault Introduction

This issue of TriQuarterly is devoted for the most part to kinds of recent art that operate from the premise that the art idea is more important than, or as important as, the physical or the visible expression of that idea. Ideas have always been an important aspect of art: ideas about society, the self, the world. Ideas about art itself in art have always been part of art. In the past, most ideas about art itself in art have been received and implicit. Very few artists until the modern period were able to question inherited or imposed notions of what art was supposed to be, or what it was to be composed of, or what purposes it was required to serve. Some recent art however, is based upon or proceeds from not only the questioning of these assumptions, but the questioning of all assumptions about art leading to the proposition that an art work need not be particularly physical or particularly visual, but may be an idea,

presented as efficiently as possible.

We know that we can have painting that is not narrative, that does not use traditional perspective and modeling, that does not represent persons or things. We also already know that we can have painting that virtually eliminates internal relationships of color and form. We already know that we can have sculpture that is almost completely sculptural. In many ways, various artists have eliminated color, composition, personal touch and obvious kinds of personal expression. Personal fabrication is also no longer necessary.

What is left? The art idea. Can we then have kinds of art that are mainly ideas? The answers are on the following pages. Here, the words are meant to point to art ideas. The photbgraphy is not photography as an art form in itself but photography used as documentation and as a source of art information. This issue of TriQuarterly is not "about" art but is art. It is a portable exhibition, rather like a major museum show, but with one significant difference: it takes up very little space. All of the art is accessible within the reader/viewer's own time and space and at the reader/viewer's convenience. This is an exhibition that takes place simultaneously in many places at once wherever this issue is seen but it takes -

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place mainly in the mind, the realm of ideas. In most cases, the pages that follow are art works in themselves or extensions or reflections of inaccessible or ephemeral art works. A number of the works were made specifically for this issue.

Although TriQuarterly itself is a portable object, it is much less an object than a painting or a sculpture on a pedestal. The works included are not discrete, portable objects themselves. They are anti-objects or non-objects. They are art ideas communicated by

documentation, proposals, or instructions, using language and/or photographs, or are in the form of language and/or photographs themselves. With the exception of the large outdoor pieces that are documented and some of the performances, materiality is of slight consequence beyond what is necessary for communication.

We have included earthworks, conceptual art, performances, and some as yet unnamed and perhaps unnameable forms and formats. Earthworks, sometimes called earth art, are large outdoor sculptures using the land and the landscape as materials, such as the late Robert Smithson's "Spiral Jetty" and "Amarillo Ramp."

These qualify as non-objects because of their scale and their interdependent relationships with geographical sites. In some sense, earthworks are attempts to operate outside the lim�ed art system of galleries and museums and precious object commodities.

Nevertheless, they are mainly communicated through the art system, at this point, by photographs, films and other documentation, since scale and materials usually necessitate distant and often inaccessible locations.

Conceptual art is more an attitude than a style. Those who are called conceptual artists often disagree with each other, some preferring to limit their pursuits to what amounts to philosophical investigation (Kosuth, for example), whereas others use graphic and verbal methods to communicate relationships and situations.

Sol LeWItt is usually credited with being the first to use the term "conceptual" in art. His early insistence on the importance of the systems and ideas behind his sculptures and wall drawings, and not their visual results, was seminal. Comparing the works of Joseph Kosuth, Douglas Huebler, Robert Barry, and Lawrence Weiner, who were among the first actually to be called conceptual artists, will give some idea of the diversity w�hin this category.

Performances can be looked upon as theater pieces, by artists, related to Happenings perhaps, but far more structured and stark,

or as works of kinetic, environmental sculpture. They are usually

non-matrixed: the activities performed by the artist are clearly performed by the artist as himself rather than as some fictional character. They are often of considerable duration. Joseph 8euys' piece, documented here, continued for three days. "Gilbert and George, 'The Singing Sculpture' ". was performed at rock concerts and in galleries, using stylized, robot-like movements and a taped song called "Underneath the Arches," repeated over and over

again.

Obviously, the art here does not conform to any strict program, either that of the editors or of any of the artists included. A conference of all the artists included, called to discuss art or the contents of this issue, would, I am sure, result in sheer mayhem.

What unites the selection is the emphasis upon the art idea as opposed to the art object.

I myself find it inspiring, if a bit paradoxical, that so much of the art we are presenting, which has eliminated so much of the expected qualities or properties of traditional art is able to say so much about art and about the world. Sometimes, the search for original art solutions opens up references once thought beyond the permitted range of serious modern art. Since the work of art is firmly imbedded in the art context which in turn is firmly imbedded in life, it is not surprising that art investigations should yield some rich material about the art system and the sociology of the art context which in turn offers implications about other systems and contexts and perhaps civilization itself. Hans Haacke's listing of the trustees of the Guggenheim Museum, Rafael Ferrer's bilingual invective, and Ira Joel Haber's documentation of his dealings with a German art gallery are examples of such investigations. Les Levine's analysis of a news photo says a great deal about some methods of art analysis in an amusing and an ironic manner. Eleanor Antin, Adrian Piper, and Vito Acconci investigate the slippery, sometimes murky world of the self. Joseph 8euys, possibly the most highly regarded European artist to emerge after the Second World War, has been confounding and provoking his German countrymen and all of Europe with his non-stop performances, his grease and felt sculptures, and his recent political efforts towards referendum

democracy.

Marcel Duchamp (1887-1968) became the star of the Armory Show of 1913 with his painting "Nude Descending a Staircase". Around

the same time, he discovered the "readymade", ordinary manufactured objects such as a bicycle wheel mounted on a stool, a bottle-rack, a snow shovel, a typewriter cover, which he signed, titled, and placed in the art context, thereby making them art no matter what his aggressive intentions may have been. As the artist who insisted that art should be in the service of the mind and as the artist who disdained what he called retinal art, he established the precedent for much of the art in our collection.

Willem de Kooning, the great painter of the New York School, or of Action Painting, once said that Duchamp was a one-man art movement. I think of most of the artists we have included here as one-man art movements one-person art movements for they are so diverse and so individual. Reduction, or the logic of the process of elimination, and the precedent of Duchamp's linguistic and metalinguistic art, does not explain away the art that follows.

Instead of explanations, I am trying to offer various approaches to the art works themselves.

Here is another approach. Since most people experience art second-hand through other media, through photographs in magazines and books and through verbal descriptions, why not make art that is mainly photographs and verbal description? It is much easier to send a photograph by mail than it is to ship a chunk of marble or a painting. Given the enormous difficulties in storing, shipping, protecting, and even merely accounting for art objects, this is no longer a trivial consideration. Ira Joel Haber, who began as an information artist and then started making sculpture, has documented this quite well in his present return to conceptual art which is included in this issue. But if the idea is all-important why bother with the object? It has long been a practice for art works to be constructed from diagrams and instructions, often without the artist present sometimes merely communicated by letter or telephone. For those not committed by aesthetics or proclivity to the direct manipulation of materials, it is only one small step then to dispense with the art object entirely.

I once thought that this kind of art represented an art and literature hybrid. I was mistaken. It has practically no literary value at all.

Narrative, perhaps, but not literary. Some persist in seeing it as philosophy. I have grave doubts about this, too. I also thought that earthworks, conceptual art and performances were a direct challenge to the art system that depends so much upon precious -

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objects and that often treats art as nothing more than a commodity.

In some ways these new forms were a direct challenge, but time has shown how economically healthy the art system is and how easily it has assimilated supposedly non-gallery and non-saleable art.

By calling some art anti-object art, or non-object art, I am trying to clarify a tendency rather than name or re-name a new movement.

There are already enough names to go around: conceptual art, concept art, idea art, earth art, language art, performances, street works, information art, body art, story art, mail art, et al. Certainly photographs, or diagrams, or lists of words are objects in some way.

But that is not the point. They are intended as documentations only.

In one area of contemporary art, the area we are sampling, we have seen a de-objectification of art. What I mean to indicate is a de­ emphasis on physicality. "Object" and "non-object" are relative terms. Nevertheless, many people still persist in thinking of painting and sculpture as the only serious art forms, and paintings and sculptures are certainly objects by any criteria.

New forms enter art when old assumptions about art are challenged. The assumption that is being challenged here is that art must be emphatically physical and visual. I do not believe there are any necessary and sufficient characteristics of art. Art, as we now know it and as we now do it, is time-wide and

time-deep. The

art we have inherited from the past and all cultures is unbelievably

varied. Works of art have family resemblances, but there is not one thing that is essential to all works of art Since it is only the art context that indicates to us what is and is not art, it is the art context that is the definition of art. The art context consists of more than certain art spaces such as galleries, or museums, and more than certain art cues such as pedestals, or picture frames. It also now consists of the whole art system and may be signaled by as little as a pointing finger or a rumor. The art that is within the art context may not be anything of lasting value, or anything that is particularly significant, but is nevertheless art. Thus, if we are asked to consider ideas on paper, or various forms of documentation, or various activities as art, there is nothing metaphysical about jt at all, and we can go on to use much the same standards of judgment as before: originality, personal reaction, clarity, beauty, and intelligence.

I ra Joel Haber The M. E. Thelen piece

Introduction 105 West 27th Street New York, New York 10001 -

December Dr.

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Sincerely yours, Ira

Joel

Haber

Persons involvoo

Rafael Ferrer: artist �U1d friend. Recommended me to the M. E. Thelen Gallery.

Dr. Klaus Hennig: German lawyer, practicing in Essen, West Germany.

Karl Jollenbeck: director of the M. E. Thelen Gallery, Cologne, West Germany.

Barbara Kuckels: secretary for the M. E. Thelen Gallery.

Dr. Udo Kultermann: German art critic and art historian living in the United States. Wrote several catalog introductions for the M. E. Thelen Gallery. us Levine: artist and friend. Had several shows with the M. E. Thelen Gallery.

D. Thomas Longo, Jr.: American Consul, Dusseldorf, West Germany.

Dr. Peter Ludwig: important German collector of contemporary art. His two public collections are housed in the Neue Galerie, Aachen, and the Wallraf­ Richartz Museum, Cologne, West Germany.

Aladar M arberger: director of the Fischbach Gallery, New York City.

Michael Nickel: assistant director of the M. E. Thelen Gallery.

Dr. Alf Obbelode: German art collector.

Henry Odell: husband of Lil Picard.

Lil Picard: artist and art critic.

Edith Reichmann: friend of Michael Nickel.

Dr. Peter Sager: German art critic who interviewed me when I was in Cologne.

Hannes Von Gosseln: director of the Galerie De Gestio, Hamburg, West

Germany.

Dr. Maria Wellershoff: "Girl Friday" for the M. E. Thelen Gallery.

Summaries of letters February 15, 1971. Letter to Karl Jollenbeck, Cologne, West Germany. A follow-up letter after Rafael Ferrer recommended me to the M. E. Thelen Gallery.

Enclosed with the letter were photographs of my work from 1969, a resume, and a

copy of my latest booklet, Films No.1. Wrote to Jollenbeck that he should feel free to contact me by mail or in person.

February 19,1971. Letter from Dr. Udo Kultermann, Washington University, S1. Louis, Missouri. Kultermann said he was very interested in my work and

requested photographs, and information concerning my sculpture for publishing exhibition purposes. He asked if I would like to have a show in Europe and to let him know.

March 5,1971. Letter from Karl Jollenbeck, Essen, West Germany. A long letter, in which Jollenbeck thanked me for the photographs and biography I had sent him.

Asked if I would like to have a show with his gallery, M. E. Thelen, and requested information about the kinds of materials I work with and how much my work sold for in New York. He said he was anxious to show my work as soon as possible, and said that they were a reliable gallery and I wouldn't have to worry about anything happening to my work. Also suggested I send photographs to Dr. Udo Kultermann, who wrote their catalogs, March 9, 1971. Letter from Dr. Maria Wellershoff, Cologne, West Germany.

Short note thanking me for my letter of March 7th. (There is no record in my file of a letter being sent on March 7th, she probably meant the letter of February 15th.) She told me that Mr. Jollenbeck would write to me as soon as he carne back from "his journey."

March 11, 1971. Letter to Dr. Udo Kultermann, Washington University, S1. Louis, Missouri. I thanked him for his interest in my work and told him that I would like to have a show in Europe very much, but it would have to take place after I had my first one man exhibition with the Fischbach Gallery in New York City, who had just taken me on as one of their artists. I. told him I had written to Mr.

Jollenbeck explaining the situation and gave him the name of my dealer at Fischbach, Aladar Marberger, so he could get in touch with him if he wished to. I also promised to send him photographs as soon as possible.

March 11, 1971. Letter to Karl Jollenbeck, Essen, West Germany. I thanked him for his offer of an exhibition with his gallery and presented to him the same information I had given to Dr. Kultermann. I also wrote that he should be hearing from Aladar Marberger about arranging for an exhibition with his gallery sometime after my show with the Fischbach Gallery.

In the months that followed, Fischbach Gallery, myself, and the M. E. Thelen Gallery came to an agreement on an exhibition in Germany. We also agreed to send on consignment to M. E. Thelen two pieces of mine, "Box with House and Six Trees," which was shown at the Whitney Museum Sculpture Annual of 1970, and "Desert Box." The two pieces were to be brought over by Aladar Marberger when he sailed for Europe in the late spring. The two pieces were eventually bought by Dr. Peter Ludwig for his collection which is housed in the Neue Galerie in Aachen, West Germany. The next series of correspondence began in the summer of 1971.

August 7, 1971. Letter to Karl Jollenbeck, Essen, West Germany. In this letter I

inquired about the two pieces I had sent to Germany. I asked if they had arrived in good condition, and if they could please send me a photograph of" Desert Box." I also asked ifhe and Marberger had come to an agreement, and had settled on the date for my exhibition with Thelen. At this time I was involved in doing "colorings," using architectural diagrams of the model houses I was using in my sculpture, and I asked Jollenbeck to send me an architectural diagram of his gallery, because I thought I might do a series of "colorings" using the design of the gallery space. I never did the series because Jollenbeck never sent me the material I requested. This should have been a warning to me.

August 12, 1971. Letter from Michael Nickel, Cologne, West Germany. Nickel thanked me for my letter of August 7th and mentioned a tentative date for my exhibition, either December 1971 or January 1972. This seemed feasible because my show with Fischbach was scheduled for October 1971. Nickel also wrote that the two pieces that Marberger had brought with him had both been sold, and he wanted me to send over a new piece, "Three Churches in a Box," because the

gallery had had it reproduced in the catalog of the Cologne Art Fair of that year.

