The Trader's Dispatch - April 2025 by The Trader's Dispatch

Applications for Wyoming WFPO program

The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) is accepting applications from qualified sponsors from Wyoming for the PL566 Watershed and Flood Prevention (WFPO) program, which offers financial and technical assistance to address resource concerns.

While USDA’s Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) accepts WFPO applications year-round, Wyoming Sponsors should apply by May 16, 2025 to be considered for funding in the current cycle. Applications received after the ranking date will automatically be considered during the next funding cycle. Funding is provided through a competitive process.

The WFPO program provides technical and financial assistance to States, local governments and Tribal organizations to help plan and implement authorized watershed projects for the purpose of:

• Flood Prevention

• Watershed Protection

• Public Recreation

• Public Fish and Wildlife

• Agricultural Water Management

• Municipal and Industrial Water Supply

AUCTIONS

17 - 29, Yellowstone Auction, Annual Spring, Online A9

Apr 25 - 26, Shobe Auction, Inc, Cabin Fever, Lewistown MT ................... A8

Apr 30, Piroutek Auction Service, 4R Land & Cattle Land Auction, Belle Fourche SD .......................................................................................................... A10

May 10, RK Statewide Auction, Riverside Marine & Cycle Inventory Reduction, Sidney MT .............................................................................................. A13

May 29, Fritz Auction, Consignment Sale, Onsite & Online A11

May 30, Shobe Auction, Inc, Tom & Rhonda Craver Vintage Winchester Rifle, Lewistown MT A8

June 26, Flying D Auction, Art & Laurie Pearson, Conrad MT ................. A12

Drone test prep course

by Nebraska Extension

With new class dates set for March and April 2025, this comprehensive eight-hour course will prepare you to pass the FAA Aeronautical Knowledge Exam and earn your drone pilot certification.

Nebraska Extension continues to offer the Part 107 Remote Exam Prep Course across Nebraska in April 2025.

As of January 2025, over 65 students have completed or currently enrolled in this one-day (eight-hour) course that prepares students to pass the FAA Aeronautical Knowledge Exam required to receive a Part 107 Remote Pilot Certificate (aka drone license).

This course is geared towards anyone interested in flying drones for commercial or public application, including emergency management, law enforcement, real estate and land management, photography and agriculture.

CONTINUED ON PAGE A4

April 15 deadline to enroll in USDA’s programs for the 2025 Crop Year

Agricultural producers who have not yet enrolled in the Agriculture Risk Coverage (ARC) or Price Loss Coverage (PLC) programs for the 2025 crop year have until April 15, 2025, to revise elections and sign contracts. Both safety net programs, delivered by USDA’s Farm Service Agency (FSA), provide vital income support to eligible farmers who experience substantial declines in crop prices or revenues for the 2025 crop year. In Montana, producers have completed 16,391 contracts to date, representing 65.2% of the more than 25,130 expected contracts.

“Agriculture Risk Coverage or Price Loss Coverage programs provide excellent risk protection, for market declines,

at no cost to the producer,” said Lance Wasson Acting State Executive Director for FSA in Montana. “If you haven’t made your program election or signed a contract, please contact your local FSA county office as soon as possible to set an appointment so you don’t miss the April 15 deadline.”

Producers can elect coverage and enroll in ARC-County or PLC, which provide crop-by-crop protection, or ARCIndividual, which protects the entire farm. Although election changes for 2025 are optional, producers must enroll, with a signed contract, each year. If a producer has a multi-year contract on the farm, the contract will continue for 2025 unless an election change is made.

If producers do not submit their election revision by the April 15, 2025, deadline, the election remains the same as their 2024 election for eligible commodities on the farm. Also, producers who do not complete enrollment and sign their contract by the deadline will not be enrolled in ARC or PLC for the 2025 year and will not receive a payment if one is triggered. Farm owners can only enroll in these programs if they have a share interest in the commodity.

These two youngsters seem to be maning the Musser Brothers Auction booth at MATE in Billings, Montana. They are Nixon and Zara Affleck, grandchildren of Merton Musser.

CLEANED LAVINA

HAY BARLEY SEED

State Lab tested 98% germ, 99.91% pure seed, 0.09% inert matter, 0.00% weed seed. 13,310 seeds per pound. $7.50 per bushel, or $7.00 per bushel for semi loads. We have a grain cart with a scale to load you. We could help line up delivery of semi loads. Located at Almont, North Dakota. Call: Kevin (701) 391-1631 or (701) 843-8454

Wednesday April 16, 2025

Bear Paw Livestock Chinook, Montana Lunch at 11:30 • Sale at 1:00

Bulls

Producers are eligible to enroll farms with base acres for the following commodities: barley, canola, large and small chickpeas, corn, crambe, flaxseed, grain sorghum, lentils, mustard seed, oats, peanuts, dry peas, rapeseed, long grain rice, medium and short grain rice, safflower seed, seed cotton, sesame, soybeans, sunflower seed and wheat.

Web-Based Decision Tools

Many universities offer web-based decision tools to help producers make informed, educated decisions using crop data specific to their respective farming operations. Producers are encouraged to use the tool of their choice to support their ARC and PLC elections.

Crop Insurance Considerations

Producers are reminded that enrolling in ARC or PLC programs can impact eligibility for some crop insurance products offered by USDA’s Risk Management Agency (RMA). Producers who elect and enroll in PLC also have the option of purchasing Supplemental Coverage Option (SCO) through their Approved Insurance Provider, but producers of covered commodities who elect ARC are ineligible for SCO on their planted acres.

Unlike SCO, RMA’s Enhanced Coverage Option (ECO) is unaffected by participating in ARC for the same crop, on the same acres. Producers may elect ECO regardless of their farm program election.

Upland cotton farmers who enroll seed cotton base acres in ARC or PLC are ineligible for the stacked income protection plan, or STAX, on their planted cotton acres.

Optimizing FSA Office Visits

Agricultural producers visiting FSA to complete ARC/ PLC elections and enrollment are encouraged to also conduct other FSA program business during their scheduled appointment including completing farm loan applications and applying for the recently announced Emergency Commodity Assistance Program (ECAP).

Sign up for ECAP began on March 19, 2025. ECAP, authorized by the American Relief Act, 2025, provides up to $10 billion to agricultural producers for the 2024 crop year. Administered by FSA, ECAP will help agricultural producers mitigate the impacts of increased input costs and falling commodity prices. Congress gave USDA 90 days to implement the program, and that deadline was met. Producers of eligible commodities must submit ECAP applications to their local FSA county office by August 15, 2025. Only one application is required for all ECAP eligible commodities nationwide. ECAP applications can be submitted to FSA in-person, electronically using Box and One-Span, by fax or by applying online at fsa.usda.gov/ecap utilizing a secure login.gov account. For more information, please visit the ECAP website or review the ECAP Fact Sheet.

More details are forthcoming on more than $20 billion to be made available through the American Relief Act, 2025, for producers who suffered losses from natural disasters in 2023 and 2024 including $2 billion set aside for livestock producers and other funds that will be administered through block grants with states.

THE TRADER’S DISPATCH

FOR MAY ISSUE

Wednesday, April 30

Treaty

(406) 486-5040 or (406) 429-7371, Fallon, MT

CLAY CREEK ANGUS

Drone test prep course

Online pre-registration is required. The course registration fee is $275. Discounts are available to eligible students and educators by completing an online application. For further details or questions, please reach out to Dr. Dirk Charlson at (402) 460-0742 (cell).

Unable to attend these sessions? Nebraska Extension plans to provide this training into the summer. Stay tuned for future information.

Upcoming sessions, scheduled for Fridays in April: April 18 — Nebraska City High School, 141 Steinhart Park Rd., Nebraska City, NE 68410

April 25 — UNL Panhandle Research, Extension and Education Center, 4502 Ave. I, Scottsbluff, NE 69361

Applications for Wyoming WFPO program

To apply for the WFPO program please submit a letter to the Wyoming State Conservationist to request WFPO planning assistance. The request template and additional resources can be found on the NRCS Watershed Programs website.

Please contact Shawn Follum, State Conservation Engineer, at shawn.follum@usda.gov or (307) 233-6748; or Regan Kirchner, Watershed Manager, at regan.kirchner@ usda.gov or (307) 233-6743 with questions regarding the development of your requests.

Seeds and transplanting tips

If bedding plant transplants have become root bound (roots are crowded and encircling each other), gently loosen the root ball at planting time. Set the root ball of the transplant into the hole, filling in around it with soil. Leave enough space between seedlings to allow each plant to reach its mature potential without crowding its neighbors.

TRUCKS:Semi’s,FeedMixers,Silage,Water,Dump,ManureSpreader,Vac&More.

TRAILERS:SideDump,Livestock,Water, Flatbeds,Lowboys,Header&More. INDUSTRIAL:Excavator,WheelLoaders,Crawlers,Skidsteers,WarehouseElecForklifts& RidingPalletJacks,LightTowers,GenSets,20’SteelContainers,Attachments&More. AG:Tractors&Loaders,Balers,Rakes, Swathers,Processors,GrainAugers,Tillage&Planting&More.LIVESTOCKEQT:Chutes,FreeStandingPanels,WindBreaks, Feeders,&More.IRRIGATION:GatedPipe,AlumSprinklerPipe,BigSquirt,1000’sofSyphonTubes.RECREATIONAL:TravelTrailers,Gators,SidebySides,4Wheelers,DirtBikes. LAWN ‘N GARDEN: Mowers,Etc. TIRES & RIMS:Truck,Trailer, Tractor,WheelLoader,Pivots&MORE. Formoreinfo,hundredsofphotos&biddingregistration,visitmbauction.com

Treaty

(406) 486-5040 or (406) 429-7371, Fallon, MT

CLAY CREEK ANGUS

Drone test prep course

Unable to attend these sessions? Nebraska Extension plans to provide this training into the summer. Stay tuned for future information.

Upcoming sessions, scheduled for Fridays in April: April 18 — Nebraska City High School, 141 Steinhart Park Rd., Nebraska City, NE 68410

April 25 — UNL Panhandle Research, Extension and Education Center, 4502 Ave. I, Scottsbluff, NE 69361

Applications for Wyoming WFPO program

Seeds and transplanting tips

Dates for NDSU Extension youth farm safety camps

Teen farm safety camp participants demonstrate how to properly connect hydraulic hoses and power take-off shafts of farm equipment to a tractor. (NDSU photo)

Eddie Hurlbert, Frank Meanea & more

According to the National Children’s Center for Rural and Agricultural Safety and Health, young workers were 7.8 times more likely to be fatally injured in agriculture when compared to all other industries combined in 2016. Tractors and all-terrain vehicles are the leading sources of fatal events. When it comes to youth fatalities on the farm, 47% involved transportation, which includes tractors, 20% involved contact with machinery and 13% involved violent contact with animals. In 2021, the annual cost of childhood agriculture-related deaths was $605 million, with nonfatal agriculture-related injuries at $1.4 billion.

“These sobering statistics highlight the need for more training and education when it comes to having youth work on farms,” says Angie Johnson, North Dakota State University Extension farm and ranch safety coordinator. “NDSU Extension provides youth farm worker certification training that meets the U.S. Department of Labor Hazardous Occupations Order in Agriculture (HOOA) requirements for 14-to-15-year-olds to be able to legally work on a farm other than their own family’s operation.”

Youth will be able to learn about safe farm and ranch practices and earn their certifications during three statewide farm safety camps that NDSU Extension is hosting this year.

Camp dates and locations are the following:

May 28-30, Burgum Hall, NDSU campus, Fargo June 10-12, Williston State College and Williams County Highway Complex, Williston

June 17-19, Bismarck State College and Joann Hetzel Memorial 4-H Building, Bismarck

The three-day, two-night camps cover the basics of safe tractor and machinery operation, general farm hazards, livestock handling, use of personal protective equipment, and basic first aid and first-response procedures.

“These camps help teens become familiar with the most serious hazards associated with operating tractors and agricultural machinery, along with the fundamentals of safe operation and maintenance,” says Johnson, who is collaborating with NDSU Extension agents to conduct the camps.

Participants will receive hands-on experience and learning opportunities:

Safe tractor operation, including a tractor-driving obstacle course

Livestock handling

All-terrain vehicle safety, including ATV certification

Skid steer operation

Roadway safety using rules of the road

Farm first aid and emergency preparedness

Laws related to youth working in agriculture

Equipment operation and maintenance

Farm stress management skills

Farm hazard identification

Youth will have opportunities for hands-on learning, including utilizing farm equipment on obstacle courses to simulate actual farm situations. Livestock handling sessions will allow participants to interact with animals and learn more about animal behaviors and safety when working with animals. ATV certification and Stop the Bleed certification are also included.

Federal law under the HOOA requires that youth under the age of 16 receive certification of training before employment on farms operated by anyone other than a parent or guardian. The program is for youth between 14 and 15 years old. Youth who are 13 can participate, and the certification they receive will become valid when they turn 14.

By successfully passing this program, which includes a final exam, participants will receive official certification to operate tractors over 20 horsepower and some pieces of farm machinery when working for a farmer or rancher outside of the family’s operation.

“While this certification is not required for youth to work on their own family farm, we encourage all teens who plan to work on a farm to participate in this program,” says Johnson. “These camps are designed to strengthen communication skills between parents, employers and teen workers on the farm. Farm safety training prepares the next generation of the workforce with the safety skills needed to prevent injuries and fatalities on the job.”

TRACTOR ATTACHMENTS & MISC

Core Aerator: 2 Available

Tractor Blade Attachments: 2 Available

Compact Tractor Manure Fork Grapple: 1 Avai

Skid Mtd Screener: 2 Available

Seeder (Fits Skid Steer & 3-PT Quick Hitch): 2 Av

HITCHES & QUICK ATTACHMENTS

3-Point Quick Tach: 5 Available Tractor Class 2 Quick Hitch: 6 Available

3/8" Thick Quick Tach Cut Out Mount Plate: 5

CARPORTS & SHEDS

11’x19‘ All-Steel Carport: 4 Available

11’ x 19‘ Metal Garage Shed: 4 Available

20’x 20’ All-Steel Carport: 2 Available

22’ x 23’ Double Garage Metal Shed: 2 Available

30‘ x 20’ Metal Garage: 2 Avail

30’ x 40’ Peak Ceiling Storage: 2 Available

30’ x 85’ Peak Ceiling Storage: 1 Available

33‘ x 25’ Double Garage Steel Barn Shed: 4 Avail

6’ x 8’ Galvanized Apex Roof Metal Shed: 5

8’ x 10’ Galvanized Apex Roof Metal Shed: 5

SMALL & LARGE GAS, ELECTRIC & AIR-POWERED EQUIPMENT

40-Gal 2-Stage Truck Mtd Air Compressor: 2 Air Impact Wrench 1”:

FULL-SIZED EXCAVATOR ATTACHMENTS

Universal Bucket Pins: 5 Sizes, 10 Available

COMPACT SKID STEER LOADERS

CRT23: 1

MX-CRT23: 1

MX-MRT14: 1

KRW232: 1 LRT23: 2 TK35R: 1 YF2-380: 1

YSRT14: 2 KRW23: 3

SDA-140W: 1

Powder Coated Steel Site Fencing (22pcs): 1Avail Bi-Parting Metal Driveway Gate (DEER Image): 8 Avail 44” High Kraal Network: 2 Available

Do you enjoy reading the Trader’s Dispatch? Have you found what you needed? Please, tell our advertisers!

GEIB RED ANGUS

12th Annual Private Treaty

Registered Red Angus Bull Sale

Sons of: WSM Playmaker, LEM Stockyard, GMRA King James, SUTH Free Style, BB Propulsion, DDRA No Limites, WFL Profitmaker, Six Mile Mossy Oak and Bieber Jump Start Great Dispositions

Please call, text or email for more information. 406-480-1148

geibredangus@nemont.net

#####

On average, the first cameras took around 20 minutes to take a photo. The subject needed to stay as still as possible to get the highest quality photo. The movement would cause the photo to blur and the subject to be out of focus. Therefore, sitting with a relaxed face rather than holding a smile for 20 minutes was easier.

#####

Hero: one of the shortestlived professions on Earth

Outstanding Headquarters ~ Ranching ~ Hay ~ Farming ~ Irrigation ~ Hunting ~ 4-Wheeling ~ Native Pastures ~ Mostly Contiguous ~ Fully Remodeled 4-Bedroom House

11,500 +/- Acres --– in 12 tracts or in units

Land and Cattle Auction

ABSOLUTE LAND AUCTION

Wed., April 30, 2025 at 1 pm MT

Property: From N side of Belle Fourche, SD, at JCT 212 & 85, go 91/2 mi. E on Hwy 212, then N on Arpan Rd for 121/2 mi. to headquarters. 17541 Arpan Rd, Nisland, SD 57762

Just East & North of Orman Dam Reservoir & Black Hills

Impressive Headquarters with good buildings, corrals ~ Property has not been overgrazed ~ Amazing Views ~ Productive year-around Ranch or Farmland ~ Great Place to raise a family, cattle or horses ~ 7300 +/- A. cropland ~ 4250 +/- A. pasture ~ AMAZING HUNTING ~ Stock Dams ~ Rural Water with pipelines & tanks ~ Irrigation, both flood & pivot.

Owners: David & Morgan Hargrove

See www.PiroutekAuction.com or www.ArnesonAuction.com for maps, photos and more Piroutek Auction Service

Dan Piroutek, 605-685-4556

Arneson Auction Service Lonnie Arneson, 605-798-2525

RE # 282 & # 11296 ~~ Auctioneers represent Sellers ~~

Casteel Real Estate Ryan Casteel, 605-423-6000 Jerry Casteel 605-347-1164

North Dakota Angus University Feed-out

Cattle producers will have an opportunity to see how Angus-sired cattle from their operation perform in a feedlot during the North Dakota Angus University calf feed-out program this summer and fall.

North Dakota State University’s Carrington Research Extension Center (CREC) is partnering with the North Dakota Angus Association (NDAA) to sponsor the North Dakota Angus University Feed-out. This is the 14th year of the program.

“Feed-out projects like North Dakota Angus University are a great way for producers to learn more about their calves’ performance compared to other herds,” says Karl Hoppe, Extension livestock systems specialist at the CREC.

Ranchers can consign steers to the program by contacting the CREC. Consigned steers must be at least 50% Angus genetics and weigh between 800 and 1,100 pounds at the time of delivery. Consigned cattle will be delivered to the CREC feedlot on June 2-6, 2025.

Ranchers who consign cattle pay the feeding costs based on the average cost of gain plus veterinary costs and a modest yardage charge. The CREC will carry the feed, veterinary and yardage costs until the cattle are marketed. After the cattle are marketed, costs and all applicable fees are deducted from the sale price without an interest charge. Consigners of the program must also be NDAA members.

Participants in the North Dakota Angus University will receive periodic progress reports on their calves’ performance, as well as a final report on overall performance, efficiency and carcass traits of their calves.

In 2024, calf performance was measured during a 133day feeding study. Steers had an average daily gain of 4.14 pounds per day. Shrunk live weight at harvest averaged 1,484 pounds, and carcass weight averaged 932 pounds. The cattle graded 97% USDA Choice or better with 51% meeting Certified Angus Beef (CAB) specifications and 19% Prime quality grade.

The NDAA offers $1,500 in prizes to the top three carcasses at the end of the feed-out. These prizes are sponsored by Neogen, Western Ag Reporter, Martin-Trudeau Insurance and LaMoure Feed & Seed.

More information is available at ndsu.ag/ndauenroll.

To consign a group of cattle or for more information, contact Colin Tobin, CREC animal scientist, at 701-6522951 or colin.tobin@ndsu.edu; Karl Hoppe, NDSU Extension livestock systems specialist, at 701-652-2951 or karl. hoppe@ndsu.edu or Sydney Glasoe Caraballo, North Dakota Angus Association Feed-out program chair at 678-989-7189.

Dates for NDSU Extension youth farm safety camps

CONTINUED FROM PAGE A8

Thomas Jewett, a teenager from Barnes County, has attended the NDSU Extension farm safety camp for two years. Because of his participation, he says his family’s operation has changed for the better.

“Our organization has improved as we discussed farm safety issues, addressed safety items needing to be fixed and reviewed our farm safety plan,” Jewett says. “I want to make sure that when my family farms, we are safe. Farm safety camp helps with this.”

Camps are open to youth from all counties in North Dakota. Youth do not need to be enrolled in 4-H to participate. Registration opens March 17, and the deadline to register is April 17. The cost of each camp is $300. Registration for all three camps can be found online at ndsu.ag/youthfarmsafety.

Sponsorships from businesses and organizations provide personal protective equipment and farm safety supplies for camp participants. Contact Johnson at angela.b.johnson@ ndsu.edu to learn more about current sponsorship opportunities.

For more information regarding farm safety camp, contact your local NDSU Extension agent.

Marboro Man

Using a cowboy to pitch the cigarette brand was inspired when ad execs saw a 1949 Life magazine photo – a close-up of a weather-worn Texas rancher named Clarence Hailey Long, who wore a cowboy hat and had a cigarette in his mouth.

SDSU Extension hosting

Swine Summit for youth

South Dakota State University Extension is pleased to host the 2025 South Dakota Swine Summit on June 12, 2025, on the SDSU campus in Brookings.

The summit is for youth ages 12-21 who want to learn more about the swine industry and different career opportunities. From 8:30 a.m. to 5 p.m., attendees can enjoy a mix of educational and hands-on sessions, along with a tour of the SDSU Swine Education and Research Facility.

It is free to attend thanks to the South Dakota Pork Producers Council. Registration is required by June 7 at the SDSU Extension Events page; search “summit”.

Throughout the day, youth will learn about all stages of swine production, from raising piglets to meat processing. Producers from around the state will demonstrate animal care, and attendees will get a chance for hands-on practice with care and showmanship.

“One of the aspects I really enjoy about the Swine Summit is getting the participants into the meat lab where they have the chance to see the final steps of swine production,” said Christina Bakker, assistant professor and SDSU Extension Meat Science Specialist. “Many people are unfamiliar with how live animals are processed into food and the career opportunities associated within the meat industry.”

The day will also include a veterinarian discussing biosecurity and animal health, along with a close look at how research is conducted and best practices in large commercial environments.

By showcasing SDSU’s own swine research facility, Rafe Royall, assistant professor and SDSU Extension Swine Specialist, said students get to see multiple stages of swine production and research, as well as what SDSU has to offer.

“This is an awesome opportunity for youth to get exposed to a wide variety of topics in the swine industry,” Royall said. “If you’ve got a kid that’s hungry to learn, whether they have experience with swine or is just enthralled with them, they’re going to have the opportunity to learn a great deal.”

For more information, contact Christina Bakker, assistant professor and SDSU Extension Meat Science Specialist; or Rafe Royall.

Featuring Bill Skinner Retirement: Bill’s entire shop inventory will be offered including SNAP-ON tools, Lincoln welder, 100T press, anvil and other high-quality items. If you know Bill, you know these will be good!

4-Horse

Camper Combo

Call for info: (307) 234-3003

Casper, WY

UPCOMING FARM RETIREMENT

Thurs., June 26th, 2025

This will be an excellent line up of older farm machinery. Come on out to the sale and wish Art and Laurie a great retirement and enjoy a day on the beautiful south hills of the Dry Fork River, Conrad, MT

February precipitation increases snowpack across most of Montana

“February was overall a month of steady snow accumulation in Montana,” said Eric Larson, USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) Hydrologist. SNOTELs across the state reported 1-4 inches of precipitation equaling about 1030 inches of snow during the first week of February. Mid-month brought slightly less accumulation, but the snowpack did make some gains, about 5-15 inches of snow at mountain elevations. The last week of February was characterized by sunshine and precipitation, with storms falling as a mix of rain and snow at many mountain locations. Despite warmer temperatures during the last week of the month, SNOTELs across the state received up to an inch of precipitation with northwest Montana receiving slightly more. Overall mountain precipitation during February was 90-180% of normal, except in the Tongue River basin where precipitation was only 50% of normal.

Above normal precipitation resulted in increased snowpack percentages since last month in nearly all basins, however early season deficits persist across most of the state. Currently basin wide snowpack percentages are 80-100% of normal. Exceptions include the Sun-Teton-Marias and St. Mary River basin where the snowpack is about 70% of normal. The Gallatin and Smith-Judith-Musselshell snowpack is at 110-120% of normal. “The slightly below normal snowpack in many basins is not overly concerning yet, especially given the stormy outlook for the next two weeks. At least we are doing better than last year

at this time when snowpack percentages were 60-70% of normal statewide,” said Larson. One to two months remain in the typical snowpack accumulation season. The snowpack at Montana’s highest elevations typically reaches peak levels in late-April or early May. “Even locations that currently have an above normal snowpack need additional snow over the next couple months. One example is the Gallatin, where the March 1 snowpack was 110% of normal, yet despite being above normal it is currently only 65% of the normal May 1 snowpack,” said Larson.

Streamflow forecasts are published in the March through June NRCS Water Supply Outlook Reports. March 1 forecasts provide an initial look at what spring and summer snowmelt and runoff might bring this year. Uncertainty in the forecasts published this month comes from uncertainty of what future weather will bring. “The March 1 water supply forecasts currently trends with total water year precipitation and the resulting snowpack, therefore most forecasts indicate slightly below normal runoff this season,” said Larson. Continued precipitation over the rest of the winter and spring will be influential in catching up from water year precipitation deficits and below normal runoff predictions at many locations.

A full report of conditions on March 1 can be found in the monthly Water Supply Outlook Report available on the Montana Snow Survey website. In addition, real-time snow survey data can be found at nrcs.usda. gov/montana/snow-survey.

Controlling winter annual weeds

By Todd Whitney, UNL

Now is the time to control winter annual weeds in alfalfa. Thin field stands combined with open soil surfaces and adequate moisture can result in high weed pressure. So, prior to alfalfa shoot green-up or dormancy break scout fields for early green winter annual weed patches of pennycress, downy brome, mustards, cheatgrass, and shepherd’s purse. Left unchecked, these weeds can lower first cutting hay yield, quality and palatability. Also, excessive weeds can extend dry-down and lengthen harvest time.

However, before applying any herbicide, scout to determine current and potential weed pressure. Verify that fields have enough weeds to justify herbicide spray applications and then determine the best management options.

Winter annual weeds can grow during cooler Spring temperatures better than alfalfa; so dormant alfalfa herbicides such as: MCPA Amine; metribuzin (Sencor®); and Gramoxone® can still be applied. Pre-emergent herbicides such as Warrant®; Chateau®; and Prowl H2O® can be applied soon after green-up, but these chemicals will not control weeds which have already germinated. Aim® herbicide will control early growing broadleaf weeds, but not control grassy weeds. Poast® herbicide will control most growing weedy grasses but not downy brome. Pursuit® and Raptor® herbicides control growing henbit well during early alfalfa green-up, but control weeds best when air temperatures are warmer. Glyphosate products like Roundup Weathermax®/Powermax® will control growing weeds with warmer temperatures too; but must be used with Roundup-Tolerant varieties.

Other products for new alfalfa fields include: Arrow®; Select Max®; Velpar; Karmex®; Sinbar®; Pursuit; Butyrac® and Raptor®. Our UNL Extension publication, EC 130, ‘Guide for Weed, Disease, and Insect Management in Nebraska’ may provide additional information; or visit our website: cropwatch.unl.edu

Winter annuals can quickly establish in hay fields, so early season weed control is important for quality hay production. Timing is essential, so control winter annuals before alfalfa breaks dormancy and before weeds render economic losses

Drought prep program for cattle producers

By Nebraska Extension

Ongoing drought conditions will require delayed turnout on pasture, reduced stocking rates, or alternative sources of feed for cattle this summer. The Nebraska Extension will host a webinar program to provide producers with information on options for managing and mitigating the impacts of drought. The webinar will be held on Tuesday, April 15, with the option to attend host site locations from 6:30 to 8 p.m. MT (7:30 to 9 p.m. CT).

Drought Preparation Program Topics include:

Conditions and Outlook – Dr. Eric Hunt, Nebraska Extension Agricultural Meteorologist

Rangeland Response to Drought – Dr. Mitch Stephenson, Range Management Specialist

Annual Forage Options – Dr. Jerry Volesky, Range & Forage Specialist

Summer Dry Lot Feeding Pairs – Dr. Karla Wilke, CowCalf Management Specialist

Programs for Producers – Laura Baker, CED Kimball County Farm Service Agency

The program will focus on delivering key information for producers to consider, with time allocated for questions from attendees.

There is no cost to attend the program. Local host sites would appreciate preregistration to plan for the number of attendees.

Rushville – Brock Ortner, Sheridan Office, 308-3272312

Scottsbluff – Dr. Mitch Stephenson, PREC Bluestem Room, 308-632-1355

Kimball – Aaron Berger, Kimball-Banner Extension Office, 308-235-3122

Thedford – T.L. Meyer, Upper Loup NRD Meeting Room, 308-645-2267

O’Neill – Bethany Johnston, Holt County Annex Building, 402-336-2760

For those planning to attend remotely, contact Aaron Berger at aberger2@unl. edu to register and receive Zoom connection information. The program will be recorded and archived.

For more information or questions, contact Aaron Berger at 308-235-3122.

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Two men, who were both good golfers but not very bright, were out playing a round on a very foggy day. They could both make out the flag but couldn’t see the green. They both hit what appeared to be decent shots, but they couldn’t be sure. When they got to the green, however, they were pleasantly surprised. One ball had landed just inches from the hole, and the other one was actually in the cup. However, because both golfers had used a Titleist with the same number on it, they didn’t know which ball belonged to each player. They decided to go see the club pro for a ruling. After explaining their stories, the club professional said, “Well first of all, kudos to both of you on playing such a fine shot. Now I just have one question: which one of you was playing the yellow ball?”

TRACTORS & BALERS FOR SALE

2019 McCormick X8-680 tractor, 310 hp, 985 hours, new front and rear duals never mounted, front PTO and 3-point, Flexair reversing fan and Topcon guidance. Was used to run triple mowers $155,000 obo

4) Case IH RB 564 round balers. Bale counts range from 9000 to 24,000 bales.

Depending on baler

Rocky Mountain College launches new program in Uncrewed Aerial Systems (Drones)

Rocky Mountain College (RMC) is proud to announce the launch of a new program of study in Uncrewed Aerial Systems (UAS), commonly known as drones, as part of its Aviation Program. Beginning in Fall 2025, this exciting program expansion reflects the college’s commitment to equipping students with cutting-edge skills and industry-relevant expertise.

drones commercially is simple on paper: passing the FAA’s Unmanned Aircraft General (UAG) exam,” explains Matt Prinkki, Assistant Professor of Aviation and head of RMC’s UAS program. “However, to excel in the competitive landscape, UAS operators need an extra edge—practical expertise, problem-solving abilities, and communication skills that only a college education can provide. Our program helps students build a foundation for lifelong success in this rapidly maturing industry.”

What Sets RMC Apart

RMC’s UAS major integrates aviation, business, and liberal arts disciplines, creating an unparalleled learning experience. “We pride ourselves on educating wellrounded aviation professionals,” says Dan Hargrove, Director of the Aviation Program.

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Since offering a minor in UAS in 2015, RMC has witnessed the continued growth of the drone industry and its wide-ranging applications. Recognizing this, the college has developed a comprehensive major designed to prepare the next generation of UAS professionals. With input from industry leaders, research of peer institutions and employer demands, RMC’s Aviation Department has crafted a robust curriculum aligning with evolving industry standards. The program of study received final approval from the RMC Board of Trustees in February 2025.

Why the UAS Major Matters

“The process of becoming certified to fly

“Students will not only master drone operation but also gain critical insights into safety, legal issues, and presenting complex technical data in ways that customers can understand and use effectively.”