He asked if I could get in touch with Edith Reichmann, a friend of the gallery's, so that she could bring it with her when she went to Germany in September.

August 17,1971. Letter to Michael Nickel, Cologne, West Germany. In this bit of correspondence I mentioned how pleased I was that "Box with House and Six Trees" and "Desert Box" had been sold. I told him that I would like my show to take place during January 1972, so I wouldn't have to miss any of my classes at Fordham University where I was teaching at the time. I told him that "Three Churches in a Box" was available, but I was planning to show it in my show in October at Fischbach, but I finally decided to send it over with Edith Reichmann for the Cologne Art Fair. It was eventually bought by Dr. AIf Obbelode. I requested that in the future he let me know well ahead of time about any shows they wanted my work in. I also asked if he could send me a copy of the catalog from the Art Fair, and the name of the collector who had bought "Box with House and Six Trees" and "Desert Box" which he did not do. I found out from Les Levine, who had been in Germany for his own show with Thelen, that Dr. Ludwig had bought the pieces. I promised to get in touch with Edith Reichmann about her taking my pieces with her and I mentioned that I would also give her a series of 20 "colorings," already framed, to take with her.

August 17,1971. Letter to Edith Reichmann, New York City. A short note

asking her to get in touch with me about her taking my work with her when she went to Germany.

August 24,1971. Letter to Michael Nickel, Cologne, West Germany. A long letter giving the prices for "Three Churches in a Box" and the series of "colorings." Also in this letter were detailed instructions concerning the installation of the two pieces I was sending over. I asked him to let me know when he received the pieces and to send me photographs of my work in installation at the Art Fair, which he never did.

August 26,1971. Letter to Michael Nickel, Cologne, West Germany. This letter concerned my change in plans about sending over the "colorings" already framed, because they would be too heavy for Ms. Reichmann to carryon the plane with her. I told him that he should get the "colorings" framed in Germany, which he did. I also told him what kind of frames he should use, and enclosed this letter with the letter I originally wrote him on August 24th.

September 8,1971. Letter to Michael Nickel, Cologne, West Germany. This letter was about the details of my upcoming show with them. I asked about shipping the work over, how long would it take, etc. I also mentioned that I would be coming over with a friend, so I would need information about air flights. I inquired about the condition of the work I had sent to Germany via Edith Reichmann.

September /0, 1971. Letter from Barbara Kuckels, Cologne, West Germany. She informed me that the "colorings" and "Three Churches in a Box" had arrived in good condition, and that they wouldn't have any trouble getting the kind of frames I requested for the "colorings." She promised to send me installation photographs of my work at the Cologne Art Fair, which she never did.

October 21,1971. Letter to Michael Nickel, Cologne, West Germany. This was the first real complaint letter I wrote to the gallery. Many more were to follow. I asked why I hadn't been paid yet for the pieces that had been sold in the spring, and why they hadn't told me who had bought my work. I also made strong complaints about not receiving any information about my show that was supposedly going to take place with them in the near future. I told Michael that if "these voids of communication" were not filled in soon, I would cancel the show.

November 3,1971. Letter from Karl Jollenbeck, Cologne, West Germany. He apologized for the delay in writing, giving numerous excuses. He also said that the percentage problems with Fischbach still had to be cleared up, and that I shouldn't cancel the show. He promised me a longer letter in a day or so.

November 26,1971. Letter from Karl Jollenbeck, Cologne, West Germany. Once again he apologized for the delay in writing, giving as his excuse the Philip Pearlstein exhibition he was setting up. He told me that Michael Nickel would be in New York at the end of the month, and he gave me the financial arrangements for the show, arrangements they would eventually break. He told me all other details could be discussed with Nickel when he arrived in New York.

Nickel did come to New York and stayed with Les Levine. He met with me and AIadar Marberger several times to discuss how they would divide up the proceeds from the sales of my art. There were some problems with this, but finally Nickel, representing Thelen, agreed to Fischbach's demands. I also discussed with Nickel what work I would send over, and he made arrangements with a carpenter to build the crates for the shipment of my work. He finally paid me for the two pieces that Dr. Ludwig bought. Everything went smoothly and I arrived in Germany in early January 1972, to install my show. I metJollenbeck, and finally got the money

that he owed me for "Three Churches in a Box." I stayed in Europe for three weeks. The next series of correspondence began when I returned from Europe.

January 25, /972. Letter to Michael Nickel, Cologne, West Germany. In this letter I questioned Nickel about the confusion over the percentages each party was to get. I asked him again about the arrangement Thelen had with Fischbach, and told him to write to them explaining the situation as best he could. Also thanked him for putting me up in his apartment, and asked him to send me installation photographs of my show. Needless to say, he never did.

March 2, /972. Letter to Michael Nickel, Cologne, West Germany. At this point I had not yet received any word at all about how the show went, meaning how much of my work had been sold. I brought up the money situation, stressing the point that I was broke, and that I needed money.

April 5, /972. Letter to Karl Jollenbeck, Cologne, West Germany. This was the first really nasty letter I wrote to Jollenbeck. I received a phone call from Elliott Lloyd, the carpenter Michael Nickel had engaged to build the crates for the shipping of my work to Germany. It seemed that the gallery had failed to pay him for his services, and in this letter I stated how disappointed I was over their failure to do what they were responsible for. I also let Jollenbeck have it for failing to let me know the results of my show, and for not sending me any money for the pieces that had been sold in my presence on the opening day of my exhibition. I demanded a reply to this letter, and a clearing up of all business. At this time my relationship with the M. E. Thelen Gallery went downhill at a very rapid pace.

April 23, /972. Letter to Dr. Udo Kultermann, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri. I wrote to Kultermann, hoping that since he was involved with Thelen, he might apply some pressure on them to clear up the situation. I complained strongly about their lack of ability to communicate on important matters.

April 28, /972. Letter to Hannes Von Gosseln, Hamburg, West Germany. I wrote to Von Gosseln at Les Levine's suggestion. I said in this letter what I had said in the letter to Kultermann and mentioned to Von Gosseln that I intended to write to some German critics and collectors as well. At this point I wanted to do everything possible to embarrass Jollenbeck.

April 28, 1972. Letter to Dr. Peter Sager, Cologne, West Germany. The information conveyed was a duplication of what I had written to Von Gosseln, and Kultermann.

April 29, /972. Letter from Dr. Udo Kultermann, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri. He wrote that he was sorry, but could do nothing about my problems with Thelen. He was not doing any more catalogs for them because they had failed to pay him also. He suggested I take legal action.

May /5,1972. Postcard from Hannes Von Gosseln, Hamburg, West Germany.

Von Gosseln thanked me for the "bad news about the Thelen Gallery," and said he wasn't surprised at all about their behavior, as he had heard similar stories from other artists who had shown with them. He asked me to write to him again giving him more information, and thought that maybe they had paid Fischbach, and Fischbach had neglected to inform me about this. He said he would do something.

May 19, /972. Letter from Dr. Peter Sager, Cologne, West Germany. Sager wrote that he was "shocked" to learn of my difficulties with Thelen, but was afraid

he could do nothing to help me, because he was not connected with them. He also asked me if I could send him photographs of my work for an upcoming book he was writing about realism.

May 22, /972. Letter to Hannes Von Gosseln, Hamburg, West Germany. In this letter I gave Von Gosseln more detailed information concerning how much money the gallery owed me. I also told Von Gosseln what Kultermann had written to me and mentioned to him that I would write to Dr. Peter Ludwig in the near future. I also relayed to Von Gosseln the lies that Jollenbeck had told Les Levine when he was in Cologne for his show with Thelen. Jollenbeck told Levine that he had given me a large advance, had sent me a check for $1,600, and had paid for my airfare.

None of this was true.

June /, /972. Letter from Hannes Von Gosseln, Hamburg, West Germany. Von Gosseln offered me sympathy and suggested I get a lawyer. He agreed with me about my writing to Ludwig and mentioned that he might be interested in taking on the work that Thelen still had from my exhibition with them, but he would have to have a larger percentage than 30% and would not deal with the Fischbach Gallery. Nothing ever came of this offer.

June 5, /972. Letter to Dr. Peter Ludwig, Cologne, West Germany. This letter repeated the information concerning my difficulties with Thelen. I asked Ludwig to do what he could to get my work and money from them. At this time I still had not received any money at all for the work I knew the gallery had sold from my exhibition.

June /4, /972. Letter from Barbara Kuckels, Cologne, West Germany. She wrote that Mr. Jollenbeck was away at the Venice Biennale, and had asked her to send me three checks, which were enclosed with the letter. They totaled $1,200. No statement was included, but she promised that they would inform Fischbach about the sales next week. We're still waiting.

June 2/, /972. Letter from Dr. Peter Ludwig, Aachen, West Germany. He stated how sorry he was about my problems with Thelen and said he had forwarded a copy of my letter ofJune 5th to him to Jollenbeck with a note of his own, asking that they clear up all the problems. In his note to Jollenbeck, he said that he found

this to be most unpleasant. It was because of Ludwig's intervention that I received the three checks that were sent to me on June 26, 1972. He also said that he had paid for "Box with House and Six Trees" and "Desert Box" immediately after he had acquired them for his collection and that they would be reproduced in the new catalog that he was publishing.

June 26, /972. Letter to Dr. Peter Ludwig, Aachen, West Germany. I thanked him for his letter of June 21, and the attention he had given to my problem.

July 5, /972. Letter to Karl Jollenbeck, Cologne, West Germany. I sarcas­ tically thanked him for the money he had finally sent me and once again asked him to send me a complete listing of all the sales and the collectors who had bought the work.

July 13, 1972. Letter from Karl Jollenbeck, Cologne, West Germany. This was a nasty letter, in which he showed his anger over my contacting Dr. Ludwig. He offered to buy the rest of the show outright, but only for a higher percentage than he was now getting. He did not like the idea at all of giving Fischbach any kind of percentage and said that I should have had the courage to deal with him directly as other artists had. Dealing with the Thelen Gallery directly on a 50-50 basis would havejeopardized my relationship with the Fischbach Gallery.

July 20, /972. Letter to Karl Jollenbeck, Cologne, West Germany. In this letter I really lost my temper, and told Jollenbeck I would not make any deals with him until everything was cleared up and I received a list of collectors who had bought my work and any money owed me. I complained about his lack of communication and responsibility, and I asked him to send back any unsold pieces of mine.

September 29, 1972. Letter to Dr. Peter Ludwig, Aachen. West Germany. I told Ludwig that I never questioned his paying for the two pieces he had bought. contrary to what Jollenbeck had told him. I also enclosed copies of the letters of June 14th, July 13th, and July 20th to show him what kind of person Jollenbeck really was. I also thanked him for sending me the catalog from the Neue Galerie, which contained color reproductions of "Desert Box," and "Box with House and Six Trees."

October 3,1972. Letter from Dr. Peter Ludwig, Aachen, West Germany. He thanked me for my letter of September 29th and stated that since he was not connected with the Thelen Gallery, he could do no more for me in clearing up my problems with them. He assured me that he was most happy about the two pieces of mine that he had bought.'

November 17, 1972. Letter from Michael Nickel, Cologne, West Germany. A short note with a check for $400 and the promise of a statement next week. I'm still waiting.

January 15, 1973. Letter to Michael Nickel, Cologne, West Germany. I thanked him for his note and check of November 17th but expressed disappointment over not getting a longer letter explaining the situation. Once again I expressed a desire that all business be cleared up.

April 13, 1973. Letter to D. Thomas Longo, Jr., American Consul, Dusseldorf, West Germany. This letter contained a concise explanation of my problems with the M. E. Thelen Gallery. I inquired if the American government might throw some pressure and light on the situation.

June 15,1973. Letter from D. Thomas Longo,Jr., American Consul, Dusseldorf, West Germany. He apologized for the delay in answering my letter, and told me

that he had written to Jollenbeck about my situation, but Jollenbeck had not answered his letter. His office also tried in vain to reach Jollenbeck by telephone, butJollenbeck, in keeping with his rotten behavior, did not return the call. He suggested I contact a lawyer and was enclosing a list of lawyers practicing in the Dusseldorf area for me to pick from. Unfortunately, he forgot to enclose the list with his letter.

July 12,1973. Letterto D. Thomas Longo,Jr., American Consul, Dusseldorf, West Germany. I requested the list of lawyers he mentioned in his letter of June 15th.

July 17,1973. Letter from D. Thomas Longo,Jr., American Consul, Dusseldorf, West Germany. He asked me to please accept his regrets for omitting the list of lawyers he had mentioned in his letter of June 15th.

December 28,1973. Letter to Dr. Klaus Hennig, Essen, West Germany. Please see introduction.

January 8, 1974. Letter from Dr. Klaus Hennig, Essen, West Germany. This letter was in German, so I sent it to my friends Lil Picard and Henry Odell who kindly translated it for me. The amount of money that Dr. Hennig requested for repre­ senting me was not within my means, so I could not take legal action against Jollenbeck at this time.

January 8,1974. Letter to Karl Jollenbeck, Cologne, West Germany. I asked him again to return any work that was unsold, and to pay me any money he owed me. As of today, February 20, 1974, this letter remains unanswered. once

[Ira Joel Haber] Photograph of� works

I Floor PIeces various sizes Date: 1969

2 FOI'fSt Floor Piece I..mgth: 28 inches Width: 30 inches Height: 3 inches Date: 1969

3 New York Box No. 3 I..mgth: 9%6 inches Width: 2o/s inches Height: 4% inches Date: 1969

[Ira Joel Haber]

4 New York Box No.4 Length: 15 inches Width: 3%6 inches Height: 3 inchei Date: 1970

5 Forest Box

Length: 12%6 inchei Width 2%6 inchei Height: 51/4 inchei Date: 1970

(I

Open Box No. I Length: II '/4 inches WIdth: 7 inches Height: 71/4 inches Date: 1970

7

PHOTOGRAPH NOT AVAILABLE

Small Box with 1'hnle Trees and a Lake Length: 7 inches WIdth: 4% inches Height: 5 inches Date: 1970

[Ira Joel Haber]

II

Big 80x No. I Length: 12 Inches Width: 8� inches Height: 42 inches Date: 1970

9

Big80x No. 2 Length: 12 inches Width: IS inches

Height:42lnches Date: 1970

[Ira Joel Haber]

10

Open Box No.6 Length: 11 � inches Width: 7� inches Height:5incbes Date: 1971

PHOTOGRAPH NOT AVAILABLE

11

Open Box No.8 Length: 19 inches WKlth: 51fo inches Height: 7 inches Date: 1971

12 UntidedBox Length: 22 inches Width: 91/4 inches Height: 2()Ifi. 6 inches Date: 1971

PHOTOGRAPH NOT AVAILABLE

[Ira Joel Haber]

13 White Hou!le and Forest in a Box L81gdt: 7 ft:Iws Width: 4% inchrs Height: 5 inches Date: 1971

14

47AJrV��ofF� Length: 43 inchrs Width: 30 inchrs Date: 1971

Lawrence Weiner On and/or about the variability of use:

1. The artist may construct the piece 2. The piece may be fabricated 3. The piece need not be built

Each being equal and consistent with the intent of the artist the decision as to condition rests with the receiver upon the occasion of receivership

[Lawrence Weiner] With relation to the various manners with various things:

Loudly made noise (forte) and/or Moderately loudly (mezzoforte) Softly made noise (piano) and/or Moderately softly (mezzopiano) Noise made very loudly (fortissimo) and/or

Moderately loudly (mezzoforte) Noise made very softly (pianissimo) and/or

Moderately softly (mezzopiano)

[Lawrence Weiner] With relation to the various manners with various things:

Made unsuitable

to/for

Put out of place

to/for

Catered

to/for

Not quite done

to/for

[Lawrence Weiner] With relation to the various manners of use for/of various things:

Having had leverage forlof (with or without direction) Having had advancement forlof (with or without direction) Having had direction (with or without ) ...

[Lawrence Weiner] In the event of an art existing within a cultural context:

1. An artist may construct the art 2. The art may be fabricated

3. The art need not be constructed

Each being equal and consistent with the condition of art the decision as to condition is not

Joseph 8euys I like America and America likes me

8euys felt (saw nothing of) America.

On arrival he was insulated in felt and delivered by ambulance to the space in which the performance is now taking place. For three days he is sharing this space with a coyote.

Then they will both return from whence they came, Beuys by Red Cross, the coyote by Blue Cross.

[Joseph 8euys]

[Joseph Beuys]

[Joseph 8euys]

[Joseph Beuys]

[Joseph Beuys]

[Joseph Beuys]

Christo Running fence Project for Sonoma County and Marin County, State of California Height: 18 feet; length: 20 mlles

The "Running Fence," a temporary work of art, will be 18 feet high and about 20 miles long, emerging from the ocean and following an undulating path inland. Its route and configuration have been selected so that natural beauty and that of the art work wi II complement each other.

The Running Fence will be of heavy, white nylon fabric, hung from a steel cable strung between steel poles. The poles, generally 60 feet apart, will be embedded three feet in the ground and braced laterally with guy wires and earth (or rock) anchors. The lower edge of the fabric will be anchored to the ground at about five-foot intervals.

Construction of the Running Fence will be a two-phase operation.

Phase I, installation of the relatively inconspicuous structural parts­ poles, guys, anchors and upper cable-will take about four months.

In this stage, great care will be exercised to avoid environmental

damage.

Phase II, installation and tie-down of the entire 20 miles of fabric, is planned to take place in one day! This will be possible by using many trained two- or three-person crews and assigning each crew its own, reasonably short length of the project. Their work will be to clip the fabric panels to the cable, spread them, tie them down at

the bottom and lace them to the poles.

A safety feature of the Running Fence will be "fused" tie-downs,

designed to break and release the lower edge of the fabric in the event of winds exceeding 50 or 60 miles per hour. With only its upper edge attached, the fabric will then "spill" the wind and avoid damage to the poles, guys and anchorages. With return to lower wind speeds, the lower edge can be tied down again.

All parts of the structure (except possibly for parts actually embedded and concealed in rock) are being designed for complete removal. Again, great care will be taken with removal so that no visible evidence of the Running Fence should remain.

According to plan, the Running Fence will be displayed for not over four weeks.

Ernest C. Harris, PhD, P.E. Senior Staff Engineer The Ken R. White Company

January 10,1974

[Christo]

[Christo]

[Christo]

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Agnes Denes Study of dust

Investigation of an inevitable state involving the philosophy of change; mental and physical; to pass from one for m to another as from something live to something dead; sudden change or slow evolutionary modification; the various aspects oftransitivity; changing direction or course; innovation.

Dust has various connotations, including something that beclouds or dulls, something that is left after a substance is gone, a state of disintegration, reduction, transformation, modification, variation and mutation.

Examination of types of 'dust':

terrestrial

extraterrestrial

human volcanic

meteoric

mineral

moon dust

metallic

explosive toxic contam inated

[Agnes Denes] Humandust

He was an artist. He died of a heart attack. He was born fifty years ago, which means he lived half a century, or appro % of his expected life span. His father was a tailor and his mother a housewife. He had 4 brothers and 1 sister. He was in love 3 times, married once, fathered 2 human beings, thus beginning a chain of 60 or more human beings added to the world population within 4 generations (counting up to 2000 A.D.). Taking genetic and environmental factors into consideration, 4 of these will be doctors, 2 will write, 34 will bear children, 6 will be engineers or teachers, 1 will have an unusual talent, 1 will be a politician, 1 will collect garbage, 8 will be unskilled laborers, 1 will go to jail and 2 are uncertain.

During his lifetime he visited 18 countries and spoke 2 languages. He traveled 55,000 miles not including commuting and read 4,100 books. He attended college for one year. His aspirations were to be a great writer or a great artist. He wrote about V2 million words and painted 48 paintings, all told. In his lifetime he earned $160,000.00, was fired three times and held 17 positions after maturity.

He was unhappy and lonely more often than not, achieved 1/10,000 of his dreams, managed to get his opinions across 184 times and was misunderstood 3,800 times when it mattered. He believed in a god, was fairly religious at the beginning and toward the end of his life and could be considered superstitious.

During his lifetime he consumed 4,800 Ibs. of bread, 3,000 gallons of water, 140 gallons of wine and 360 quarts of whiskey. He ate 56,000 meals, slept 146,850 hours and moved his bowels 18,548 times. He was sick 23 times, caught 31 colds, pneumonia once, had 7 virus infections and broke his leg falling off a chair while hanging one of his paintings. He served in the marines, was shot at several times but never wounded. He had relations with 27 women in his lifetime and ejaculated 3,858 times. He voted in 24 elections and knew his opinions changed nothing. He was not a popular man he had honest but uneven beliefs.

His work was good but not great, and the last 10 years of his life he resigned himself to this fact. He had 4 friends at various times in-his life and was loved -

by 17 people, including his parents. He was liked by 312. His brain contained 1010 neurons and it received 1()9 electrical impulses from his own sense organs, to each of which he responded. He smoked 210,000 cigarettes and tried drugs twice. 34 people remembered him or spoke of him after his death and his remains shown here represent %5 of his entire body.

[Agnes Denes]

[Agnes Denes] New York air

Sulfur dioxide (coal, oil) 0.9 part per million; dust: soot; ashes caused by fuel combustion and incineration 500 micrograms per cubic meter, causing acute breathing problems; carbon monoxide 50 parts per million,

replaces oxygen in blood, causes dizziness, nausea, stress on heart; hydrocarbons, nitrogen dioxide (catalytic

agent capturing sun's rays interacting with hydrocarbons and other gases to form "photochemical smog"); a product of this is ozone, a highly poisonous gas.

Inorganic pollutants: antimony, bismuth, silver, copper, cobalt, iron, lead; electron flow filters inorganic solids: nitrates, sulfates, chlorides, ozides, ozone. Exposure to hydrocarbon and hydrogen, tar, paraffin, carcinogens.

Marjorie Strider Street work 1969

Douglas Huebler Location piece #17 Turin,ItaIy

•

On March 17, 1973, the artist arbitrarily selected then focused on a specific location some distance away from where he was standing in the Piazza Vittorio Veneto (A); he wanted to see what "was going on across the river" (the Po) at a place that he had never seen before and that he never intends to see again (8: the corner of Via Cosmo and Via Villa d. Regina).

The selected location was approached on foot, one photograph was made and then the artist walked away at once; back in America he processed the film and discovered that at the instant the photograph was made a man was looking directly at the artist and that that man bears a strong resemblance to the artist at least more so than most everyone else in the world.

Five photographs join with this statement to constitute the form of this piece. ...

December, 1973

[Oougla$ Huebler]

[Douglas Huebler]

[Douglas Huebler] Variable Piece #135 Edinboro State CoUege

Edinboro, Pennsylvania

The following instructions were sent to Edinboro State

College as the artist's

response to a request to participate in an exhibition: LOOK-ALIKES In connection with the Edinboro State College "Instructions" Exhibition a prize of $100 will be awarded to the photograph that pictures two people (unrelated by any family tie) who are judged to look more alike than any other two whose photograph is submitted for competition. $60 will be awarded to the first runner-up, and $40 to the second runner-up.

All photographs should be 5" x 7" and should be submitted to Bart Farmer by January 10, 1974.

Mr. Farmer·will establish the procedure that will form the final judgement.

All

photographs submitted will become the property the artist and will join altogether to consti­ tute the form of this work.

of

Nine photographs were submitted and join with this statement to form this

work; on the back of each reads this information: 1st place

a

b

Rick

Nelson

c

Lynn Rothrack

John

d

Deb Catspano

Marsha Myers

e

Left: Rose Brickner 212 Ash Street Edinboro. Pa. 734-1094

Right: Nancy Cokrlic

3rd place

Stewart #9 Darrow Road

Mary Pavlov

Edinboro. Pa. 734-3121 Sue Nicolls

Robert

Porto

Ruth Mathew

Andrea Kurash

g h

November, 1973

March,1974

2nd place

[Douglas Huebler]

[Douglas Huebler]

Gregg Powell Springing into the air

Rwming (side)

Running (front)

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1973

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[Brenda Miller]

Vertical alphabet (13) Exterior, 52 inches square 1973

John Baldessari Retouch: portrait (Baldessari) April,I974

1. Control

2. Beard change

Gilbert & George The singing sculpture Autumn, 1971

[Gilbert & George]

[Gilbert & George]

Vito Acconci Reception room Performance set (furniture and

audiotape) with live pelformance.

Three weeks (live pelformance for 3 days, 2 hours each day).

Modern Art Agency, Naples March, 1973

At the entrance there's a small corridor, a place for welcome.

Along the wall there's a narrow rug, with a cushion at each end. My voice on a loop tape: I should have been here to greet you, the viewer

but I was afraid of the face-to-face

-

contact, I had to withdraw into the other room.

The corridor opens onto a larger room. Across the middle

of the room, there's a partial wall extending one-third of the way down from the ceiling. Under this, there's a table, about eight feet by four feet there's a mattress on top of the -

table, a white sheet the table

a

-

high stools placed evenly around spotlight shining down on the table, from the -

seven

edge of the short wall.

Irn lying on the table, covered by the white sheet: I turn regularly, slowly, back to front, front to back-my leg is exposed, I turn over, my ass is exposed.

My voice on a loop tape (the translator's voice is louder than mine, he translates my 'I' as 'he.' He becomes a doctor exhibiting a test-case): I need a reason to be here, in front of

people

-

so I claim to be ashamed of the

on my ass

accept them

pimples on my legs,

so, now that they're a public fact, rn learn to

-

-

but they might be decoys, I might really be

ashamed of something else, of the size of my prick

-

but my

self-exposure itself might be false, what I'm really exposing might be other people in my life, whom Irn talking about in relation to my 'shame' but the whole revelation might be a ploy, and all I'm doing is making myself passive, I'm taking the easy way out, Tm avoiding the real exposure of face-to­ face contact with viewers in the gallery.

-

[Vito Acconci]

1. Audiotape for entrance l'Onidor I should have been here to greet you, to invite you to sit down, sit opposite me

...

I should have been able to meet you face to face; I should have been able to talk to you, get closer to you

...

But I wouldn't have known what to say, what to do: I would have been afraid that you would find me disappointing, that I could offer no surprise ...

Maybe I should have fought my fear. We could have been comfortable here: we could have settled down on the rug, fallen back onto the pillows: we could have been alone here, together

...

We should have been here, you and I, as if in a separate world. We could have been connected by the ground we sat on: I should have been able to move over to you, I should have been able to touch you ...

But, instead, I've made myself believe that I'd be afraid to be near you, afraid to have direct contact with you. So I had to get away from you, hide my face from you ...

It could have been like this: after a while, I could have pulled the rug toward me, and you would have come toward me with it, into me or you would have pulled the rug toward you, and I would have come toward you with it. into you -

...

It could have been like this: after a while, we might have rolled toward each other, over each other, as if rolling over a rug: you might have fallen on me, or I might have fallen on you, as if on a pillow

...

But I can only talk in metaphor now, I can only talk about what could have been.

Because I've backed off, afraid to trust myself with you: I've backed away from you, I've had to withdraw into another room ...

2. Audiotape for main room

There has to be something to say for myself, something that people call a 'reason to be': being here can give me that reason ...

Something to say to them, because they give me a reason to be here: I have to know they can see me, understand me ...

So I can act out what I dislike about myself, in front of them; I can show what I'm ashamed of: they can see the pimples on my legs, the pimples on my ass ...

I mean this: I'm ashamed to get undressed-when there's someone here, when time I to see my skin, I'm going to bed with som��� f�r _!I?e -:w�t

�t

d�'t

�er

[Vito Acconci]

People can walk by me now, they can look at me -of course I realize that. In fact, I can come here just for that reason: I can come here because they'll walk by, because they'll stop and look

...

Maybe I have this in mind: whoever I'll go to bed with here can see the skin now, she can see the pimples beforehand ...

But that isn't it: it doesn't matter whether or not I go to bed with anyone here: the pimples can be a fact now it would be senseless to hide it in the future -

...

So I can lie in the dark here. I don't have to see myself; they can see me instead, they can do the seeing for me: they can examine me as if with a spotlight...

A spotlight on what I can't face up to, about myself: pimples on my legs, on my ass: the pimples paint out faults in me I'm unclean, I'm ugly, I can't grow up­ -

secrets, sexual sins, guilts

-

I can't talk about that now

...

So I keep turning myself over: I'm turning myself over to them

...

If they can see my skin, and accept it, then maybe I can accept it, too: I won't have to want to get rid of it...

I can't make myself talk about the rest of it: the fact that my feet smell, no matter what I do to them-I'm ashamed of that, too, when I'm going to bed with someone for the first time, when I'm getting undressed I have to show that, too, so I can be comfortable with it.

-

..

Maybe I'm exaggerating my shame, to give myself a reason to be here, a reason to be with other people here

...