To cap their education, UAS majors will complete a hands-on capstone project designed to showcase their expertise. Students will provide UAS services for a real-world client—processing collected data, creating professional reports, and presenting actionable insights. This experience equips graduates with not only practical experience but also a compelling portfolio that sets them apart in the job market.

Uniquely Positioned for the Future

As the drone industry evolves and discovers new applications—from infrastructure inspection to agriculture, disaster response, and beyond—the demand for skilled operators is soaring. “RMC offers an unmatched blend of aviation expertise and hands-on UAS training,” says Prinkki. “Our rigorous, industry-aligned curriculum positions our students for success.”

RMC President Bob Wilmouth underscores the college’s vision: “Drone technology is revolutionizing industries and reshaping the future. We are proud to deliver a values-based education that equips our graduates to lead with integrity, solve critical problems, and ethically serve society.”

Key Differentiators of the UAS Major at RMC: Hands-on training leveraging RMC’s deep aviation background.

A unique capstone project that produces real-world results and employment-ready portfolios.

Cross-disciplinary education in aviation, business, and liberal arts for a comprehensive skill set.

Alignment with industry standards to ensure graduates stand out in a competitive market.

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Incorporating corn into beef cow rations can save forage and feed expenses

By Julie Walker, Professor & SDSU Extension Beef Specialist. Additional Authors Warren Rusche

Recent shifts in feed price may provide producers with an opportunity to reduce feed costs. Corn grain prices have been declining, with hay prices increasing. Considering differences in energy concentration, corn becomes a much-cheaper source of energy than hay. Therefore, there is an opportunity to exploit these differences in feed prices to reduce feed expenses. Corn, or corn-based by-products, can be used to substitute for forages and save on daily feed costs.

Balancing Rations

Research at Ohio State University reported that pregnant beef cows can be fed as little as 3 pounds of hay plus corn and supplements to meet nutrient requirements. Research at Purdue University has shown that late-gestation cows could successfully be fed diets limiting hay to 0.5 or 1.0 percent of bodyweight (dry matter basis). Rations were balanced to meet nutrient requirements, and performance (weight gain) was equal or greater compared to cows receiv-

Management Considerations

ing hay at 2% of body weight. In both of these research projects, corn plus a protein supplement were used to balance the ration. In Table 1, rations were formulated to meet protein requirements and maintain body condition. Ration 1 is a traditional hay-based diet using alfalfa hay (19% CP) and grass hay (7% CP). Ration 2 is a limitfed diet consisting of corn silage, grass hay, and dried distiller’s grains. Ration 3 is a limit-fed diet using grass hay combined with corn and dried distillers. Mineral content was not considered for the purposes of this illustration.

These examples illustrate that diets based on corn or corn-derived feeds are more cost-effective in comparison to diets based completely on hay. Based on the prices used, incorporation of corn reduced the feed cost per day and would stretch the forage supply. It is very important to note that, although the nutritional requirements of these cows are met, appetite is not.

Of course, every situation is different, and hay costs in some markets may not be as high as the values used in our example. These examples are for late gestation; however, rations can be formulated for early lactation.

Implementing some of these strategies requires limiting feed intake to match cattle nutrient requirements. However, limit feeding creates some alternative management considerations.

Diets should be based on actual nutrient analyses. Conducting feed tests on forages and other feeds allows purchasing of the right supplements to meet the animal’s requirements.

The body weight of the cows also needs to be determined accurately. Feeding 1,500-pound cows a ration developed for cows weighing 1,300 or 1,400 pounds could result in nutritional deficiencies, which might impact this year’s or next year’s calf crop.

Gradually adapt cattle to diet changes, especially if high-starch diets are used (for ex-

ample, greater than 70% corn incorporation). Proper bunk management is extremely important to avoid digestive upsets, as well as some way to accurately weigh and/or mix limit-fed diets.

Allow plenty of room at the bunk and in the lot (at least 30 inches of bunk space and 500 square-feet per cow).

Limit-fed rations will meet the cows’ nutrient needs but won’t satisfy their appetite. Strong fences are essential. Providing access to low-quality (cheap) roughage, such as baled or grazed corn stalks, may help satisfy their appetite and provide additional fill. However, this increases the feed costs.

Just like under more traditional management systems, body condition needs to be monitored to make sure that the cattle are on track to meet production goals.

The Bottom Line

At current feed prices, substituting corn for forage is a viable option to feed beef cows. For operations with the right facilities and management ability, replacing forage with corn can stretch forage supplies and potentially reduce feed costs.

Gumming up the courts

Elise Pawlow of Edmonton, Alberta, sued Kraft Canada in 2012. Kraft manufactures Stride Gum, whose advertisements claim it is “ridiculously long-lasting”. Was Pawlow suing for false advertising, because the gum’s flavor gave out after a few minutes? Nope. She sued for $100,000 because the gum worked too well. She claimed that after chewing a single piece of Stride, she had to scrub her dentures to remove tiny specks of the resilient, long-lasting gum, which, she claims, made her extremely depressed for “approximately 10 minutes.” (Case dismissed).

TABLE 1. EXAMPLE RATION FORMULAS*

Conservation and Innovation: Reseeding a ranching legacy

From US Department of Agriculture

Rancher Brenda Brady stands at the helm of an agricultural legacy, steering her family’s ranch in Petroleum County, Montana, into a new era. Having taken over from her parents, Jim and Diana Brady, Brenda continues to steward the land with the help of a variety of partners including, USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS), Bureau of Land Management (BLM), World Wildlife Fund (WWF) and Winnett ACES (Agriculture, Community, Enhancement and Sustainability).

Through generations of hard work, innovation and partnership, the family has transitioned to a more sustainable operation, passing down their passion for conservation and ensuring success for future generation. These conservation principles were passed down from Brenda’s grandparents. Managed grazing and caring for their grassland resources were things that have been important to the Brady family for generations.

A Legacy of Ranching

The Bradys began ranching in 1914 when Brenda’s great-great-grandparents homesteaded in the area. After World War II, her grandfather, Earl Brady, bought property in Petroleum County and started what is now the Brady’s ranch along with his wife, Virginia. In 1978, her parents, Jim and Diana, moved home to Winnett after college and bought part of the ranch. Over the years, they have been able to buy additional property and have taken over management of Earl’s property.

In 2019, Jim and Diana retired and transitioned the ranch by leasing it to Brenda and her sister, Laura Nowlin. Brenda operates one part of the ranch and Laura and her husband, Levi, operate the neighboring part of the ranch. Both Brenda and the Nowlins are dedicated to sustaining the family ranch.

After a career off the ranch, Brenda moved back in 2015 and now lives in her grandparents’ 1914 farmhouse and is maintaining a strong connection with her family’s history. Brenda and the Nowlins worked for Jim and Diana before taking over management and leasing the ranch from their parents.

Reflecting on his daughters’ return to the ranch, Jim says, “I think that it was really important that they knew what was ahead and that they wanted to do it.” The family ethos of hard work, responsibility and caring for the land was instilled early on. Brenda and her sisters grew up working on the ranch and developed a deep connection to the landscape.

Visions for the Ranch

Stewardship and ideas about conservation began with Brenda’s grandparents. In those early years, the Bradys understood the need to rest pastures and manage their forage base to maintain a sustainable operation.

Since then, the Bradys have utilized many NRCS conservation practices to address resource concerns on their ranch with the help of local NRCS field staff. In the past, Supervisory District Conservationist Nikki Rife and now in the present District Conservationist Reba Ahlgren, and Supervisory District Conservationist Mike Lucas, have been instrumental in guiding the Bradys through various projects.

A Land Made for Grazing

Originally a combination of farming and ranching, the operation transitioned exclusively, to a grass-based grazing operation under the tenure of Jim and Diana. This was influenced by a vision to reduce inputs, improve soil health, CONTINUED ON PAGE A20

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Conservation and Innovation: Reseeding a ranching legacy

CONTINUED FROM PAGE A18

increase forage production and improve wildlife habitat. “This land is better suited for grazing cattle. One year it can be a drought, the next year it’s floods and grasshoppers.” Jim explains of the area.

In 2014, the Bradys and NRCS collaborated to convert marginal cropland back to grass and improve grazing infrastructure through fencing and stock water developments. Jim recalls, “it took a couple of years to get grasses established and this meant we couldn’t graze or utilize those acres during that time.” Nonetheless, with technical and financial assistance from the NRCS, the Bradys smoothly incorporated these acres in their rotational grazing plan.

Brenda and the Nowlins completed the conversion back to grassland as they took over. They have worked with numerous partners to then add cross fencing and develop more water infrastructure to be able to manage the grazing and use grazing to foster the establishment of the grasses.

Grass Seeding

The Bradys’ conversion of cropland to pasture was one of the larger seeding projects undertaken in the area. “From 2015 to 2019, close to 4,000 acres were reseeded back to perennial vegetation,” Ahlgren says. With help from NRCS, seed mixes were developed to meet the Brady’s grazing objectives. Jim shares, “NRCS recommended certain species. They knew the plants. They knew what was native.”

The diverse grass mixes recommended by the NRCS have enhanced diversity and provided a stable forage base for their cattle. This not only helps in maintaining the ranch’s goal for livestock production, but also supports habitat needs for a suite of wildlife species. This large-scale seeding had significant impacts for the Bradys’ grazing management. “The seedings were spread out over multiple years,” Ahlgren says. “We typically have a two-year growing season deferment; we strategize timing of the seedings to mitigate financial impacts of the lost grazing opportunity during the period of establishment.”

Cross Fencing

Fencing has been crucial for managing grazing. By implementing cross-fencing, the Bradys have been able to better rotate cattle, prevent overgrazing and rest pastures. A significant portion of newly planned cross fences have

been permanent electric fences. These electric fences have proven to be more wildlife friendly and have allowed for more adaptive grazing management when paired with temporary electric fence. “Another benefit of the permanent electric cross fences is that the system allows Brenda to tap into permanent electric lines with temporary electric fence all using the same charger,” according to Ahlgren.

To further address threats to wildlife on the ranch, white sage grouse markers (vinyl tabs) were installed to reduce risk of sage grouse collisions in high-risk areas and close to grouse leks or “dancing grounds.” Wire heights were also adjusted to allow for better wildlife passage across the landscape. New cross fences have all been installed to be wildlife friendly.

Water Infrastructure

Water infrastructure and development of stockwater began in the early 1970s. The Bradys knew that installation of stockwater systems was key in allowing for proper grazing utilization, rest and rotation of pastures. Jim Brady explains as he stands next to a recovering Boxelder creek, “We needed to have off-stream water. We started doing pipeline with our cross fencing so we could hold the cows out of here [riparian areas] so they wouldn’t damage things.”

“We helped with the pipeline design,” Ahlgren says. “This system started in 2015. A lot of teamwork has gone into implementing these conservation practices.” Over the years, a variety of partners have contributed to additions to the original system.

Riparian Restoration

In addition to developing off stream water, Brenda and CONTINUED ON PAGE A22

Fraser’s Oil Inc.

Conservation and Innovation: Reseeding a ranching legacy

her family have focused on improving riparian function and addressing degraded riparian areas on the ranch. In partnership BLM, Winnett ACES, WWF and PF, beaver mimicry and Low-Tech Process Based Restoration has been implemented on riparian areas managed by the Bradys. While

• Increased early season vigor

• Phosphorus and Zinc to drive rooting & cold start the crop.

• Zinc to help with early season hormone production, ie. Auxin for root and shoot growth.

• Convey Technology to help with early season stresses, such as cool soils and excess moisture. It also improves nutrient use efficiency.

• Other essential nutrients target at each specific crop, ie. Boron for cell wall strength; Manganese for efficient photosynthesis.

• Second chance for a starter fertilizer

• Formulations are targeted at early season root growth (more root = more efficient moisture and nutrient uptake).

• Proactive way of managing the crops nutritional requirement.

• Convey Technology helps with early season stresses such as cool soils, excess moisture, and drought. Also improves nutrient use efficiency.

• Speeds up recovery from herbicide hangover - the correct supply of nutrients helps the crop metabolize the herbicide more quickly.

• Contains novel Phosphorus nutrition, providing increased nutrient uptake and movement within the plant.

• Targeted at the reproductive phse of the plant.

• Proactive way of managing the crops utritional requirement

• Contains other essential nutrients targeted for each specific crop, ie. Boron to aid pollen tube growth, Zinc to help produce Auxin, to ensure healthy pollen tube growth.

these structures are meant to mimic beaver activity, beavers often capitalize on the opportunity to move back in and add to these man-made structures.

Beaver dam analogs (BDAs) have a remarkable impact on riparian areas, mimicking natural beaver dams, they create wetland habitat, support diverse wildlife and raise the water table. “We’re restoring water to the landscape,” Lucas explains. “This improves habitat and creates a more stable and resilient riparian area. We’re seeing an increased forage base, flows that extend later into the year and establishment of woody plant species. There is also reduced flood risk for downstream neighbors.”

Overcoming Challenges

Ranching is not without its challenges. Extreme weather conditions in Montana test resilience, but the family’s innovative approach to land management has paid off. Jim notes, “It’s an investment being a rancher. When you’re in an area where the weather is as extreme as it is here, it can cost you.”

The NRCS partnership has been instrumental in overcoming many of these challenges. Jim started working with the agency as far back as 1978 and has since seen NRCS expand its offerings. “They’re very helpful and good people who understand what we’re trying to do.”

Speaking of the Bradys’ conservation projects, Lucas explains, “It’s a process you need to do in phases and over multiple years. First comes the seeding, then the water and then the fence. If a seeding fails, the entire process can be set back a year and cost a producer many thousands of dollars. This system approach must be carefully planned out and it must be the producer’s vision.”

Lucas adds, “The Bradys’ ability to adapt and implement these conservation practices despite the harsh conditions demonstrates their dedication and vision. There success serves as an example for other ranchers in the region.”

The Future of Brady Ranch

Looking ahead, Brenda and her family are committed to continuing the sustainable practices that have revitalized their ranch. The improvements to the land have not only benefited their cattle operation but also supported local wildlife, including sage grouse and other species. “Certainly, it’s going to help the wildlife. I want to be a good conservationist and a good rancher. To be able to come and look at this—to me it’s very satisfying,” Jim expresses.

Brenda echoes her father’s sentiment, emphasizing the broader impact of their efforts. “It’s benefiting the wildlife but it’s also improving—we live downstream from here and so it’s improving all the way along that waterway.”

From an NRCS perspective, Ahlgren shares, “The Bradys have shown with commitment, partnerships, and the right support, it is possible to achieve a sustainable ranching operation out here.”

Because of this, the Bradys have been able to underscore, through their actions, the importance of conservation land management paired with innovation.

“The change in the land is the biggest deal to me,” Jim says looking toward his cottonwood and willow trees. “I want us to leave things in better condition than when we found it.”

Like her father, Brenda enjoys certain aspects of the land, having grown up and spent most of her life there. “One of my favorite things is the drive home and coming over the hill and seeing my grandparents’ house which now my home. Especially this time of year (June) because it’s so green. I also really enjoy just being out in the grass and admiring the landscape.”

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Pizza Lasagna

9 ounces oven-ready lasagna noodles (about 15 sheets)

1 (48-ounce) jar marinara sauce (about 6 cups)

1 1/2 pounds low-moisture mozzarella, shredded (about 5 cups)

5 ounces sliced pepperoni, preferably small diameter

Preheat the oven to 375°F and position the rack in the center. In a 9x13-inch baking dish, add 3/4 cup of marinara sauce and spread it with a spoon as the base. For the first layer, add 3 sheets of the lasagna noodles. Add another 3/4 cup of the marinara sauce and spread. Sprinkle 1 cup of the mozzarella over the sauce, then top with 1 ounce of the pepperoni. Repeat the steps for the next four layers. Cover the baking dish with foil and bake for 25 minutes. Remove the foil and bake uncovered for 5 minutes. Let it cool for 15 minutes.

Pork Chops in Pineapple-Soy Sauce

6 boneless pork loin chops (5 ounces each)

1/2 tsp salt

1/2 tsp pepper

3 Tbsp olive oil

2 shallots, minced

1 cup pineapple preserves

1/4 cup soy sauce

1 Tbsp Dijon mustard

1 bunch green onions, thinly sliced

Season pork chops with salt and pepper. In a large nonstick skillet, heat olive oil over medium heat. Cook pork chops until a thermometer reads 145°, 6-8 minutes on each side; remove from pan, reserving drippings. In same pan, sauté shallots in drippings until lightly browned. Whisk together pineapple preserves, soy sauce and Dijon; add to pan. Bring to a boil. Reduce heat; simmer, until thickened slightly, about 5 minutes. Add chops back to pan, turning to coat. Sprinkle with sliced green onions.

Lemon Scampi

1 pound uncooked shrimp (26-30 per pound)

8 ounces uncooked multigrain angel hair pasta

1 tablespoon butter

1 tablespoon olive oil

2 green onions, thinly sliced

4 garlic cloves, minced

1/2 cup reduced-sodium chicken broth

2 tsp grated lemon zest

3 Tbsp lemon juice

1/2 tsp freshly ground pepper

1/4 tsp salt

1/4 tsp crushed red pepper flakes

1/4 cup minced fresh parsley

Grated Parmesan cheese

Peel and de-vein shrimp, removing tails. Cut each shrimp lengthwise in half. Cook pasta according to package directions. In a large nonstick skillet, heat butter and oil over medium-high heat. Add shrimp, green onions and garlic; cook and stir until shrimp turn pink, 2-3 minutes. Remove from pan with a slotted spoon. Add broth, lemon zest, lemon juice, pepper, salt and red pepper flakes to same pan. Bring to a boil; cook until liquid is slightly reduced, about 1 minute. Return shrimp to pan; heat through. Remove from heat. Drain pasta; divide among 4 bowls. Top with shrimp mixture; sprinkle with parsley. If desired, serve with cheese.

All in One Pierogi

1 tablespoon vegetable oil

1 pound ground beef

1 (16-ounce) package frozen potato pierogis, thawed

1 (10-ounce) package frozen broccoli florets, thawed

1/2 teaspoon salt

1/4 teaspoon black pepper

1 cup (4 ounces) shredded Cheddar cheese

In a large skillet, heat oil over medium-high heat, and brown beef 5 minutes, stirring frequent-ly. Add pierogi and cook 4 to 5 minutes, or until heated through. Add pierogi and cook 4 to 5 minutes, or until heated through. Stir in broccoli, salt, and pepper, then top with cheese.

Reduce heat to low, cover, and cook an additional 4 to 5 minutes, or until cheese melts and broccoli is warmed through.

What digital tools are used in Nebraska?

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By Guillermo Balboa - Nutrient Management and Digital Agriculture, Joe Luck - Extension Precision Agriculture Engineer, Dirk Charlson

Extension Educator, Pablo Paccioretti -

- Statewide Digital Ag

Post doctoral associate

image depicts a 2024 corn

management.

map

with a

monitor

one of the most adopted technologies in Nebraska. Farmers can use this data to improve their practices within field Farmers were asked about 33 technologies that are listed in Figure 2. The survey shows that most of the technologies listed are known by at least 40% of the farmers. The top 10 DA technologies adopted by Nebraska farmers are:

Digital agriculture (DA) can be defined as the use of new technologies, combining multiple data sources and advanced analytical methods integrating systems that allows farmers and stakeholders of the agricultural value chain to improve food production system. Benchmarking the status of digital agriculture in Nebraska is critical to guide the research and extension efforts of the Nebraska Digital Agriculture Team.

This CropWatch article is part two of the digital agriculture series (DA), “How Digital is Agriculture in Nebraska?” If you missed our first article, Ten Facts about Nebraska Digital Ag, we encourage you to read it first, as it discusses the basis of this series. For this study, 2,500 surveys were sent in paper and digital format to Nebraska farmers, and 332 responded. The number of surveys per county was weighted, accounting for the number of farms within each county. The number of responses per county is shown in Figure 1 of the first article. The Ten Facts about Nebraska Digital Ag Flyer summarizes our survey.

In this second article, we focus on what digital tools Nebraska farmers know and what tools they use in their operations.

Phone Apps

GPS

Yield Monitor

Soil Grid Sampling

Autosteer

Yield Maps

Variable Rate Fertilizer

Weather Station

Satellite Imagery

Variable Seeding Rates

The top 10 DA technologies with less adoption by Nebraska farmers (Figure 2) are:

Robotics

Lora Network

Blockchain

Virtual Fencing

Automatic Feeding

Big Data

Livestock Remote Monitoring

AI Decision-making

Crop Models

Automation

Figure 1. Number of survey responses by county in Nebraska. A total of 2,500 surveys were sent, accounting for the number of farms per county. All counties were represented.

Reviewing the list of technologies in the bottom part of Figure 2, most of them are precision agriculture (PA) technologies that have been for around 25 years. Because of this, precision agriculture is one of the most important branches of digital agriculture. But DA includes IoT (Internet of Things), the use of digital boards, big data analysis, and blockchain, among others. We can observe in Figure 2 that all these technologies have less adoption in Nebraska, although farmers are aware of them.

Technologies related to livestock, cattle

and dairy production like virtual fencing, automatic feeding and livestock remote monitoring are relatively know by farmers, but the level of adoption remains low (less than 10%).

In the next CropWatch article for the series “How Digital is Agriculture in Nebraska?”, we will present the barriers identified in our survey that prevent farmers, agronomists and crop consultants from increasing their adoption of DA technologies.

This

yield

generated

yield

close to Columbus, Nebraska. Greener colors show higher productivity while red colors show lower productivity. Yield maps are

What digital tools are used in Nebraska?

2. Percentage of digital agriculture technologies that Nebraska farmers know (blue bars) and that farmers use (green bars) in Nebraska. The vertical dotted red line indicates a threshold where the technology can be considered adopted (more than 50% use).

Drought and soil management

The North Platte Natural Resources District (NRD) is committed to keeping residents informed about ongoing drought conditions and soil conservation efforts in our region. The District is experiencing a D2, Severe Drought, with the potential to escalate to D3, Extreme Drought, if dry conditions persist. We encourage all stakeholders, including farmers, ranchers, and residents, to stay updated and implement water conservation strategies to help mitigate drought impacts.

In addition to monitoring drought conditions, the North Platte NRD engages with the Natural Resource Conservation Service (NRCS) in applying the Nebraska NRCS Soil-loss Tolerance model, which calculates the maximum allowable soil loss due to erosion by wind or water. If soil losses are above the tolerance threshold, further action may be taken to ensure soil loss is returned to an acceptable level. The regulations, established under the Erosion and Sediment Control Act, are designed to protect highly erodible lands from excessive farming activities that could degrade soil quality. By working closely with landowners, we implement conservation practices that maintain soil loss within acceptable limits, ensuring the long-term health and sustainability of our region’s agricultural resources.

For more information on the North Platte NRD Drought Plan and the Erosion and Sediment Control Act Rules and Regulations visit www.npnrd. org or contact our office at 308632-2749.

Figure

seed oils good or bad for health?

By Julie Garden-Robinson, NDSU Extension food and nutrition

“I think we need to toss the oil that is stored in the cupboard,” I said to my intern.

She agreed to do the “sniff test” on the variety of oils. She reported several of the bottles had a crayon-like aroma, a hallmark of rancidity or spoilage.

She also checked the best-if-used-by dates. Some of the oils were within their storage life, but their odor – a sign of rancidity – was… off. The bottles were in a dark place, but the room was kind of warm. Warm storage can promote rancidity, as can light and oxygen exposure.

Lately, some information widely shared on social media, such as TikTok and Facebook, has tried to sway opinions on seed oils, even if they are freshly purchased.

First, don’t believe everything you see on social media. Some of that content would make you think seed oils will reach out of the bottle and grab you by the neck.

In reality, some social media posts about seed oils causing inflammation and health issues are not fully backed up by published nutrition research. Seed oils, which include corn, soy, canola, sesame, sunflower, safflower, grapeseed and rice bran, are the types of oils we in nutrition have recommended for years.

Remember that influencers are paid based on the clicks on their content. If influencers make exceptionally provocative or scary posts, social media users are more likely to pause and read the content. Then they get deposits in their bank accounts.

When it comes to seed oils, what should a savvy consumer believe?

Let’s go back in time a bit. Oil is the name for liquid fat. Soybean oil originated thousands of years ago in Asian countries such as China and Japan. Olive oil production began about 1,000 years after soybean oil.

Oils have been used widely for many years, and then hydrogenation was invented to extend their shelf life. That process allowed the food industry to convert liquid vegetable oil to solid fat, such as the white shortening sold in cans in the grocery store.

Through research, scientists could see that changing oils from liquid to solid caused the formation of trans fat, which can raise our “bad” cholesterol and lower our “good” cholesterol.

The Dietary Guidelines and the American Heart Association recommend that we reduce our intake of saturated fat and trans fat and focus on unsaturated fat.

To understand all these terms, we have to think a bit about chemistry.

“Saturated” refers to the chemical structure of the building blocks of fat called fatty acids. If the fat is saturated, each of the carbon atoms that make up fat has a hydrogen atom attached. Saturated fat tends to be solid at room temperature.

“Unsaturated” means that the fatty acids have some double bonds in the chain of carbon atoms, so the fat is more “bendy” and flows. Unsaturated fat is liquid at room temperature.

Oils are made up of saturated and unsaturated fats. Some oils, such as olive, canola, peanut and sesame, are more “monounsaturated” (having one double bond). Other oils, such as soybean, sunflower and corn, are higher in “polyunsaturated” (having two or more double bonds) fat.

To add even more complexity, some oils are primarily made up of “omega-3” fats and others are “omega-6” fats. “Omega” refers to the position of the double bond from the end of the carbon chain. Omega-3 fats get a gold star for promoting health and are found in fatty fish, nuts and seeds, including soybeans.

Can we boil this chemistry down to something we can apply at home?

Use a variety of oils in moderation. Some oils have a distinct flavor, while others are neutral.

Do not be afraid of seed oils. These oils are widely recommended by leading health organizations as being good for our health.

Consider using plant oils in place of butter. According to a 2025 publication from Harvard University, substituting plant oils (canola, soy, olive) for butter can reduce the risk of disease, and consuming plant oils is linked with a 16% decrease in mortality.

Consume fewer ultraprocessed foods, such as many commercial snack foods and deep-fried foods. Look for foods with a shorter ingredient list.

Try to cook from scratch more often, starting with basic ingredients.

Are seed oils good or bad for health?

CONTINUED FROM PAGE A28

Moderate your fat intake from all sources. Instead of frying in any kind of oil, consider roasting or grilling.

Keep tabs on the freshness of the oils in your cupboard. Find a cool, dark place to store them. If the oil becomes rancid before you use it, consider purchasing a smaller bottle next time.

Homemade Poppyseed Salad Dressing

2 tablespoons honey

2 tablespoons white vinegar

1 tablespoon yellow mustard

2 tablespoons finely chopped onions

2 teaspoon poppy seeds

¼ teaspoon salt

⅓ cup canola oil, sunflower oil, vegetable oil, olive oil or your favorite oil

In a tightly covered container, shake all dressing ingredients. Toss dressing with salad ingredients, such as lettuce, spinach and sliced fruit such as strawberries or seedless grapes.

Death Customs

In modern Japan, bodies are washed in a Buddhist temple, dressed (men in suits, women in kimonos), and put in a casket with a white kimono, sandals, and six coins, all for the spirit’s crossing into the afterlife. After a funeral, the body is cremated. Relative pick bones out of the ash, put them in an urn, and bury it.

New Tractors

2429 W HOLLY STREET

2429 W HOLLY STREET SIDNEY, MT 59270 TRI-CNTY.COM

New Track Loaders

New Tractors

Case IH Puma 240

Case IH Puma 185

Case IH Maxxum 150

New Tillage

New Haying Equipment

New Track Loaders

New Haying Equipment

Case IH RB 565 Premium

New Haying Equipment

Case IH RB 565 Premium

New Track Loaders

Wacker Neuson ST45

Case IH Maxxum 150 New Tillage Case IH 475 Speed Tiller, 27ft Case IH 475 Speed Tiller, 21ft

Case IH 475 Speed Tiller, 27ft

Case IH 475 Speed Tiller, 21ft

Case IH 475 Speed Tiller, 27-ft.

Case IH 475 Speed Tiller, 21ft

Case IH 475 Speed Tiller, 27ft Case IH 475 Speed Tiller, 21ft

Used Tractors

Case IH 475 Speed Tiller, 21-ft.

Used Tractors

2012 Case IH Puma 185 CVT with loader, 3072 hrs. $138,000 2019 John Deere 1023E, 117 hrs, loader, back blade. $15,500

2012 Case IH Puma 185 CVT with loader, 3072 hrs, $138,000 2020 Case IH Puma 165 with loader, 1075 hrs, $165,000 2019 John Deere 1023E, 117 hrs, loader, Back Blade, $15,500 New Harvest Case IH 8250 AFS MacDon FD2-40

2012 Case IH Puma 185 CVT with loader, 3072 hrs, $138,000 2020 Case IH Puma 165 with loader, 1075 hrs, $165,000 2019 John Deere 1023E, 117 hrs, loader, Back Blade, $15,500

2012 Case IH Puma 185 CVT with loader, 3072 hrs, $138,000

2020 Case IH Puma 165 with loader, 1075 hrs, $165,000

New Harvest

2019 John Deere 1023E, 117 hrs, loader, Back Blade, $15,500 New Harvest Case IH 8250 AFS MacDon FD2-40

2020 Case IH Puma 165 with loader, 1075 hrs, $165,000 2019 John Deere 1023E, 117 hrs, loader, Back Blade, $15,500 New Harvest Case IH 8250 AFS MacDon FD2-40

New Harvest Case IH 8250 AFS MacDon FD2-40

Case IH 8250 AFS MacDon FD2-40

New Misc AG

• Parma 30-ft. Mulcher

• Parma 30ft Mulcher

• Unverferth 1020 Seed Tender

• Grasshopper Mowers

• Unverferth 1020 Seed Tender

• Grasshopper Mowers

• Twin Star G3-7 Rake

• Grasshopper Mowers

• Twin Star G3-7 Rake

• Westfield 8-36 Auger

• Morris Hayhiker 1400

• Great Plains 1006 NT Drill

Case IH RB 565 Premium New Coming Soon Farmall 75L, 40C & 25C Case IH WD 1505 Windrowers

New Coming Soon Farmall 75L, 40C & 25C

New Coming Soon Farmall 75L, 40C & 25C Case 1505 Windrowers

New Coming Soon Farmall 40C & 25C

Case IH WD 1505 Windrowers

Case IH RB 565 Premium New Coming Soon Farmall 75L, 40C & 25C Case IH WD 1505 Windrowers Used Harvest

Case IH WD 1505 Windrowers Used Harvest

Used Harvest

Used Harvest 2014 Case IH 9230 1750 sep hrs, $125,000

2014 Case IH 9230 1750 sep hrs, $125,000

2014 Case IH 9230, 1750 sep. hrs, $125,000

2020 MacDon FD 145, Case adaptor. 2015 FD75-45. (2) 2023 FD245.

2020 MacDon FD 145, case adapter $95,000 Freeform Plastics Canola Roller, MAcDon M150 $2,500 2015 FD75-45, $75,000 (2) 2023 FD245, $135,000

Used Ag

Wacker Neuson ST45

Wacker Neuson SM120

Wacker Neuson ST45 Wacker Neuson SM120

New Track Loaders Wacker Neuson ST45 Wacker Neuson SM120

Wacker Neuson SM120

New Track Loaders Wacker Neuson ST45 Wacker Neuson SM120

New Wheel Loader

New Wheel Loader Wacker Neuson WL38

New Compaction Wacker Neuson BS62 Rammer Wacker Neuson WP1550, Plate Compactor

Wacker Neuson WL38

New Wheel Loader Wacker Neuson WL38

New Compaction Wacker Neuson RTLX-SC3 Trench Roller Wacker Neuson BS62 Rammer WAcker Neuson WP1550 Plate Compactor

New Excavator Wacker Neuson ET42

2020 MacDon FD 145, case adapter $95,000 Freeform Plastics Canola Roller, MAcDon M150 $2,500 2015 FD75-45, $75,000 (2) 2023 FD245, $135,000 Used Ag 2010 Haybuster 2650 Processor, $15,000

2010 Haybuster 2650 Processor, $15,000

Used Ag 2010 Haybuster 2650 Processor. $15,000

Consigned AG

• Twin Star G3-7 Rake • Westfield 8-36 Auger • Morris Hayhiker 1400 • Great Plains 1006 NT Drill

• Great Plains 1006 NT Drill

• 2011 Case IH 1210 3-pt 123R22, $35,000

• H&S 14 Wheel Rake, $15,000

• 2007 Case IH SRX 100, 90ft Booms, $15,000

New Compaction Wacker Neuson RTLX-SC3 Trench Roller Wacker Neuson BS62 Rammer WAcker Neuson WP1550 Plate Compactor

New Excavator Wacker Neuson ET42

New Telehandler Wacker Neuson TH627

New Excavator Wacker Neuson ET42

New Track Dumper Wacker Neuson DT12

New Light Towers Wacker Neuson LTT6

New Telehandler Wacker Neuson TH627

New Telehandler Wacker Neuson TH627 2429 W

New Telehandler Wacker Neuson TH627

New Misc Construction

• Danuser Pallet Forks (48ft, 4000lb), Hydraulic Post Hole Digger & Augers, Hammer Post Pounder, T3, T7, & T8 Hornet Post Pounder, Intimidator Tree & Post Puller, Mega Mixer

• Danuser Pallet Forks (48-ft., 4000 lb.), Hydraulic Post Hole Digger & Augers, Hammer Post Pounder, T3, T7 & T8 Hornet Post Pounder, Intimidator Tree & Post Puller Mega Mixer.

• Danuser Pallet Forks (48ft, 4000lb), Hydraulic Post Hole Digger & Augers, Hammer Post Pounder, T3, T7, & T8 Hornet Post Pounder, Intimidator Tree & Post Puller, Mega Mixer

• Jenkins Hydraulic Forks (4-ft., 5-ft. & 6-ft. Lengths & Widths)

• 2007 Case IH SRX 100, 90ft Booms, $15,000

• H&S 14 Wheel Rake, $15,000

• 2007 Case IH SRX 100, 90ft Booms, $15,000

• H&S 14 wheel Rake. $15,000

• Danuser Pallet Forks (48ft, 4000lb), Hydraulic Post Hole Digger & Augers, Hammer Post Pounder, T3, T7, & T8 Hornet Post Pounder, Intimidator Tree & Post Puller, Mega Mixer

• 2012 Case IH RB 564, 20,000 Bales, $12,000

• 2012 Case IH RB 564, 20,000 bales. $12,000 • Degelman 14-1 Blade, JD mounts. $11,000 • Leon 550, 51/2 yard, pull type Scraper. $5000

• 2012 Case IH RB 564, 20,000 Bales, $12,000

• Case IH 1200 Planter 12R30, $50,000

• Morris Hay Hiker 1400, new parts. $30,000

• Case IH 1200 Planter 12R30, $50,000

• 2007 Drago 1230 Cornhead Case Adapter

• Jenkins Hydraulic Forks (4ft, 5ft & 6ft Length & Widths)

• 3-pt. Skidsteer Trailers Spotters

• Jenkins Hydraulic Forks (4ft, 5ft & 6ft Length & Widths)

• 3-pt Skidsteer Trailer Spotters

• Grab Skidsteer Grapples

• Garfield EDS10-T Blade

• 3-pt Skidsteer Trailer Spotters

• Grabtech Skidsteer Grapples

• Case IH Snow Pushers and Buckets

• Grabtech Skidsteer Grapples

• Garfield EDS10-T Box Blade

• Case IH Snow Pushers & Buckers

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• Case IH Snow Pushers & Buckers

• Case IH Snow Pushers & Buckers Danuser, Legend, Haugen & Jenkins Attachments Available For

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Danuser, Legend, Haugen & Jenkins

ROUND BALER FOR SALE

Durum

Predator problems? A control guide for livestock producers

By Jacob Klaudt, K-State Research and Extension news service

Based on 2020 market values, predators cause approximately $4 million in losses annually to Kansas cattle producers. Likewise, they financially burden the state’s small ruminant operations to the tune of about $750,000 per year.

To mitigate the economic impact and other effects of predation, Kansas State University wildlife specialist Drew Ricketts said producers have various non-lethal control methods available to keep livestock safe.

“The number of coyotes around or removed doesn’t tend to be directly associated with how many losses a producer has,” he said. “So, if you’re not having problems with predators, then hunting or trapping shouldn’t be a chore for you, and trying to lower coyote populations to prevent future predation isn’t an efficient thing to do.”

Dead livestock commonly attracts predators. Thus, Ricketts recommends proper disposal of carcasses away from calving, lambing or kidding areas to lower the risk of a predator attack, noting that young livestock become especially vulnerable.

“All wild predators in Kansas are mainly scavenging when feeding on large food items like livestock,” he said. “If we have dead livestock near those areas, then we are exposing ourselves to more predation by attracting predators to a food source, so composting and hauling off dead animals are crucial and often overlooked.”

Coyotes are the main predators of livestock in Kansas. Yet, Ricketts said domestic dogs account for a sizeable portion of predation incidents as well. To keep both kinds at bay, producers can strategically fence locations to keep dogs and coyotes away from livestock.

“I suggest woven wire fences with 4-inch by 4-inch squares,” Ricketts said. “If you’ve got 12-inch-wide openings six inches tall, coyotes can squeeze right through those fences. Also, there are some excellent designs for electrified fencing.”

He added: “However, coyotes and other predators can climb over a fence, so if you’re trying to achieve 100% exclusion, we want to have a hot wire on top or have a tall enough fence.”

According to Ricketts, predators may also try to expose a fence’s weakness by digging under it, which actually presents an opportunity to catch them.

“Digging under is likely going to happen, but we can use those crawl-under spots to apprehend them before they cause damage,” he said. “So, don’t plug those holes, call me or your local extension office, and I’ll come out and show you how to target and trap those coyotes causing problems.”

Beyond carcass disposal and fencing, producers may choose to practice night penning or securing their livestock in a barn or other structure during night hours.

“Coyotes usually hunt right around sunrise, sunset and through the nighttime,” Ricketts said. “Accordingly, this is one of the most effective ways to exclude predation – especially for small ruminant producers.”

Guardian animals can also keep livestock out of harm’s way. Ricketts said the kind of guardian “depends on the best fit for your operation.” Species often used as guardians include:

Llamas.

Donkeys.

Dogs.

Due to their status as a migratory bird, non-lethal control strategies remain the most common option for black vultures, which can be seen in the far southeast corner of the state.

“You’re going to have to haze them,” Ricketts said. “Deterring them includes a combination of using pyrotechnics, noise-making devices and hanging fake, dead vultures –called effigies – near roosting sites to exclude those birds.”

Lethal predator management and safety

While non-lethal predator management can be an efficient use of time and resources for producers, some scenarios call for lethal predator control, said Kansas State University wildlife specialist Drew Ricketts, noting that hunting and trapping make up the two main strategies.

“We can shoot coyotes when we’re out checking livestock, but by and large most coyote problems that require lethal control are taken care of by trapping and snaring,” he said. “Both methods are a lost art, so I teach producers how to do both effectively.”

Predator problems? A control guide for livestock producers

Ricketts offers this service as part of his extension program and provides proper equipment to producers looking to trap or snare problem animals. Concerned livestock owners can find contact information for Ricketts online at K-State Extension Wildlife Management.

“The thing to remember is those traps and snares are out there working 100% of the time, so you have to check them once a day,” he said. “Any sort of shooting or calling of predators requires you to be present, so we can also make better use of time with the traps and snares.”

Hunting predators using calls proves to be a safe and selective method of removing wildlife that cause issues.

“You’re seeing the animal when it is alive and making a decision about whether to dispatch it or not,” Ricketts said. “You also have the opportunity to see what’s behind the animal and follow all the appropriate steps for firearm safety to make sure you’re not going to shoot an unintended animal or other resource by accident.”

When a suspected predation occurs, Ricketts said producers should observe all aspects of the scene first, then look for lethal wounds and document the carcass with pictures. If possible, Ricketts encourages taking pictures prior to moving a carcass, and ensuring they show the posture of the animal, any blood on soil or vegetation and the general

scene where the event occurred. Any potential predator attack can be reported to Ricketts at 785-532-1949 or arickett@ksu.edu.

“Oftentimes, we see an animal that’s been chewed into through the abdomen or rectum, and this can be a sign of predation or scavenging, so it is important to look around the head and neck for lethal wounds,” he said. “Take pictures of any scat, or tracks and note if the animal has been covered up before you move it because all of those factors are important when I investigate what happened.”

Laser Printers

After Xerox debuted the photocopies, a Xerox employee named Gary Starkweather wondered if the technoloty could be used to print documents directly from the company’s mainframe computer. He worked for two years, from 1967 to 1969, modifying a Xerox copier, replacing its photographic machinery with a mirrored eight-sided drum and a laser. The laser’s lighty bounced off the spinning drum, burning images onto the paper as it moved through the machine. Starkweather had invented what he called the Scanned Laser Output Terminal (SLOT), but it was used only internally at Xerox until 1977. That year, the company debuted the Xerox 9700 laser printer commercially. It’s now the standard method of printing in office (and homes) around the world.

DUST HELMET

Book Your Spring Seed CHISEL PLOWS FOR SALE

Roughage use in finishing cattle diets

By Warren Rusche, Assistant Professor & SDSU Extension Feedlot Management Specialist

Key Points

Roughage serves as a functional ingredient in finishing cattle diets, with key roles in supporting rumen health.

Conventional wisdom assumes that roughage incorporation should be no greater than necessary for rumen health (less than 10% of diet dry matter) to maximize feed efficiency.

Greater incorporation of roughage may reduce risk of digestive upset and simplify management with minimal efficiency losses.

Role of Roughage in

Feedlot Diets

Roughage plays a critical role in digestion and metabolism of dietary nutrients. One key function is the promotion of rumination and regurgitation, which results in greater saliva production and increased ability to buffer acid in the rumen. In addition, longer particles of roughage serve to support rumen wall health and to regulate feed intake.

For these reasons, a minimum amount of roughage is considered critically important in high-starch finishing cattle diets to reduce risk of digestive upsets and optimize net energy intake by cattle. According to the most-recent survey data, the most common roughage incorporation in North America for finishing cattle diets is between 8 to 10 percent of diet dry matter.

Nutritionists typically limit roughage incorporation in finishing diets because those ingredients are less digestible (and thus lower in energy) compared to grain and biofuels co-products. Increasing the amount of roughage reduces net energy concentration of the diet, and consequently reduces predicted daily gain. Roughage also costs more per unit of energy compared to concentrates in most cases, so it is no surprise that roughage incorporation is limited to the minimum necessary for rumen health.

Building a Case for Greater Roughage incorporation

However, a one-size-fits-all recommendation often misses opportunities to improve results. Feeding a slightly reduced energy density diet by including more roughage may not be as detrimental to cattle performance as often believed. In some instances, increasing the amount of roughage incorporation increases net profit.

Reduced risk of digestive upset and improved gut health are the likely drivers behind these responses. Lower roughage diets should improve gains and feed efficiency, at least in theory. However, to capture that potential performance, every aspect of feeding management must be nearly ideal. Any deviations in mixing procedures, amount of feed offered, or timing of feed delivery or intake increases the likelihood of off-feed events.

Unfortunately, circumstances are rarely perfect in production systems. Equipment failure and workload conflicts may interfere with management plans. Weather events, such as blizzard conditions in the winter or heat waves in the summer, disrupt feeding behavior and increase the odds of erratic feed intake.

In those circumstances, feeding a few extra percentage points of roughage may reduce risk. In SDSU research trials evaluating silage incorporation in finishing cattle diets, doubling the amount of corn silage fed was less detrimental to output than expected. We think that one reason for that response is maintaining consistency in feed intake, especially as cattle near the end of the feeding period.

Increased roughage reduces risk caused by feed intake disturbances, whether caused by weather or delivery disruptions. For instance, winter snowstorms often cause delays in getting cattle fed. In addition, cattle alter feeding patterns during weather events, such as blizzards or heat waves. If cattle must wait for feed, a typical response would be for them to consume their diet aggressively, opening the door for digestive upsets. Feeding less starch (by increasing fiber from roughage) reduces that risk.

Cattle feeders who raise their own feed are in a great position to use roughage sources produced on-farm to their advantage. Marketing feeds, such as silage or crop residue, through cattle can increase net farm income. Increasing silage incorporation in SDSU studies resulted in greater beef production per acre of cropland compared to lower roughage diets.

Choosing a production plan that does not target maximum performance may seem contradictory to commonly accepted practice. However, building in a safety measure in the form of added roughage might improve efficiency when measured across an entire system.

South Dakota FFA members receive State FFA degree

324 South Dakota FFA members will be recognized for receiving their State FFA Degree at the 97th South Dakota State FFA Convention, Friday April 4th, 2024, at 4:00 pm. Join us in helping them celebrate! You can also watch the convention live at www.sdaged.org, Newscenter1.tv, and ConnectCenter1.tv and KAUN TV stations.

The State Degree is the highest honor the South Dakota FFA Association can bestow upon its members. In order to achieve the award, members must meet the following requirements; have received their Chapter FFA Degree, been an FFA member and agricultural education student for at least two years, earned at least $2,000, or worked 600 hours in their Supervised Agricultural Experience program, given a six-minute speech about agriculture or FFA, participated in eight different leadership activities, received a “C” average or better in high school and shown a record of outstanding leadership and community involvement.

As a special project of the SD FFA Foundation, South Dakota FFA members will receive the golden charm of the State Degree, a symbol of the member’s growth and development, and a framed certificate, thanks to the following sponsors: Todd & Barbara Powell; Barry & Jenny Jacobson; The Jacobson Group LLC; West Central FFA Alumni; Rechelle & Eric Dissing; Dan Streff Family; Sandy Osterday; CharLee Bachman; Kent Buchholz; Noelle & Andrew Swanson; Kevin & Amber Blagg; Steven Zemlicka; Myles & Mercedes Snedeker; Red River Farm Network; Dacotah Diamond Auctions and Equipment; Jeff & Beth Vanderwal; Peterson Livestock; First PREMIER Bank; Lance Howe; Kyle & Jordanne Arbach, Wyatt & Zana DeJong; Dani Herring; Stella Nagel; Olson Family; Dawnwind Dairy Goats; and Wendy Mortenson Agency.

#####

Two really old golfers are on the first tee when the first says to the second, “How is your eyesight?” “For a man of my age, it’s surprisingly good,” says the second man. “Excellent,” says the first man. “Would you mind watching my drive? I love playing golf, but my vision is not what it used to be.” “I’m happy to be helpful,” comes the reply. The first golfer then proceeds to rip his drive and says, “Did you see my drive?” “I sure did,” the second may says with pride. “So where is it?” The second golfer thinks for a few seconds, then sheepishly responds, “I don’t remember.”

#####

“Scatter seeds of Happiness, Hope, Kindness, and Love.”

#####

There are 145 liquid lakes (and counting) beneath the Antarctic ice. One, Lake Vostok, is under 2.5miles of ice and is about the size of Lake Ontario.

#####

First blood transfusion: June 1667, by Jean-Bastiste Denys, a French doctor, to a 15-year-old boy. (He got lamb’s blood.)

SD ag teachers named finalists for Golden Owl Award ®

Educators devote limitless time, and often their own resources, to helping students pursue their passions. To recognize the contributions of South Dakota’s leading agricultural teachers, the South Dakota FFA Foundation and Nationwide are honoring eight exceptional teachers as finalists for the Golden Owl Award.

From September through December, 2024, nominations were collected for the state’s top agricultural teachers from local students, parents, fellow teachers and community members across South Dakota.

Each finalist was presented with an indi-

vidualized plaque in front of fellow teachers and students and received a $500 check to support future educational efforts.Next, they’ll be entered into a final selection stage for the chance to be crowned as South Dakota’s Ag Educator of the Year, earning an additional $3,000 Nationwidefunded check and the coveted Golden Owl Award trophy. “Our teachers are the foundation of the FFA. They inspire our members every day, providing them encouragement and motivation to try new things. They coordinate early morning practices, dedicate weekends to FFA events,

South Dakota 2024-2025 Golden Owl Award finalists are:

District 3: Nathan Knutson, Viborg-Hurley (pictured with Viborg-Hurley FFA Chapter members)

District 1: Sara Colombe, Milbank (pictured with Mercedes Snedeker, SD FFA Advisor and Mallory Olson, from Dacotah Bank)

District 2: Dan Tonak, Willow Lake (pictured with Mallory Olsen from Dacotah Bank & Caroline Hansen, SD FFA Leadership & Program Manager)

District 4: Susan Roudabush, Ethan (pictured with Ethan FFA Chapter members)

District 5: Austin Bishop, Belle Fourche (pictured with Belle Fourche

SD ag teachers named finalists for Golden Owl Award®

model a passion for serving others, and endlessly help students grow their passion for agriculture. We are so thankful Nationwide recognizes the valuable work our teachers do and provides this award,” shares Sandy Osterday, SD FFA Foundation Board President.

Nationwide established the Golden Owl Award to honor the contributions of teachers and support their programs with additional resources to assist their continued educational efforts. This year, the award program honors outstanding ag educators in 13 states: California, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Maryland, Missouri, Nebraska,

New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania and South Dakota.

“As the need grows for more ag educators across the nation, we are proud to thank and honor these hardworking agricultural teachers for their dedication,” said Brad Liggett, president of Agribusiness at Nationwide. “These educators play a crucial role in preparing students for successful careers in the industry.”

In conjunction with the Golden Owl Award, Nationwide is also donating $5,000 to the South Dakota FFA Foundation to further support the personal and professional growth of students, teachers and advisors alike.

District 6: Sarah McClure, Gettysburg (pictured with Justin Goering, Key Agency)

District 7: Josh Christiansen, Harrisburg (pictured with Jared Ducommun, MMA)

District 8: Reed Johnson, Philip (pictured with Philip FFA Chapter members)

Hay For Sale

WANTED TO BUY

Winners of Montana Ag in Color drawing contest announced

The Montana Farm Bureau Federation has announced the winners of the Montana Youth Agriculture Literacy program drawing contest. “Montana Ag in Color” was developed in recognition of National Ag Week, March 18-24, as a creative competition for elementary school children. Each grade was given a different agricultural theme ranging from “Grains of Montana” and “Cattle in Montana” to noxious weeds, farm safety and ag-related careers. One winner was selected from each grade with judges selecting one drawing from the win-

ners to receive the “Farm Bureau Proud” designation. Entries were judged by the Montana Farm Bureau Women’s Leadership Committee on agricultural content, originality, neatness and reproducibility.

“The Women’s Leadership Committee (WLC) had the honor of judging the Montana Youth (MY) Ag Literacy Ag in Color program drawing contest during our WLC training seminar in February. The contest welcomes kindergarten through sixth grade

Kindergarten- Kinsley Weyrauch, Saco Elementary School; Teacher: Nicol Mavencamp

First Grade- Claire Brence, Ekalaka Elementary School; Teacher: Mardee Guyer

Second Grade- Kaleb Dahle, Choteau Elementary School; Teacher: Mrs. Cornelius

Winners of Montana Ag in Color drawing contest announced

CONTINUED FROM

students from across the state,” said MFBWLC Chair Carla Lawrence. “Our committee enjoys judging this contest, although it is a difficult task to choose the winners from such a talented group of artists. We hope the students had a great time and were able to learn about agriculture and the farmers and ranchers who produce food and fiber in Montana and across

the nation.”

Winners and classroom teachers will receive a cash prize and goodies from Montana Farm Bureau during Ag Week. Winning entries will be printed and distributed on usable items and educational materials. They will be posted on the Montana Farm Bureau website and Facebook page.

CONTINUED ON PAGE A42

Third Grade- Ivan Donnelly, Greenfield School; Teacher: Mrs. Lee

Fourth Grade- Kannin Crasco, Malta Elementary School; Teacher: Trinity Young

Fifth Grade- Charlie Richards, Hawks Home School; Teacher: Katie Owen

Prairie Fare: Try these tips to save money on food

By Julie Garden-Robinson, NDSU Extension food and nutrition specialist

“You can scrape that bowl a little better,” my mother would say to me.

I would keep scraping to get the last bit of dough out of the bowl.

“Auntie Christina was the best at cleaning out bowls,” she’d add.

My great-aunt Christina was a first-generation American who raised all of her siblings when her mother (my greatgrandmother) died at age 40. I am sure that scraping and scrimping was part of her life. In her twilight years, she lived with my family.

Unfortunately, I was only two when she passed away, but her lessons were passed down to me.

Older generations were quite adept at stretching food dollars. They did not have the luxury of large grocery stores with easy-to-make food mixes. They cooked more basic recipes and used what they had on hand to make meals. My great-aunt lived a very long life.

Every now and then, I look over my vintage World War II-era cookbooks, which are now more than 80 years old. During wartime, foods like sugar, coffee, canned food, eggs, meats, cheese and fat were rationed.

Growing “victory gardens” during times of war became a way to ensure your family had healthful food. Gardening is an excellent idea now, as food prices likely will continue to increase. Packs of seeds are inexpensive compared with the potential bounty you could harvest.

Earlier generations preserved their harvest through canning, drying, pickling and freezing. However, I do not recommend following old canning recipes because modern equipment and methods are much safer. If you have GreatGrandma’s canning recipe in her handwriting, save it as a keepsake — don’t use it.

During World War II, much of the food preservation information was overhauled; since then, the guidance has been regularly updated with scientific advancements. Once you

- One row of insulated glass per door - One heavy duty opener per door - Two remotes per door

• (4) – 4’0 x 4’0 windows

• (4) 3070 Entry Doors

• 5” Concrete Monolithic Slab with radiant heat

• #4 rebar on 24” centers

• 2” foam insulation under the slab

• Electric or propane boiler

• R36 insulation in the roof, R25 insulation in the walls

• Includes all labor to pour slab, complete heated floor, and erect the building

Prairie Fare: Try these tips to save money on food

CONTINUED FROM PAGE A39

invest in jars for canning, you can continue using them as long as they are not chipped or cracked.

Consider these tips to save some money on groceries: Plan your meals. My 1940s cookbooks included the meal plan for the week, and that’s a good idea for any generation. Having a “road map” for home food preparation helps you reduce the temptation of stopping at a drive-through on the way home. Limit the amount of food that you waste. Earlier generations used their “planned-overs” in later meals to make soups, stews and sandwiches.

Consider composting with your vegetable and fruit peelings to make your own “fertilizer” to nourish your plants in the future. Consider building or investing in a compost bin. NDSU Extension has a basic “How to Compost” guide to get you started.

Check out the sales ads. Buying fresh fruits and vegetables in season will save you money, plus you will enjoy higher quality fresh produce. Frozen and canned fruits and vegetables are another nutritious option. Remember, all forms of produce count toward the recommended 4 ½ cups per day.

Look for discounts and sign up for rewards in stores, where you might earn discounts or money back. If items are “Three for $2,” be sure to check if you can buy one at the sale price. Usually, you can.

Use coupons on items that you normally buy.

Consider buying in quantity to save money. Avoid buying items you really do not like. Rice and beans are bargain-friendly options with a long shelf life.

Check your grocery receipt for any errors. Make a mental note of food prices as you shop and watch the register to be sure the sale price shows up.

Save eating out as a special treat or celebration. Food in restaurants is more expensive than food prepared at home.

Know your resources.

Your NDSU Extension office provides free resources to help you learn how to garden, whether in pots or a small plot in your yard. See the recorded webinars at NDSU Extension’s Field to Fork website, and check out face-to-face and online gardening education programs in your community.

Check out community gardening programs, where you share in the output. Later in the season, support your local farmers by shopping local at farmers markets.

See ag.ndsu.edu/food and go to the “Food Preparation” section for the “Now You’re Cookin’” and “Pinchin’ Pennie$ in the Kitchen” handouts for more tips and recipes.

Could you raise a few chickens in your backyard? Check out the NDSU Extension publication, “Beginners Guide to Raising Chickens,” for details.

This World War II-era recipe with its actual name provides a variety of nutrients. For a true “health” salad, choose dark leafy greens such as romaine. Consider growing your own salad ingredients this summer.

Health Salad (from 1943)

1 cup raw, sliced cauliflower

1 cup raw, grated carrots

2 cups shredded lettuce

1 cup sliced radishes

1/3 cup chopped walnuts or other nut (optional)

Salad dressing of choice

Prepare ingredients as indicated and serve with your choice of dressing.

A serving with nuts (without dressing) has 70 calories, 5 grams (g) fat, 2 g protein, 6 g carbohydrate, 2 g fiber and 35 milligrams sodium.

The Mongoose

The small Asian mammals famous for killing cobras were brought to Hawaii by sugar planters in 1893. Reason: They thought the mongooses would help control the rat population. The planters overlooked one little detail: The mongoose is active in the daytime while the rate is nocturnal. “In Hawaii today” says one source, “mongooses are considered pests nearly as bad as rats.”

The Odd Couple

In 1962 TV writer Danny Simon got divorced and moved in with another divorced man. Simon was a neat freak, while his friend was a slob. Simon’s brother, playwright Neil Simon, turned the situation into The Odd Couple. (Neil says Danny inspired at least nine other characters in his plays.)

TRACTORS FOR SALE

2012 John Deere 8235R, weights, duals, ILS, IVT, GPS, 3531 hours.

2009 John Deere 8330, weights, duals, ILS, IVT, GPS, wide track extensions, 4352 hours.

1997 John Deere 8200T, weights, GPS, camoplast tracks, 8173 hours.

1974 John Deere 4430, with front loader..

1969 John Deere 2510 with high lift loader.

Phone cell (406) 490-3795, Anaconda, Montana

Building truck tarps for grain trailers

Call or check out our website for more info: www.mountainviewcanvas.com

Winners of Montana Ag drawing contest

Improving steel pipelines for safe transport of hydrogen

By Joanne Paulson, Canadian Light Source

Hydrogen is increasingly gaining attention as a promising energy source for a cleaner, more sustainable future. Using hydrogen to meet the energy demands for large-scale applications such as utility infrastructure will require transporting large volumes via existing pipelines designed for natural gas.

Native Dryland Items

Mountain Brome

Idaho Fescue

Rough Fescue

Sherman Big Bluegrass

Sandberg Bluegrass

Prairie Junegrass

Basin Wildrye

Streambank Wheatgrass

Thickspike Wheatgrass

Western Wheatgrass

Bluebunch Wheatgrass

Slender Wheatgrass

Blue Grama

Green Needlegrass

Indian Ricegrass

Legumes

Alfalfa

Big Sky Ladak Alfalfa

Roundup Ready Alfalfa Sainfoin

Alsike Clover

Cicer Milkvetch Birdsfoot Treefoil

Tame Dryland Items

Smooth Brome

Meadow Brome

Sheep Fescue

Hard Fescue

Paiute Orchardgrass

Russian Wildrye

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Tall Wheatgrass

Intermediate Wheatgrass

Pubescent Wheatgrass

A/C Saltlander

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Wetland Native Items

Nuttal Alkaligrass

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Tame Wetland Items

Reed Canarygrass

Garrison Creeping Foxtail

Timothy

But there’s a catch. Hydrogen can weaken the steel that these pipelines are made of. When hydrogen atoms enter the steel, they diffuse into its microstructure and can cause the metal to become brittle, making it more susceptible to cracking. Hydrogen can be introduced into the steel during manufacturing, or while the pipeline is in service transporting oil and gas.

To better understand this problem, researcher Tonye Jack used the Canadian Light Source (CLS) at the University of Saskatchewan (USask) to capture a 3D view of the cracks formed in steels. Researchers have previously relied on twodimensional imaging techniques, which don’t provide the same rich detail made possible with synchrotron radiation.

Tonye, a PhD candidate in USask’s Department of Mechanical Engineering, and his colleagues studied different pipeline steels and showed that microstructure plays a critical role in how much hydrogen the steel absorbs and how it is distributed in the metal. Their research also revealed that when hydrogen enters the steel while the pipeline is in service, it causes more damage than if introduced during manufacturing or other pre-charging conditions.

The risk of steel failure due to hydrogen embrittlement depends on several factors such as the amount of hydrogen in the steel, the steel’s microstructure, stress conditions, and operating environment. However, Tonye emphasizes that how much hydrogen is retained in the steel and where it accumulates largely dictates its failure behavior.

“We need to know the mechanism of failure and how to mitigate it,” he says.

While catastrophic pipeline failures are rare, his team’s findings are important as industries plan to transport hydrogen gas using high-strength natural gas pipelines. “These findings can help inform the production of safer pipelines,” he says. By refining the microstructure, manufacturers can design steels that are more resistant to cracking and hydrogen embrittlement.

“We tend to look at this as one failure is too many because of their economic importance,” says Tonye. “But the bigger concern is environmental, as pipeline failures can have devastating consequences.”

As society transitions to cleaner fuels, understanding the interaction of hydrogen and steel and mitigating hydrogen embrittlement is crucial to ensuring the safety and reliability of future hydrogen infrastructure, and of great importance to the global energy framework.

Sixth Grade- Mesa Scalese, Geyser Elementary School; Teacher: Sue Neumann

How much silage can I feed to finishing cattle?

By Warren Rusche, Assistant Professor & SDSU Extension Feedlot Management Specialist

Conventional wisdom holds that you should only feed as much roughage as is necessary to maintain rumen health. Many finishing diets are formulated to have 8% roughage, perhaps as high as 10%. From a mathematical standpoint this makes sense, as most roughage sources contain less energy, so a low-roughage diet will have a greater net energy (mega-cal) concentration.

However, it does not always hold that the highest NEg diet is the most profitable. Increased energy content increases the risk of digestive upset; feeding additional roughage reduces that risk and may help cattle maintain feed intake. Many South Dakota and Midwestern cattle feeders also farm, giving them the opportunity to make use of silage or other home-raised feedstuffs as a profit center. Also, some years in South Dakota we need to utilize greater amounts of corn silage because of weather-related crop production challenges.

Investigating Performance and System Efficiency

We wanted to know what effect feeding increased amounts of corn silage (either 24 or 30% of the diet dry matter) would have on cattle performance and system-wide efficiency. To get at this question, we conducted two different experiments; one comparing 12 to 24% silage incorporation with the steers fed 24% silage fed for an additional 14 days, and a second experiment comparing 15 to 30% incorporation with the same days on feed. Both experiments used yearling steers fed to slaughter weight.

Cattle performed as we expected – feeding more corn silage reduced the energy concentration of the diet resulting in reduced gains and poorer feed conversion. Feeding cattle an additional 14 days actually increased carcass weight sold, and consequently gross revenue. Based on that observation, we concluded that for increased silage incorporation to be viable requires extending the feeding period to maintain output. What was interesting were the results when we calculated pounds of beef per acre, shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1. Effect of silage inclusion on beef production.

To estimate these values, we used the actual silage yield and estimated corn yield to calculate cattle gain per acre of corn. Using that measure, it made little difference whether we fed the lesser or increased amount of corn silage in term of the quantity (and dollars) of beef generated per acre.