This could be a kind of strategy: I can't make myself talk to them, can't meet them face to face, so I can turn myself into an object for them ...

It might be that I can reveal the flaws in my body because I'm afraid to reveal the flaws in my mind revealing what's private, then, can hide my withdrawal -

from public responsibility: I can conceal my lack of nerve, my refusal to interact with other people ...

Revealing parts of my body to be looked at like a corpse: dying: talking to myself here, thinking about myself-it's like a man reviewing his life quickly, before he dies

...

Maybe this is a way to make myself die for myself, die to myself: I can be alive only as they see me ...

I remember now how Kathy watches me while I take a bath, how she breaks the

pimples on my legs

...

[Vito Acconci]

It's as if she's preparing me for other women, preparing me to look beautiful for

them, preparing me to go to bed with them

...

No: why am I bringing her into it? Maybe I'm not exposing myself at all: what I'm doing might be exposing her, harming her, under the pretense of exposing myself

...

I could say that it's too much to take: I can feel everything crashing down on me -a weight on my head-I can feel the ceiling falling in on me ...

It could be that what I'm showing will make up for what I can't make myself show: maybe I'm not ashamed of my legs, my ass, the pimples, the smell of my feet-maybe I'm not ashamed of those things at all-what I'm really ashamed of is the size of my prick, my certainty that it's too small-but I won't show that...

I want to avoid that; so I remember Kathy talking about my ass loves looking at my ass, touching my ass

-

how much she

...

I remember she said it's like a girl's ass

that, I can't quite recall

-

she likes that

-

at least I think she said

...

Maybe the pimples can contradict that impression: they can restore my masculinity, return me to manhood- I'm not sure now if I'm ever ashamed of the hair on my ass

...

But I remember Rosemary saying my prick was too small for her, I couldn't

excite her

...

No, I can't get into that: if they think-if the people here think I'm exaggerating the pimples, then maybe they'll think I'm exaggerating that, too ...

They might think I'm making too much of the pimples, I'm making them more important than they're worth-but that's just the point: if ( think it's important, and it's not, then I'm revealing to them what's really on my mind-so they can't be upset that I won't respond to them, I'm giving them more than that ...

So show them my ass-fuck them-no, it's not like that- I can't believe that this is an aggression against them but now and then I might want to believe it, I might want them to accept that too, I want to test them -

...

But it's really the opposite: I have to believe I'm leaving myself wide open­ laying my cards on the table-let's say I'm letting the cracks show-so they'll have to put the pieces together ...

So I'll keep going over this: ( have to have something to say to myself, something to keep me here, something to stop me from running away

...

Le Ann Bartok Wilchusky Skyworks RedIine One mile long

[Le Ann Bartok Wi Ichusky]

Hans Haacke

SOLOMON R. GUGGENHEIM MUSEUM BOARD OF TRUSTEES

PETER 0 LAWSON-JOHNSTON, President Born 1927

•

Mining Co Executive. lives Princeton. N,J, H

HARVARD ARNASON

Born 1909. Art Historian. Lives New York City and Roxbury, Conn,

JOSEPH W DONNER Born 1927 • Stockbroker. lives New York City

ElEANOR COUNTESS CASTlE STEWART Born 1896. Lives in Engtand

MASON WElCH GROSS Born 1911

•

President Harry F, Guggenheim Foundation. lives Rumson, N,J FRANK A. MILLIKEN

Born 1914. Mining Engineer. lives Darien, Conn, HENRY AllEN MOE Born 1894. Retired Foundation Executive. lives

Fieldston, N,Y and Sherman, Conn,

A, CHAUNCEY NEWLIN Born 1905 • lawyer. lives Scarsdale, N.Y, MRS

HENRY OBRE

Clubwoman. lives Monkton, Md DANiEl CATION RtCH Born 1904 • Museum Director Emeritus. lives New York

City

ALBERT E THiElE Born 1892 • Business Executive. lives Scarsdale, NY.

MICHAEl F, WETIACH Born 1931

•

Sportsman, raising lhoroughbreds

•

lives Hydes. Md,

CARL ZIGROSSER

Born 1891

•

Museum Curator Emeritus. lives Philadelphia and Montagnola.

Switzerland

[Hans Haacke]

SOLOMON R. GUGGENHEIM MUSEUM GUGGENHEIM FAMILY MEMBERS AMONG TRUSTEES

elEANOR COUNTESS CASTlE STEWART

Born Elellnor Guggenheim. Dllughler 01 Solomon R. lind Irene (Rothschild) G.

MRS. HENRY OBRE Born Bllrbarll Guggenheim. Dllughter 01 Solomon R. lind Irene (Rothschild) G.

PETER O. LAWSON-JOHNSTON Son 01 Bllrbllrll Guggenheim sllnt mllrrlage to John R. LIIwson-Johnston

MICHAEL F. WETTACH Son 01 Bllrbarll Guggenheim 5 second mllrrlage to Fred Wenllch Jr.

[Hans Haacke]

SOLOMON R. GUGGENHEIM MUSEUM CORPORATE AFFILIATION OF TRUSTEES

PETER 0 LAWSON-JOHNSTON

Anglo Co. Lid Chalrm'an &0 Member Board 01 Directors Elgerbar Corp Vice President &0 Member Boaro 01 Directors Feldspar Corp Chairman &0 Member Board 01 Directors ..

..

..

Robert Garrett &0 Sons. Inc

Member Board 01 Directors

..

Guggenheim Brothers. Partner Kennecott Copper Corp Member Board 01 Directors Minerec Corp MemDer Board 01 Directors Pacilic Tin Consolidatttd Corp. Vice Chairman &0 Member Board 01 Directors ..

.•

Prlntex. Inc

.

Member Board 01 Directors

JOSEPH W DONNER

Cyrus J Lawrence &0 Sons. Brokers. Partner FRANK R. MILLIKEN

Chase Brass &0 Copper Co Member Board 01 Directors Federal Reserve Bank 01 New York. Member Board 01 Directors ..

Kennecoll Copper Corp

..

President. Chle! Exec Officer &0 Member Board 01 Directors Member Board 01 Directors

Peabody Coal Co

..

Proctor &0 Gamble Co Member Board 01 Directors Quebec Iron &0 Titanium Corp Member Board 01 Directors ..

..

A CHAUNCEY NEWLIN

White &0 Case. Lawyers. Partner Pacillc Tin Consolidated Corp past Member Board 01 Directors ..

MRS. HENRY OBRE

Elgerbar Corp

Member Board 01 Directors

..

ELEANOR COUNTESS CASTLE STEWART

Elgerbar Corp

..

Husband Eart Caslie Stewart. Member Board 01 Directors ALBERT E

THIELE

Anglo Co. Lid. Member Board 01 Directors Anglo Ventures. Member Board 01 Directors Barber 011 Corp Member Board 01 Directors Companhia de Dlamantes de Angola. Member Board 01 Directors Eigerbar Corp President &0 Member Board 01 Directors ..

..

Guggenheim Brothers. Partner Kennecott Cop�\8r Corp past Member Board 01 Directors Mlnerec Corp Vice President &0 Member Board 01 Directors Pacilic Tin Consolidated Corp Member Board 01 Directors ..

.•

.•

MICHAEL F. WETTACH

Elgerbar Corp

..

Member Board 01 Directors

[Hans Haacke]

SOLOMON R. GUGGENHEIM MUSEUM CORPORATE AFFILIATION OF TRUSTEES

Kennecott Copper Corporation

FRANK R, MILLIKEN, Presldenl, Chlel E.ec, Officer. Member Board of Directors PETER O. LAWSON-JOHNSTON, Member Board 01 Directors ALBERT E, THIELE, pasl Member Board 01 Directors

Multinational company mlnlna, smeillna, rellnlna copper, molybdenum, based mill products,

gold, zinc and coal. Copper

Operates In the U.S., Australia, Brazil, Cenade, Colombia, eo... Rica, Enaland, Indonesia, Italy, Nether· lands Anlllles, Nigeria, Peru, South Airlca.

EI Tenlente, Kennecon'S Chilean copper mine, was nationalized July, 1971 through Constitutional Relorm Lew, passed unanimously by Chilean Conor.... Chilean Comptroller Generlll ruled profits oyer 12% • year since 1955 to be considered ellC811 and deducted lrom compensation. His ligures, disputed by Kennecott, In ehect, eliminated any payments, Kennecon tried to have Chilean copper shipments conllscated

or

cul1omen' payments attached.

Although without uHlmale success In European courts, legal harassment threatened Chilean economy (copper 70'10 of ellport).

PreSident Salvador Allende addressed United Natlonl December 4, 1972, The New Yort TImes reported: The Chilean President had It III harsher words lor two U.S. companies, the International Telephone • Telegraph Corp. and the Kennec:otl Corp" which he said, had "dug their claws Into my country", and which proposed "to manage our political IlIe:'

Dr. Allende said that Irom 1955 to 1970 the Kennecott Copper Corp, had made an aVer1!g8 profit of 52.8'" on Its Investments, He said that huge "'ransnallonal"' corporations were waglna war againl1 sovereign I18t .. and thai they were "not accountable to or represenllna the coIlectlYelnterest."

In a statemenl issued In reply to Dr. Allende's charges, Fl1Ink R. Milliken, president of Kennecott, relerred to legal actions now belna taken by his company in courts overseas to prevent the Chilean Government Irom sellina copper lrom the nationalized mines:

"No amounl 01 rhetoric can alter the lactthat Kennecott has been a responsible corponIte citizen 01 Chile lor more than 50 years and has made substantial contrtbutlons to both the economic and social well-beina of the Chilean people."

ellproprlatlon of Kennecon's property without compensation violat.. established principles 01 international law. We will continue to IlUrslJe any legal remedies that may protect our shareholders' equity,"

"Chile's

President Allende died in a military coup Sept. 11. 1973, The Junta committed Itself to compensate Kennecon lor nationalized property.

1973

Net sales'

$1,425,613.531

Netaner ta ...

:

$159,383,059

29,100 employees Office: 181 E. 42 SI., New York, N.Y.

Earn. per com. share:

$4.81

[Hans Haacke]

SOLOMON R. GUGGENHEIM MUSEUM CORPORATE AFFILIATION OF TRUSTEES

Anglo Company Ltd. Formerly Anglo-Lautaro Nitrate Co. PETER O. LAWSON-JOHNSTON. Chairman &. Member Board 01 Directors

ALBERT E. THIELE. Member Board 01 Directors

(Albert van de

Maele. President &. Member Board 01 Directors. John A. Peeples and Oscar S. Straus II. Members Board 01 Directors 01 Anglo Co. ltd are partners 01 P.O. Lawson-Johnston and A.E. Thiele in Guggenheim Brothers lirm) .•

Directors and related trusts. incl. Guggenheim interests held 49% 01 total voting power. Feb. 13. 1973 Business: General Finance Nitrate Industry ollormer Anglo-Lautaro Nitrate Co. ltd in Chile. was nationalized 1971 .•

24.9% interest in Robert Garrett &. Sons. Inc 53% interest in Nabors Drilling ltd

.•

.•

investment banking Ilrm. Jan. 1973

Canada. Acquired 1974 lor $3.100.000 cash. Oil and gas well drilling

in Western Canada and the Arctic. Sales appro •. $1(}million

Office: 120 Broadway. New York. N.Y.

Anglo Ventures Corporation Subsidiary of Anglo Co. Ltd. ALBERT E. THIELE. Member BOArd of Directors Office: 120 Broadway. New York. N.Y.

Minerec Corporation

SubSidiary of Anglo Co. Ltd. ALBERT E. THIELE. Vice President &. Member Board 01 Directors PETER O. LAWSON-JOHNSTON. Member Board of Directors

(Albert van de Maele. Chairman &. Member Board of Directors. and John A. Peeples. Member Board of Directors of Mlnerec Corp are partners of A.E. Thiele and Peter O. Lawson-Johnston in Guggenheim Brothers firm) .•

Products: Chemical flotation reagents Sales $1-2 million. 30 employees

Office: 120 Broadway. New York. N.Y.

Robert Garrett & Sons, Inc. PETER O. LAWSON-JOHNSTON. Member Board of Directors

(Albert van de Maele. also Member Board of Directors of Garrett &. Sons. Inc

.•

Is partner of P.O. Lawson­

Johnston In Guggenheim Brothers firm) Investment banking firm Anglo Co. ltd. has 24.9% Interest. Jan. 1973. Merger with Anglo Co. ltd. proposed

Office: 100 Wail si., New York. N.Y.

[Hans Haacke]

SOLOMON R. GUGGENHEIM MUSEUM CORPORATE AFFILIATION OF TRUSTEES

Guggenheim Brothers Partnership

PETER O. LAWSON-JOHNSTON. Partner

ALBERT E. THIELE. Partner

Ownership and management o' Guggenheim lamily mterests Ollice: .20 Broadway. New York. N.Y.

Elgerbar Corporation

ALBERT E

THIELE. President & Member Board 01 Directors

PETER O. LAWSON-JOHNSTON. Vice President & Member Board ot Directors

MRS HENRY OBRE. Member Board 01 Directors EARL CASTlE STEWART. Member Board 01 Directors

MICHAEL F. WETTACH. Member Board 01 Directors

Ownership and management 01 Guggenheim real estate and securities Office: 120 Broadway. New York. NX

[Hans Haacke]

SOLOMON R. GUGGENHEIM MUSEUM CORPORATE AFFILIATION OF TRUSTEES

Pacific Tin Consolidated Corporation PETER O. LAWSON-JOHNSTON. Vice Chairman 8r Member Board 01 Directors ALBERT E. THIELE. Member Board 01 Directors A CHAUNCEY NEWLIN. past Member Board 01 Directors

(F. Stuart Miller. Chairman 8r Member Board 01 Directors 01 Pacilic Tin Consolidated Corp. is a partner 01 P.O. lawson-Johnston and A.E. Thiele in Guggenheim Brothers firm)

Mming and processing lin. tetdspar. diamonds Operations in the United States. Malaysia. Brazil Inveslment in Cornpanrua de Diamantes de Angola

Sales range 59-12 million 800 employees Office: 120 Broadway. New York. N.Y.

Feldspar Corporation Subsidiary of Pacific Tin Consolidated Corp.