Optimal corn silage incorporation depends on the business model of an individual operation. Farmer feeders whose business is producing as much beef as possible from a known land base have multiple options as to harvest method to produce feedstuffs. Greater corn silage utilization may be the better option in those instances, particularly if the farm can utilize manure to reduce crop production expenses. Alternatively, cattle feeders who purchase most of their feed and have limited land base on which to apply manure, would be more likely to conclude that minimal roughage diets that maximize cattle efficiency are optimal.

#####

A doctor, an accountant, and a lawyer are all playing golf on a beautiful, sunny day. Unfortunately, the foursome in front of them is playing incredibly slowly. The three players continue to complain about the pace of play throughout the round. Finally, when they walk off the course and into the clubhouse, they are infurated. As they complain to the head pro, he calmly informs them that the foursome is made up of blind golfers who were invited to the club as part of a charity exhibition. The doctor, immediately contrite, says, “Wow, I feel terrible, I’d like to donate $500 to the charity.” The accountant says, “I feel terrible, as well. I’d like to donate $1,000.” The lawyer looks pensive and says, “You’re telling me those golfers are blind?” “That’s right,” says the pro. “Then why not just have them play at night?”

#####

What’s this, O God? The missing slice of cake from last night’s dinner party! I wondered where my slice went. Apparently it slipped between the stove and counter when I was serving guests. At least the mystery is solved–though I never did get a taste of the cake.

TRUCK, PUP AND GENERATOR FOR SALE

1970 GMC 3-ton truck, Detroit (weak motor), 24-ft. Omaha Standard box with steel floor and hay rack $4500 20-ft. pup with hydraulic tilt and hay rack $3500 For Both.......$6500 Kohler 115V electic plant generator. Phone (406) 799-7026, Valier, Montana

Henke 11-ft. snow plow, hydraulic turn, adjustable skid plate up and down. Very good condition with rubber blade that can be replaced with steel blade, pump included $2400

tubes, new seat and frame, new muffler, new dirt separator, new filters, new battery and cable, new radiator 4 row tubes and hoses, new steering wheel, new steering rods, painted fenders, steering system works great - one hand turning, Ford blue paint (3 quarts), Ford light grey paint (1 quart) $10,000

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Cattle: Left Hip Horses: Left Thigh Sheep : Left Thigh $3000 Irons included. Phone 406-626-5304

24-42 inch depths Composite or Variable Rate Sampling with prescription writing.

3 GPS guided trucks available. Take the guesswork out of your fertility program with soil sampling from Centrol. Independently owned, serving the Golden Triangle since 1985.

Balewagons & Retrievers

New harvester will boost efficiency, accuracy for NDSU sugarbeet researchers

Thanks to a partnership involving several groups, a new, custom-built sugarbeet harvester is now in the hands of researchers at North Dakota State University and the University of Minnesota.

The new harvester’s development and purchase is a collaboration between NDSU, the University of Minnesota, the U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), the Sugar Beet Research and Education board, allied industry partners and growers.

The new harvester was unveiled at the International Sugarbeet Institute on March 19 at the Fargodome with representatives from the collaborative partners in attendance.

“This is a partnership between the universities and other groups, including farmers and allied industry partners,” says Tom Peters, NDSU Extension sugarbeet agronomist. “All the groups pooled their resources together for this project.”

“This is a great success story of collaboration between the universities, private industry and growers,” says Ross Pape, Sugarbeet Research and Education Board president. “Everyone involved recognized the need to continue world class sugarbeet research right here in the valley, and providing researchers with a modern, sophisticated and reliable harvester is where it all starts.”

The need for a new harvester for research was clear. The previous machine was commercially built in the 1950s and modified for research in 1996. Peters said equipment breakdowns have become more frequent, and finding replacement parts has become more difficult

The benefits will be immediate — a much more efficient harvest being the main one. It will also potentially cut the amount of manpower needed for harvest in half, Peters said. The new harvester will also improve the ability to collect data that is analyzed by the various groups. Improving the accuracy and capability of research also affects farmers in the region.

“Sugarbeet growers in North Dakota and Minnesota depend on our Extension programming for data-based recommendations,” says Eric Branch, NDSU Extension sugarbeet specialist. “Without data from replicated field trials, we couldn’t do our job in the areas of weed, insect and disease management.”

“The new harvester will help us conduct our research accurately and efficiently. While in-season ratings such as leaf spot severity are important, we also want to look at the same metrics that our stakeholders use — such as yield, sugar percentage and revenue per acre — that can help sugarbeet growers run their farms effectively.”

Bob Welker of Shelby was an active participant in Ty McDonald’s succession planning workshop at the Montana’s Next Generation conference while John Kanning, Hapi Seewald, and Barb Larsen listened intently.

Photo by Kari Lewis.

Winter survival in alfalfa

By Ben Beckman, UNL

The time for spring planting alfalfa is just around the corner, and selecting the right seed is crucial. Two traits we should take extra time to consider are fall dormancy and winter survival. These traits are often treated the same, but are different. Today let’s look at winter survival.

Winter survival or winter hardiness is the ability for an alfalfa plant to make it through winter without injury, once the plant goes dormant. This is different than the fall dormancy rating that measures the alfalfa’s ability to prepare for and recover from dormancy. Winter survival is measured on a 1 to 6 scale with 1 being extremely hardy and 6 not hardy. For Nebraska, a winter survival rating of 3 is about as high as we want to go.

As temperatures drop and days shorten, alfalfa plants change their physiology to survive freezing temperatures and make it through winter. While increased hardiness can result in reduced yield potential, for a high dollar perennial forage, having a full stand year after year is better in the long run.

In the past, winter survival traits were linked with fall dormancy. With new varieties, this isn’t always the case, so winter survival needs to be evaluated on its own.

We want to pick a winter survival ranking that will get us through winter without compromising yield. Where you are in the state plays a big role in what to pick. Winter temperatures affect the choice, but maintained snow cover is also important. As snow can help insulate the ground, parts of the state that regularly have open winters may need as high or higher survival rating than colder locations with winter-long snow cover.

Bottom line for Nebraska, a winter survival rating of 3 is about as high as we want to go and areas with open winters or regularly colder temperatures should be even lower.

Absurd Inventions

Invention: Separable Pants.

What it does: You don’t take them off, you take them apart. The zipper goes all the way around the crotch, from the front to the back. That way, you can mix and match the legs with other colors and styles, making your own artstic, customized pants.

We carry a variety of new and used attachments. Call today and ask for Beau. We are also Fecon dealers and can provide parts and service for any Fecon attachments

New vegetable varieties with amazing flavors

By Tom Kalb, Horticulturist, NDSU Extension

This is a great time to be a gardener. The temperatures are getting warmer and the days are getting longer. Spring is coming!

Many of us will be planting a garden soon. The good news is there are lots of new varieties available this spring that were bred to be absolutely delicious. North Dakota State University Extension will be testing many of these varieties, and you are welcome to join us in our tests.

We are testing a revolutionary new golden beet called Badger Flame. This gourmet beet has flaming red stripes and was bred to taste mild and sweet without the earthy flavor of normal beets. It’s a chef’s delight!

Dark Horse may be one of the highestquality beans ever. It has dark green, crisp pods that are easy to harvest from upright plants.

Dolciva is a new carrot from Switzerland that has exceptional sweetness, a juicy crunch and stores well.

Some new tomatoes are worth noting. At the top of the list is Sun Orange cherry tomato. Gardeners in our project have raved about the intense, fruity flavor of Sun Gold in the past. This year, the breeder of Sun Gold released Sun Orange, which has larger fruits and resists cracking better than Sun Gold. I can’t wait to try it.

Tomatoes with determinate (compact) vines are easy to grow and do not need to be pruned. Roadster has done well in our trials and its new sister Rambler is available now. Rambler is reported to produce high yields of extra-large, dark-red, smooth, flavorful fruits.

New “Plus” tomato varieties are now available. Celebrity Plus, Better Boy Plus and Big

Beef Plus have superior flavor and resist diseases better than the standard Celebrity, Better Boy and Big Beef varieties, respectively.

I can’t wait to try the new heat-tolerant lettuce varieties available, including Gatsbi and Shirane Sky. We will be enjoying crisp lettuce all summer.

There is a new pickling cucumber called Provision with dark green, crisp fruits. Its vines resist diseases and won’t overrun the garden. I never seen such a dark green pickler. Patty pan squash may be easy to grow but it lacks flavor. A minister from Logan County on our team grows vegetables for those in need. He told me it would be a sin to give people such a terrible-tasting vegetable. Now there is hope. There is a new, award-winning variety called Green Lightning that is beautiful and reportedly tastes delicious.

Gardeners in North Dakota and in nearby counties of adjacent states are welcome to join our team and test these varieties. Go to our website to request our catalog. You can find the North Dakota Home Garden Variety Trials via a Google search or access it directly at ndsu. ag/homegardentrials.

Many Extension offices in North Dakota will be offering free samples of several tomato varieties during the Spring Fever Garden Forums. For more information, go to ndsu.ag/ springfever25.

You can find seed sources for any of these varieties by doing a Google search. Again, I invite you to participate in our North Dakota Home Garden Variety Trials. We will begin shipping seeds in April.

New Regenerative Farming Cohort offers peer, expert support

A new, free cohort focused on regenerative farming practices and open to anyone is now offered by Montana Farmers Union.

EXCAVATORS

2021 Cat 302.7 300 hours, thumb, coupler, blade

2021 Kubota U35-4 1400 hours, thumb, angle blade, cab, buckets and coupler $45,000

“We want to create a community of people who have other people they can turn to to ask questions and get feedback,” said Jodi Koterba, an education associate and ambassador with MFU who is coordinating the cohort.

2017 Hitachi ZX225-6 2 buckets, coupler, thumb, 3300 hours

$139,000

2014 Deere 85G 4000 hours, hydraulic thumb, front blade, pin grabber coupler, rubber street pads

$69,900

2014 Deere 135G Call For Price

2014 Komatsu PC55MR-3 3500 hours, open ROPS, hydraulic thumb

$38,900

2011 Deere 135D 6700 hours, front blade, hydraulic thumb, wedge coupler, nice cab guard

$88,000

The Regenerative Farming Cohort kicks off from 1-4 p.m., Tuesday, April 15, at the Montana Electric Co-op Association Building in Great Falls. Marni Thompson with NRCS is the featured speaker, and attendees will participate in round tables, learn more about regenerative farming practices, and hear an overview of the program. A zoom link will be available for people who want to attend the kickoff virtually.

2007 Cat 304C CR 5100 hours, cab with AC & Heat, good tracks and undercarriage, front blade, hydrualic thumb, manual quick coupler

$37,500

2007 Cat 321D hydraulic pin grabber coupler, long undercarriage $49k

2004 Deere 200 CLC 12k hours, pin grabber coupler, progressive link thumb Call For Price

2002 Deere 270CLC Call For Price

2000 Hitachi ZX200 7400 hours, progressive link hydraulic thumb, very well taken care of $75,000 Also, Kubota U35, Hitchi ZX200, Deere 85G, and Cat 321D

The program was formed at the request of a member, highlighting MFU’s grassroots model for policy and programming. The cohort will include monthly virtual coffee meetings with experts and discussion, in-person educational programming and farm tours, peer-to-peer mentoring, and a toolbox of resources developed over the course of the cohort.

Anyone from producers who have extensive experience with regenerative practices to producers who are new to them and want to learn more are welcome to attend any or all of the free program.

“The cohort is open to anyone in Montana who would like to start, improve, or learn about regenerative farming practices,” Koterba said, encouraging people to attend the kickoff and learn more about what the cohort will offer.

To learn more or register, contact Jodi Koterba at jkoterba@montanafarmersunion.com or at 406-788-8816, or Ambassador Montana Caise at mcaise@montanafarmersunion. com or 406-729-3030.

Seeds and transplanting tips

When bringing delicate plants indoors to protect them from cold weather, put several into the same pot to take up less space.

If tender buds or shoots become frozen, thaw them out slowly by spraying with cold water before the sun shines.

Otherwise they may get scorched.

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7 W Enterprises, Inverness MT A30

A-Plus Auto, Great Falls MT A18

Abilene Machine Inc, Abilene KS B30

Accelerated Metal Solutions, Glendive MT C10

Acciacca Agriculture Repair, Fairfield MT A31

Acciacca Sales and Service, Fairfield MT C38

Action Toys, Billings MT C13

Affordable Construction Equipment, Billings & Bozeman MT A41

Ag Trucks & Equipment, Great Falls MT A47

Ag Wise, Kremlin MT C39

AgraSyst Dealers B27

ASH Supply, St. Ignatius, MT B26

Axmen, Missoula, MT A2

Badland Truck Sales, Glendive MT C21

Ben Taylor, Valier & Shelby MT C31

Big Equipment Co., Havre MT A17

Big Sky Equipment, Conrad MT C15

Big Sky Harley-Davidson, Great Falls MT B17

Big Sky Mahindra, Great Falls MT B17

Big Sky Pipe, Great Falls MT B32

Big Sky Sawmill & Wood Products, Vaughn MT C14

Big Sky Wholesale Seeds, Shelby MT A42, C42

Billings Farm & Ranch Supply, Billings MT B30

Bison Ford, Great Falls MT B16

Bjorn Johnson Construction, Missoula MT A40

Bouma Post Yards, Choteau MT C3

BTI Feeds, Cut Bank MT C31

Bull Mountain Fencing, Yoder, Dan, Roundup MT...A16

C & B Operations, LLC, Billings, Culbertson & Plentywood, MT, Sheridan, WY, Powell, WY C8, C9

C & R Trailer Sales, Kalispell, MT C22

Cahill Seeds, Scobey MT B2

Cascade Machine & Supply, Great Falls MT A29

Central Heating & Air Conditioning, Billings, MT......C41

Central Montana Distributing, Great Falls MT C38

Centrol Crop Consulting LLC, Brady & Conrad MT A44

Churchill Equipment, Manhattan & Belgrade MT....C24

Circle S Seeds of Montana, Three Forks MT A16

Clark Fork Posts, Plains MT B31

Clearview Seed, Denton MT C32

Crown Agro, Graham Seed Treating, Center ND A20, A31

Cut Bank Tire, Cut Bank MT C26

Dakota Truck & Farm, Minot ND A45

David Steed Company, Idaho Falls, ID A3

DBL Sales & Service, Coffee Creek MT A43, B14

Doane Western of Montana, Bozeman MT B14

Double Diamond Truck & Equipment Sales, Missoula MT C36

Dry Fork Ag, Ledger MT C47

Dutch Openers A32

Ellingson Air Seeder Repair, LLC, Braham MN B1

Equipment Share, Billings, MT C39

Flaman Rentals, Power MT A46, B9

Fox Ford, Wolf Point MT C2

Frank Merchant Roofing, Great Falls MT A28

Fraser’s Oil Inc., Inverness MT A22

Frieling’s Agricultural Equipment, Great Falls MT A21, B11, B25, C11, C29, C48

Frontier Precision, Fort Benton MT C3

Frontline Ag Solutions Dillon, Dillon MT C45

Frontline Ag Solutions, Multiple locations MT..C42, C43

Glass Trucking, Denton MT B26

Golden Harvest Seeds, Big Sandy MT B31

Golden Triangle Seeds, Rudyard MT A33

Gordon Repair, LLC, Miles City MT B28

Graham Seed Treating, Crown Agro, Center ND....A20

Great Plains, Dealers A37

Greenway Seeds, Caldwell ID B8, C11, C34, C41, C46, C47

Greyn Fertilizer, Choteau, Dutton, Valier MT A23

Grossenburg Equipment, Multiple Locations SD, Multiple Locations NE, Sundance WY C17

Hamilton Systems, Inc. Hamilton ND B20

Heartland Seed Company, Moccasin MT A32

Hedman, Inc, Grass Range MT A25

Helfert’s Helena Farm Supply, East Helena MT.....C30

Henke Enterprises, SprayFlex & Big Dog Mowers, Chester MT B10

Henry Building Systems, Pelican Rapids MN C40

Highland Specialty Grain, Inc. (McKay Seed Co.), Moses Lake WA C18

Highline Communications, Cut Bank MT A27

Holst Truck Parts, Ucon, ID C37

Hotsy Wy-Mont, Great Falls & Billings MT B18

Hoven Equipment Co., Great Falls & Lewistown MT....C5

Hwy 12 Equipment & Repair, Baker MT B28

Irvine’s Trailers, Crossfield AB Canada A26

ITB (Intercontinental Truck Body), Butte MT B18

J & T Equipment Sales, Stevensville MT C6

J Bar T Bins & Steel Buildings, Chester MT C16

Jamieson Motors, Inc., Chinook MT A28, C34

Jim Nielsen Trucks & Parts, Butte MT C18

Johnsen Trailer Sales, Inc., Bismarck & Fargo ND....B8

Keller Williams Realty, Coeur d’Alene ID C42

Kois Brothers, Great Falls & Billings MT B27

Krogmann Mfg. C14

Kuhbacher Auction Service, Broadus MT A34

Lakeland Feed & Supply, Dillon & Hamilton MT.....C22

Lattin & Sons, Power MT A46, B9

Lee’s Trapworks, LTD, Swift Currant Canada B32

Limagrain Cereal Seeds, Ft. Collins CO B9, C20

M & M Auto, Trailers, & Welding, Stevensville MT....B22

M & W Machine, Three Forks MT C16

Mahindra, Big Sky Harley, Great Falls MT B17

Marias River Farms, 360 Rain, Chester MT C2

Marks Lumber, Clancy MT C37

MDSS, Inc. (Montana Dakota Scale Service), Fairview MT A34

Meridian Seeds, Casselton ND C19

Montana Ag Safety Program A35

Montana Automation, Cut Bank MT C4

Montana Farrier Supply, Livingston MT B24

Montana Fence, Billings, Bozeman, Great Falls, Kalispell MT B4, C12, C28

Montana Fiberglass Inc, Lewistown MT C32

Montana Metal Fabrications, Great Falls MT C10

Montana Seeds, Conrad MT B6

Montech Seed Group, MT B19

Mountain View Canvas, Fairfield MT A42

Mountain View Metalworks, Wilsall MT A39

MT Tractors, Matt Pendergast, Stevensville MT.....C12

Muddy Creek Truss, Fairfield, MT A24

Musselshell Valley Equipment, Roundup MT B3, B19, C19, C27

Neal Hay Sales, Augusta MT C27

New Homes of the Future, Billings MT A38

North Star Equipment, Great Falls MT C13

Northern Ford, Cut Bank MT C7

Northern Prairie Auto Sales, Wolf Point MT C28

NOV Fiberglass Systems, TX A36

Nutrien Ag Solutions, Inc, Conrad, Great Falls, Billings, Fort Benton, Belgrade, Hardin ,Chester, Shelby, MT B12

Oxbow Engineering LLC, Randy Pierce PE Three Forks MT C6

Pedigree Truck & Trailer Sales, New Salem, ND.....B23

Pete’s Auto Sales, Great Falls MT C25

Platinum Auto Center, Big Timber MT B4

Powerhouse Equipment, Floweree MT C24

Precision Truck & Trailer, Havre MT B15

Price Truck & Equipment Sales, Missoula MT A30

Pro-Tech Steel LLC, Great Falls MT C35

Quality Custom Sheds, Moore MT A24

Quality Sales, Great Falls MT C46

R & L Seed & Machine LLC, Geyser MT B28

R & M Exterminators, Cheney WA B10

RDO Equipment, Kalispell, MT C35

RDO Equipment, Missoula MT C35

Reddig Equipment & Repair, Kalispell MT A46

Redhead Equipment, Regina SK Canada A48

C18

T & T Farm Supply, LLC, Chester MT A33

Taylor Farm Store, Shelby MT C31

Taylor Transportation, Great Falls, MT B24

TCB Transport LLC, Geyser MT B27

The Fagenstrom Co. Great Falls MT B32

Tiber Tractor Co., Chester MT B13

Titan Applications - formerly Heartland Ag Systems, ID, KS, MT, ND, NE, SD, WA A27

Tom’s Shop, Grass Range MT B32

Torgerson’s LLC, Multiple Locations MT, Multiple Locations WY, Dreary ID B6, B20, B29, C36

Townsend Seeds, Inc, Townsend MT C40

Treasure State Seed, Fairfield MT B23

Treasure State Wood Boilers, LLC, Bigfork, MT B29

Tri-County Implement, Sidney MT A29

Tri-State Truck & Equipment, Belgrade, Billings, Great Falls MT, Casper WY, Rock Springs WY A35

Triple T Sales, Chinook MT B7, C26

TT&E Inc, Victor MT & Spearfish SD C44

Vantage, Frontier Precision, Fort Benton MT C3

Vaughn Truck, Havre MT B26

VW Mfg, Chester MT C23

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##### Lord, we tested our patience and the new smoke alarm today by broiling meat too long. Thanks for reminding us to open the windows to let in the fresh, cool air.

Annual forages- Plan now in case of drought

By Jerry Volesky, Extension Range and Forage Specialist

Last fall and this winter have been quite dry leaving most parts of the state in some level of drought. We are a few weeks away from another growing season and who knows how much moisture lies ahead.

Drought is likely to be a problem again this summer, at least somewhere in Nebraska. Because hay can be costly when pastures are short, consider ways now to minimize damage to range and pasture if less than average rainfall is received. Fortunately, early spring is a time when actions can be taken that can minimize some of the problems caused by drought.

Use Remaining Hay

For starters, prepare a strategy for using any remaining hay. One of the better options is to feed hay longer into spring before turning cows out to permanent pasture. This action is exactly the opposite of the usual recommendation to graze more and feed less hay. But, allowing pastures to accumulate more growth before grazing begins, will provide more total grazable forage if drought prevents much regrowth later in the growing season. Leftover hay also can be used later during the growing season to give pastures more time to recover between grazing.

Plant Annual Forages

Another strategy is planting annual forages to provide additional pasture or hay. For spring or cool-season annual forages, the planting period is typically mid-March to early April, or when soil temperatures are in the 42 to 45 degree Fahrenheit range. Oats are probably the most common coolseason annual forage planted in Nebraska. However, spring triticale or spring barley are two other small grain options that have been found to perform similarly to oats in terms of forage yield and quality.

These spring annuals are similar in the number of days until they are ready to begin grazing or hay; so, the different species could be mixed at planting if desired. One could look at the seed cost of the different species before deciding on which to plant. With an early spring planting date of the cool-season annuals, grazing can typically begin around the 3rd or 4th week of May and last into early July. Haying usually takes place around the 3rd week of June. There are specific forage varieties of these different small grain species that have been selected for greater yield and specific plant characteristics such as leafiness.

If grazing is a primary goal, Italian ryegrass could be included in a mix with the cereal grains which will result in a longer grazing period. Field peas are another species that could be included to enhance forage quality for hay or silage and provide some nitrogen fixation. Research trials have shown that the field peas should be at least 25% by weight of the seed mixture to realize a significant increase in the crude protein content in the forage harvested.

Warm-season or summer annual grasses are the other group of forages that could be seeded for grazing or cut for forage. These forages require warm temperatures, and seeding can typically occur from late May through July. There are seven different types of major summer annual forage grasses. These include: sudangrass, sorghum-sudan hybrids, forage sorghum (which we often call cane or sorgo), foxtail millet, pearl millet, Japanese millet, and teff. Each one has its own strengths and weaknesses. So, select the type you want based on how you plan to use it.

For example, do you want pasture? Then use sudangrass or pearl millet. Both are leafy, they regrow rapidly, and they contain less danger from prussic acid poisoning than other annual grasses. What if you want hay or green chop? Then select sorghum-sudan hybrids or pearl millet because they yield well and have good feed value when cut two or three times. On sandy soils, or when conditions are dry, foxtail millet may be a better choice for summer hay. It dries fast, doesn’t regrow after cutting, and handles dry soils well. Cane hay is grown in many areas and produces high tonnage, but it’s lower in feed value and dries more slowly after cutting than the hybrids or millets. Japanese millet can either be cut for hay or grazed and is a plant that can tolerate heavy, wet soils. Choose teff if you are looking for a really soft, leafy, high quality horse hay. Perhaps the goal is to chop silage to use as a wet feed. Then select forage sorghums, especially hybrids with high grain production. They can’t be beat for tonnage or for feed value when harvested as a silage crop. If the rain doesn’t come, planning and acting now to make up for forage losses from pasture due to drought will pay big dividends.

What mineral to use when grazing rye or cereals?

By Mary Drewnoski, Nebraska Extension Beef Systems Specialist

Cereal rye, winter wheat, and winter triticale grown on the same soil will have a similar mineral profile. For both lactating cows and growing cattle (developing heifers and yearlings), the main mineral concerns with these forages are deficiencies in sodium, calcium, and magnesium. Additionally, young small grains tend to have high potassium levels, which interfere with magnesium absorption. This increases the need for additional magnesium supplementation, particularly for lactating cows, where the primary risk is tetany—a condition that can result in sudden death with little warning.

Mineral Supplementation for Lactating Cows

Tetany is caused by low blood magnesium and calcium. Since symptoms often go unseen until it’s too late, prevention is crucial. A properly formulated 4 oz freechoice mineral should include:

Salt (NaCl): 20–25%

Calcium (Ca): At least 8%

Magnesium (Mg): At least 10%

Providing a mineral supplement with these levels will help meet the needs of lactating cows and reduce the risk of tetany.

Mineral Supplementation for Growing Cattle

While growing cattle are not as susceptible to tetany, supplementing calcium and magnesium has been shown to improve gains. Studies have reported weight gain responses of up to 0.5 lb/day in supplemented cattle compared to those without access to free-choice mineral. Additionally, magnesium supplementation may help reduce the risk of bloat by improving rumen motility, which aids in gas escape.

A 4 oz free-choice mineral for growing cattle should include:

Salt (NaCl): 20–25%

Calcium (Ca): At least 20% (higher than lactating cows due to increased growth demands)

Magnesium (Mg): At least 5%

Additional Considerations

Ionophores (Monensin): Adding an ionophore, such as monensin, to a free-choice mineral supplement has been shown to improve gains of growing cattle. Responses of 0.20 lb/day have been observed with the cost of the product being far less than the value of gain.

Trace Minerals (Copper & Zinc): While these may have a less immediate effect, ensuring adequate copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) levels is important for long-term health and immune function. CONTINUED

The year of milkweed

By Kelsey Deckert, Horticulture agent, NDSU Extension – Burleigh County

Each year the National Garden Bureau chooses plants of the year. I always look forward to which plants they pick and learning more about each plant. This year among the chosen is Asclepias or milkweed.

The genus name is derived from Asclephius, the Greek god of healing. The common name of Milkweed is due to the milky substance it exudes and there are over 100 species native to North America. In North Dakota, there are 10 native species, and they are often seen in ditches and sunny areas. Native Americans used milkweeds to make string, rope and cloth from the stem fibers. They would also use Common Milkweed for medicinal purposes as well to treat warts and other ailments. Another historical fact is that milkweed seed floss was used to fill life preservers and other flotation devices during World War II. Today, milkweed floss is used as hypoallergenic filling in pillows and comforters.

Milkweeds are flowering plants that are great pollinator plants! They are the most important plant for monarch survival as the monarch caterpillar feeds exclusively on milkweeds. Females lay their eggs on milkweed and once hatched, the caterpillars feed on the foliage. The milky substance contains cardiac glycosides making them toxic to birds and mammals. The caterpillars become toxic and the predators leave them alone.

There are several species to explore and add to your garden, but the most common species are Common Milkweed, Swamp Milkweed, and Butterfly Weed. When adding to a garden setting, it is best to avoid Common Milkweed due to the aggression of spreading it underground through rhizomes. It is a good choice, though, if you need erosion control and will offer whitish-purple flowers. Butterfly weed and Swamp Milkweed are better choices for containment.

Swamp Milkweed grows best in wet soil with full or partial shade and will have pink flowers. Butterfly weed tolerates dry-to-medium soil and has bright orange flowers, and unlike other milkweeds, it doesn’t have milky sap. Butterfly weed would be my personal choice for a garden just to add a bright pop of color.

Growing milkweed is easy! It can be directly seeded or added as a transplant into your garden. It establishes quickly and is a low-maintenance plant. Milkweeds are paired well with native and ornamental grasses.

What mineral to use when grazing rye or cereals?

A 4 oz mineral supplement should contain:

Copper (Cu): 1,300–2,000 ppm

Zinc (Zn): 2,000–3,000 ppm

Conclusion

Proper mineral supplementation is critical when grazing cereal rye or other small cereals. For lactating cows, ensuring adequate magnesium and calcium can prevent grass tetany. For growing cattle, supplementing calcium and magnesium can improve gains and potentially reduce bloat risk. Adding monensin can further enhance growth performance, and including copper and zinc will help meet essential trace mineral needs. By providing a well-balanced free-choice mineral, producers can maximize cattle health and performance while grazing small cereals.

In North Dakota, there are 10 native species of milkweed, and the plant is often seen in ditches and sunny areass along with native perennials such as coneflowers. Milkweeds are flowering plants that are great pollinator plants, as they are the most important plant for monarch butterfly survival. (Pixabay photo)

Mountain Dew

Invented in the 1940s by Ally Hartman of Knoxville, it was intended as a chaser for Tennessee whiskey. The original version looked and tasted like 7-Up, but after Hartman sold the formula in 1954, a succession of new owners tinkered with it. According to one account, credit for the final version goes to William H. Jones, who bought the formula in 1961 and sold it to Pepsi three years later. “He fixed it so it had just a little more tang to it, mainly be adding citrus flavoring and caffeine,” a business associate recalls. “He’d take little cups marked A, B, C, and D around to high schools and factories and ask people which mixture tasted best. That’s how he developed his formula.

We’d appreciate it if you tell an advertiser you read his ad in the Trader’s Dispatch.

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#####

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In 1928 Peter Pan becomes the first branded peanut butter. Receiving a license for his creative churning process from inventor Joseph L. Rosenfeld, Peter Pan makes its name on the market. This is followed only a few years later by Rosenfeld’s own brand, Skippy.

University of Idaho’s beef team is accepting applications for another multi-day workshop tailored toward helping the region’s beginning ranchers succeed.

Beef 201: Beginning Rancher Development is scheduled for May 19-21 in Moscow, funded with a three-year, $479,000 grant from the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s National Institute of Food and Agriculture. It follows beginningrancher workshops hosted on campus through the grant last May and July.

“We’re trying to serve beginning farmers and ranchers in the Northwest to help them kick off their business as a rancher or just help them to expand or improve their profitability,” said Phil Bass, associate professor of meat science who serves as the grant’s principal investigator.

Livestock, wildlife, and even honey bees prefer Sainfoin over o Alfalfa dealers are despartely trying to get the condensed tann Alfalfa and use high pressure sales to convince you to grow Alf

•

Sainfoin leaves naturally contain tannins, allowing the protein ed instead of excreted.

Sanfoin’s palability and digestibility provides more return per to Alfalfa. Sanfoin’s ability to be grazed or hayed gives produ to best utilize it’s benefits in your operation.

In response to participants’ feedback, the upcoming workshop will explore cattle breeding, health and genetics more in-depth than last year’s workshops. Ranchers who participated in one of the 2024 workshops are encouraged to attend this spring, as the content shouldn’t be duplicative. The name Beef 201 references the workshop being in its second year rather than the level of difficulty, which should be comparable with the initial two workshops in 2024.

Growing best practices:

• Sainfoin establishes itself without a cover crop.

Dr. Lauren Christensen, a licensed veterinarian and assistant professor specializing in mixed practice production medicine, will present for nearly a full day on livestock health. While last year’s workshops included intensive training in beef fabrication, that portion will be scaled back, encompassing basic identification of popular retail cuts.