PETER O. LAWSON-JOHNSTON. Chairman 8r Member Board of Directors

(F Stuart Miller. Member Board 01 Dlraclors of Feldspar Corp

..

is a partner 01 P.O. lawson-Johnston in

Guggenheim Brothers firm) Products: Feldspar. mica. Silica sand Sales range 53-6 million 280 employees Office' 120 Broadway. New York. N.Y

Companhia de Diamantes de Angola ALBERT E THIELE. Member Board 01 Directors Diamond mining wllh inveslment 01 Pacific Tin Consolidated Corp.

Richard Serra To encircle base plate hexagram, right angles inverted Steel, 26-foot diameter 1970

[Richard Serra] Circuit Piece for Documenta V, 1972 Hot rolled steel 8'x24'xl" or SI"xSl"xS' high. or 36' square

Will Insley

within the

Civilization

Horizontal

the

of

myth

each person

Interior

Building

order

symbolic of

passage of mind

the

present and future

between

during physical life a

person

in

the

between

forth

and

back

runs

of present

corridor

the wall

information

of

which

through in

at

of death

around

the wall

into mind

space

the

side

bn

exists

in

its

exists

slips

other a

the past

life

in

and passes

person

read

history space

and the wall times

is

death

of

of present

field

center a

gate

passing through the gate traveler

enters

the

library first

passing through traveler

wall

stands

brought

back

once

again

location

in

marking the

to

library

extreme

other

of

waiting

the

removed

of

room

of

the

store

before time

limit

side of present

from

Interior

Building

information

future

the wall

of death

[Will Insley]

around

traveler passes

in extended

and

the

space

series

journeys through to

the wall

of

rooms

future of

extent

journey

perpendicular equal to

of

extent

initial

run

in corridor of present a

square

is

measured

the

potential

space of

passing

around

beyond traveler

witness

death

this the

enters to

square arc

future time

backward

moves

traveler

in mind has and

ahead

jumped

glimpses

in

future

time

information

flowing in reverse

the

arc

passes

around

the

from

the

shadow of death

projected traveler

and

its

traces

then returns

space of death

course

from future

through

the

removed

in

series

of

rooms

time

forming fourth side of the square

[Will Insley]

deposits information

traveler

in

library

returns

through to

the

the

gate

and

field of

corridor

physical present

here in facsimile

indicating information

at

future

time of death

travelers

arc

of

return

this

is

less

than

arc

of

entry

shadow of death

the

around

at

in

exist

of what will

point the

wall

of

death slides

perpendicular

between

according

to

of travelers and

opens

the

square

the

space

the

series

of

rooms

and

series

of

rooms

extent

investigation in life

of death

the wall becomes traveler

and

passes

a

dotted

through

the

space

passes

into

enters

line

of death

eventually traveler

future

removed

[Will Insley]

/ BUILDING /

THE

of

structure

a

in ceremonial

according is

focal

of

the

sequent spaces passage

the

to

myth

temple

/ buildings / of Extended Space of

this materialization the

is

travelers

the

ultimate

Interior

Building

goal

for here the various

complexities

of

all/building / types

blended

are

stimulated

content

by poetic

of

the

civilization

structure a

movie

set

to

the

open

and

sky

separated

into

in my tho logic

fact

the

lies

buried

beneath

the

Field Gate

Library

deep

stages

beneath

the

and

following

it

the

Series

of

Rooms

lie

deeper

still

extending

into

removed from contact outside world in

mythologic

the

Interior

has

no

fact

Building

outside

the Horizontal

deploys in movie

this

Civilization

sequence

space

Future

LWililnsley]

.IT

cr

(I�

<c

I

.�

(; ,.

/. r r

':/'�L

I L. ,

t_ I {:_i

!

I

..J

i:

the

Interior

Building / approx.

+12'

x

-72'

at

1200'

x

4800'

/ 1970

-

1974

greatest depth (library)

[Will Insley]

I

..........., t._.

'v".__J.b<.'Y'\..CI c� .

!.

J

� (j)

jlqr.v--;

l�-0?0 e ��L_

')

_{- 2C

( J.

�/

t�� v

I

-

f'r

\

\

� �(���­ (j;

�n -.:

above sketch is

1974 version based

�.,u(lib"�i

found after the

1970

1 'III'

"first

on

contact"

new

information

-:---; t

[Will Insley]

what

would

is

placed

in

stages

be

below

beside of

linear

stage / Wall of

progression

Information

Corridor of

Present

of Death

Wall

Passage Space level

one

above

ground

marking / building / stage / Field

Volume

stage / Gate

below

the

blends

to

earth

line

Passage system within

the

rising

to

Wall

earth

Facade

one

level

connecting Passage

Tunnel

from

center

to

center

stage /

Library

Volume

Space

stage /

Series

no

of

Rooms

exterior

Channel

deeper

still

rise

within

the

to

Passage Space one

level

above

ground

surrounding stage / Shadow of Death

Volume

Space

blending Space of Death

separated by a

one

level

Passage Space

above

shadow pits

broken horizon

into

one

level

above

one

level

below

the

earth

Stage Space

projections

above

ground

Gate

definition

Volume

slow

stage / Arc

stage /

ratio

Channel

ground

earth

[Will Insley]

sequent spaces of the / building / exist

in

from

projected but

form variations

relative the of

grid plans

the Gate

and

plan each

or

a

in

subtle

the

Wall

of

and Wall

marking

ratio-grid plan

on

other

side of

Space

the

reflection of

the

square

of

Death

suggesting

that

only

Space

reflection of

that

in

one

is

(re)duplication

in ultimate

state

of

journey

suggested

further

time

stage

one

of

spiral slip

Side

in Other

of

ratio

Present

self

ones

and

a

in

Present

sequence

of

duplicates

is

time

plan

second

of ONECITY

it

of

Death removed

this

expands through

of

a

in

identified

Side

of

Wall

that

one

removed

of Death

grid layout

is

reflections

of Death

is mirror area

of

other

each

in

and

development

Death

area

Other

as

the

reverse

Library

situated between

duplicate

identical

are

death

to

of

Present

self

Future

passes

through

reflection

subsequently Future

then

a

(re)reflection

grid of the Space of Death if Future

its

is

reflected

consequently reversal

of

is

Present

projected

also

suggests

projected a

on

on

backward

the Arc the

flow

Arc

Phil Berkman City security: Chicago

Apt., rear door

Car ignition

Apt. building, front door

Car trunk

Apt., front door

Studio door

Bicycle chain

33-14-21

Gallery combination

Apt building, basement

Mailbox

Studio building, front door

Michael Crane Horizon triangle

'\ triangle formed by two viewers and the sun in line with the horizon

Michael Kirby Two-dimensional sculpture

In my apartment, there is a piece ofsculpture in seventeen parts. It is

called "Double Focus," and it cannot be moved; it is "embedded" in its space.

"Double Focus" is in the living/dining room, a room with two distinct

sections, somewhat like a squared-offfigure "8." (It was once part of a smaller one-bedroom apartment, but the wall separating the bedroom was

removed, making a larger, irregular space.) Sixteen of the parts of "Double Focus" are prismatic "boxes" attached where the walls meet the ceiling.

The frontface of each box is slanted at a precise angle: eight of the boxes are aimed at the center

of one of the room sections, and the other eight "focus" of the other section (thus suggesting the mane of the A camera was held against the frontface of each box, and a reversed piece). print of the picture that was taken is mounted on that slanted surface. Like a static mirror, the photograph in each box "sees" the space. Together, the boxes "see" the irregular room in a complete and systematic way.

The seventeenth part of "Double Focus" is a display ofphotographs on the wall of the short hallway that leads into the room. The same photographs takenfrom the boxes-now printed normally rather than reversed-are arranged in scaled relationship to each other. Lines of dark brown and red tape map the two converging systems of the "Double Focus." The three­ dimensional structure of the piece is presented in two dimensions.

It was this photographic "map" that suggested the pieces I have done for TriOuarterly.Although I refer to them as "two-dimensional sculpture," I am not willing to defend intellectually their actual acceptance as sculpture.

Each, however, is a way ofpresenting a three-dimensional space in tWo dimensions. The third dimension must be recreated by the observerfrom the evidence given. This evidence can sometimes be difficult to read­ some of the photographs,for example, are mirror images, while others are normal. Yet it is in the mental process of "translation" from two dimensions into an imaginary three dimensions that the work has its existence. on the center

i ::i

The Cloisters April 17, 1974

Washington Square Park April 14 and 15, 1974

Stephen Zaima

Neon nature, 20 inches x 66 inches, 1971 DNribution piece, 1970-1971

Eleanor Antin Carving: a traditional sculpture

This work was carved during the period between July 15, 1972 and August 21, 1972. The material (the artist's body) was photographed every morning in 4 positions front, back, and left to the of profile- depict 'carving' down right process during a strict dieting regimen. The work was originally intended to include a regimen of exercise also, but this proved unacceptable, in practice, to the artist who appears to have lost her former skills at this technique. The work was done in the traditional Greek mode: "The Greek sculptor worked at his block from all four sides and carved away one thin layer after another; and with every layer removed from the block, new forms appeared. The decisive point is, however, that the Greek sculptor always removed an entire layer right around the statue. He never worked just at a leg, an arm or a head, but kept the whole in view, and at every stage of the work the figure itself was a whole. No detail was allowed to obtrude during the work, the eyes being as important as a lock of hair or a big toe Thus the same figure which started as a block was worked over in its entirety by the sculptor at least a hundred times, beginning with only a few forms and becoming increasingly richer, more rounded and lifelike until it reached completion."!

When the image was finally refined to the point of aesthetic satisfaction the work was completed. This artist may have a different aesthetic for the female body than Greek sculpture exhibited for the Korai but it should be kept in mind that two considerations determine the conclusion of a work: (1) the ideal image toward which the artist aspires, and (2) the limitations of the material. As our great predecessor once said: "non ho fottima artista alcun concetto che el marrno .solo non in se circoscrive"? or to paraphrase in English: "not even the greatest sculptor can make anything that isn't already inside the marble."

-

....

I. Carl Bluemel. Greek Sculptors at Work, Phaidon Press, London, second edition, 1969. pp. I (}.13.

2. Michelangelo Buonarroti, Sonnet XV.

[Eleanor Antin]

",

[Eleanor Antin I

Renunciations (Choose 1)

In the winter of 1972, Fidel Danieli invited me to be in the first issue of the L.A. Artist's

Publication, planned as an uncollated manuscript appearing quarterly, in which artists prepared work they found suitable for a multiple, instant

print distribution system. Each artist was offered as many pages as she/he wished, provided that they could pay the $8 production fee per page.

I've often wondered what a precise accountant like Jane Austen meant when she said a

gentleman needed 200 pounds to marry. Or what did it cost a tenant to hand over 50 roubles to his landlord in a Dostoyevski novel? I think 14 years I understand what Rachel cost Jacob of his life but if a beautiful slave girl cost a rich Athenian 2 talents, what was she worth? 1 -

-

trireme or 6 oars?

Since money is a fluctuating metric that becomes nearly meaningless as the distance from the time of its use and the life of its user increases, I decided to measure the actual cost of an $8 "art" work in terms of my own life costs at that particular time in my particular space.

Eleanor Antin

�olan� Beach,

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Nancy Holt Views through a sand dune Narragml.'iett Beach, R.I. 1972

[Nancy Holt] Mirrors of light 10 mirrors (91,h-inch diameter) 6SO watt quartz light

1973-1974

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Adrian Piper The mythic being

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[Adrian Piper] Notes on The mythic being

A person frees himselffrom himselfin the I'ery act by which he makes himself (Ill objectfor himself.

Jean-Paul Sartre. Being and Nothingness

1

Each month, I select a passage from the journal which I have been keeping for the last twelve years. This is done on a systematic basis, The passage is called a "mantra."

The visual image of the Mythic Being appears publicly on a monthly basis in the Village Voice on the Gallery Page, The mantra is reascribed to the personal history of the Mythic Being by its appearing as the content of his thought in the thought balloon.

During that month, the mantra and the autobiographical situation which provoked it become an object of meditation for me. I repeat it, re-experience it, examine and analyze it, infuse myself with it until I have wrung it of personal meaning and significance. It becomes an object for me to contemplate, and simultaneously loses its status as an element in my own personality or subjecthood. As my subjecthood weakens, the meaning of the object thus weakens, and vice versa The end result is that I am freer for having exhausted it as an important determinant in my life, while it simultaneously gains public status in the eyes of the many who apprehend it. The experience of the Mythic Being thus becomes part of public history, and is no longer a part of my own.

2

I began by dressing in the guise of the Mythic Being and appearing publicly several times during the month (reascription of my thoughts and history, sentence by sentence, to a masculine version of myself; myself in drag). I now consider shelving this aspect of the piece for fear that the Mythic Being will gradually acquire a personal autobiography of experiences and feelings as particular and localized and limited -as my own. This was the misfortune of Rrose Selavy.

My behavior changes. I swagger, stride, lope, lower my eyebrows, raise my shoulders, sit with my legs wide apart on the subway, so as to accommodate my -

protruding genitalia

My sexual attraction to women flows more freely, uninhibited by my fear of their rejection in case my feelings should show in my face; unencumbered by my usual feminine suspicions of them as ultimately hostile competitors for men. I follow them with my eyes on the street, fantasizing vivid scenes oflovemaking and

intimacy.

My sexual attraction to men is complicated and altered by my masculine appearance. I envision the possibility of deep love relationships based on friendship, trust, camaraderie, masculine empathy; but I instinctively suppress expression of my sexual feelings for fear of alienating the comparatively tenuous feelings of kinship with men I now have.

[Adrian Piper]

How might I be different if the history I chronicled in my journal had happened to a man? My adolescent preoccupations with men would have been infused with

guilt; my conflicting feelings and behavior towards my girlfriends would have been viewed with alarm by my parents: my stints as model and discotheque dancer would have schooled me in the subtle arts of transvestitism; my period in a mental hospital would have included attempted reorientation of my adolescent homosexuality; my drug experiences might have been more traumatic and conflict-ridden. perhaps more sexually than mystically oriented.

Has this part of the piece taught me about myself. or about the Mythic Being?

3

The Mythic Being is or may beAn unrealized but possible product of the particular history of events I in fact underwent. a necessary alternative to the limits of my sense of self; An abstract entity of mythic proportions. whose history is a matter of public knowledge. and whose presence and thoughts are dispersed over the totality of individuals who apprehend him in the Voice; A nonmaterial art object, unspecified with regard to time or place, the bearer of a finite number of properties, the number and quality of which are circumscribed by my own life, and acquired co-extensively with my growth into a different person; A product of my own self-consciousness, and unlike other pieces I have done in not being the generator of my self-consciousness: A therapeutic device for freeing me of the burden of my past. which haunts me, determines all my actions, increasingly habituates me to the limitations of my personality and physical appearance.