“Beef fabrication has the tendency to draw the crowd in. They’re very curious, but it’s not really helping their business,” Bass said. “We need to back off on the meat so we can focus more on the raising of the cattle.”

• Best if not mixed with other plants such as barley or 30 pounds per acre for dryland or 1 cutting, 40 pounds for irrigated or multi-cuts.

• Seed in fall or spring when moisture will be held to the

• Seed 3/4 of an inch deep or less.

Livestock, wildlife, and even honey bees prefer Sainfoin over other forages. Highly digestible and a higher sugar content gives Sainfoin the edge over Alfalfa. Sainfoin leaves naturally contain condensed tannins, allowing the protein to be digested instead of excreted.

Growing best practices:

• Hay/graze when near full bloom.

The cost of the workshop is $20 and will include lunches, snacks and beverages. Participants also receive tools to use on their ranches, such as halters, sorting sticks and thermometers. Scholarships are available to help participants cover mileage, hotels and other travel costs.

MONTANA SEEDS

• Seeding rate: 30 pounds per acre for dryland or 1 cutting, 40 pounds per acre for irrigated or multi-cuts.

For more information, call Rollie Schlepp 406-788-9556

The team planned to host a single multi-day workshop in May last year but opted to schedule a second one in July based on demand. Bass also anticipates hosting a second, multi-day workshop this summer, if demand necessitates it. Participants in Beef 201 will have the opportunity to have soil and forage samples from their operations analyzed, and experts from the meat science team will be available to travel to their individual operations and make assessments. New ranchers may also be paired with experienced mentors in the industry.

For more information,

Additional grant funding has been used to purchase teaching tools and props, such as a replica cow used to demonstrate fetal dystocia, which occurs when abnormal fetal size or positioning complicates delivery.

The grant is also funding several smaller same-day workshops throughout the Northwest.

Looking ahead, Bass hopes to use grant funding to hire a leading business management school for ranchers, Ranching for Profit, to host a two-day in May of 2026. Ranching for Profit would be offered on campus within the college’s forthcoming Meat Science and Innovation Center Honoring Ron Richard. The state-of-the-art abattoir is currently under construction.

U of I’s Beef 201 team also includes meat science Associate Professor Michael Colle, UI Extension educators Jessie Van Buren, Meranda Small, Audra Cochran and Brett Wilder.

National

Dolphin Day

Always observed on April 14th

Flipper, the TV dolphin, would be so proud to know that this day is in honor of him and his fellow aquatic friends. He was the star of a television show bearing his name. Flipper, the heroic dolphin, debuted on September 19, 1964, and ran through 1967.

But, this special day is not just about Flipper. It is about all dolphins. While we think of them as fish, dolphins are actually mammals. They are friendly and intelligent. Dolphins are easily trained to do a variety of things and readily interact with humans. They live in shallow waters and continental shelves, leading to frequent sitings and human contact. Growing from 4 to 30 feet long, their main diet is fish and squid.

We are surprised that this is called a “National” day, as there are many dolphin-themed events and educational programs around the world on this day. It seems like everyone around the world loves dolphins. So, this would be better titled as an international day.

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Almost all flu viruses first infect chickens, then pigs, and then spread to humans, multating along the way. But the chicken flu of 1997 made medical news because it jumped directly from birds to humans, bypassing pigs.

Grant to advance Lyme disease research

By Reagan Cotton, MSU News Service

Funding from the National Institutes of Health will allow a Montana State University research team to deepen explorations into a disease that is posing an increasing threat in the U.S.

Lyme disease is a bacterial infection transmitted by ticks, and nearly 90,000 cases in the U.S. were reported by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in 2023. The most prevalent tick-borne disease in the Northern hemisphere, it can be passed from ticks to other animals, such as mice or deer, or to humans via tick bites, and can cause long-lasting syndromes for those who become infected.

While Lyme disease has historically been found mostly in the northeastern United States, climate change has expanded the geographic range where infected ticks are found to include North Dakota and other Western states.

“It’s made its way all the way from the East Coast,” said Patrick Secor, an associate professor in MSU’s Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology in the College of Agriculture. “Vaccination does work for Lyme disease, and that’s where we’re hoping to come in.”

While previous Lyme disease vaccines have proved effective, Secor said, most versions require frequent boosters, making them less effective if people don’t receive them as often as they should. Secor’s lab will use an NIH grant of $2.8 million over five years to study adaptations in the bacterium that causes Lyme disease, aiming to better illuminate how it circumvents its host’s immune system to establish infection.

That disease-causing bacterium, called Borrelia burgdorferi, is itself the host to viruses called bacteriophages. Viruses are one of the most abundant biological entities on Earth, said Secor, and the bacteriophages that infect B. burgdorferi may serve an important role in disease development. The bacteriophages transfer genetic material between bacterial strains to disguise the bacteria’s presence and make reinfection possible in a host that has already been exposed. Secor published research last year in the journal PLOS Pathogens that outlined genomic analysis of bacteriophages, exploring how they move genetic material.

“If you think about the mice that are the reservoir species for Borrelia and the ticks that are the vector, those populations are pretty geographically constrained,” said Secor. “For the bacteria to survive, they have to go back and forth between the tick and the mouse. But the mouse they go back into has probably already been exposed, so the bacterium needs to essentially change its spots so that it can avoid the mouse’s immune response. That’s why we think it’s important for these bacteria to swap genes around.”

Genetic analysis has established that the viral genomes in the Borrelia bacteria were around 95% identical, but they include a variable region that encodes proteins that vary how the bacteria appear to the host’s immune system. Secor’s team will investigate which genetic material is being swapped between bacterial strains by the phages with the aim of discovering more effective targets for Lyme disease treatments.

“We want to see which strains get through the immune system. It’s like a bottleneck,” Secor said. “The stuff that gets through is important. It allows the bacteria to get around the immune system and establish an infection, so it’s a way for us to use biology to point toward new things like vaccine antigens for Lyme disease.”

Secor was born and raised in the Gallatin Valley and received both his undergraduate and doctoral degrees from MSU. After postdoctoral research at the University of Washington in Seattle, he established a lab at the University of Montana that transitioned to be housed at MSU last fall semester.

For the NIH-supported work, Secor and assistant professor Reetika Chaurasia will collaborate with Scott Samuels, a Lyme disease scientist at UM, and with UM’s Center for Translational Medicine, to apply their findings to the development of more effective Lyme disease therapies and treatments. The work will involve numerous undergraduate and graduate student researchers, and for Secor, continuing his scientific career at his alma mater has already proven to be fulfilling.

“One of my favorite things about the department is that I can walk down the hall and interact with other faculty or students in other labs, and the same is true for my students,” he said. “There’s a tight sense of community here, and that’s something that I really enjoy.” #####

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North Dakota 4-H team places eighth in national competition

The North Dakota 4-H Consumer Decision Making team from Cass County participated in the 2025 4-H Family and

Consumer Sciences National Championship and Conference on January 1518. Teams representing 13 states competed at the event in San Antonio, Texas.

The Consumer Decision Making Contest educates youth about making better consumer choices. This year’s consumer classes were athletic wear, dental products, invitations, event venues, fast food and coffee brewing. The team competed in class placings, oral reasons and a group think activity.

Members of the Cass County team were Greta Olsen from Amenia, Grace Burchill from West Fargo, Jack Kram from Fargo and Nora Severance from Hunter.

The team placed eighth overall. Olsen earned the highest overall individual score in the nation and placed second in the placings category and fifth in the oral reasons category.

“My teammates and I got together a couple of times a month to practice and improve our skills, and having such a dedicated team encouraged me to focus and push myself harder,” says Olsen. “Earning the title of national champion will forever be a highlight.”

The North Dakota 4-H Foundation sponsored the team for the national contest.

Consumer Decision Making is one of the many educational events sponsored through the North Dakota 4-H program. 4-H is the youth education program of NDSU Extension.

Cass County 4-H Senior Consumer Decision Making team: (left to right) Grace Burchill, West Fargo; Nora Severance, Hunter; Coach Rita Ussatis; Jack Kram, Fargo; Greta Olsen, Amenia (NDSU photo)

Greta Olsen was named High Individual Overall in the contest. (NDSU photo)

12-ft.

#####

Teacher: It’s the fourth time you’re late for school this week Johnny! Do you know what that means?!

Little Johnny: That it’s Thursday, Miss Bramwell.

####

How do you make a Kleenex dance?

Put a little boogie in it!

Growth Through Agriculture grant awardees

Director Jillien Streit and the Agriculture Development Council announced recipients of the state’s $915,360 investment in innovative, value-added agriculture projects through the Montana Department of Agriculture’s Growth Through Agriculture (GTA) program.

From Opheim to Stevensville, a total of 25 agricultural businesses throughout the state were awarded funds to advance Montana’s agricultural economy.

“MDA’s Growth Through Agriculture program has gained serious momentum because it focuses solely on giving our agricultural businesses an opportunity to grow and expand. These awards are often that extra boost that takes a business or operation to the next level,” said Montana Director of Agriculture Jillien Streit. “The Department of Agriculture is proud to invest in these innovative projects that will add value to Montana agriculture as well as contribute to economic development and local communities.”

The GTA program was established by the Montana Legislature in 1987 to strengthen and diversify Montana’s agriculture industry through development of new agricultural products and processes.

The GTA program offers funding in the form of a grant or loan or both and funding is determined by a seven member Agriculture Development Council during scheduled meetings. The Council members are appointed by the Governor. Growth Through Agriculture funding requires the investment of at least a $1 in matching funds for every $1 in program grant or loan assistance received.

2025 GROWTH THROUGH AGRICULTURE AWARDS

DAJ Ventures LLC dba Missouri River Meats – Great Falls, MT. $50,000 grant “Missouri River Meats Federally Inspected Commercial Kitchen”

Montana Premium Processing Cooperative – Havre, MT. $50,000 grant “Montana Premium Processing Cooperative Cooler Expansion Project for Increased Capacity, Value Added Aging Flexibility, Redundancy, and Employee Hire Growth”

Deer Creek Meats – Glendive, MT. $18,894.50 grant “Deer Creek Meats Distribution Expansion”

Missoula Grain and Vegetable Co LLC – Stevensville, MT. $42,502 grant “Expanding the Scale of Sales & Distribution of Montana-grown Vegetables, Fruits, & Other Whole Foods Through an Online Store and Winter CSA Program”

Flocking Good Farms – Big Sandy, MT. $25,000 grant “Strengthening Montana’s Food System: Expanding Poultry Operations and Rural Access”

Everyday Foods – Red Lodge, MT. $18,500 grant “Wholesale Bakery/Retail Expansion in Red Lodge: connecting local food infrastructure to consumers, scaling artisanal sourdough baking production and increasing desirable local jobs”

Coyote Smile Farm LLC – Charlo, MT. $15,500 grant “Coyote Smile Farm Garlic Cleaning Efficiency Improvement Project”

The Rancher’s Daughter Montana LLC – Kalispell, MT. $42,500 grant “The Rancher’s Daughter Farm to Table Retail Store Expansion”

Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes – Pablo, MT. $50,000 grant “Expanding Zero-Waste Solutions for CSKT Meat Processing Facility and the Flathead Reservation”

Value Add Montana LLC – Bozeman, MT. $18,500 grant “Equipment, refrigeration and promotion of local tallow rendering business”

Fundamental Feed Montana LLC – Kasson, MN. $50,000 grant “Sainfoin: revitalizing Montana’s rural economy with the forage of the future.”

Cherrywood Orchard – Bigfork, MT. $15,604 grant “Cherrywood Value Added Processing and Equipment Investment”

North Frontier Farms Inc – Shonkin, MT. $33,500 grant “Color sorter for high-antioxidant black/purple corn seed and food production”

North of Nowhere Farm LLC – Opheim, MT. $15,125 grant “Expanding Value-Added Production in Northeast Montana - Beef Jerky for School Backpack Programs”

Tongue River Vineyard & Winery LLC – Miles City, MT. $13,201.62 grant “Canning a ‘Totally Montanan’ Wine” Beaverhead Meats – Dillon, MT. $50,000 grant “Beaverhead Meats Expansion Plan Proposal”

Bainville Meats – Bainville, MT. $17,500 grant “State Certification Expansion”

Sun Ag Power Corp – Bozeman, MT. $20,325 grant “Increasing MT Farmer Viability Through Solar Development” Farmer Meets Foodie LLC – Havre, MT. $23,400.51 grant “Farmer Meets Foodie Expansion Project”

Growth Through Agriculture grant awardees

CONTINUED FROM PAGE B10

Conservation Grains LLC – Choteau, MT. $5,792.50 grant “Grain--Moving & Storing to Achieve 5 YR Growth Plan” Ten Mile Distilling LLC dba Gulch Distillers – Helena, MT. $25,000 grant “Gulch Distillers Factory Expansion and Tasting Room Relocation”

Valhalla Meadery – Bozeman, MT. $20,375 grant “Valhalla Meadery Business Expansion” Treasure State Sires LLC – Havre, MT. $50,000 grant and $100,000 loan “Purchase of equipment and supplies for boar stud barn”

Amaltheia Organic Dairy LLC – Belgrade, MT. $94,140 loan “Increasing Regional Access to Montana Goat Milk” Hay Montana LLC – Toston, MT. $50,000 loan “Hay MT Manufacturing & Export”

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Natalie Kerfoot from Sunburst had a great session on, “Healing Happens” at Montana’s Next Generation Conference in Shelby and noted the many risk factors for mental health challenges in Montana agriculture.

Photo by Kari Lewis.

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Montana State veterinary student receives selective AVMA scholarship

By Reagan Cotton, MSU News Service

Thanks to a scholarship from the American Veterinary Medical Association, Montana State veterinary student McKenna Quirk is one step closer to her goal of serving rural communities.

Quirk, who grew up in Wyoming and later moved to Missoula, graduated from MSU with a degree in microbiology in 2024. She began her studies in the WIMU Regional Program in Veterinary Medicine last fall and received the American Veterinary Medical Foundation’s $2,000 Rex Anderson Memorial Scholarship, which supports student travel to the organization’s annual Veterinary Leadership Conference that Quirk attended in Chicago in January.

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“Rex Anderson was a veterinarian here in Montana, and he was very involved with the AVMA, particularly in their governing body, as a representative from the state of Montana,” said Quirk. “I got the chance to meet many of his colleagues and fellow delegates, and every time he came up, they’d say, ‘Rex would be so proud of you, proud that his legacy is bringing vet students to the AVMA and showing them what organized veterinary medicine leadership looks like.’ It meant so much to me.”

At the conference, Quirk attended professional development sessions on topics like communication and empathy, as well as meetings where AVMA members discussed the most recent veterinary research and current issues.

It wasn’t Quirk’s first experience attending a professional conference; last year, she was one of 17 MSU students to attend the National Conference on Undergraduate Research, one of the country’s premier gatherings of students conducting high-level research at universities across the nation. There, she presented work she had done alongside Dr. Diane Bimczok of the College of Agriculture’s Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology studying Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae, or M. ovi., a bacterial infection in sheep that can cause damaging losses for producers. It can also be transmitted to bighorn sheep, where it can lead to lethal pneumonia. The Bimczok lab is investigating the disease itself as well as treatment and prevention options to help sheep farmers increase productivity and herd health while protecting Montana’s bighorn sheep.

For her research in the Bimczok lab, Quirk was awarded a summer research fellowship from the Washington State University College of Veterinary Medicine. The two will continue research on the development and evaluation of a new vaccine for M. ovi.

“I have greatly enjoyed working with McKenna on her undergraduate research and more recently as a WIMU student,” said Bimczok. “McKenna is an excellent student and a talented experimentalist who has a contagious enthusiasm for veterinary medicine and research. I am excited to work with her on our new M. ovi vaccine project this summer.”

After this year, Quirk and the rest of her 15-student cohort will complete the next three years of their veterinary studies at Washington State University in Pullman. The WIMU program – named for the four states it serves, Washington, Idaho, Montana and Utah – allows students to begin their studies in their home states before coalescing into a larger class group for their later coursework. Quirk said knowing that she and her classmates will move as a group of friends and colleagues to Pullman is one

of the highlights of the unique regional program.

“It’s been so wonderful, and one of the big reasons why I suggest it to people is the community that it offers,” she said. “We do everything together. The professors know us all by name, and they’ll check in if it doesn’t seem like you understand something. They’ll come up and talk to you and take a minute to check in and see if there’s anything they can do help you. That made the transition from undergrad to veterinary school much easier for me.”

Quirk has witnessed firsthand the importance of rural veterinarians in both Wyoming and Montana. She has shadowed veterinarians at Skyline Veterinary Hospital and Intermountain Veterinary Hospital in Belgrade, calling the experiences instrumental to her success.

“Growing up in Wyoming, our veterinarian was a cornerstone of the community. I’ve also seen that working at Intermountain and Skyline,” she said. “The veterinarians are working so closely with local producers and people in the community to make sure that their animals, both large and small, are healthy, which is key to the welfare of the community. That overall community welfare aspect of a rural practice is something that I am really passionate about. I want to go to a community and provide that service and support.”

She noted that mentors at MSU have helped her through both her undergraduate studies and now her veterinary coursework. Bimczok, who oversaw her undergraduate research, is a WIMU faculty member, and Dr. Garrett Ryerson, one of the program’s anatomy instructors, created unique opportunities for Quirk’s honors thesis during her senior year.

When Quirk served as a teaching assistant for Ryerson’s undergraduate domestic animal anatomy class, he suggested she research how students best mastered a course known for its complexity and extensive memorization. Quirk tracked student quiz scores and compared them to the study methods they’d used. Ryerson, she said, helped to tailor her TA role so she could get the most value from it, and he allowed her to hone her own teaching skills.

Ryerson said Quirk has been a singularly driven, passionate and invested student throughout her time at MSU.

“McKenna has consistently demonstrated an exceptional level of dedication, curiosity and leadership through her time at MSU,” he said. “Her ability to connect with peers, faculty and mentors speaks to her passion for veterinary medicine and her commitment to lifelong learning. Whether in research, coursework or mentorship roles, she has approached these opportunities with enthusiasm and a desire to make a meaningful impact. It has been a pleasure to watch her grow in the profession, and I have no doubt she will continue to excel as she moves forward in her veterinary career.”

As she prepares to leave MSU for the final three years of veterinary school, Quirk said she feels well prepared by both her research experience and the community support she’s found in Bozeman. Her WIMU cohort brings together students of various ages and from numerous career paths, all drawn by a desire to serve animals and the people who care for them.

It is a tight-knit group that she said has forged lasting bonds.

“Everyone says your first year of vet

Pasture considerations when leasing ground

By Shannon Sand, UNL

When leasing pastureland, here are some crucial factors to think about prior to signing a leasing agreement.

1. Animal Care & Natural Disasters – Clarify who is responsible for animals, especially during emergencies like fires, hail, or drought. The lease should outline disaster response plans to avoid confusion and ensure quick action.

2. Fencing – Define responsibilities for fence maintenance, including who covers material costs, labor, and any spending limits. Landowners typically provide fences in good condition at the lease’s start.

3. Water Supply – Determine who manages water supply and what happens if the well runs dry, particularly during drought conditions.

Additional Considerations: Address topics such as:

• Eastern red cedar control

• Noxious weed management

• Fertilizer use

• Grazing practices

• Catch pen and corral upkeep

• Seeding or reseeding

• Erosion control

Clearly defining responsibilities upfront helps prevent disputes. Generally, tenants provide labor while landlords supply materials. For additional information about this topic you can go to cap.unl.edu.

Montana State veterinary student receives

school is like drinking out of a fire hose, but our small class size and getting to work not only with my peers, but so closely with the faculty, has made it a really great learning experience,” she said.

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Gardener:

Give salvia a try

NDSU Extension - Grand Forks County

Every year, I plant something different in my containers in the front of my house, trying to find that perfect plant. Maybe it’s because I don’t keep notes and can’t remember what I planted, but we won’t get into that.

I want something that can handle some shade and lots of wind, and feed the pollinators. Last year, I tried an annual blue salvia. The plants needed a few extra care steps, but the care did not outweigh the bumble bee traffic on the plants. As a result, I am getting prepared to start my own salvia seeds for this growing season.

Salvia is in the mint family. There are different species of salvia from annual to perennial and native to non-native. Depending on the species, flower colors can range from blue, purple, pink and red to yellow and white. The species I am growing in my containers is Salvia farinacea. It is considered an annual in our area. Common cultivars are Victoria Blue or Blue Bedder.

The individual flowers of a salvia plant are arranged on eight to 10-inch spikes that rise above the gray-green leaves. The individual flowers on the spikes open at different intervals, resulting in flowers that bloom for weeks.

The flower spikes do not need frequent removal, also called dead-heading, to maintain blooms. However, the removal of old spikes does help promote the growth of new flowers. Plants can also be cut back in the middle of the summer to encourage new growth for the fall.

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Salvia can tolerate hot and dry conditions and prefer full sun. They make a great flower for mass plantings in garden beds. If you want to plant salvia in containers, be aware of the mature size of the plant and ensure you have a large enough container to support the plant.

The containers I used last summer were a little bit too small. As a result, I had to water thoroughly every day, or I would come home to wilted plants in the heat of the summer.

Side note: watering containers thoroughly means filling the top of the container with water, repeating until water runs out the bottom of the container and repeating the process a couple more times until the growing media is saturated with water. Just sprinkling the surface with water will not provide enough water for plants to grow. Use your hand to monitor the potting media. There is enough water if the soil feels moist a couple of inches down.

Don’t forget the bees. Salvias will attract many different species of pollinators. The containers on my step were bumble bee magnets. I enjoyed sitting and watching them work as they harvested nectar and pollen. What flowers are you starting this year? Happy gardening.

Aluminum

The Earth’s crust contains more aluminum than any other metallic element, yet it was not discovered or extracted until the mid-1820s – when it was so expensive to extract that it was actually considered a precious metal. Then, in 1886, two different inventors – Charles Hall, an American and Paul Heroult, a Frenchman – discovered a process by which aluminum could be extracted much more cheaply using electricity. The Hall-Heroult process reduced the price of aluminum to less than 1% of its previous cost. But it wasn’t until World War I, when German designer Hugo Junkers started building airplanes out of metal instead of the traditional wood and fabric, that aluminum came into its own. Today the world uses more aluminum than any other metal except iron and steel.

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$8000 - 0 miles

2012 Harley-Davidson®

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$7500 - 21,196 miles

2004 Harley-Davidson®

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$5999 - 22,799 miles

2007 Harley-Davidson®

XL1200C - BLACK

$5500 - 7372 miles

2010 Harley-Davidson®

XL1200C - RED/BLACK

$6500 - 29,163 miles

2021 Harley-Davidson®

XL1200X - BURGANDY

$9500 - 19,438 miles

2020 Harley-Davidson®

XL883N - GRAY

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2022 Harley-Davidson® XL883N

$8000 - 7778 miles 2022 Benelli® RED

$4500 - 0 miles

15K & UNDER

2015 Harley-Davidson® FLHTKL - BLUE

$12,500 - 44,822 miles

2015 Harley-Davidson® FLHXS - BLACK

$14,000 - 31,788 miles

2020 Harley-Davidson® FLSL - BLACK

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2017 Harley-Davidson® FLSS - BLACK

$10,500 - 16,917 miles

2015

$11,500 - 20,811 miles

$11,500 - 13,862 miles

$10,500 - 15,186 miles

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Did you know that wearing hats with taxidermized birds was fashionable during the Victorian era?

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In the Medieval Era people would share bath water.Bathhouses used firewood to heat water for patrons.Water was scarce, so after a guest finished their bath, the next one jumped in without a water change.

ARC-CO vs. PLC deadline

By Nebraska Extension Jessica Groskopf, Brad Lubben, and Anastasia Meyer

The deadline for election and enrollment in USDA Farm Bill commodity programs is April 15, 2025. Farmers can choose Agricultural Risk Coverage at the Individual level (ARC-IC), Agricultural Risk Coverage at the County level (ARC-CO), or Price Loss Coverage (PLC). Payments for all programs are determined on “base acres,” which reflect the historic acreage of a specific crop on a farm.

ARC-IC is less popular amongst farmers due to its 65% base acre payment and increased reporting requirements. Many farmers, therefore, choose between PLC and ARC-CO, both of which make payments on 85% of base acres.

PLC is a price protection program that triggers payments when the Marketing Year Average (MYA) price falls below the Effective Reference Price. In contrast, ARC-CO is a revenue protection program based on the National Marketing Year Average (MYA) price and county yield.

The MYA is the weighted average of the national price throughout the marketing year. The marketing year for fallharvested crops generally starts in September and ends in August while wheat starts in June and ends in May. Waiting for the marketing year to conclude in order to calculate payments is why the payments, if any, come “a year late.” Let’s compare PLC and ARC-CO for irrigated corn in Scotts Bluff County.

Price Loss Coverage

The Effective Reference Price for PLC corn is $4.26 per bu. If the MYA price is below this level, PLC payments will be made. PLC payments will be the difference between the Effective Reference Price and the MYA price multiplied by the individual farm’s program yield, with no payment limit per acre. Therefore, the lower the price, the larger the payment per base acre. Producers should also know that if they have purchased Supplemental Coverage Option (SCO) insurance, the base acres associated with the corresponding crops covered by SCO should be enrolled in the PLC program since they cannot be enrolled in the ARC-CO program.

Agricultural Risk Coverage

ARC-CO’s payment trigger is more complex, as it depends on both the MYA price and county yield. This is a three-step process.

First, we must calculate the benchmark revenue for the county, by multiplying the 5-Year Olympic Average County Yield (171.51 for Scotts Bluff) by the National 5-Year Olympic Average MYA Price for corn of $5.03 per bu., resulting in a Benchmark Revenue for Scotts Bluff County of $863.70.

Next, we must calculate the maximum per acre payment for the county by multiplying the Benchmark Revenue ($863.70) by 10%, setting the max payment in Scotts Bluff County at $86.70.

Finally, we must calculate the Guaranteed Revenue, by Multiplying the Benchmark Revenue ($863.70) by 86%, which is $742.78 for Scotts Bluff County.

If the MYA price multiplied by the county yield falls below the guaranteed revenue ($742.78 for Scotts Bluff County), payments will be triggered. But remember, ARC-CO has a payment limit per base acre and in 2025/26 for irrigated corn in Scotts Bluff County it is $86.70.

When will ARC-CO payments trigger? For irrigated crops, significant drops in county yield are less likely than for nonirrigated crops. Taking this into consideration, I will assume an average county yield to illustrate an example. To calculate the price at which ARC-CO begins to provide support, by divide the Guaranteed Revenue ($742.78 per acre) by the benchmark yield (171.71 bu. per acre), which equals $4.33 per bu. Now let’s look at the consequences of the $86.37 per acre payment limit. With benchmark county yields, ARC-CO payments reach their peak at a price of $3.82 per bushel. In other words, ARC-CO protects prices between $3.82 and $4.33 per bu. assuming benchmark county yields.

PLC vs. ARC-CO

Choosing between ARC-CO and PLC depends on the specific circumstances of your farm, including base acres, crop type, and yield history.

For irrigated corn in Scotts Bluff County, ARC-CO offers a narrower price protection range, providing coverage between $3.82 and $4.33 per bushel when assuming benchmark county yields, with a cap on payments. Meanwhile, PLC provides broader price protection by triggering payments whenever prices fall below $4.26 per bu., with no payment limit per acre. Ultimately, the decision comes down to whether you are more concerned with protecting against shallow revenue declines from price or yield losses or securing deeper price coverage. As the April 15, 2025 deadline approaches, carefully evaluate your farm’s situation to determine which program offers the best financial security for your operation.

Blonde D’Aquitaine

By Christina Pichlet, cowcaretaker.com

Blonde d’Aquitaine arrived in Canada, from France, in the early 70’s at the end of the importation era of continental cattle from Europe. At the time of the first imports, the Blonde breed in France was one of the smaller breeds in number. Blondes are now the third largest beef breed in France. Blondes, a large, high performance breed, excelling in lean meat yield, have been bred with calving ease in mind. Their fine-boned bodies have been bred to be longer and leaner at birth to facilitate easier calving. While well know in countries around the world for their well-muscled, high-yielding carcasses, the Blonde calf does not start to show the heavier muscled hind quarter, until it is four to six weeks of age.

Voluntary breeder participation in Performance tracking provides EPDs for birth, weaning and yearling weights, milk, a number of carcass traits (using ultrasound technology) and scrotal measurement.

Fullblood polled Blonde genetics have contributed to the Herd book in Canada and are marketed worldwide via semen, embryos and by live animals into the United States. All registered fullblood Blondes in Canada are parentage verified by DNA.

Crossbreeding with Blondes adds muscle, length and thickness in the calves, produces more beef, less fat, less bone and supplies a high-yielding carcass. Crossbred Blonde carcasses have a high Commercial Index Superiority, high meat density, heavier meat to the carcass, leaner meat (3.7% less fat at the 11th rib): heavier muscling (5.9% more muscle on the 11th rib): less bone (2.2% less on the 11th rib): and excellent lean to fat ratio. Blondes cross extremely well with dairy breeds, increasing muscling immensely.

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Fewer than 50 pilgrims survived their first winter in America.

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Tanzania has a postage stamp featuring Michael Jackson.

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The length of a cat’s outstretched whiskers is usually the same the width of his body, enabling him to measure whether a hole or opening is wide enough for him to enter. When a cat gains too much weight, though, his whiskers stay the same size. So a fat cat may misjudge the size of his body and get stuck in a hole or cat door.

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Growth promotant technologies impact

By Christina Bakker, Assistant Professor and SDSU Extension Meat Science Specialist.

Additional Authors Warren Rusche

The United States produced 17.6% of the world’s beef using only 6.1% of the world’s cattle in 2021 (FAO). Additionally, the amount of beef produced per head increased by over 67% from 1961 to 2019 (USDA NASS). While characteristics, such as genetics and nutrition, have played large roles in these increased efficiencies, the utilization of growth promotant technologies has also made large contributions to the increase in pounds of lean tissue produced per carcass. As the name suggests, growth promotant technologies are tools that livestock producers can use to help their livestock grow in a more cost-effective and efficient manner. A study conducted in 2008 estimated that eliminating the technologies of parasite control, implants, sub-therapeutic antibiotics, ionophores, and beta-agonists would increase per-head production costs by $360 over an animal’s lifetime and the cost of finished livestock would need to increase by 36% (Lawrence and Ibarburu, 2008). In addition to the economic benefits of using technology, there are also improvements in the efficient use of resources. According to a report commissioned by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (abbreviated as FAO), twice as much animal protein will be needed to feed the global population by 2050 as was produced in 2011 (McLeod, 2011). The world population is becoming increasingly more urban, and the arable land for producing livestock feeds is limited. This means that livestock production must produce more food per animal while using fewer land and crop resources. A study published in 2012 found that natural production systems (those that do not use growth promotant technologies) required 77.5% more cattle to produce the same amount of beef as conventional production systems that utilize growth promotant technologies (Capper, 2012). More animals mean more land and feed is also needed. Therefore, the importance of these growth promotant technologies in the toolbox of cattle producers cannot be understated. But what are the common technologies and how do they work?

Understanding Common Growth Promotant Technologies

Antibiotics

The first class of growth promotant technologies to be addressed is antimicrobials, which encompass antibiotics and ionophores. Antibiotics are no longer available solely for the purpose of growth promotion; however, animals that are healthy and feel well will ultimately eat more and gain faster compared to sick animals. There is a benefit to judicious utilization of therapeutic antibiotics. However, there are some antibiotics that can be used on a sub-therapeutic level to improve animal health. Specifically, some feedlots opt to use tylosin phosphate to reduce the incidence of liver abscesses. It is important to note that feedlots need to work with veterinarians to use tylosin phosphate according to the Veterinary Feed Directive rule, and many producers are looking for an alternative solution to liver abscesses. Currently, one condemned liver costs the beef industry around $23, although that is not the only cost. Livers with abscesses also tend to be adhered to the body wall of the carcass and need to be cut away, reducing carcass weight and ultimate value of the carcass.

Ionophores

Another antimicrobial class used in the beef industry are ionophores. Ionophores are commercially available antimicrobials classified as nontherapeutic antibiotics. They work through a process called competitive inhibition and alter the proportions of ruminal bacteria from lactic acid and acetic acid producing bacteria to propionic acid producing bacteria, ultimately improving digestive efficiency. By increasing digestive efficiency, animals can convert feed to body mass more effectively by using less feed. These tools also reduce the risk of death loss from digestive upset (bloat) and aid in the control of coccidiosis.

Implants

Implants are small pellets that can be inserted into an animal’s ear that contain growth promoting hormones. Common hormones used in implants are estradiol, progesterone, zeranol, and trenbolone acetate. These hormones work within the body to promote the increase of muscle tissue and ultimately increase the hot carcass weight for implanted animals. For more information on implants and hormones in beef cattle, see the articles, Hormones in Beef: Myths vs. Facts and Questions and Misconceptions Surrounding Implants. CONTINUED ON PAGE B21

Growth promotant technologies impact

Beta-Agonists

The final growth promotant technology to be discussed in this article are beta-adrenergic receptor agonists, also referred to as beta-agonists. The commonly used beta-agonist in the United States is ractopamine hydrochloride, and it is administered to cattle through dietary integration. Betaagonists work by binding to beta receptors on muscle and fat cells and altering the metabolic processes in the cells. This alteration allows animals to shift their growth from increasing fat to increasing muscle, resulting in a higher yielding carcass. Beta-agonists are regulated for dosage, length of time they can be fed to animals prior to harvest, and withdrawal time. Lawrence and Ibarburu (2008) found that the use of beta-agonists increased average daily gain by over 14% and reduced the feed-to-gain ratio by over 12% over the period of use, solidifying beta-agonists as another means to producing more beef with fewer inputs.

In Summary

It is well documented and accepted that growth promotant technologies can increase pounds of beef produced, while reducing input costs and resource use. The following articles in this series will explore the impact of these technologies on meat quality and consumer perceptions.

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Diane and Phyllis were about to start their round when Phyllis noticed that Diane had a new set of clubs. “Nice clubs,” Phyllis said. “How do you like them?” “They’re great,” replied Diane. “Have they helped your game?” “They’ve helped a lot,” Diane gushed. “I never knew I could hit with so much power. I mean, they’ve added 20 yard to my hooks, 30 yards to my slices, and my divots are bigger than ever!”

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Instant classic: Robert Louis Stevenson wrote Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde in six days.

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ber, good condition

##### Lord, today I freaked out about my vision–that is, until you reminded me that maybe my glasses just needed cleaning. Thank you for that.

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O God, I need help with my calendar. I put out the flag for Columbus Day but it’s Valentine’s Day.

Good biosecurity reduces risk of avian influenza in poultry and dairy

By NDSU Extension

Spring migration is currently underway. Now is the time for those with poultry and dairy to ramp up biosecurity efforts, according to Miranda Meehan, North Dakota State University Extension livestock environmental stewardship specialist. North Dakota lies within a primary migration corridor for waterfowl, with millions of birds migrating through the state.

Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) is a disease carried by wild birds and affects domestic birds and mammals. Avian influenza is caused by the influenza Type A virus, commonly known as influenza A. The virus is shed in infected birds’ feces and respiratory secretions and can survive for weeks in cool, damp environments.

Positive cases of HPAI in backyard poultry, commercial poultry and dairy herds are currently occurring across the U.S.

One of the first clinical signs of HPAI in poultry is sudden, unexplained death. Most poultry cases report a decline in water and feed consumption. Decreased egg production and depression in layers may be another sign that birds are not feeling well. Purple or dry combs, quieter-than-usual behavior, frequent laying down and swelling around the eyes are other symptoms birds may experience.

The virus isn’t fatal for most dairy cattle. The first sign in dairy cattle is often a sudden drop in milk production. Other common symptoms include low appetite, fever, lethargy and thickened or discolored milk.

The best way to reduce the potential for transmission of HPAI, says Meehan, is to minimize interaction between wildlife and domestic animals. Wild birds are primary transmission vectors to your domestic poultry and dairy. However, any animal that enters the property, including pets and other animals, may track the virus or bring an infected bird onto the property.

NDSU Extension specialists — such as Mary Keena, livestock environmental management specialist — have developed tips for reducing HPAI transmission.

To reduce transmission between wildlife and domestic animals, NDSU Extension recommends the following: If possible, keep animals housed until the risk for transmission has decreased. Nonlethal methods to deter wildlife are available on the U.S. Department of Agriculture wildlife damage webpage: https://www.aphis.usda.gov/wildlifeservices/about/nonlethal.

Reduce the attractiveness for wildlife to stop at your place by cleaning up litter and spilled feed around your domestic animal housing.

If you come in contact with or handle wildlife, change into clean clothes, wash your hands and disinfect your footwear before contact with domestic animals.

Report sick or deceased wildlife to the North Dakota Game and Fish Department at https://gf.nd.gov/wildlife/diseases/ mortality-report.

If you need to handle or dispose of carcasses to reduce potential interactions, follow the appropriate procedures outlined on the NDSU Extension website: ndsu.ag/ndsuhpai. The best defense against HPAI is having a biosecurity plan in place.

“As a dairy or poultry owner, it is your job to create a line of separation between your clean animals and the potential unclean issues that wildlife or visitors may bring,” says Keena.

To reduce transmission between domestic animals, NDSU Extension recommends the following:

Keep your distance. Restrict access to your property and your animals. Allow contact from people who care for your birds but minimize visitors.

Minimize interactions. Do not allow poultry and livestock to share water sources, feedstuffs or living environments with each other or wildlife.

Keep a clean environment. Wear clean clothes, scrub your shoes with disinfectant and wash your hands thoroughly before and after caring for your poultry or livestock. Clean and disinfect tools and equipment that come into contact with your poultry or livestock or their feces.

Do not haul disease home. Clean and disinfect car and truck tires if you have been near other poultry or bird owners, such as at feed stores. New birds should be kept separate from your flock for at least 30 days.

Do not borrow disease from your neighbor. Do not share CONTINUED ON PAGE B23

Good biosecurity reduces risk of avian influenza in

poultry and dairy

lawn and garden equipment, tools or bird supplies with your neighbor or other flock owners.

More information about biosecurity can be found on the USDA’s Defend the Flock webpage: www.aphis.usda.gov/ aphis/ourfocus/animalhealth/animal-disease-information/ avian/defend-the-flock-program.

Products from dairy cattle and poultry testing positive for HPAI are prohibited by law from entering the marketplace. Poultry and poultry products are safe to eat, and proper handling and cooking is always advised. Pasteurization of dairy products has been documented to kill the virus. Raw dairy products should not be produced from milk produced from animals exhibiting avian influenza symptoms.

In 2025, there have been no positive HPAI cases in domestic poultry or birds in North Dakota. Early detection is important to prevent the spread of disease. Monitor animals closely and report sick animals to your local veterinarian. If you do not have a local veterinarian, contact the North Dakota State Veterinarian’s office at 701-328-2655.

Clara Peller

Peller was a 74-year-old manicurist when a television crew member plucked her out of her salon and asked her to appear as an extra in a commercial – as a manicurist. Eight years later, the commercial’s producer remembered Peller when he was casting a series of ads for Wendy’s hamburgers. He located her – now 82 and retired from her nail salon – and gave her a role as a grumpy old lady with a catchphrase: “Where’s the beef?” Peller’s one-line performance was a hit. In the final three years of her life she worked in commercials and movies, and even made an appearance on Saturday Night Live

The deadline for advertising in the May 2025 issue of the Trader's Dispatch will be April 30th. Phone (406) 271-5533. or email: advertising @tradersdispatch.com

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Brangus Cattle

Written by Christina Pichler, cowcaretake.com

Brangus cattle are a cross between two popular beef cattle breeds: Brahman cattle and Angus cattle. While each breed is excellent on their own, the combination results in a superior beef cattle breed.

This is a near-perfect combination for any farming operation.

The Brangus breed was developed in the 1930s and 1940s in the United States by crossing Angus cattle with Brahman cattle. Both the USDA and private breeders worked on the development of the breed.

Crossbreeding between these two breeds was performed to marry the hardiness of Brahman genetics with the superior carcass qualities of Angus beef in order to produce a new and improved beef cattle breed.

The resulting cross was wildly successful, and Brangus cattle were eventually standardized for optimal performance resulting in 5/8 Angus and 3/8 Brahman blood.

The American Brangus Breeders Association was founded in 1949 and was later renamed the International Brangus Breeders Association as Brangus cattle began to be exported to many countries around the world including Canada, Mexico, Argentina, and Australia.

Brangus cattle do the best in hot and humid climate conditions as offered by the American southwest including Texas, Louisiana, and Oklahoma which boast the highest numbers of Brangus cattle.

Two types of Brangus cattle exist, Black Brangus and Red Brangus. The Red Brangus is undoubtedly the more popular of the two for sub-tropical and tropical climates, and the International Red Brangus Breeder’s Association was created as a regional branch of the IBBA.

The Red Brangus has an easier time dealing with extreme sun as their red hide reflects sunlight, allowing for foraging while Black Brangus and other types of cattle may seek out tanks or shade.

Both Red Brangus and Black Brangus cattle have similar performance in terms of carcass yield and quality. Black Brangus cattle are often preferred in northern and cooler climates.

Brangus Cattle Breed Characteristics

The official breed name is Brangus. Scientific name is Bos taurus. The breed originated in the U.S.

Brangus are solid red or solid black body with skin folds on the neck and belly. The are naturally polled with droopy ears, dark skin pigmentation and a sleek coat. Brangus bulls have a distinctive hump.

Calves weigh 70 to 75 lbs. A mature cow weighs around 1100 to 1200 lbs. A mature bull weights 1800 to 2000 lbs.

Brangus are ready to breed at 14 to 15 months. They have a gestation period of 283 days.

Brangus cattle are best slaughtered at 14

to 18 months with a carcass weight of 400 lbs. The have a lifespan of 15 years with 12 to 14 years of productive lifespan.

Brangus are known for hardiness and disease resistance. They have good meat marbling and superior carcasses.

Brangus have excellent fertility and are easy calving producing high-quality milk for calves.

Weaknesses of the Brangus breed is a tendency to jump fences and the mothers are aggressive in protecting calves. They are exceptional performers in hot and humid climates but have the adaptability to cold climates and can grow a coat to keep warm.

What Is So Special About Brangus Cattle?

Brangus cattle are profitable beef cattle offering tender meat that has less excess fat and is usually premium grade.

Up to 85% of Brangus cuts are USDA choice. The size of carcass obtained from Brangus cattle makes it desirable for packers, and consumers want Yield Grade 2, which Brangus cattle offer consistently.

Brangus calves are consistently sold at auction for top prices in national markets and are known for their hybrid vigor while Brangus cows produce excellent milk for their calves, which are weaned at higher weights than most other breeds.

Unlike Angus cows, Brangus cows gain weight in the warmer months and outperform Angus beef in the Warner-Bratzler Shear Force Test, achieving 97% tender rating against 94%.

The excellence of Brangus cows and their superior mothering abilities, milk production, high fertility and calving ease all lead to healthy calves and an ever-growing herd. Why Should I Raise Brangus Cattle On My Farm?

Brangus cows are highly fertile and excellent milkers, are excellent foragers and will easily put on weight eating grain or grass.

Brangus cows have outstanding maternal instincts passed from Brahman cows. They also have inherited the hardiness and disease resistance of Brahman cattle.

Excellent temperament is standard in this breed of cattle.

Calves have a higher weaning weight than many other breeds increasing their survivability.

Pigmentation of their skin and coat protect them from sun damage and cancer.

Commercial cattlemen will appreciate the Brangus female as she can produce marketable steers and replacement heifers readily.

Brangus cow herds have uniformity in size at maturity for market.

Great for small farms as Brangus can thrive without specialized conditions and can do well on pasture.

Evaluating alfalfa stands – stand counts

By Ben Beckman, UNL

Were you expecting more from last year’s alfalfa yields? Did your plants get enough time to winterize in the fall? Do you have concerns about stand winter kill? Evaluating your alfalfa stand in the spring is key to planning management and setting expectations for this year.

As stands begin greening up, alfalfa stand assessment can be completed using a hay square as a quick and easy way to look at the overall stand health. While we call it a hay square, square or circle shapes work equally well. A 17 x 17 inch square or 19 inch in diameter circle are the size needed. Next, determine what to count. There are two options when evaluating your stand: 1) by the number of plants per square foot (typically recommended for new stands, planted last fall) and 2) by the number of stems for established stands. Stem count will more accurately predict yield compared to plant number. However, either method will provide information for making management decisions.

Randomly select 4 to 5 areas in your field to sample. Then count the plants or stems that would be harvested, typically anything over 6 inches, to determine your count. Then divide those numbers by 2 to get stems or plants per square foot. For established stands, having 4 to 5 healthy plants per square foot or 55 stems per square foot would warrant a productive and healthy stand. Fields with stem counts below 55 see a significant decrease in dry matter production. For stands planted last fall, you will see more plants per square foot compared to stems. Remember, a good rule of thumb is, for every pound of seed planted, expect 3 to 5 plants. New plantings that contain fewer than 12 plants per square foot may need to be reseeded.

Seeds and transplanting tips

When planting seeds indoors, it is important to use a sterile medium. Garden soil can be used but it should be sterilized. Since this is a tedious procedure, it is probably better to use a commercially available mix.

Air Drill

LOOKING FOR

Braunvieh Cattle

Written by Christina Pichler, cowcaretaker.com

Braunvieh cattle originate from cattle that date back to medieval times and are a hardy breed found in over 60 countries today, providing incredible milk and meat yields. Some confusion exists between Braunvieh and Brown Swiss cows, but the two breeds are one and the same.

They are known as an excellent beef breed by the beef industry but are likewise a dual-purpose breed known for milk production and high weaning weight of calves.

283 days

Best time to slaughter is 13 months with a carcass weight of 595 to 628 lbs.

The expected lifespan of a Braunvieh is 15 to 20 years with a productive lifespan of 7+ years.

Braunvieh are known for a docile temperament and ease of handling. They have excellent milking qualities and distinctive meat quality and volume. They are typically used in crossbreeding programs.

Braunvieh cattle are originally from Switzerland and may be one of the oldest purebred cattle breeds in the world, with archeological evidence suggesting that they may date back to the Bronze Age.

The first known written records of Braunvieh cattle stem from Einsiedeln Monastery books, with evidence that Benedictine monks began breeding Braunvieh around 1000 years ago but the first herd book dates to 1775.

Further monastic records show the first known exportation of Braunvieh cattle occurred in the 14th century when they were exported to a mountainous region in Austria.

Braunvieh cattle were shown in expositions in Paris and London in 1855 and 1862 and gained international interest. The exportation of Swiss Braunvieh cattle to several different European countries and North America occurred following these events.

The herds brought to the United States were used only for milk production, and bred exclusively for milking qualities which led to the creation of a separate breed, given the name American Brown Swiss.

Interestingly, these American Brown Swiss were introduced back to the purebred Braunvieh in large numbers in the 1960s and according to the Braunvieh Association of America, the Braunvieh of today has 3/4ths of their genetics coming from the American Brown Swiss.

Fortunately, the pure Braunvieh still exists, albeit in limited numbers and is registered as Original Braunvieh or Original Schweizer Braunvieh.

There are now over 7 million head worldwide, with official breeders associations in 42 countries who remain committed to the continued upward trajectory of this all-star breed of cattle.

Braunvieh cattle breed characteristics

The official breed name is Braunvieh, or Schweizer Braunvieh. Scientific name is Bos taurus

The body color comes in various shades of grey-brown and are known for the light colored ring around their nose. They have medium size horns that curl outwards. They have excellent conformation with a stout body and long, strong legs.

Calves weigh 65 to 120 lbs.

A mature cow usually weighs 1100 to 1500 lbs and is about 4.4 feet in height.

A mature bull will weigh 1800 to 2500 lbs. and is 4.9 feet tall.

Braunvieh are ready to breed at 13 to 15 months and have a gestation period of

Braunvieh weaknesses include that they are hard to source in some countries and can be expensive due to extensive marketing campaigns.

They have a high adaptability to different climates and temperature fluctuations.

What Is So Special About Braunvieh Cattle?

1. Milk Production

Braunvieh cows, like other brown cattle, are known for top-tier milk production and place second in the world for amount produced per year.

Adult females produce an average of 22,000 lbs of milk during a 305-day production period at 4% fat compared to FriesianHolstein cows who have an output of 25,000 lbs at 3.4% fat.

Heifers and cows are fully capable of nursing their young from their well-placed teats and sound udder conformation, and still having consistently high milking output.

2. Meat Production

Excellent meat performance is one of the hallmarks of the Braunvieh breed.

These beef cattle have excellent marbling and high weaning weight of calves. The meat places well in tests of tenderness and texture, aroma, fat consistency and maintains high protein, minerals, and vitamins.

The optimal slaughter time for steers is 13 months when they have a body weight of around 1300 pounds.

They are known for putting up top-quality carcasses that stand up to the competition at expeditions and consistently receive awards for performance.

Why Should I Raise Braunvieh Cattle On My Farm?

Full-blood Braunvieh bulls can be used as sires for crossbreeding farms, improving conception rates by 7%. They are great for suckler cow farms as Braunvieh cows have excellent mothering ability. The cows can calve without assistance.

Braunvieh cows when used in crossbreeding programs improve weaning weights by 5% to 11% over other Continental cross breeds. They can thrive in all types of topography from Alpine mountainous terrain, to tropical plains. They have been used as draught animals and are suitable as working animals for their strength and feet. They have consistent feedlot and pasture feed efficiency converting feed to meat. They are known for good health and longevity which minimizes loss and their darker skin pigmentation means fewer eye problems.

Populating Prairie Pollinator Gardens

By Laurie Zitterkopf, Nebraska Extension Master Gardener

Less weeds, more WOW. For healthy plant communities, try the four-tiered system from planting in a post wild world (rainer and west). Tier 1 - Anchor plants 10-15 percent, tall, well-behaved, long-lived plants. Tier 2 - Seasonal Stars 2540 percent mid-height plants with flowers or textures that shine. Tier 3 - Placeholders 5-10 percent Short-lived plants that reseed to fill gaps. Tier 4 - Groundhuggers 50 percent low, spreading plants that cover the ground at 60 plants for 100 square feet.

In a Prairie Pollinator Garden a solid framework is important. Anchor plants 10-15 percent of your plants are large, long-loved plants that have distinct forms: Wild Indigo, Gayfeather, Leadplant, or Rose Milkweed, just to name a few. If using Gayfeather, a good ratio is six Gayfeather plants to every 50 plants. Find a favorite to design your garden around. This is the plant to catch your eye as you walk by.

In a Prairie Pollinator Garden our senses are heightened. Seasonal stars are 25-40 percent, 15 plants for every 50 plants and two species. They are mid-height plants with a medium lifespan. Our seasonal stars have a showy attribute or two. One looking scruffy at a certain time of year can hide behind another in its peak season, so use plants with different periods of interest. Seasonal stars should be free to spread and move. This is key for garden longevity.

In a Prairie Pollinator Garden gaps need to be filled. Placeholders 5-10 percent, four plants to every 50 plants. Placeholders are temporary-there when you need them, gone when you don’t, which makes annual, biennial, and short-lived plants good candidates for this tier. Placeholders behave like weeds would, and help cover bare spots to give other plants time to establish. These don’t do well with competition, so when longer-lived plants settle in, these placeholders move out.

In a Prairie Pollinator Garden a living mulch is needed. Groundhuggers 50 percent, 25 of 50 plants. Groundhuggers are low-growing plants that live underneath the canopy of taller plants in the other tiers. They need to be shade, and stress-tolerant. Their job is to cover the ground. Many spreading plants perform well, but non-spreading plants work too. While there might be few species of plants used in other tiers, here you can mix it up because they are mostly out of view.

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Women in the Victorian era would nibble on chalk wafers laced with arsenic to keep themselves looking as fresh out of the coffin as possible.While highly toxic and addictive, it did at least turn the consumer’s skin a lovely shade of white.

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Garden gnomes are already pretty weird, especially when people have extensive collections of them. If you lived during Victorian times and were affluent enough (and a little bit insane), you would keep an old man as a sort of pet. These hermits were often forbidden from grooming themselves and would live in the nooks and crannies of wealthy Victorians’ gardens. In most cases, they weren’t even allowed to speak!

1-Vermeer R2300 rake, used.....CALL Highline 650 used processor.$19,600 2-ProAg bale unrollers

Euro pallet fork ........................

1- Set skid steer pallet forks $1280 Beltec post hole auger with down pressure, several bits ..................... $2950

NEW & USED EQUIPMENT

Vermeer 605N, In-Monitor Moisture Sensor, Auto Greaser, pickup clutch, 540 or 1000 PTO NEW Vermeer R2300 & R2800 rakes .......................NEW

Vermeer TM1410 mower 21-ft cut width NEW

Vermeer 604R Signature 450 bales. $48,000

4-Vermeer 605N new drive rollers, maintenance lights, field ready. $35,000

2-Vermeer 605SM completely rebuilt. ..............$20,000

John Deere 705 rake, new teeth. $7500 H&S 12-wheel rake. $6000

&PartsAvailable

April is National Brunch Month

BRIDON OVERSTOCK SALE

MAX 440/4000 – $100 off per pallet

VARSITY 64x7000 – $150 off per pallet

MAX 210/6500 – $300 off per pallet

MAX 64x9700 – $350 off per pallet

Hustler LX105 Unrolla skid steer mounts. $12,000 2014 Highline CFR650 with feed chopper. $24,000 See

More hay in a day.

The secret to good bales starts with box-shaped windrows. That’s what the Vermeer R2300 twin rake is designed to produce. Built to last, the R2300 allows you to adjust the width of the windorws to match your baler. Control the width, basket lift and folding/unfolding systems right from the cab of your tractor.

Better bales start with the windrow.

Get great-looking bales quickly and easily. It all startrs witht he Vermeer R2800 twin rake., which produces box-shaped windrows. Built to last, the R2800 allows you to adjust the width of thr windrows to match your baler. Control the width, basket lift and folding/unfolding systems right from the cab of your tractor.

Breakfast has long been considered one of the most important ways for a person to start their day right. But when it’s the weekend and friends or family members want to meet but don’t feel like getting up early, an excellent option can be on the table – brunch!

National Brunch Month is here to celebrate and show appreciation for this delightful meal that is made up of delicious foods, but happens just a bit later in the day than a typical breakfast might.

History of National Brunch Month

Originating in England in the late 19th century, this unique meal called “brunch” seems to have started out as an opportunity for those who socialized late into the night on Saturday to have a later breakfast on Sunday.

The term brunch – a combination of breakfast and lunch – is rumored to have first been used in 1895 in an article by a London publication called Hunter’s Weekly.

Brunch grew in popularity over the next couple of decades, making its way to the United States in the 1920s.

Often accompanied by alcoholic beverages such as champagne cocktails, brunch can consist of a variety of breakfast-style dishes that are eaten from the late morning to the early afternoon.

National Brunch Month was first celebrated in 2021 as an initiative put forth by Ebb & Flow restaurants, which are based in Texas.

How to Celebrate National Brunch Month

Eat Brunch Out

As this event was founded by a restaurant chain, perhaps one way to start celebrating is by booking a table at a favorite brunch place. Choose one that offers special deals for brunch, including unique dishes as well as mimosas or champagne cocktails!.

Host Brunch at Home

Whether choosing to cook a delicious meal for sleepyhead family members or inviting a group of friends over, this is a great time to explore some new recipes or enjoy some classics. Set the table with the best china and silverware to make it fancy, or serve the kids french toast paper plates for an easy Sunday Brunch clean-up option!

Try New Recipes National Brunch Month

National Brunch Month offers 30 full days – and four full weekends – of opportunity for eating a late-morning (or early afternoon) meal of uniquely flavored breakfast foods. And it’s an ideal way to explore some creative ways for cooking and baking. Check out some of these new takes on brunch favorites to get started with:

• Chocolate Croissant Bread Pudding

• Skilled Poache Huevos Rancheros

• Salmon and Sweet Potato Frittata

• Sweet Potato Buttermilk Pancakes

MFU Foundation grants deadline

The May 1 deadline is fast approaching to apply for more than $30,000 in community grants through Montana Farmers Union Foundation.

Applications remain open for the grants, which support projects which align with the MFU Foundation’s Mission to create new opportunities and contribute to the growth and enhancement of Montana agriculture and rural communities. Projects must include an educational component for youth and/or adults, with priority given to rural communities.

The Foundation has awarded and leveraged more than $60,000 for projects in rural communities since launching the program in 2022.

Montana Farmers Union is a grassroots organization, and the Foundation’s grant program dovetails with MFU’s principles of cooperation and education to buoy rural communities. Previous recipients have ranged from plasma cutters and beef models for high school classes to greenhouses and community gardens to children’s books about agriculture. Submission deadline is May 1, and the grants are open to anyone from Montana. The application form remains simple to not deter submissions and to be responsive to community needs.

The application is available at https://montanafarmersunion.com/education/scholarships-grants/.

Senator Russ and Judy Tempel kindly hosted Glacier county 4-Hers Miles Geer, Colt Laverdure, Alec Morrisett, and Sammie McCauley along with leader, Hapi Seewald, for the 4-H Legislative breakfast in January. Alec said, “Glacier County 4-Hers had an excellent time at the Legislative breakfast, we learned about 4-H and to talk with our legislators.” Photo courtesy of Hapi Seewald.

Alfalfa weevil prep

By Samantha Daniel, UNL

Spring has officially sprung and now is a good time to start thinking about the insects that will be emerging and subsequently feeding on alfalfa, particularly alfalfa weevil.

Alfalfa Weevils are beetles that overwinter primarily as adults and emerge as temperatures warm and begin to lay eggs. Plant injury from feeding damage initially appears as pinholes in the terminal leaves, with leaves becoming skeletonized as feeding severity increases.

Alfalfa Weevil was responsible for significant damage to some fields in 2024, particularly in central and eastern Nebraska. Producers should begin scouting for this insect in early April or when spring growth begins. To scout, randomly select 5 sites across the field and collect 10 stems at each site, cutting the stems at ground level. Beat the stems into a deep sided white bucket and count the number of larvae to determine the average number per stem. Larvae are around 8mm long with a black head, wrinkled green body, and white stripe running lengthwise along the top. A threshold table that includes alfalfa as short as 4 inches can be found on the Iowa State Extension website.

While there are several insecticides labeled for alfalfa weevil management, in Nebraska there have been reports of some products not performing as well as expected and resistant alfalfa weevil populations have been recently reported in several western states. Therefore, if you believe you have an infestation above threshold, contact your county Extension Office for further guidance.

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Peanut Butter was officially introduced to the world at the 1904 World’s Fair in St. Louis, Missouri, USA where a businessman named George Bayle started selling it. But it still took some time to gain popularity.

The deadline for advertising for the May 2025 issue of the

Dispatch will be April 30th.

EQUIPMENT FOR SALE

1997 Valmar fertilizer spreader, 36-ft. stainless boom.

1997 Hi-Tech fertilizer elevator, 20” x 30-ft, belt.

1999 R-D 3-point rotary rock grinder, carbide teeth.

1991 John Deere 4200 4-bottom roll over moldboard plow.

1978 Hough H65 loader, 3-yard bucket plus forks.

1985 International 6200 grain drill, 14-ft. double disc.

1995 Spray Air field sprayer, 3-point, 90-ft. boom.

1972 Krause 15-ft. disc, 18” blades.

1983 Jeoffroy 36-ft. chisel plow.

1986 Howard 10-ft. rotovator.

1989 Vicon 10-ft. pull type rotary swather.

1990 Rouse 40-ft. dump rake.

1992 Farmhand manure spreader.

1995 service trailer with Miller 225 welder.

32 aluminum mainline, 10” x 30-ft. with 4” risers.

20 aluminum mainline, 10” x 40-ft. with 4 risers.

14 aluminum mainline, 8” x 40-ft. with 4 risers.

2001 John Deere 1750 STS combine.

2007 John Deere 936D header, 36-ft.

1984 Gleaner N6 grain combine, 24-ft. header.

1986 International 1482 grain combine, 16-ft. header, 12ft. pickup belt.

1984 Versatile 22-ft. grain swather, reversible belts. Phone cell (406) 490-3795, Anaconda, Montana

4 cylinder turbo diesel, new tires, NEEDS NEW CRANKSHAFT, automatic transmission, a/c, power steering, clean, great to fix or for parts....$1900

Improving wheat yield estimation: Modern methods for farmers

By Amanda Easterly - Research Associate Professor, Cody Creech - Dryland Cropping Systems Specialist, Katherine Frels - Assistant Professor, Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, Maria Sciencia-Wakefield - Soybean Seed Agronomist, Syngenta

Introduction

Estimating wheat yield during the growing season is crucial for farmers to make informed decisions on inputs, harvest expectations and marketing strategies. A NebGuide updated last in 2007 highlights some traditional methods, but recent research led by former graduate student Maria Sciencia-Wakefield, along with Drs. Amanda Easterly and Cody Creech, suggests that new technology-driven methods like the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Fractional Green Canopy Cover (FGCC) provide more accurate and efficient alternatives for yield estimation.

Traditional vs. Modern Methods

Historically, farmers have relied on direct physical measurements, such as counting wheat stands and spikes to evaluate earlyor mid-season crop productivity. While spike count showed some correlation with yield (0.54) in this dataset, stand count did not prove to be a reliable predictor. These traditional approaches are labor-intensive and less adaptable to modern high-yielding wheat varieties. Newer methods utilize image-based and spectral reflectance techniques to estimate yield more accurately. NDVI, which measures plant health through light reflectance, and FGCC, which analyzes the green canopy cover, have shown strong correlations with final wheat yield. FGCC was found to be the most reliable predictor at multiple growth stages in this recent research, which is published in the Agronomy Journal.

Methods and Details

An experiment conducted across six locations in Nebraska over three years tested multiple yield estimation methods. The locations included Banner, Box Butte, Cheyenne, and Intensively Managed at Cheyenne, Deuel and Kimball counties. These sites represented a range of soil types,

tillage practices and environmental conditions common to winter wheat farming in the region.

Table 1. Description of growth stages and data collection.

Feekes

Scale Description Data Collected

2 Fall growth, early tillering FGCC

4 TilleringStand count, FGCC

5 Stem elongation FGCC, NDVI

7 Booting FGCC, NDVI

10 Heading FGCC, NDVI

11.3 Late grain fill Tiller count

Seven winter wheat varieties were evaluated in the experiment: Goodstreak, Pronghorn, Robidoux, Ruth, Scout 66, Settler CL, and Wesley. These varieties were chosen to encompass a range of genetic traits, including high-yield potential, drought tolerance and adaptability to different management practices and were included in all sites and years of the trials.

Tiller and spike counts were conducted at Feekes 4 (Table 1) and Feekes 11.3 stages, respectively. FGCC and NDVI were collected at several more timings to identify which stages may be most useful for yield estimation. No FGCC or NDVI data was collected at the same time as grain fill because the crop was no longer in active photosynthesis.