4

A conceptual problem: I find it difficult to figure out what this piece is really about, if it is really about anything, because it is not one in a series of similar pieces over which I can generalize. Because this is the only one of its kind that I have worked on since last September, I have no way of finding out what it has in common with other such pieces (although I can say things about its relationship to everything I've done in the last few years), thus no way of knowing what direction it represents to me, nor what I intend by doing it. All my speculations about it thus seem inconclusive to me: I have the feeling that I will never be sure of what it is I'm really up to. And I will deliberately resist the temptation to find out by doing derivative or "spin-off pieces based on it. There must be other ways.

March,1974

Robert Barry Untitled piece April,I974

flout

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Richard Long Line in Ireland 1974

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Robert Smithson Spiral jetty Great Salt Lake, 1'170

[Robert Smithson]

Amarillo ramp Diameter : 150 £eel Teeo.... Lake, 1973

Joseph Kosuth TJtJed (Art as idea as art) 1966

Joseph Kosuth Titled (Art as idea as art) 1%6

[Joseph Kosuth] The seventh investigation (A.A.I.A.I.) 1969

[Joseph Kosuth] 1. Rawn im aIIgemeinen

Bern, Sonntag, 9. Min 1969

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Herzlich willkommen v.

Finnische Woche

der Landgasthof direkt am

Restaurant -Munzan

Bad Muntelier-Murten

Murtensee

der Bundesterrasse

UI VI

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Freitag. 14. bis Donnerstag. 20. Marz Wlr

Patronat Finnform & Finnair

verfugen

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F. & G. Fasnacht,

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Schwelzerlscher 'l."!llebOrOI Jeden

1m Nonstop-Flug an die Sonne drel 1m Suden mit Jets der Swiss­ zwel Elns airJ8alair usw. 23 verscniedene Kusten. Inseln und Feriertstadtchen erwarten Sis Zum Fenen­ machen vom ersten brs zum letzten Tag. Ohne dlss Sie daWr em Vermogen bezahlen. Zum -

-

Musterbelspiele fur 2 Wochen -atles In­

begriffen. aus dem airtour-suisse-Sorn­ merprospekt Grlechenland TUrkel Sardlnlen

Spezlell 9Unsll9

Coronado-Jet DC-9 Jet

Coronado-Jei Convair 660

1722178 F

Schweizerisches Gutenbergmuseum

Bern, Zeugbaasgasse 2, Kornltaus Ausstellung vern a z.Fcbruar bis :!9.)'1J.rz 1969

Buchtypographie von Max Caflisch

Gluck glbts amour suisse.

Costa del Sol

Oier.slag geschlossen.

ab 385.­

ab 495.­ ab 685.­ ab 791.-

Offnungszeiten: Dic'1s.rag l-is Samstag IO-IZ und

14-17 Uhr, Sonnta;! 10-12 Chr Montag geschlosscn. Eintritt Irci

F

[Joseph Kosuth] 1

In one of the famous resort towns of Europe, where tourists from a dozen countries may always be encountered, four travelers once struck up an acquaintance.

They were of different nationalities and although each man could speak two of the four languages, English, French, German, and Italian, there was still no common tongue in which they could all converse. In fact only one of the languages was spoken by more than two of the men.

Nobody spoke both French and German.

Although John couldn't speak English he could still act as interpreter when Peter and Jacob wanted to speak to each other.

Jacob spoke German and could also talk to William although the latter knew not a word of German.

John, Peter, and William could not all converse in the same language.

What two languages did each man speak?

I Mr. Smith is the teacher, Mrs. Smith the lawyer, their son the post­ master, Mr. Smith's sister the grocer. and Mrs. Smith's father the

preacher.

2 Mrs. Arthur. Miss Bascomb, Mrs. Conroy, Duval. Eggleston. and Furness teach French. Latin, mathematics. English. history. and

economics. respectively.

3

Clayton was the policeman. Forbes the murderer. Graham the witness.

Holgate the victim. McFee thejudge, and Warren the hangman.

4 Ten.

SCDAB Y x W z 6 Jones and Smith but not Brown.

7 ABC D Y X W Z 8 Mitchell teaches French and

history. Morgan teaches biology and English. and Myers teaches economics and mathematics.

9 Jacob

spoke German and Italian. John spoke French and Italian.

Peter spoke English and French. and William spoke English and Italian.

[Joseph Kosuth] 2

In the Stillwater High SChool the economics, English, French, history, Latin, and mathematics classes are taught, though not necessarily respectively, by Mrs. Arthur, Miss Bascomb, Mrs. Conroy, Mr. Duval, Mr. Eggleston, and Mr. Furness.

The mathematics teacher and the Latin teacher were roommates in college.

Eggleston is older than Furness but has not taught as long as the economics teacher.

As students, Mrs. Arthur and Miss Bascomb attended one high school while the others attended a different high school.

Furness is the French teacher's father.

The English teacher is the oldest of the six both in age and in years of service.

In fact he had the mathematics teacher and the history teacher in class when they were students in the Stillwater High School.

Mrs. Arthur is older than the Latin teacher.

What subject does each person teach?

I Mr. Smith is the teacher, Mrs. Smith the lawyer, their son the post­ master, Mr. Smith's sister the grocer, and Mrs. Smith's father the

preacher.

2 Mrs. Arthur, Miss Bascomb, Mrs. Conroy, Duval, Eggleston, and Furness teach French, Latin, mathematics, English, history, and

economics, respectively.

3

Clayton was the policeman, Forbes the murderer, Graham the witness, Holgate the victim, McFee thejudge, and Warren the hangman.

4 Ten.

5 CD A B

Y X W Z 6 Jones and Smith but not Brown.

7 ABC D

Y X W Z 8 Mitchell teaches French and

history, Morgan teaches biology and English, lind Myers teaches economics and mathematics.

9 Jacob

spoke German and Italian, John spoke French and Italian, Peter spoke English and French, and William spoke English and Italian.

[Joseph Kosuth] 3

"

Bertrand Russell in a whimsical moment once defined mathematics as the subject in which we never know what we are talking about, nor whether what we are saying is true," and here is a puzzle of which the same thing might be said.

As a simple exercise in abstraction suppose that four meaningless symbols A, B, C, and 0 correspond in one order or another to the equally meaningless symbols W, X, Y, and Z; and suppose further that ...

If A is not X, then C is not Y.

If B is either Yor Z, then A is X. If C is not W, then B is Z. If 0 is y, then B is not X. If 0 is not X, then B is X. In what order do the two sets of symbols correspond?

I Mr. Smith is the teacher, Mrs. Smith the lawyer. their son the post­ master. Mr. Smith's sister the grocer. and Mrs. Smith's father the

preacher.

Arthur. Miss Bascomb, Mrs. Conroy. Duval. Eggleston. and teach French. Latin. mathematics. English. history. and economics. respectively.

2 Mrs.

Furness

3 Clayton was the policeman. Forbes the murderer. Graham the witness.

Holgate the victim. McFee the judge, and Warren the hangman.

4 Ten.

SCDAB Y X W Z 6 Jones and Smith but not Brown.

7 ABC D

Y X W Z 8 Mitchell teaches French and

history. Morgan teaches biology and English. and Myers teaches economics and mathematics.

9 Jacob

spoke German and Italian. John spoke French and Italian.

Peter spoke English and French. and William spoke English and Italian.

[Joseph Kosuth] The fifth investigation 1969

�tion 11, modified 1974)

Opening question: what is the quantity of contexts?

1st Level:

Specifics ('content'; apparent meaning)

2nd Level:

The Games' Game (choice in relation to 'content')

3rd Level:

The Games' Game's Game (choice in relation to context)

4th Level:

Consideration of and comparison with information/propositions (art)

apparently presented on a same or similar level or context

5th Level:

7th Level:

A.

In the immediate vicinity of this installation.

B.

Current exhibition.

'Meaning' A.

Responsibility (Joseph Kosuth)

B.

Cultural believability/acceptability (generalization necessity as an aspect of information transferral & 'relevancy')

C.

Relevancy (simultaneous 'internal/external' heuristic device-myth­ 'decoder', myth-maker & myth)

(2nd question) A.

Would an error be relevant to any of the existing contexts?

B.

Would any existing context provide a framework for 'proof?

C.

Would consideration of the concept of a context be a context added to all of these contexts?

D.

Can notions of experience be isolated as a context in a way which would be relevant to the existence of this material as art?

E.

Is one capable of considering more than one level at a time?

F.

Does a consideration of one context (level) allow one an iconic sense or use of any or all of the others?

G.

Are the questions in "A through F" altered by their grouping together under the 7th Level?

H.

CoUld Section 'G' of the 7th Level be the 8th Level?

I.

Could Section 'H' of the 7th Level be the 8th Level?

J.

Could Section 'J' of the 7th Level be the 8th Level?

K.

Could the absence of an 8th Level be the 8th Level?

[Joseph Kosuth]

L M.

Could Section 'K' of the 7th Level be the 8th Level?

If Section 'K' of the 7th Level was the 8th Level, would that eliminate the

possibility of Sections '8', 'H', T, 'J', 'K'. 'L', and 'M' being the 8th Level?

N.

Could Section 'M' and Section 'N' of the 7th Level be the 8th Level?

O.

Could the fact that this is Section '0' (of the 7th Level) make valid the re-posing of Section 'M' as the 8th Level?

P.

Does it appear that each section as presented could in each case be considered the 8th Level?

Q.

Could Section 'P' of the 7th Level be the 8th Level?

R.

Could Section 'P' of the 7th Level be the 8th Level?

S.

Does Section 'R' of the 7th Level appear to be the same as Section 'I' of the 7th Level?

T.

Could Section'S' of the 7th Level be the 8th Level?

U.

If all of these sections on the 7th Level were considered levels in

themselves, with this section then becoming the 21st Level, would the current quest (for the 8th Level) be solved?

V.

Has the 8th Level taken on a quality different from, say, the 4th Level?

W.

If we were to suggest that Section 'V' of the 7th Level was indeed the 8th

Level, could we then consider the possibility of Section 'W of the 7th Level being the actual 8th Level?

X.

If we were to raise the possibility that Section'S' of the 7th Level was the same as Section 'X' of the 7th Level, would that indeed mean that we

asking whether Section 'X' was the same as Section 'R' and Section T of the 7th Level?

were

Y.

Is the question in Section 'X' not about Sections'S', 'R', 'I', or 'X' but, rather, concerned with 'sameness'?

Z.

If the 7th Level ended with Section 'Z asking, "Is not the real question in Section 'Z' not about 'sameness' but about 'realness'?" would that constitute a conclusion necessitated by formal considerations (internal); or rather, would that constitute an introduction necessitated by formal

considerations (external)?

Alice Aycock New York City orientations: north

View of New York City from the Empire State Building along the axis of magnetic north as determined by co� readings.

View of New York City from the Empire State Building along the axis of geographic north as indicated by Hagstrom's New York City map.

View of New York City from the Empire State Building along the axis of geographic north as indicated by Map 1nd1Nries' New York City map. 11Ji<; was the working map for the orientation of New York City

according to magnetic north.

View of New York City from the Empire State Building along the axis of the city

grid: uptown.

[Alice Aycock] New York City orientations: east

View of New York City from the Empire State Building along the axis ofrnagtJelk east as determined by COIDpIa �

View of New York City from the Empire State Building along the axis of geographk east as indicated by �'s New York

City map.

VieW of New York City from the Empire State Building along the axis of geographic east as indicated by Map IndusIries' New York City map. This was the working map for the orientation of New York City acoording to magnetic north.

VieW of New York aty from the Empire State Building along the axis of the city grid: east side.

'[Alice Aycock] New York City orientations: south

VieW of New York City from the Empire State 8uiIding along the axis of magnetic south as detennined by com��.

View of New York City from the Empire State Building along the axis of geographic south as indicated by Hagstrom's New York City map.

VieW of New York City from the Empire State Building along the axis of geographic south as indicated by Map Industries' New York City map. TIJi<i W$ the working map for the orientation of New York City according to magnetic north.

VieW of New York City from the Empire State Building along the axis of the city grid: downtown.

[Alice Aycock]

New York City orientations: west

View of New York City from the Empire State Building along the !Wi of magnetic west as determined by c.8mpl6l readiJ¥.

View of New York City from the Empire State Building a10ng the !Wi of geograpbic west as indicated by Hagmom's New York City map.

View of New York City from the Empire State Building a10ng the !Wi of geographic west as indicated by Map Industries' New York City map. This was the working map for the orientation of New York City according to magnetic north.

VIeW of New York City from the Empire State Building a10ng the � of the city grid: west side.

A. Ribe Wind interaction

[A. Ribe]

Ught interaction

Daniel Buren Vertical stripes WIDe and green For TriQuarterly No. 32 6'x91/4'X 160 pages July, 1974 Printed November, 1974

Rafael Ferrer The mind is a muscle-bound misanthrope

Do you believe in Abstraction? No, please don't laugh.

If you want to be an abstract artist the first step is to get THOSE who BEllEVE to believe in your belief in time you may then get to DO, GEOtv1ETRIA .....

rectangulos circulos triangulos

squares

Nueva York Malevich or a highly asyndetonic isometric for ART FOR HUM artforhurn HhHhHh But you will never find ASTRABACUS IN ASTIJRIAS To have an extreme position you must have two things, extremism and a position.

E X QUI SITE LYE X TRE M E LY NE W YORK PROVINCIA L Provincialism is the most extreme position in Manhattan Island.

Pero las islas y los poetas son libres. ] am not an avant-garde artist. ] am not an avant-garde artist.

I AM NOT AN AVANT-GARDE ARTIST!

Particularly when we know who call themselves avant-garde artists in this hemisphere.

AMERICA IS FROM TIP TO TIP

The poetry of geography as an antidote to the provincialism of the aesthetes.