Key Findings from Research

The results showed that: NDVI at Feekes 10 (near heading stage) had a correlation of 0.39 with final yield. FGCC at Feekes 2, 4 and 10 had correlations of 0.56, 0.50 and 0.68, respectively, making it a more reliable method with added flexibility of multiple timings. Traditional stand counts showed no significant correlation with yield, while spike

International Astronomy Day

International Astronomy Day is always observed on April 28th

Grab your telescope, look for a dark place and pray for no clouds. This holiday was established to promote astronomy to the general public. Astronomy clubs and groups use this day and night to help teach people about the stars, and other celestial bodies in the universe. These groups take advantage of this day to offer people a view of the stars through a telescope, if possible.

There is also an Astronomy Week. It begins the Monday before Astronomy Day.

How to Celebrate International Astronomy Day

Hopefully, you had a good night’s sleep last night, as you’re going to be up late searching the sky for all that you can see. And, make sure to find a place for viewing that is away from artificial lights that would dim your view of the sky.

First and foremost, look to the heavens. View the nighttime sky, preferably with a telescope or a pair of binoculars. The moon is always the first thing we see. Under magnification, you can see a lot of the lunar landscape. Then, turn to the plants. How many of these heavenly orbs can you see? Is the telescope big enough to see the rings of Saturn?

Also, you can attend an astronomy lecture or class during the day.

History and Origin of International Astronomy Day

Astronomy Day was created in 1973. It was started by Doug Berger, president of the Astronomical Association of Northern California. His reason for creating this day is to promote greater education and understanding of the wonders of the universe.

U.S. Earth Day

Date When Celebrated: U.S. Earth Day is always observed on April 22nd

U.S. Senator Gaylord Nelson, the “Father of Earth Day”, initiated and promoted eco-friendly environmental actions and activities beginning in 1962. He convinced then President John F. Kennedy to tour the nation in support of environmental concerns. This initial effort did not spark national concern at a political level to effect change.

But Senator Nelson continued his pursuit of increased environmental concern and action. He proposed a National Earth Day in 1970. It was to be the first nationwide environmental protest “to shake up the political establishment and force this issue onto the national agenda”. On April 22, 1970, the timing was right and the first Earth Day protest received astounding support.

On that first Earth Day, an estimated 20 million Americans took to the street in support of the environment and in protest of harmful environmental practices. Never mind that “protests” were in vogue at the time. This effort produced a lasting impact on the environment and brought about greater awareness that our planet had limited resources and that our ecosystem was self-contained and finite. The things we are putting in the air, water, and earth were impacting us.

Did you know? The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) was formed as a direct result of the first Earth Day in 1970.

Improving wheat yield estimation:

CONTINUED FROM PAGE B30 count was somewhat useful but still inconsistent in modern varieties.

FGCC data can be collected easily using a free mobile app called ‘Canopeo,’ allowing farmers to measure canopy cover with a smartphone. This app was developed by researchers at Oklahoma State University.

NDVI requires specialized equipment like the GreenSeeker (Trimble) handheld sensor, which can also be mounted on field equipment for larger-scale data collection.

Practical Applications for Farmers

The adoption of FGCC and NDVI methods can help farmers in several ways:

Better Resource Allocation: Knowing estimated yield early in the season allows for better planning of fertilizer and water usage. Improved Market Decisions: Accurate yield predictions help in marketing strategies and planning.

Reduced Labor Effort: These modern methods require less manual labor compared to traditional counting techniques outlined in the original NebGuide.

Conclusions and Future Work

For wheat farmers, NDVI and FGCC data correlates with final yield and can allow for some better resource management. FGCC, in particular, has shown great promise due to its ease of use and strong correlation with final yield. Implementing these advanced techniques can enhance decision-making, improve productivity and contribute to more sustainable wheat farming practices.

Ongoing research and analysis is expanding this work to develop growth stage-specific formulas and update the NebGuide using the full datasets of the crop testing variety trials during this time period.

C&B had some of their larger pieces of equipment along with the smaller pieces on display at the MATE in Billings, Montana in mid-February.

Seeds and transplanting tips

Transplant larger nursery stock the same way you would seedlings. Control invasive plants, such as tansy, mint, or bamboo by planting them in their pots to contain their runners. Just cut the bottom out of the pot before planting. Do not fertilize transplants for several weeks. Instead, water thoroughly, using a splash of B vitamins to help overcome transplant shock. Water regularly until plants show new growth, indicating they’re rooting and surviving well.

National Banana Day

Date Celebrated: April 16th

•

if painted bright color

• Traps are sold unpainted, paint them your favorite color

• Traps are currently $22 each Canadian

• Call for postage rates

• Check us out at www.leestrapworks.com Call 306-778-2083 evenings for more information or to order

2024 HAY FOR SALE

* 2024 Haybet Barley net wrapped, big round bales, low nitrates, high protein

1st cutting Alfalfa with a little grass

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TRUCKS FOR SALE

1972 International 4300 12-yard dump truck.

1981 Freightliner with Cat 450 hp, 5th wheel, good tires.

1978 International Transtar II 400 Cummins Big Cam II.

1982 40-ft. utility flatbed 5th wheel trailer.

1987 Farmbed 42-ft. trailer, roll tarp.

1984 Mack RL700L V8, 5th wheel.

1974 IHC 1600 truck, 16-ft. grain box with hoist.

1976 GMC 6000 truck, 16-ft. grain box with hoist.

1974 Ford 750 truck, 16-ft. grain box with hoist.

1978 International 1700 truck, 5 yard dump.

1967 Ford 600 truck, 16-ft. bulk box, 20” belt.

1978 Chevrolet C60 line truck, 5000 lb. crane, 40-ft. boom.

1959 Chevrolet C60 truck, 16-ft. bulk box, 24” belt.

1978 GMC C70 tandem, 20-ft. grain box with hoist.

1982 Chevrolet tandem, 20-ft. bulk box, self unload.

1974 Chevrolet C65 tandem, 20-ft. bulk box, self unload.

1954 GM military 21/2-ton truck with 5th wheel, 302.

GM military 21/2-ton truck with 1200x20 tires.

of truck

Here are some bits of trivia to get started with:

• A banana is technically not a fruit, it’s really a berry! This has to do with the fact that the seeds are located inside the flesh rather than on the outside.

• Because they contain so much of the isotope Potassium-40, bananas are technically radioactive. The good news is that they can’t harm a person unless they are eating around 700 or more bananas per day for their entire lifetime.

• Bananas cannot be grown simply from a seed, which means they are technically “sterile”. Instead, in order to propagate bananas, a piece from another banana plant has to be split and then grown, sort of like cloning.

• The growth of popularity of bananas can be partially attributed to Jules Verne, the American author who wrote about the fruit in his book Around the World in 80 Days, which brought them to the forefront of many people’s minds.

History of National Banana Day

While bananas are believed to have originated in Southeast Asia, mainly in India. They made their way west by Arab conquerors in 327 BC, and eventually bananas ended up in Europe. By the 1870s, bananas made their way to the Caribbean with missionaries, where the bananas were originally used for micro crops (which means growing one crop that helps another crop to grow). Eventually, though, bananas became a lucrative crop in their own right.

The popularity of bananas in the West grew throughout the late 1800s and early 1900s. As they became more affordable and less exotic, bananas were added to special dishes like the banana split, or used in baking recipes like banana bread.

Regarding the origins of National Banana Day, it is known that every year students at many prestigious American universities use National Banana Day as a way of celebrating this humble fruit as a lunchbox standard. On this day, they eat and share weird and wonderful banana concoctions (banana punch, anyone?), they dress as bananas and they generally go a bit…well…nuts. And bananas too, of course.

To note the historical significance of the first flight to the Moon, the Apollo 11 crew brought a piece of wood from the Wright brothers’ 1903 airplane.

2024 wheat midge sampling forecasts low risk for 2025

“Soil samples collected in North Dakota wheat fields indicate the lowest populations of overwintering wheat midge larvae (cocoons), since the inception of the survey in 1995,” says Janet Knodel, North Dakota State University Extension entomologist. “For the fifth year in a row, low populations of wheat midge were present, potentially reducing farmer’s inputs for wheat midge management.”

But, Knodel cautions, “Wheat midge can still increase in pockets where timely spring rains occur in 2025. So, it is always good insurance to scout wheat fields during the susceptible crop stages of heading through mid-flowering.”

NDSU Extension agents collected a total of 1,920 soil core samples (10 cores per field) from 192 fields in 21 counties from August to October 2024. The distribution of wheat midge is based on unparasitized cocoons found in the soil samples. Historically, wheat midge has caused significant loss in yield and quality in spring wheat and durum wheat in the northern tier of North Dakota counties.

For 2024, wheat midge was positive at only three field sites (2% of the sites sampled) in three counties including Towner in the northeast, Pierce in the north-central region, and Ward in the northwest. These sites had low levels of wheat midge cocoons (1-200 cocoons per square meter), which does not result in yield loss in spring wheat the following year. No soil samples had moderate or high cocoon densities of wheat midge (201 to over 800 midge larvae per square meter).

“The majority of the soil samples had zero wheat midge cocoons for the past five years (98% in 2024, 90% in 2023, 97.5% in 2023, 95% in 2022 and 86% in 2021),” says Knodel. “We believe that the populations of wheat midge are low due to the lengthy drought in North Dakota. Drought also caused wheat midge emergence to be more irregular and out of sync with susceptible crop stages for infestation, resulting in low populations. Dry conditions will delay when wheat midge larvae drop out to the soil for overwintering in late summer. Larvae will remain in the wheat head and are often harvested with the grain, ending up in the grain truck or bin. Dry soil conditions also increase wheat midge mortality by making it difficult for the larvae to dig into the compacted soil for overwintering and by exposing them to predators on the soil surface.”

“With the very low populations of wheat midge for the fifth year in a row, scouting for wheat midge will be most important in continuous wheat fields. Wheat midge emergence and survival will be favored if North Dakota wheat growing areas receive over 1 inch of spring rains in May,” advises Knodel. “Wheat midge cocoons also can remain dormant for several years and adults then emerge in future years when soil moisture is adequate. However, if more favorable environmental conditions, especially spring rains, return to North Dakota, it could favor the development of overwintering larvae in the soil during spring and adult emergence from late June to mid-July.” These factors can cause rapid increases in the numbers of emerging adult wheat midge.”

Knodel says, “IPM scouts and insect trappers also monitored for wheat midge using sex pheromone trapping during the field season. Trap monitoring is more sensitive to low densities of wheat midge in fields and alerts farmers to potential economic infestations. Pheromone traps are used as an “early warning” system to trigger field scouting if the crop is in the susceptible stage. If more than 10 midges per trap are observed then field scouting should be initiated to determine if a field is at an economic threshold for wheat midge. In short, trapping serves to document the distribution of the wheat midge and its parasitoids, as well as guiding scouting efforts and IPM practices.”

A total of 20 pheromone traps were monitored in 18 counties in North Dakota in 2024. The past three years show a general decline in the total number of adult midges captured on traps: 2,287 adults in 2024, 8,446 adults in 2023, and 22,952 adults in 2022. The highest wheat midge counts were concentrated in the northwest and northeast counties of North Dakota.

Knodel points out that the beneficial parasitoid wasp that attacks and kills wheat midge is dependent on its host for its survival. So, it also continues to decline to low levels along with the wheat midge decline. No field sites had parasitic wasps in the 2024 midge soil samples. Past parasitism rates were low only 5% in 2023, and 0% in 2022 and 2021. Higher parasitism rate were observed in 2020 (15%), 36% in 2019 and 9% in 2018. However, the pheromone trapping found wasps at 35% of the 2024 trap sites, 37% of the trap sites

Fall dormancy in alfalfa

By Ben Beckman, UNL

The time for spring planting alfalfa is just around the corner and two traits often confused, are fall dormancy and winter survival. Let’s look at fall dormancy today.

Fall dormancy is a measure of an alfalfa plant’s ability to regrow in the fall after harvest and spring following winter. It is scored on a scale ranging from 1 to 11 with 1 being most dormant and 11 the least. Higher dormancy means a harvested plant will focus its resources in the fall on building reserves to survive the winter and less on new growth. This tendency toward slower regrowth manifests throughout the year, with less dormant varieties typically recovering faster in the spring and producing overall higher yields. Another role dormancy plays is keeping plants from starting growth during the random warm-ups in the fall and winter months. Plants that break bud during these periods are subject to winterkill.

Finally, fall dormancy can impact the harvest timetable. Lower dormancy rated alfalfa plants will regrow slower after harvest as well. This translates into more time to remove forage from the field before “windrow disease” and field traffic become a concern.

In the past, fall dormancy traits were linked with winter survival. With new varieties, this isn’t always the case, so fall dormancy needs to be evaluated on its own.

Variety selection depends upon your management, production goals, and ability for a stand to make it through winter without sacrificing additional yield. If you have regular issues with stand winterkill, a lower rated variety with improved dormancy is our best bet. In Nebraska, we recommend dormancy ratings 1 through 5.

2024 wheat midge sampling forecasts low risk for 2025

CONTINUED FROM PAGE C2 in 2023 and 50% of the trap sites in 2022. Dissecting wheat midge cocoons and trap monitoring for parasitoids help identify parasitoid distribution and overall success against wheat midge in North Dakota.

In summary, both soil cocoon sampling and trapping results show that wheat midge populations have declined significantly over the past years. However, pheromone trapping indicates that wheat midge is still widespread throughout the wheatgrowing areas of the state. As expected, the presence of parasitoid wasps also has declined recently.

NDSU Extension county agents collected the soil samples and larval cocoons were extracted at the NDSU Extension Entomology laboratory. The North Dakota Wheat Commission supports the wheat midge larval soil survey and pheromone trapping.

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Always ride your horse in the direction that it is going.

– Carry Goossens

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Always cross the river before reviling the crocodile’s mother. – Bill Tilman

#####

When yu’ can’t have what you choose, yu’ just choose what you have.

#####

Knock, knock. Who’s there?

Cargo.

Cargo who?

Car go, “Toot toot, vroom, vroom!”

####

What’s blue and not very heavy?

Light blue.

PRECISION POWERS PROFITS

Improved accuracy is a straight line to greater yields. PTx Trimble technology enables high-performance precision agriculture, no matter the season, crop, terrain or vehicle. Whether you’re tilling, planting, spraying or harvesting, choose the level of precision you need, from centimetre to sub-meter accuracy.

KEY HIGHLIGHTS:

Higher Accuracy means less overlap and skips

Less nudging or shifting

More uptime from more satellites

Reduced interference from solar storms and northern lights

Contact your local Frontier Precision Ag Representative for more information.

TRUCK FOR SALE

DAWN Dashboard: A decision support tool for the Corn Belt

By Guillermo Balboa - Nutrient Management and Digital Agriculture, Christopher Neale - Director of Research, Water for Food Global Institute

As digital agriculture continues to evolve, decision-support tools are becoming essential for farm management. In this latest digital ag series article, we explore an innovative, cost-free online toolkit designed to help Corn Belt farmers make informed water and nutrient management decisions by providing seasonal forecasts, crop progress tracking, and customizable insights to enhance farm efficiency and sustainability.

This is the fifth article of CropWatch’s digital agriculture series (DA), “How Digital is Agriculture in Nebraska?”

Our Nebraska Digital Ag Survey indi-

cated that digital dashboards have been adopted by three out of 10 farmers. Digital dashboards are considered decision support tools that can guide farmers in the decision-making process in their operations with the goal of increasing efficiency, productivity and sustainability of their farms. Data-driven decisions are a key goal for digital agriculture. In this article, we are highlighting the Dashboard for Agricultural Water and Nutrient Management (DAWN), developed by a team of universities as part of a USDA NIFA grant.

CONTINUED

Grass and alfalfa mixtures

By Jerry Volesky, UNL

Inter-seeding cool-season perennial grasses into older alfalfa stands has been a good option to increase the productivity of that field. If planning a new alfalfa seeding this year, using a grass and alfalfa mixture can also have some advantages.

If you regularly feed more than 5 or 6 pounds of alfalfa per day to stock cows during winter, they probably are getting way more than enough protein but maybe not enough TDN or energy. Mixing grass with alfalfa usually lowers the protein but slightly increases the TDN content of hay. So, your cows actually could receive a more balanced diet. Also, if you sometimes graze your hay fields, grass will reduce the risk of bloat.

In the field, grass can grow in areas where alfalfa is not well-adapted or fill in spots as alfalfa dies out. This is better than having weeds invade bare areas. Grass-alfalfa mixtures often dry out more rapidly after cutting than pure alfalfa so you might get more hay made without rain damage. And if it does rain, grass sheds rain well so the mixture usually suffers less injury, both in the windrow and in the bale.

Yield-wise, protein yield may be less with the mix, but total tonnage usually is about the same or higher than pure stands. Most of the grass yield will come at first cut, so regrowth will be mostly alfalfa. Selling a mixture can be more difficult, though, because dairies prefer pure alfalfa and grass is more difficult to grind.

Orchardgrass is a top choice for seeding with alfalfa, but other grasses like smooth brome, meadow brome, festulolium, or wheatgrasses will work as well. The seeding rate of the grasses will vary depending on the species that is used and what proportion of grass and alfalfa is desired.

Seeds and transplanting tips

Once you’ve added potting soil to your pots, firm the mixture down to ½” (1.2 cm) from the top to the container using a flat piece of wood or the base of another pot. The medium should be kept moist, but not wet or soggy. Water from the base, allowing the medium to soak up the water like a sponge.

CONSTRUCTION

2022 Bobcat E42 Mini Excavator, 403 engine hours. stk# 29370. $69,900 (G)

2022 Bobcat E35 Mini Excavator, 33 hp, 414 engine hours. stk# 29371. $59,900 (G)

2022 Bobcat E35 Mini Excavator, 25 hp, 403 engine hours. stk# 29373. $55,900 (G)

2024 Case CX37 Mini Excavator, New trade-in! Excellent condition, 200 hours. stk# 32270. $54,900 (G)

2017 Bobcat MT85 stand on loader with Bobcat Interface, 1652 hours, Diamond tread turf tracks, new wide tracks & 44” bucket, Kubota D902-EF01 engine. stk# 32149.$18,000 (G)

TRACTORS

BALE

$26,900 (G)

2024 Kubota LX3310HSD tractor, 32 hp, hydrostatic transmission, 74 hours, with warranty stk# 32065.

2007 John Deere 9520 tractor, new tires, 4 remotes, buddy seat, Trimble GPS, hydraulic steering, 6219 engine hours. stk# 31467. $163,400 (L)

Steiger PT225 tractor. stk# 20554.$25,000 (G)

2010 Bobcat 325 excavator, open station, thumb on boom, good tracks, 3470 engine hours. stk#32024

$19,500 (G)

2022 Bobcat T740 Compact Track Loader, 448 engine hours, Power Bobtach, 7 pin, dual direction bucket positioning, ride control, reverse fan. stk# 29376. $69,900 (G)

2023 Case TV370B Compact Track Loader, New trade-in! 2 speed, HVAC, Joystick, 5-year extended warranty. Excellent condition, 570 hours. stk# 32264. $57,900 (G)

2023 Bobcat S740 Skidsteer, cab, HVAC, high flow, selectable joystick, 144 engine hours. stk# 29380. $60,500 (G)

1994 Bobcat 773 Skidsteer. stk# 31453. $14,900 (G)

2021 Bobcat 5600 Toolcat, Brand-new engine with 0 hours and warranty! Deluxe cab & high flow. stk# 32095. $69,000 (G)

SWATHERS

2020 New Holland 260 swather, 411 engine hours, full GPS, DLX cab, suspended axle/ cab, single caster, LED lights, DLX mirrors, 419 header. stk# 25673. $189,000 (L)

2021 New Holland 260 swather, 371 engine hours, GPS complete, high speed, 600# weight, 419 header attached. stk# 27182.

$179,000 (L)

2017 MacDon M1240 swather with 16-ft. R85 header, No GPS, draper ready, cap & rear axle suspension, LED lights, Bluetooth radio, steel conditioner, shear protection. Excellent condition. 749 engine hours. stk# 21654

$144,900 (G)

2022 Vermeer TM1410 swing tongue with floats, 2 remotes, electric, hydraulic kits, 1000 PTO. stk# 29072. $59,900 (G)

2017 New Holland LM7.42 Elite telehandler, reverse fan, rear hyd couple, ext. tool box, continuous flow aux hyd, Bluetooth & aux radio, bucket/grapple, engine hours 3621. stk# 22833

$95,000 (L)

Quick Attach Sledge Pounder skidsteer mount. stk# 29228

$2900 (G)

2018 JCB 48” pallet fork. stk# 31522.$850 (G)

2011 Bobcat 80 dozer blade. stk# 31340. $5965 (G)

Quick Attach 68” angle blade. stk# 32129. (G)

Bobcat 68” angle broom. Good bristles. stk# 32128. (G)

2019 Bobcat 8B wood chipper, lightly used, skidsteer attachment, two side attachment, hydraulic drive. stk# 31613 (G)

High Volume 66” bucket, skid steer attachment. stk# 29035. $650 (G)

2018 Bobcat 68” bucket. Includes blot on cutting edge. stk# 23986. $1245 (G)

2014 Bobcat drop hammer. stk# 17553. $5900 (G)

SPRAYERS

Let us show you what we can do for your bottom line with this NH 310 sprayer fully equipped with a nearly new $230,000 Weed-It system! Spray weeds, not dirt.

2019 New Holland SP310F sprayer, 1200 gallon, Weed-It System, Mono Boom, 120-ft., 5-way nozzles, auto rinse, ISO, Full GPS, 2960 hours. stk# 24818. $479,900 (G)

2005 New Holland SF115 sprayer, 110-ft., 1500 gallon tank. stk# 28655. $12,000 (G)

RAKES

2022 NEW New Holland 1631 rake, 16 wheel high capacity, single side opening, 60”, rear tandems, rear hydraulic opening. stk# 28671. Payments as low as $5530/oac (G)

2022 New Holland 230 7 bar, hydraulic rake. stk# 28667. $49,900 (L)

2009 New Holland HT154 12 wheel rake, needs 2 new tires. stk# 31739. $9500 (G)

2013 Vermeer R2300 hydraulic 23-ft. rake. stk# 25560. $19,000 (L)

2008 Vermeer 2300 hydraulic basket rake. stk# 31803. $19,000 (L)

2006 Vermeer R2300 rake. stk# 8029. $12,900 (G)

Hesston 12 wheel rake. stk# 30919.$13,000 (L)

2006 New Holland TS130A tractor with loader/ grapple, Semi powershift, cab, 3 remotes, rear wheel weight, 540/1000 PTO, 4529 engine hours. stk# 31403. $79,900 (L)

1988 Case 2096 tractor, DuAl 310 loader, 130 hp., 3 rear remotes, 10,871 engine hours. stk# 31858. $31,250 (L)

Case 2090 tractor. stk# 15702. Call

2022 Bobcat CT2025 HST tractor, 56 engine hours. stk# 29350. $24,000 (L)

ROUND BALERS

2018 New Holland RB560 laced belts, ISO monitor, net only, hydraulic ramp, 1000 PTO with cut out clutch, bale count of 10,479. stk# 22242. $34,900 (L)

2018 New Holland RB560 ISO with monitor, endless belts, net/twine, 1000 PTO, 13,670 bales. stk# 22245. $39,000 (L)

2014 Case IH RB565 baler, ISO, laced belts, x-wide pickup, casters, roller windguard, large flotation tires, net/twine, 15,958 bales. stk# 22476. $35,900 (L)

2010 John Deere 568 baler, twine, 1000 PTO, roller windguard, large float tires, 19,886 bales. stk# 31510. $9900 (G)

2004 Hesston 956A baler, twine only. stk# 9821. $3490 (G)

2023 NEW Morris 1400 Hayhiker, 14 round bale hay wagon. stk# 30270. $55,000 (G)

2018 Manitou 96” grapple bucket. Mount for New Holland/Gehl/Manitou. stk# 22839.$5888 (L) 72” bucket. stk# 26358. $700 (G)

Howard M100 rotavator, 3-pt., 100” tiller. stk# 32199. $4000 (L)

2014 Danuser F8 3-pt. post hole digger with 12” bit. stk# 18366. $1200 (G)

2019 Danuser 200173 18” rock auger bit with 2” hex head. stk# 29016 $1800 (G)

2019 Toro 34225 stand on spreader. stk# 25200. $5000 (G)

2022 Salt Dogg SHPE0750 Sand/Salt spreader, stainless steel auger and frame. stk# 32348. $2850 (G)

TILLAGE

2018 Gates 84-ft. Magnum 5 bar harrow, 26x9/16 teeth with carbides, hyd tine adjust., excellent condition. stk# 31435.$59,900 (G)

2023 NEW Maybridge 2M26 Harrow. stk# 31173. $15,900 (G)

2023 NEW Kirchner 8-ft plow, Cat II, 3-pt. unit with 16” sweeps. stk# 30802. (L)

$4900 (G)

Hesston 856A baler, 15,050 bales. stk# 22105

SQUARE BALER

John Deere 18-in. planer, 14 pin control, carbide teeth, high flow. stk# 31623. $9900 (G)

2009 Vermeer BPX8000 processor, round only. stk# 11189. $14,900 (G)

2016 Haybuster 2665 processor, round bale only, fine cut. stk# 32154. $18,000 (L)

2023 Vermeer BPX9010 R&S processor, 1000 PTO, right hand discharge. stk# 29565. $29,900 (L)

2014 New Holland 340 big square baler, density control, tandem axle, ISO intellview, large 1000 PTO, roller chute, roller windguard, new needles & knotters, bale count of 11,402. With a free one-season warranty . stk# 30935. $89,900 (G)

Needing an irrigation or stock water project design?

Designs include pipeline hydraulics, pump recommendations, pipeline size, and pressure rating. Completed designs include a set of drawings that meet your needs. All projects are completed within approximately 30 days from the initial field visit.

All projects will meet USDA-NRCS specifications.

• Licensed Professional Engineer

• Registered Technical Service Provider for USDA-NRCS

• Life time member of the Irrigation Association

• 40 years design and field experience.

If you are looking for an independent, non-biased design based on your business needs CONTACT: Randy Pierce PE, Oxbow Engineering, LLC (406) 600-8528 or email Kinseyk1d51@gmail.com

1992 Ford L9000 Water Truck

2500 gal. tank, PTO pump, front and rear spray, hose reel, 350hp ser. 60, 9spd., Locker, PS, AB, 50% 11r24.5’s, runs and sprays great. $25,500

1996 Peterbilt 385 350hp Cat, 6spd. Allison, PTO, AC, PS, Jake, 14.6K front,40K rear on Chalmers, 17-ft. steel frame, 50% 11r24.5’s on aluminum, 429K miles. $24,500

1999 International 8100

305hp C10 Cat, 10spd., PS, AB, PTO, 18K front, 40K rears, air ride, 17-ft. double frame, 90% 22.5 tires, 345K miles, unmounted 14-ft. Galion Dump box $17,500

2000 Freightliner FL70 5 yd Dump

210hp 8.3 Cummins, 6spd, AC, AB, pintle hitch, 10-ft. dump, air gate, 70% 11r22.5’s, 30K GVW. $21,500

2004 Chevrolet C4500 6.6 Duramax, PS, AC, AT, 90% 225r19.5 tires, 81K miles, 12ft. service body, 16K GVW. Runs and drives great.$15,500

1995 International 4900

Hi-Rail Crane Truck

210hp DT466, 10spd, AC, PS, AB,7.5 ton National crane exh. brake, 60% 22.5 tires, full rail gear, aux. hydraulics $15,500

1986 Freightliner FLC112 10 yd Dump

400 Cummins, Jake, 9spd, 15’ box, plumbed for pup, 75% 11r24.5’s, roll tarp, air gate, spring suspension, steel frame, runs and works great. $22,500

2005 JLG G6-42A 4x4x4 telehandler

6600 lbs. lift cap, 42-ft. lift height, JD 4045 turbo, 5600 hours, 4WD, Crab-Steering, 4 spd, powershift transmission, 48” Forks, 60% foam flled tires, weights 20K#, runs and works great $32,500

1991 Autocar 12-yard Dump

425 hp Cat 3406B, 18 spd., Jake, lift axle, full lockers, 15.5ft. box, 60% 11R24.5’s, 700K miles, pintle hitch, air gate, runs and drives great $26,500

1997 Gradall 534C-10 Telehandler 4x4, 40’ lift height, 4BT Cummins, 7100 hrs, outriggers, 10K capacity, 60% 14.00x24 tires, runs and works great $29,500

DAWN Dashboard: A decision support tool for the Corn Belt

The DAWN Dashboard applies an innovative forecasting and risk analysis system to provide farmers and water managers across the Corn Belt with the most relevant and reliable information for farm-level decision-making. DAWN is an online toolkit for Corn Belt row crop producers that’s designed to support – and better inform –common water- and nutrient-management decisions. Driven by a state-of-the-art regional forecast system, DAWN empowers farmers to make decisions based on accurate seasonal forecasts rather than historical trends.

The University of Nebraska-Lincoln is involved in this project and contributes to the development of a new irrigation scheduling tool and with extension efforts to advocate for the use of the dashboard across Nebraska.

Why Use DAWN?

Driven by global forecast from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and Corn Belt-specific Climate-Weather Research Forecasting (DAWN-CWRF) forecast model.

Seasonal forecasts (one- to six-month outlooks) for strategic planning decisions Interactive and customizable.

All data is fully secure and confidential. Cost-free, no ads.

Available Tools

Data viewer: Gives farmers predicted ranges and associated likelihoods for aver-

age monthly temperature and precipitation outlooks.

Growing Degree Tool: Gives farmers estimates for predicted maturity dates comparing to previous years based on your location, planting dates and relative maturity values.

Crop Progress Tool: Gives farmers predicted dates for important crop growth stages based on your location, planting dates and relative maturity values.

Dry Down Calculator: Predicts when your corn will reach a target grain moisture date based on starting moisture and observed maturity date (black layer, R6). Figure 4. The crop progress tool showing key phenological stages for three planting dates and two maturity groups for Lincoln, Nebraska. Color bars show probabilities for each stage. Dotted line shows the prediction using normal (historical) weather data. Links to DAWN Dashboard and Training Materials

DAWN website: https://dawn.umd.edu/ DAWN Dashboard free registration/guest log-in: https://dawn.umd.edu/login

YouTube channel: youtube.com/@dawn. project (tutorials and training)

Email: dawn.nifa@gmail.com

If you are interested in providing feedback or participating in our focus groups regarding these and upcoming Digital Agriculture tools, please send an email to Guillermo Balboa (Subject: DAWN testing).

Figure 1. Landing page of the Dashboard for Agricultural Water and Nutrient Management Dashboard.

The “tool booth” is always a popular spot at MATE in Billings, Montana. I’m sure

can never have too many tools.

Alfalfa insects in 2025

By Samantha Daniel, UNL

As we enter the final weeks of winter and look towards the 2025 growing season, this is a great time to review your insect scouting program to ensure accurate and timely management of insect pests in your alfalfa.

The most significant alfalfa insect pests to be on the lookout for in 2025 are army cutworm and alfalfa weevil. In 2024, there were several reports of these insects causing damage to fields from across the state.

The Army Cutworm, also known as the miller moth in the adult form, is a caterpillar with a wide host range that includes alfalfa. Because these caterpillars feed at night, feeding damage or other signs of an infestation are usually noticed first. Feeding damage from this insect consists of semi-circular areas eaten from leaf edges or circular holes in leaves. A delay in green-up or higher than average bird activity can also be signs of infestation. Scouting for this insect should begin in early April.