NORTH AMERICA IS FROM PANAMA TO THE ARCTIC OCEAN

The GESTALT of the nightmare white straitjacket maze to preserve the honors of guilts unearned by passions Rather to preserve all WI-UTE in a void of -

concentric repetitions Get new THOUGHfS to justify NOTIflNG GET nothing to JUSTIFY guilt GET guilt to deny itself then deny the DENIAL BEGIN again AGAIN

stay in the SAME place and then make PlACE an issue without recognizing

place in relation to LAND demolish the meaning of WORDS as you admit a destroy it and GUll.T will be

FONDNESS for them DENY the denial EARTH

relieved RE-UVE never the first time always after the FACT to get AWAY from sweat NATURE to be conquered so as to WIN over guilt -GUll.TY no not

necessarily JUST stripes on canvas RANK NAME and SERIAL NUMBER a prisoner of an ABSTRACTION biting the tail of a BOX HA! HA! HA! all 90% of its degrees all NINETY of them neutrally together just so fussily uninvolved DO it for a long time NbT too long wrrn care PEOPLE will care for what your GUll.T can do AND it can do ANY of the

simpler geometric shapes

-

"YES SIR." "anytime SIR,

except that which is necessary for OUR common guilt." "NO. no gigantism SIR, we keep a close relationship to human scale, without LOSING sight of the main goal." "Yes SIR we have managed to eliminate All relationships." INTERNAL and EXTERNAL. WE GOT IT. ALL relationships gone all 986,775,678,147,900,123,456,789 of them. no trouble at All

Rafael Ferrer, Filadelfia, March, 1974

Scott Burton Furniture landscape Temporary imtaIIation, JohIL'Jon County, Iowa SJlOIIiIIl"OO by University oflowa Art Ml1'leUI1l July 31, 1970

A small section of a hilly, heavily wooded landscape was chosen for its self-contained location within but apart from the rest of the site.

Its natural configurations of clearings separated by

trees, bushes, and vines suggested the floor plan of a house. Into it the furniture of an ordinary household was relocated. At the entrance was a hallway pedestal table. The first and largest clearing contained two sofas, easy chairs, a wicker rocker, and several small tables. In smaller adjacent clearings there were a dining table and chairs, and a desk, chair, and bookshelves. In the most enclosed of the clearings were a bed, chests of drawers, a mirrored dressing table, and a screen.

All the wood of the furniture was natural, and the fabrics were in natural colors and with patterns of leaves and flowers.

[Scott Burton]

:Scott Burton]

[Scott Burton]

[Scott Burton]

[Scott Burton]

[Scott Burton] Furniture pieces PerformEd March 4, 1971, New York City. Finch CoUege auditoriwn.

Nine SECtions of 15 seconm each, con.si.mng of the exhibition of one

pieces of furniture -chairs and tables ''found'' for thii purpose.

Changes of piece> were concealed behind closed curtains.

or two

[Scott Burton]

[Scott Burton]

[Scott Burton 1 Chairdrama Performed March 4, 1971, New York City.

Finch College auditorium. Scenes were separated by blackouts. Photograpm are from a videotape record of the performance.

Scene I Two chairs 10seconds

Seene Il Two chairs 10 seconds

SceneID Three chairs 2Oseconds

Scene IV Three chairs 5 seconds

Scene V Three chairs 5seconds

[Scott Burton]

SceneVD Ten chairs 2Oseronds

SceneVIll Ten chairs 30 seconds

Scene IX Onechair 4Oseronds

Scene X One chair 10 seconds

Les Levine The last book of life Pages 14 and IS

The year in pictures

1

Presidential Travels

Nixon tries a new cour�

I...

L_

L-

--�

lew ca, China

Puzzled perhaps by an exotic mor •• 1 of Chin ••• CUls,ne but tri­ umphanl Ihat he had ,I hrrnly aecured between hi. chopll,cka, Pre.­ Ident Nn{on sat down to dinner In Hangchow With Premier Chou En-Ial Nucon', February Journey to China wI' the mOlt vIvid of an hi'

foray. in ,nlernal,onll d,plomacy-and il clrt.:nly helped h,m al home In

NOllember

In

hI.

enormOUI

VictOry

over

George �cGovem

1

1

This is a photograph from ilte Magazine. It's pages 14 & 15 from the last issue. The text says, "Nixon tries a new course in China." I'm proposing that this photograph is one point on a cultural map. If we look at this photograph and analyze it, we can not only say where our culture has been but where it will go to, particularly North America.

There is something in the photograph which I know about, that is not very obvious at first glance: There is a kind of protocol involved here that prevails in Oriental circles, particularly at this high governmental level. It is considered a politeness to lower your eyes in formal situations such as greeting people. One of the things that has occurred to me is that Nixon has been told about that. This is a White House photograph. It's not taken by Ute Magazine photographers. It's taken by the White House staff photographers. I wonder who made that choice. I guess a number of people in the White House did. It seems like an odd choice because of the way Nixon is pre­ sented. Chou En-Iai has got his eyes down, which is correct it seems to me in terms of the situation, and his chopsticks are on the bowl- he's not actually picking anything up and he's not exactly

looking at anything; he's looking down. Whereas Nixon, it would seem, has been told by the protocol service attached to the White House that in situations like this, one should look down; that it's polite to look down. It seems Nixon is looking down at something he has in his chopsticks, which is not the same thing as looking down out of politeness. Does Mr. Nixon look down all the time or does Nixon occasionally look at his guests? Or is this the initial meeting? Well, it wouldn't make any difference whether it's the initial meeting or not. It's a formal situation, they are at a dinner table and they are being

photographed.

3

2

He's looking down for the photograph, is that it?

Yes, I think it's a role that he's taken for the photo­

3

graph. Probably he's been told that it's the kind of politeness that should be expressed in this situation. But he's not looking down at nothing, which is part of the elegance of that gesture, he's looking down at something, which destroys the elegance of the gesture.

That man to the right seems to be in the process of eating something and has arrested his action mid-stream. In other words, his consciousness has been changed for 1 second. There is some­ thing out of place and so he looks over at the cashew nut that Nixon has. If you take the point of his eyes, you can draw a line directly from where his eyes are looking that will cross over the cashew nut. The thing he has in his chop­ sticks is a cashew nut. The mode of dress is quite different. Mr. Nixon looks like a businessman having lunch with a bunch of Chinese workers or something. Do you think the White House chose this photograph because they felt that it shows Nixon a little uneasy with the Chinese, although it also shows him well-fitted into the situation? The thinking could have been to project a good image of the President in a foreign situation, but also to project the idea that he's not totally surrendered to that situation. There are probably a lot of Americans who are afraid of the idea of entering Red China, and to have Nixon pose that way, with that questioning look, represents their point of view. Is the cashew nut a metaphor for Chinese culture? I just can't see Mr. Nixon sitting down to his evening meal and looking at l1is food like that.

There is nothing strange about a cashew nut. Do you think it's a possibility that Nixon has just made a statement concerning the cashew nut? "My, this is a nice cashew nut!" And therefore attracted the attention of the person on his left? That's a possibility. Do you think though that the man at his

3

left understands English well enough to under­ stand? No, but it's entirely possible that he could have said, "My, this is a nice cashew." Maybe he changed his inflection some way so that he attracted the man's attention because the man on the left definitely appears to be looking at the cashew nut, and something has arrested his attention. It might be that the man on the left is aware of this protocol and that he thinks that Nixon is looking at the cashew nut in a rather strange way. He sees the cashew nut as something very, very ordinary that he's probably picked up and put in his mouth many times. It could be that he wonders why Nixon is inspecting it with such caution. Somebody had the idea that maybe he is wondering whether Nixon is going to be able to get that cashew nut into his mouth or not. That he's waiting for Nixon to drop it and that he's sort of "on edge" for a second. You know, that sort of uneasy social moment when you're wondering whether somebody is going to be able to do that thing that they're supposed to do. It appears the cashew nut is held firmly by the chopsticks. It doesn't look as if there is any indication that it is going to fall. Which would make me wonder whether Mr. Nixon did indeed make some state­ ment, whether the man on his left understood it or not. I couldn't you know-I would say that he didn't, but there must have been some reason for him to glance over at the cashew nut. But suppose he did say something like, "This is a plump cashew nut," or "a tasty cashew nut," or whatever.

His face doesn't really support that statement. The look on his face doesn't express a kind of pleasant surprise at having this food to eat. His face looks a bit too somber. He's very, very questioning as to whether, in fact, he should complete the gesture and put the cashew nut in his mouth, and the man on his left is wondering whether he's going to complete the physical act of moving it to his mouth. It seems that part of the point of choosing

the photograph is to express the idea that Nixon is going to go into China; he's comfortable with the Chinese, but that he's going to be very cautious in getting himself involved. With that cashew nut, if you believe abstractly, as I do, that the cashew nut represents Chinese culture and all that goes along with that, and whether Nixon's going to swallow the Chinese culture pill whole or not is a view that is connected to the idea of placating what is abstractly called the right wing in America.

In this photograph, you've got to believe that Nixon's not losing his heart to the Chinese. Now you can see quite clearly that Mr. Nixon is look­ 4

ingdown.

It's possible that he is looking down at Chinese culture and wondering whether it is possible for him to ingest Chinese culture and survive. It could also mean that this is the only piece of food on the table that he can to some degree relate to. Is the cashew nut bridging culture shock? But Chinese food is very popular in the United States. When I look at the table I don't see Chinese food as I normally know it although it does look very beautiful.

Now you can see the man who is on the right of Chou En-Iai is also looking directly over at the cashew nut. He's looking right past Chou En-Iai to the cashew nut. It's interesting why Chou En-Iai does not look at the cashew nut.

6 What I assume is this: these two men who are both

5

very important to world power politics are making gestures or poses that will read well to their constituents. In other words, Chou En-Iai is be­ having in a way that he believes a Chinese leader will look well in the eyes of the Chinese people and Mr. Nixon is behaving in a way that he believes an American leader will look well to the American people. So, Mr. Nixon projects that he is comfortable with the Chinese. He can sit down and eat a meal with them and rub elbows with them, but he wants to make sure that the American

7

people know that he doesn't swallow Chinese culture whole. He looks at it carefully; he examines it, shows apprehension, and is cautious about getting too far into this thing too quickly.

Whereas Chou En-Iai is in perfect position for Chinese protocol; his chopsticks are down; he's not picking anything up; he's looking down; his mouth is open connoting in my opinion an open gesture. He appears relaxed which Nixon does not. That doesn't seem too unusual because Nixon is not in his own home and Chou En-Iai is. It seems reasonable to me that Chou En-Iai would be more relaxed. You have to realize that this photograph was taken by a Wh tte House staff photographer although it appeared in Life

Magazine. What interests me is that the man on the right of Nixon and Chou and the other man on the left both appear to be looking at the cashew nut, and the woman on the lower left appears also to be looking down. The angle of her forehead indicates that she is looking down. She's par­ ticipating in the protocol or whatever it is. It's like a gesture of polite reticence. I think that that supports the view that a moment of conscious change has taken place. That some slight thing which one can't define at this point has happened to make these two men (who are obviously aides to Chou) notice. Some new element of conscious­ ness has interrupted the normal flow. Now you can see a bit more of what is on the table. And you can see quite clearly now that Chou En-Iai, whose hand is pointing the chopsticks down towards the table, is merely gesturing at the plate.

He's touching the plate with his chopsticks but there is no attempt to pick anything up. It's as though somebody said to him, "Pose in this position," or it's as though he knows that this is the correct position to pose in. In Oriental culture it is considered somewhat vulgar to be photo­ graphed in the act of eating, and Chou En-Iai as president or premier, is at the height of Oriental

society. You would certainly expect him to under­ stand all these subliminal nuances of Chinese culture. Now you can see, in the front of the foreground, the cashew nuts appear to be a considerable distance away from Nixon. The cashew nuts are in the bottom right-hand part of the picture in front of the lobsters.

8

9

There's a plate of lobsters on that circular 'lazy susan.' It's a thing you can rotate around a table.

They appear to look like shrimps, but then the shrimps are in the bowl that is slightly higher.

The relationship of the chopsticks is fascinating.

Chou's are pointing downward and Nixon's are pointing upward. Chou's are pointing downward and back up towards himself and Nixon's are pointing across so that your eye can almost form two triangles, one going out and towards the right side of the picture and going back, and the other going down towards the bottom of the picture and going up. So it seems these two sets of chopsticks are forming what is called visual tension against one another in a purely formalistic way. Do you think this is accidental, or do you think it is just the cultural differences between the two people, or is it a logical and natural action or reaction? I think partially it is expressing the cultural differences between the two people, but I think also that it is partially psycholog ical because here you have two men important to world politics and they are both saying to one another indirectly, "Here is an image that is going to be seen by the entire world.

Now, how do I want to look to the entire world?"

So it seems to me that the way they want to look to the entire world is: they're getting along together, but they're not capitulating to the other's view totally. Now you can see that plate has got some lobsters on it. You can see that quite clearly now.

That's part of the 'lazy susan'. You can see also on that plate a swan made out of rad ishes.

10

11

12

There you have that man on Nixon's left chop­ sticks. He has obviously picked that food up, and is caught there, is frozen for some reason or other.

What I feel about this photograph is that the chop­ sticks are the crucial element, that the chopsticks tell you what's really happening in the photograph.

11 First of all, that chopstick there is pointing toward the center which is not an uncommon device that's been used in all kinds of pictorialism throughout the ages. It was normal, for instance, in previous times, that in a painting of a person, the person would be pointing towards something.

And indeed, what he was pointing at became the point of interest. It's interesting how formal the composition of the total picture is. You can see how the chopsticks move your eye around the table very, very easily, almost the way a drape in a Renaissance painting moves your eye across the painting.

12 Also, the direction of Nixon's head helps to force you over to the left-hand side. I wonder if Pat Nixon was there sitting at another table. There are no women at this table. Usually when Mr. Nixon is in a public dinner situation he is always next to Pat. But then the table they are sitting at is round, so if you photograph a round table you only get part of the circle. That also connotes an interesting cultural difference. In such a situation in North America, a round table would be totally out of place. It would most certainly be a rectangle. The rectangle reads out as a block of power, while in the circle all elements are equal. The circle creates a continuous flow of interaction, while the rectangle divides into 4 sides. Of course, it could simply be that a circle is more abstract in a mathematical logic structure than a rectangle, and that Westerners are more given to logic and efficiency than to abstract symbiosis. A circle can be looked at from too many different points of view. The rectangle demands that you be in a proscenium viewing position. So it's possible that

10

•

13

14

15

Pat is on the other side of the circle. They are sitting on the edge of a circle. Obviously this is a circular table and we're only seeing a part of that circle, and I would estimate we're seeing about a fifth of that circle. And the world is always described as a sphere or a circle. The two eyes of the two end men create this kind of formalistic device of looking in, whereas both Chou's and Nixon's eyes are looking frontally in the proscenium sense, so that the two end men very easi Iy act to force your attention to the center.

13 If you look at this face, forgetting for the moment that it's part of this other picture, just look at it, without prejudice, what would you think of its image? It looks sad, it looks as if it's down in some kind of sadness. I feel that it's non-committal. Then would one say quizzical, wondering? Well, quizzi­ cal to me connotes a kind of light, mischievous interest. Pondering, is that better? I would have thought it was apprehensive and cautious, but I'm not sure, it just appears to be apprehensive and cautious.

14 I would say of this man's face, if I looked at it without knowing that he was a part of an overall photograph, that he has just seen something that he doesn't believe, not quite, he hasn't made up his mind to believe it yet. Maybe he doesn't know whether he is allowed to believe it or not. There's probably something to that, but he looks like he's seen an unusual event.

15 Nixon again with the chopsticks. Now if you look at Nixon's hand, you can see that he is easily able to eat with chopsticks. Somebody has taught him how to do it. It's obvious that Nixon did not arrive in Peking for the first time, and a set of chopsticks were put in his hand, and that he'd never had them in his hand before. He must have gone through some training period to get this thing right. In his lapel button there is an American flag and the chopsticks with the cashew nut are almost point­ ing to it. Again, this photograph was chosen by

18

the White House and one of the things that you subliminally see is the American flag as if to remind you this man is a patriot. One notices the knife, which is a very large knife, so presumably there's a fork on the other side. You can see the fork there just a tiny little bit. It's just behind the glass there. There's that little dish of either brown or black things, and there's a glass behind that, and you can just see a I ittle bit of the fork. Now you can see more easily what is on the table.

16

17

18

And you can also see that Chou En-Iai is not picking anything up. Now you see his face.

What would you say about that face?

I feel that Chou looks somewhat relaxed in this picture. I wonder about his mouth being slightly open, whether he has said something or is in the act of saying something. But he looks extremely relaxed and one wouldn't imagine that he would talk with his eyes in that direction. So I would have to assume that his mouth is open for some other reason, because he is a relaxed individual. But I don't know whether he's a relaxed individual or not. One doesn't have sufficient evidence in the photograph to know that he wants his image presented as open and relaxed. So what these people could be doing is projecting an image which might, in fact, not be precisely what they are. You have to assume that this photograph was taken, let's say, from a selection of very many and was chosen for specific reasons. The people who send photographs out of government agencies are reasonably analytical about those images, consciously or subconsciously. You can't imagine that they allow photographs to go out that have not been edited, at least to say, "Should we use this one or should we use that one?" And they must exercise some reason.

What interests me about this is the way this man's mouth seems to be closed with determination. He definitely wants you to know, "My mouth is closed." Some parts become painterly

19

compositions when you fragment them. It almost turns into an impressionist painting. You could imagine quite easily Seurat doing something like this, couldn't you? You could imagine a whole area which we normally think of as abstract. But in fact, when you look at it like this you realize that it's not necessarily abstract, but that your relationship to the object viewed has changed.

Your relative position has changed and so what we normally think of as abstract, very often is not.

If you look at the last image, you wi II notice that all that has happened is that we have moved closer to it and it becomes abstract. It will become more and more abstract as we move closer and closer. So that makes me wonder about the word "abstract" as it is used about art and images.

You notice the negative space in between the man's mouth, chin, shoulder, and Chou's shoulder? Now if somebody had done this in a painting, created those two negative/positive spaces, we would assume that it was an absolutely arbitrary abstract image. But it seems that abstract has a basis in reality. Abstract is definitely a part of reality. It is in language anyway, like a closer view of real ity Here's the top of Chou's head, the flowers behind him. The flowers give an overall abstract background in the same way overall paintings do.

19 When you look at Chou here, it's as though he's on the verge of a smile. There is an essential difference in the texture of his clothing and that of Nixon's clothing. A whole area of cultural distinction is made because of that alone. Is it possible to notice a difference between the way Chinese people hold their chopsticks and the way Nixon holds his chopsticks? In this photograph Chou is holding his ring finger between the chopsticks so that they'll be easier to manipulate, and Nixon doesn't do that. If we saw this image apart from the photograph, if we didn't even know where this comes from, if we ..

20

21

22

saw this

image somewhere, it would still have an extraordinarily pervasive effect on us. We can

20

21

22

almost gauge that man's age there because he has a shock of black hair; he doesn't have one gray hair in it. The other men all have a certain amount of gray.

If you look at it closely you might say, "I think I see something in that." Previously, you've seen it as part of a photograph, but the effect of the elements that are in this thing is that they effectively move your eye in a circle, when your eye is then pulled across to the other side. There's a kind of tension in and out. That brings me to that notion once again that abstraction, in fact, is another view of real ity. It's a relative view from another position.

I think it's easier in this photograph to see the kinds of visual tension that are set up by those chopsticks. If you take the chopsticks that are on the right and you draw a line you'll come up with a kind of oblique triangle at the bottom. But your triangle will be stopped by the force of this other image which is coming down creating tension between the two lines. And while this is an art historical or art critical way of looking at it, I believe there is a connection between the critical view of the image and the subliminal, political view of the image. I'm trying to say that there's a graphic language that it is possible to read if you are sufficiently into it.

Nixon's head is obviously on quite a slant now. I feel in looking at this photograph it's obvious that there's a definite apprehension there, that he's not comfortable. The gesture of the one eye being slightly more open than the other is one that really interests me. He's wary and not really willing to make some kind of commitment, whatever that commitment might be.

23

You have to remember, too, that Richard Nixon, President of the United States, which is a very powerful and worldly position, presumably has eaten cashew nuts before and that he knows what that cashew nut is going to taste like when he puts it in his mouth. So there should be no extraordinary apprehension on his part for reasons of let's say, "Are they giving me a pickled snake to eat here?" which might be cause for worry. Are you sure it's a cashew nut? Yes, I'm quite sure it's a cashew nut. And part of the reason I'm quite sure it's a cashew nut is because I have put a cashew nut in the exact same position and photographed it from 15 different views to see if in fact it is a cashew nut. I thought in the beginning it might be a shrimp, but now I believe it's a cashew nut. Mr. Nixon seems quite competent using the chopsticks. He's got the dexterity of it quite well. He's obviously been told when he comes to China he's going to have to use chopsticks and he's been taught how to do it. It's not likely you're going to allow your President or king or highest man in your country to fall into a social situation where he can't organize himself properly. There are staff people who are supposed to do that.

The table that's in front of him, and that's what I 24 think are shrimps there in that standing-up bowl, and I think those are cashew nuts in the right­ hand part of the picture in that little bowl.

25 Now there are the cashew nuts, right there, in front of the lobsters. You can just begin to see what is on the table and you can begin to see what an extraordinary, exotic vision this must have been to sit there and look down on all this colorful food.

26 You can see quite clearly that that man's chopsticks are pointing into the picture. The thing that interests me about this is, and I haven't quite been able to figure it out yet, are those flowers in the background artificial or real or is it a

23

backdrop or what is it? Well, I assume they're real, for obvious reasons. What are the obvious reasons? For various reasons. Because it seems to me that it would be nice with that beautiful meal to have the fragrance of the flowers. And I can feel the fragrance of the flowers as I look at this picture. And I look at these men sitting there with all this colorful food sitting in front of them and the whole thing becomes a much more organic sort of thing. Is it possible that Nixon sits down at the table and says to himself, "I should take this point of view," and Chou sits down and says, "I should express this point of view?" I don't mean 'point of view' verbally but a pictorial point of view.

27 You can see it's a cashew nut now.

28 Before when I looked at this man I thought, well, he's really seeing something that he doesn't believe. Now I have the feeling when I look at him that he's seeing something that slightly amuses him. Like he's just starting to smile. Yes, so we could have a cross between amusement and not believing. I think there is that kind of amusement where you become amused because you don't quite believe that somebody has done something they appear to have done, like when somebody falls on a banana peel or your guest at dinner takes a drink and drops to the floor and it's a cross between not bel ieving and being amused.

29 There's Chou. When I look at Chou this time around, he looks like a lot of people I know who like eating, about to get into a really good meal.

He's licking his lips a little bit. He knows the stuff is tasty.

30 That's the top of Chou's hand. You notice in this, too, that even though that is just a man's hand with a pair of chopsticks in it, there is a kind of brutal control of that space. It's an unbelievable spatial photograph. It has extraordinary control

31

32

33

34

of that space. If you can see that in it, obviously it's there on some level.

31 Those are Chou's chopsticks. You can see that he is barely touching that plate; the chopsticks are not touching the food. It may seem that this is being labored a great deal and getting to the point where it's a bit rhetorical, but it's terribly important because here we are in China where the highest form of elegant gesture in polite circles is to look down and not be involved in the act of eating. So Chou has been told that the Americans would like to take photographs in this situation. Because in America if you can get a leader in the act of eating, or playing baseball, or something like that, it is not impolite. It shows his humanism and is, in fact, good public relations. So Chou has acquiesced to that, but he has tried to keep it within the framework of his own culture, so that if a Chinese sees this photograph, indeed he will see that Chou is not eating, that he's looking down politely.

32 Nixon's mouth has a slight kind of turn-down to it. Actually more than slight, and his head is angled away from Chou as if he's beside him, but wants to keep a little away from him.

33 Now one eye really does look closed, but you know that very likely Mr. Nixon blinked for a second. If you take a lot of photographs you sometimes get that. You get a situation where one person's eye is slightly closed because he blinked. So that could have happened.

34 I'm trying to read that American flag. That is an American flag, isn't it? Yes, it is an American flag, but now we're into such a degree of magnification, you realize, that what we are looking at here is about a quarter of an inch.

Contributors Christohas wrapped

a

considerable portion of the Australian coastline in fabric.

His Running Fence Project succeeded the Valley

Curtain, hung over a highway between two canyon walls in Colorado. Ira Joel Haber's sculpture has been exhibited in several Whitney Museum Annuals, and he has had one man shows at New York's Fischbach

Gallery. Lawrence Weiner was born in the Bronx.

Currently artist-in-residence at the University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Marjorie Strider has had one woman exhibitions of her sculpture at the Pace and Nancy Hoffman Galleries in New York. Nancy Holt has just completed six circular pools of water which she calls "Hydra's Head," on a bank of the Niagara River in Lewiston, New York. Ms. Holt also makes filrns and

videotapes. Hans Haacketeaches at the Cooper Union in New York. He has exhibited in the United States,

Europe, and Japan. His Wind and Water Sculpture was the subject of TriQu(lI1erly Supplement # 1. Adrian Piper studied art at the School of Visual Arts and has exhibited her work extensively in this country and abroad. She is presently a graduate student in philosophy at Harvard. Several of Alice Aycock's recent works are semi-architectural and deal with the interaction of structure,

site, materials, and perceiver. She has participated in a number of group shows and has had several individual exhibitions. Rafael Ferrer is the founder of Arttorhum and prefers to work in Spanish. He is "the most notorious of the Anti-Minimalist-Post-Conceptual

Haranguist Poets." Eleanor Antin, whose" 1 00 Boots" was exhibited at the Museum of Modem

Art, is

currently showing "two of her selves" ballerina and king at New York's Stefanotty Gallery. Les Levine is -

-

an Associate Editor of A rts

Magazine and President of

the Museum of Mott Art. He was born in Ireland and has recently documented the Ulster troubles. Will Insley's

piece is an excetpt from "Fragments from the Interior",

his larger work shO\VI1 last year at the Fischbach Gallery.

All his work concerns "the theoretical (factual")

uncovering of a future civilization." Brenda Miller has exhibited at the Whitney Museum (most recently in fall, 1974), at the Museum of Modem Art and in the Netherlands. Stephen Zaima claims that his works were

heavily influenced by his suburban California background.

He is presently teaching at the University of Iowa.

Douglas Huebler studied at the University of Michigan and the Academic Julien in Paris. He has had shows in Israel and Japan as well as in the United States and

Europe. Sol LeWitt "has been making art for some time."

LeAnn Bartok Wilchusky's "Skyworks" (1973) featured streamers dropped from airplanes and skydivers.

Ms. Wilchusky has recently turned to Earthworks in the Canadian Rockies. Author of Why Artists Fail, John Baldessari exhibited work in the recent show "Eight Contemporary Artists" at the Museum of Modem Art. Gregg Powell has studied at Cornell College and the University of Iowa. Michael Crane is working to develop "a vocabulary of perceptions." Since 1973 he has worked in collaboration with Phil Berkman and A. Ribe. Phil Berkman, a native of Pennsylvania, has

worked and shown mostly in Chicago. Some of his work has been exhibited in Brazil. A. Ribe has turned from ceramics to sculpture, environmental works, and

geometry in that order. Her most recent interest is perception. A native of Barcelona, she now lives in New York. The words in Robert Barry's piece were

"invented" or used for the first time by writers such as

Milton, Shakespeare, Spenser, Tennyson, Bentham, and Webster. Scott Burton has had one man shows at the

Whitney Museum, the Boston Museum of Fine Arts, and elsewhere. Born in Kleve, Germany, Joseph Beuys presently lives in Dusseldorf. Gilbert was born in a small Dolomite village in September of 1943. The son of a shoemaker, he began sculpting at the age of eight.

George was born in 1942 and believes his father to be a carpenter. Vito Acconci's work is sometimes referred to as Body Art. He has shown in many American and

European galleries. The Editor of TDR, Michael Kirby is also a director and a playwright, and is known as a "happenings" artist. His book Happenings reflects his concern for this art form. Richard Long is English. His work involves the slight rearrangement of pebbles and rocks on the English countryside. � Denes is known for her "triangulations," graphic works which "posit a synthesis of all knowledge." She is shown regularly in the Stefanotty Gallery in New York. Robert Smithson, who died in a plane crash in 1972, helped pioneer Earth Art. Perhaps his best known works are the monumental "Spiral Jetty" in the Great Salt Lake and the "Amarillo Ramp." (The photo of Smithson's "Amarillo Ramp" is

by Gianfranco Gorgoni.) Richard Serra creates large outdoor works, primarily in lead. Joseph Kosuth is a conceptual artist. Daniel Buren is French. He has worked for several years with two-color stripes. Some of these stripes have appeared on urban walls. Jan Sullivan lives in Chicago, and makes snow works in Wisconsin.

John Perreault and Lawrence Levy are co-editors of this special issue of TriQuarterly. John Perreault is art critic for the Village Voice, and is the author of Harry, a book of poems. Lawrence Levy has been art director of TriQuarterly for too long.

Cover photo: Robert Smithson's "Spiral Jetty," November, 1974.

(Calvin Briggs, photographer. Courtesy of Utah State Division of Fine Art.)