Alfalfa Weevil was responsible for significant damage to some fields in 2024, particularly in central and eastern Nebraska. Producers, including those in the west, should begin scouting for this insect in early April or when spring growth begins. Feeding damage appears as pinholes in the terminal leaves, with leaves becoming skeletonized as feeding severity increases. Severely damaged fields may have a frosted appearance.

With some planning and a scouting program in place, alfalfa insect pest populations can be successfully managed and maintained below thresholds in 2025.

Class prank

Five teachers at a Windsor, Ontario, middle school announced in early 2013 that the eighth grade’s annual class trip would be to Disney World! They told the students in an assembly, and prepared a video and PowerPoint presentation to detail the trip. It was such a happy moment that the teachers made sure to videotape the kids’ priceless reactions They also got their reactions on tape when they informed the kids that it was all a prank – they were really going bowling. When the school principal found out, he came up with a trip that he felt was less expensive than Disney World but more exciting than bowling, and sent the kids to Niagara Falls.

Tammy Copenhaver of 406 Digital Imaging shared some great tips for securing your online presence at Montana’s Next Generation Conference back in January 2025. Photo by Kari Lewis.

Winter Tree and Shrub Pruning: Maintenance for Your Green Infrastructure

By Micah Most, UW Extension Educator, Johnson County

When thinking of winter chores, the tasks of scooping snow, keeping animals fed, and breaking ice on water tanks come to mind. But there is another less obvious task that should be completed in the late winter months: pruning trees and shrubs.

Why prune?

Trees and shrubs are part of the green infrastructure of a property, which means they provide natural services. These woody plants offer protection from both summer sun and winter wind. They contribute to the water cycle. They increase energy savings when shading residences, and according to the Arbor Day Foundation, mature trees can increase the value of a residential property.

Pruning is considered essential maintenance for trees and shrubs, setting them up for long, healthy lives while also minimizing personal and property risk. Pruning can also help create defensible spaces around homes and outbuildings to reduce impacts during wildfires.

When to prune

Pruning during the late winter months is ideal. By this time, deciduous trees and shrubs are completely dormant; they are not actively moving water and nutrients between roots and the leaf canopy as they do during spring, summer, and fall months.

A pruning cut is an open wound that is susceptible to infection, and the tree or shrub’s only mechanism to heal is to seal it off over time. During the winter, it is much less likely that disease will be introduced to a fresh pruning cut because disease vectors are less abundant. Insects that transfer fungal spores and bacterial diseases are not active during the colder months.

Another advantage to pruning in February and March is that the branching structure is clearly visible on deciduous

CONTINUED ON PAGE C12

PLOWDOWN ALFALFA Brand

MIX 25%

“Plowdown” alfalfa with your regular alfalfa seed. Expect a hearty yield increase your “new seeding” first year!

“Plowdown” is #9 fall dormancy. It is supposed to winterkill, but has often been known to overwinter for a second growing season!

You could plant “Plowdown” as a one year only crop. Great for a bean crop, for example, next growing season.

Warehouses in Caldwell, ID

John Deere 6120M MFWD, 3-pt. $54,000

John Deere 7530 MFWD, IVT. $58,000

John Deere 8200 MFWD, P/S, fresh engine. $52,000

John Deere 7800, John Deere 7600, New Holland T7030, T7060 and 8870. Check

COMING IN:

Winter Tree and Shrub Pruning: Maintenance for Your Green Infrastructure

species. This makes it easier to identify problem spots that should be addressed. Problems in evergreen species can be less noticeable, but for the disease concerns listed above, winter is still an ideal time to prune.

Pruning while a tree is young and relatively small will reduce the need for more complex management after the tree matures.

How to prune

Pruning cuts should be made at the base of each branch just outside the point of attachment. This is technically referred to as the trunk collar, a swollen structure that marks the transition from main trunk to branch. Figure 1 illustrates this anatomy.

Branches less than half an inch in diameter can be pruned with hand pruners. Branches up to an inch and a half in diameter can be pruned with bypass loppers. Branches of a diameter larger than that should be cut with a saw. If disease is suspected, tools should be sanitized with rubbing alcohol between cuts.

Larger branches should be removed using the three-cut technique to reduce the risk of stripping bark off the trunk. First, an undercut is made partway through the branch. Second, an over cut is made farther out on the branch from the undercut; this cut removes the majority of the branch, and any bark tearing will stop at the undercut. Third, the stub is removed at the trunk collar. Figure 1 demonstrates the proper placing of these pruning cuts.

Post-pruning sealers or treatments are no longer recommended. The tree or shrub will undertake its own natural process to seal off the area of pruning-induced injury.

Pruning branches out of mature trees involves risk and can be very dangerous. This kind of work is best left to professionals. Arborists certified by the International Society for Arboriculture have advanced training and can help homeowners make tree care decisions.

What to prune

Pruning is for maintenance, not recreation. Every single cut induces injury and should be purposeful and justified. There is a lot more to the task than aesthetics alone.

First, clear out dead and broken branches. Note that dead wood can be cut out at any time of the year with no risk of introducing disease. Look for branches that are sloughing their bark or have turned a gray/black color, an indicator of dead tissue. No matter the time of year, broken branches should be removed with a clean cut—this reduces the surface area of the injury and the likelihood that disease can enter.

Next on the list to prune are branches with any structural faults. Branches that are crossing or rubbing against each other create a site where disease and rot can occur. Closely evaluate crossing branches and remove the less desirable of the two at its collar.

Young trees often have multiple branches competing to become the strong, central trunk, which is called a leader. The correct structure for most species of shade trees in Wyoming is a single central leader; multiple leaders can lead to trunk splitting from wind shear or snow loads as the tree matures—not good!

Identify the most central and most upright, vertically growing branch to be the leader. Other branches that appear to be competing leaders should be “tipped back” by reducing the height by 4–6 inches on a young tree. Make this cut at an outward-facing node to encourage lateral growth.

Beyond structural issues, pruning should be conducted to maintain visibility around corners and at intersections. Ensuring sufficient clearance for people and vehicles around sidewalks, driveways and lanes should be a priority. Trees and shrubs should not touch houses or outbuildings.

Note that shrubs like lilacs that bloom in early spring set their flowers in the year prior to bloom. Pruning these species during the winter can reduce the bloom display the next spring. They are best pruned in the two weeks immediately after the last blooms fade.

Figure 1. Anatomy of the trunk collar area and threestep pruning cut placement from the Wyoming State Forestry Division’s Wyoming Tree Owner’s Manual, page 19. Illustration by Jennifer Salveson.

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Endangered species protection: Coming to a label near you

By Craig Romary - Environmental Programs Specialist, Nebraska Department of Agriculture

You’ve likely heard about national changes coming to pesticide product labels to protect federally listed threatened and endangered species (listed species) from pesticide impacts. The information below is intended to help explain what has happened, what likely will happen, and how to comply with new label language for the protection of Nebraska’s listed species. Recently registered products are provided as an example — these are the first products to have gone through the registration process and have the protections described below on the label.

Background

For decades, the EPA tried to comply with the Endangered Species Act (ESA) on a pesticide-by-pesticide, species-by-species basis. However, because this approach is very slow and costly, it resulted in litigation against the agency and uncertainty for users about the continued availability of many pesticides. At the beginning of 2021, the EPA faced almost two dozen lawsuits covering thousands of pesticide products for failure to meet ESA obligations for pesticides. Some of these lawsuits resulted in courts removing pesticides from the

market until the EPA ensured the pesticides complied with the ESA. As a result, the EPA developed new strategies to provide protections for hundreds of listed species up front as each product goes through registration or registration review. This allows the EPA to protect listed species much faster while ensuring products stay on the market for growers. Currently, these new protection strategies only target conventional herbicides, insecticides, rodenticides, and fungicides with agriculture uses. However, similar changes are expected to pesticide products used outdoors.

The ESA strategies themselves are not regulatory but rather the method for which the EPA will register active ingredients. The bulletins and pesticide label, summarized below, are regulatory documents that need to be followed to comply.

How This Will Affect You

Your product label may require a minimum level of mitigation measures (or actions) to protect “generalist” listed species most anywhere in the state. These are listed species that don’t have specific, definable locations and that rely on a variety of plants

An example farm map illustrating the required runoff/erosion and spray drift buffer zones around habitat areas, as referenced in the new pesticide label guidelines for protecting listed species. (Image courtesy Nebraska Department of Agriculture)

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Endangered species protection: Coming to a label near

or animals for survival. The measures or restrictions will be required adjacent to any habitat that is not considered “managed land” to reduce risks to listed species and the plants, insects or animals they depend on. There will be measures for reducing spray drift to these habitats and measures for reducing pesticides in runoff water adjacent to these habitats.

For spray drift, there may be minimum buffers between the application area and the protected habitat. Buffers can be reduced using certain spray equipment (ex: hooded sprayers) or with the presence of windbreaks.

For runoff, mitigation measures will need to add up to a point level specified on the label (this level will usually be less than described in the following paragraphs). The label will reference a website for the Mitigation Menu, which will help you determine what is needed. It has a step-by-step process for determining whether runoff mitigations are needed and, if so, the options available to you. There are “relief points” or credits that vary based on site conditions (soil type, slope and rainfall) and whether you participate in a qualified conservation program or follow recommendations from a technical specialist. It could be that the relief points for your target site meet or exceed the points required, such that no additional mitigation is needed. The Mitigation Menu will have descriptions of each measure, how they can be used, and the minimum standard required for each one. Many of the mitigation/conservation measures will be familiar to you, and you will get credit for measures you are already implementing that meet the standard. Keeping records of your mitigation actions will also count toward the points needed for runoff mitigation. There is a calculator to keep track of the measures and credits for each target site for this purpose.

In addition to the restrictions found on the product label, there will be a label statement requiring the user to check the Bulletins Live! Two (or BLT) map to determine if your target site is in a Pesticide Use Limitation Area (or PULA) that requires additional restrictions. You’ll need to check this map within six months prior to your application. These areas (PULAs) may require additional drift and/or runoff measures adjacent to habitats, depending on the active ingredient/ product. Not all active ingredients/products will require these additional measures, but you’ll need to check the BLT map to determine that. Instructions can be found on the BLT website. Printing or saving a copy of the bulletin is advised to document that you checked BLT, even if there are no specific restrictions for your active ingredient, location and month of application.

If your target site is not in a PULA or if there are no further restrictions for your product(s) in that area, the measures specified on the label will be all that are needed. Printing or saving the bulletin for your month of application — even if it doesn’t contain restrictions for product(s) you will be using — documents that you followed this portion of the label directions.

If your target site is wholly or partially

#####

Teacher: “Are you even paying attention, Johnny? Come, tell us at least two pronouns, right now!”

Little Johnny: “Who, me?”

Teacher: “Wow who knew, very well done.”

within an area marked on the map, you’ll need to determine if your product has additional restrictions. Select the application month and the product registration number, or simply select the target month and click your shaded target area. The printable bulletin will contain information about any additional restrictions.

The bulletin may reference the Mitigation Menu for both the drift and runoff mitigation measures. The runoff reduction measures will need to add up to a point level specified in the bulletin. This level will likely be higher than what is specified on the label — nine points will be the maximum required. The higher level (either that on the label or that in the bulletin) will be the required level to meet. However, just as described above, there are credits that can be subtracted based on your site and application situations.

Because this will be implemented on product labels over time and because the maps in BLT will change periodically, it’s important to get in the habit of checking BLT regularly — within six months prior to your planned application.

Recently, the EPA announced that it approved registrations for new active ingredients glufosinate-P and glufosinate-P ammonium. Each have label-directed mitigation for both drift and runoff, and direct users to the Mitigation Menu as well as Bulletins Live Two. The labels of these products can be found in EPA’s Pesticide Product and Label System (BASF product, and MCCLS product). Please look at these labels to see where these directions are found, and follow the links as instructed to become familiar with the process of determining what is needed at sites familiar to you.

Conclusion

This will take time and practice to learn, and you may need help from a trusted friend or advisor familiar with the process. There will be a critical need for communication, especially when the applicator is someone other than the landowner/tenant of the target site.

NDA will be working with the University of Nebraska Pesticide Safety Education Program, county extension educators and specialists, USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service offices, commodity organizations, certified crop advisors, agronomists, and pesticide registrants to get the word out about these changes. NDA will also be asking for assistance from these partners to help applicators through the steps to achieve compliance.

Enforcement of these new regulations will be carried out the same as our current program operates, which is enforcing the Nebraska Pesticide Act. When a product label requires mitigation measures and/or consultation of Bulletins Live! Two and is involved in an inspection or investigation, NDA will confirm that the additional mitigation measures are met as required at the time the applicator accessed the website, which must be within six months prior to the application.

If you have questions on this topic, please feel free to email or call Craig Romary or Libby Walsh at (402) 471-2531.

#####

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#####

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New wheat and barley varieties, new breeder

Provided by Highland Specialty Grains, Inc.

Highland Specialty Grains, Inc. of Moses Lake, Washington announces three new items marking the growth of their plant breeding program. Those items include the release of Dark Northern Spring variety ‘HSG Timberline’, Forage Barley ‘Payback’, and the hiring of a new plant breeder, Dr. Pabitra Joshi.

Highland Specialty Grains is releasing a new Dark Northern Spring Wheat ‘HSG Timberline’. ‘HSG Timberline’ is a high-yielding variety that is suitable for irrigated and highrainfall environments. It has winter hardiness which makes it suitable for planting in the fall in the Columbia Basin region of Washington and Oregon. It was one of two fall-planted DNS varieties which survived in multiple trials during the harsh winter of 2023-24. ‘HSG Timberline’ produces wheat with yield and protein content that will improve financial returns over other DNS varieties. It also has improved disease resistance. ‘HSG Timberline’ can also be planted in the spring. Seed of ‘HSG Timberline’ is available for trials in the spring and fall of 2025. Foundation seed will be available for planting in the spring of 2026.

Highland Specialty Grains, Inc., is also releasing ‘Payback’ Forage Barley. ‘Payback’ is a tall, hooded forage barley with 6-row heads. It has been tested in multiple environments including sites in Montana, Idaho, and Washington. It has been shown to produce improved forage yields over older 6-row forage varieties such as Westford and Bestford. When grown under irrigation with high fertility ‘Payback’ has the potential to produce exceptional yields of high-quality forage. ‘Payback’ seed is now available for planting.

Highland Specialty Grains, Inc., has hired Pabitra Joshi, Ph.D., for the position of Assistant Plant Breeder. Dr. Joshi completed her Ph.D. in Plant Science/Plant Breeding at the University of Idaho in December 2024. While attending the University of Idaho Dr. Joshi was named a Borlaug Scholar for academic excellence and contributions to the field of plant breeding. Dr. Joshi completed her undergraduate studies at the Agriculture and Forestry University of Nepal. She was then a secondary school agricultural instructor before starting her Ph.D. program at the University of Idaho. She is passionate about plant breeding and has a wealth of practical experience in breeding wheat and other species. Highland Specialty Grains welcomes her to her new position as Assistant Breeder.

For more information please see the Highland Specialty Grains website.

Planning summer grazing

By Jerry Volesky, UNL

While we are still just in late winter, it is never too early to start thinking about the coming spring and summer’s grazing and forage plans. Last fall and this winter has been dry leaving most parts of the state in some level of drought. While we do not know for certain how much moisture lies ahead; long-term forecasts into this spring and summer suggest the possibility of drier than normal conditions.

With the possibility of droughty conditions for the coming season, an important first step is to develop or adjust a good forage and grazing drought plan for your operation. Some components of this might include things like stocking rates, turnout dates to summer pastures, purchasing any supplemental hay or feed, securing additional pasture, fertilizer decisions on introduced grass pastures, or seeding of any annual forages.

For spring or cool-season annual forages, the recommended planting period of late March to early April will be here soon. Forages would include things like oats, spring barley, spring triticale, and field peas. With that planting date, these would provide grazing beginning in late May through early July.

For the summer annual forages, the planting period is typically late May and on into the summer months. This would include things like forage sorghum, sudangrass, sorghumsudan hybrids, pearl millet, and foxtail millet. Additionally, other species or legumes that are typical of some cover crop mixes could be part of the package as well. With a late-May or early-June planting of a summer annual, grazing should be available in July.

Planning ahead can help make your forage season run smoothly.

“In

or sadness, flowers are our constant friends.”

Kiss Your Mate Day

This holiday event is always held on April 28th

Kiss Your Mate Day is a perfect chance to smooch with your partner, as if you need an opportunity to share a kiss or two with the one you love. With spring in the air, April is an appropriate time for Kiss Your Mate Day.

Some people may ask “why do you need a holiday to kiss your mate?” Others say “every day should be Kiss Your Mate Day.” Unfortunately, researchers tell us that kissing, an important part of romance and intimacy, is the first thing to go in a relationship. If you don’t currently kiss your mate everyday, use today to re-establish kissing in your life.

Ladies and Gentleman....... Do we need to tell you what the tradition is for this great holiday? I didn’t think so. Now, get to it!

Here are some Kiss Your Mate Day tips and rules:

• There is no upper limit to the number of times you can kiss your mate today.

• There is no upper limit to the number of kisses you can share today.

• It is highly recommended that you limit your kisses to just one mate.

• If you don’t have a mate, it’s alright to kiss someone who is not formally your mate.... Hey, you never know. This day may be a beginning.......

• You can kiss your mate wherever you want (location/place).

• You can kiss your mate wherever you want (anatomically speaking)

• Giving candy or flowers is not required. But, we believe that those who do, will receive more kisses.

The deadline for

Chickpeas • Field Peas • Canola • Wheat • Oats • Edible Beans • Flax

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Consider securing feed for dry conditions in 2025

By Aaron Berger, Nebraska Extension Educator Dry conditions have persisted across much of the state throughout the winter. While there is still time to get significant precipitation this spring, many locations will need above average moisture between now and grass turnout to get back to a long-term average. Even with good spring moisture, range and pastures would benefit from delayed turnout to give stressed grasses an opportunity to grow and develop root reserves prior to grazing. Currently, hay, distillers grains, and corn are readily available across much of Nebraska at prices that are below the average of what they have been for the last three to four years. With cattle prices being quite strong, there is a desire by many cow-calf producers to hold on to the cowherd to capitalize on the predicted strong calf and feeder cattle prices that are expected to occur over the next few years.

With these circumstances in place, it is important now to review or develop a drought plan for the upcoming growing season for those who desire to retain the cowherd.

Key things to consider: Inventory feed amounts and quality on hand. Identify what will be needed for feed to delay grass turnout or to dry lot cows into the summer if adequate precipitation doesn’t occur.

Review options for an extended period of feeding the cowherd and the logistics and costs of doing that.

Choose a sacrifice area to feed cows/pairs on later in the spring and into the summer to keep cows off drought-stressed pastures.

Consider purchasing or securing a portion of needed feed supplies now, when these feeds are readily available.

Evaluate the options of planting annual forages this spring on dryland or irrigated acres as a source of grazing or harvested feed.

Identify cows that should be the first to leave if feed is short, to reduce feed needs. Plan for early weaning (and the feeding of calves off the ranch) to reduce forage demands on pastures. Should drought conditions persist, those who consider options early and are prepared to act will be in the best position to utilize the opportunities available. Nebraska Extension has Specialists and Educators who can help evaluate options and develop rations utilizing available feed resources. Planning and acting now will provide the best chance to make the most of a difficult situation.

Master Gardener: Spring is here

By Anita Gall, Nebraska Extension Master Gardener

Spring is here, and it’s time to give your coolseason ornamental grasses a fresh start. Now’s the perfect time to cut back your cool-season grasses, such as Feather Reed and Blue Avena, to a height of 6-8 inches. This helps promote healthy new growth and keeps your landscape looking its best. Grab those pruners and give your grass a trim.

It’s pruning season! Are you making the right cuts to keep your trees healthy? When pruning dormant trees, always use sharp pruners and saws for clean cuts. Trim just outside the branch collar - this helps the tree heal properly and prevents damage. Prune with care and for structural integrity your trees will thank you.

Did you know healthy soil is alive? It’s teeming with bacteria, fungi, and Protozoa – tiny organisms that help plants thrive. Living soil breaks down organic matter, releasing essential nutrients that plants need to grow strong and healthy. Protect your soil by adding compost and avoiding harsh chemicals. Healthy soil means healthy plants.

Spring cleanup is the perfect time to refresh your landscape beds. After cutting back perennials, add organic mulch to protect the soil from late-season frost, conserve moisture, and prevent early weeds. But be careful - don’t pile mulch too close to plant stems to avoid rot and pests. A little mulch goes a long way.

Did you know your garden’s best allies might be hiding in last season’s foliage? Many beneficial insects, like ladybugs and lacewings, overwinter in old plant material. These natural predators help control pests in your garden. When cleaning up in spring, leave some areas undisturbed to support these helpful insects. A healthy garden starts with a balanced ecosystem

#####

Why was Little Johnny crying?

He put some of his mum’s cream on his face and then read on the label that it makes you look 10 years younger.

#####

Lego toys are a better investment than stocks, bonds, or gold.

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Top five digital agriculture technologies used in Nebraska

By Guillermo Balboa - Nutrient Management and Digital Agriculture, Pablo Paccioretti - Post doctoral associate

Digital agriculture is rapidly transforming farming in Nebraska, helping producers optimize efficiency and sustainability. In this article, researchers reveal the top five digital ag technologies adopted by Nebraska farmers and explore how these technologies improve decision-making, precision and farm productivity.

This is the fourth article of CropWatch’s digital agriculture series (DA), “How Digital is Agriculture in Nebraska?”

In this article, we would like to focus on the top DA technologies adopted by Nebraska farmers. The Digital Farming Lab, led by Dr. Guillermo Balboa, conducted a statewide survey to assess the status of DA in Nebraska. This survey identified the following top five digital agriculture technologies most adopted in Nebraska: phone apps, GPS, yield monitor and yield maps, soil grid sampling, and auto guidance.

For more resources about DA in Nebraska, visit our UNL digital agriculture website, digitalag.unl.edu, which aims to centralize all UNL efforts in teaching, research and extension on digital agriculture.

Phone Apps in Agriculture

An agriculture phone app is a mobile application designed to assist farmers, agronomists and researchers in managing aspects of crop production, livestock and resource management. These apps leverage digital tools such as GPS, remote sensing, data analytics and weather forecasting to support nutrient management, pest control, irrigation and yield prediction decision-making. Agricultural apps can help improve farm efficiency, productivity and sustainability. Our digital ag survey asked farmers about using different apps grouped by category. Weather, markets and commodities prices led adoption, with 50% of the farmers using at least one of them. Applications or digital platforms to manage planting, weeds, scouting, insects, diseases, nutrients or for seed selection had an adoption of less than 20% by farmers across Nebraska (Figure 2). This shows that adoption begins with applications that have lower complexity, while there is still significant potential for growth in more advanced apps that not only provide diagnostics but also support prescriptive decision-making.

Global Positioning System (GPS) technology has become a cornerstone of modern precision agriculture, enabling accurate, site-specific management of farming operations. By utilizing satellite-based navigation, GPS provides georeferenced positioning for farm machinery, equipment and sensors, allowing for precise field activities such as planting, fertilizing, spraying and harvesting. Advanced GPS systems, particularly those using real-time kinematic (RTK) GPS, offer sub-inch accuracy, which is critical for high-precision tasks.

The GPS technology has revolutionized precision agriculture by enabling site-specific management and data-driven decisionmaking. Key impacts include:

Yield mapping — GPS-enabled yield monitors provide georeferenced data, helping farmers analyze within-field variability and assess crop performance over multiple seasons.

Field mapping — Supports the creation of detailed maps that highlight key field characteristics, such as yield distribution or soil organic matter content.

Variable-rate application (VRA) — Allows the site-specific application of fertilizers, seeds and pesticides at varying rates based on spatial variability, optimizing

resource use and improving efficiency.

Autosteer and guidance systems — Automates machine steering, reducing operator fatigue, improving accuracy and minimizing input waste.

By integrating GPS with farm machinery, sensors and farm management software, digital agriculture has become more data-driven, efficient and environmentally sustainable.

Yield Monitor and Yield Maps

A yield map is a spatial representation of crop yield variability within a field, generated using data collected from yield monitors equipped with GPS technology. These maps provide a visual summary of how crop productivity differs across a field, helping farmers and agronomists to identify patterns related to soil properties, nutrient availability, drainage and management practices. Yield maps are a key tool in precision agriculture, guiding site-specific management decisions such as variable-rate fertilization, seeding and irrigation. Yield monitors, integrated into modern combines, continuously record crop yield data during harvest, linking it to precise field locations using GPS. The data is then processed to generate a yield map, where different colors represent varying levels of productivity.

Figure 1. Farmers’ percentage of use of phone apps (including web platforms) by category in Nebraska. GPS

2025 Preliminary pasture and cattle land values

By Shannon Sand, UNL

It’s that time of year when the preliminary results for Nebraska Ag land and rental rates comes out. On average in 2025, the market value for all agricultural land in Nebraska was $3,935 per acre this is a 2% decrease from the previous year. This marks the first decline in the market value of agricultural land in Nebraska since recording began 46 years ago.

Grazing land and hayland market values had increases ranging from 1% to 5% when compared with 2024. Nontillable grazing land led the three land classes at 5%. Districts in the Northeast, Central, East and South led the gains ranging from 6% to 9%. For example, non-tillable grazing land in the Northeast averages around $2,980/ acre a 6% increase from the previous results. Hayland followed with an increase of 5%, and tillable grazing land experienced a gain of 1%. Cow-calf producers capitalized higher cow-calf prices into these three land classes across competitive areas of the state.

Pasture and cow-calf pair rental rates trended higher across Nebraska in 2025. The rates increased generally between 1% to 7% compared to the previous grazing season. For example, the average per pair rate is $77.90 in the Northern part of the state, this is a 5% change from the previous year. Rising grazing land cash rental rates follow higher cattle prices with the decline in national inventories. Which may lead people to think about leasing and negotiation. When negotiating leases some things to think about are early removal provisions when accounting for drought considerations for the upcoming growing season. The degree of service the landlord or tenant provides influences the cow-calf pair rental rates paid as part of the lease. Considerations for the leases include the party responsible for fencing upkeep, control of noxious weeds or brush, and payment of utility bills (used for livestock wells).

Top five digital agriculture technologies used in Nebraska

Yield monitors and yield maps have been around since the mid-1990s. Most of the current row crop combines have a yield monitor capable of generating data to produce a yield map; the use of this data to adjust field management remains relatively low. It was reported that many farmers in the U.S. have a yield monitor (+68%), but only 45% of the area was yield mapped (Lowenberg-DeBoer and Erickson, 2019).

Soil Grid Sampling

Site-specific soil maps are commonly used in many countries as a foundation for variable rate technology. Fields are generally sampled at an average density of one sample for every three to four acres. For optimum accuracy, UNL recommends one sample per acre (composited from five cores collected in a small radius from the sampling point). Optimum grid density will depend on the site variability, the history of the field and the nutrient of interest. Grid sampling should be considered if:

You want to produce an accurate withinfield map of soil organic matter.

Previous management significantly changed soil nutrient levels.

Fields with different cropping histories have been merged into one.

You can check UNL recommendations in

the extension NebGuide, Precision Agriculture Soil Sampling (EC 154).

Auto Guidance

Auto guidance or autosteer is a GPSbased guidance system used in agricultural machinery to automatically control the steering of tractors, combines and other field equipment. It enhances precision by keeping machinery on a predetermined path with minimal deviation, reducing operator fatigue and improving efficiency. Autosteer systems rely on RTK (real-time kinematic) GPS, inertial sensors and advanced algorithms to achieve sub-inch accuracy, making them essential for precision agriculture applications such as planting, spraying and harvesting.

By minimizing overlaps and gaps in field operations, autosteer improves input efficiency (fuel, seed, fertilizer) and ensures consistent crop rows, ultimately leading to higher productivity and cost savings. Many modern autosteer systems are now integrated with autonomous farming technologies, pushing agriculture toward more automated, data-driven farm management. You can check how auto-guidance works in the NebGuide, Precision Agriculture Satellite-Based Auto-Guidance (EC 706).

Figure 2. Corn yield map (bu/ac) produced with data from a yield monitor for a corn field in Nebraska in 2024 (“map not cleaned”). A satellite image was placed as a basemap. Different colors indicate different levels of productivity. Greener colors are associated with higher yields and red colors with lower yields.

On-The-Farm or On-The-Road

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Gifting ownership

By Jessica Groskopf, Nebraska Extension ag economist

For many farm and ranch families, bringing children or grandchildren into the operation is the ultimate goal. Successfully bringing additional family members into the operation may require some creativity, as all parties need to maintain a viable standard of living. This article is part of a series highlighting ideas and tactics for bringing another family member into the operation. If this is the first article you are seeing in this series, I would encourage you to go back to the previous articles [JG1] for background and additional guidance.

A popular strategy is gifting shares or a percentage of the business from the owner to their heirs. In this article, the person gifting shares or ownership is called the donor, and the person receiving shares or ownership is the donee.

To employ this strategy, you must have an entity structure that allows for the transfer of shares or changes to the percentage of ownership, such as a partnership, LLC, or corporation. These shares or a percentage of ownership could be gifted to the donee, while the donor is alive or at the donor’s death.

Gifting shares or a percentage of the business can be tricky. Work with your financial team to determine the liabilities, asset basis, and value. When gifting shares or a percentage of the business, you may be able to use the annual gift exclusion or the lifetime gifting exclusion. This should be done with the guidance of an attorney and accountant. See previous articles for more details.

There are some important considerations when passing ownership during life.

First, how quickly will the ownership transfer? Is it a onetime gift or a progressive gift in which the donee’s ownership percentage increases each year, subsequently decreasing the donor’s ownership?

Next, does owning shares or a percentage of the business also transfer the management of the business? Depending on the entity structure, shares could be voting or non-voting allowing the donor to decide who has decision-making power in the business and who does not. Often donors pass voting shares to on-farm heirs and non-voting to non-farm heirs. A slow transfer of the business to the donee, also allows the shift of management to occur slowly. After each gift, the donee could have a greater voice in the management of the business.

Another consideration is the transfer of income. The change in the ownership percentage will ripple through the business. Gifting shares or a percentage of ownership could help the donor reduce their tax liability. However, it will also likely decrease their income. If the donor does not have assets outside of the farm/ranch for retirement this reduction of income could be problematic.

A disadvantage of gifting assets during life is the loss of the step up in basis. The donee would retain the donor’s basis in the asset. In other words, if the donee sells the asset, they will pay capital gains on the donor’s basis. Other challenges with a lower basis may also arise, such as lost depreciation. Understanding these disadvantages is critical.

Gifting during life has some advantages for the on-farm heir, as they are building ownership in the business. A gift strategy could provide them with the opportunity to borrow against the business’s equity. However, when assets are gifted during life, there is a risk that they could be “lost.” Creditors could sell or seize the shares. Additional agreements, such as a buy-sell agreement, may be needed to mitigate some of this risk.

Ownership transfer does not necessarily have to take place during life. It can be done at the donor’s death. In this case, the donor could decide to leave the on-farm heir(s) a larger percentage of the operation in their estate plan as compensation for their sweat equity. A large advantage of this strategy is that the donee would receive a step-up in basis.

A simple example is one percent per year the donee worked the farm or ranch. If a donee was on the farm for 30 years at the donor’s death, the donee would receive the first 30 percent of the operation’s assets. The remaining assets could be split equally among farming and non-farming heirs. Waiting to gift shares or a percentage at/after death leaves the donor in control while they are alive. It also provides them with the flexibility to change their estate plan. However, the possibility of a donor changing their estate plan poses a risk to the on-farm heir, especially if this is the primary form of compensation the on-farm heir was offered to return to the operation.

Transferring ownership shares is not the only way to compensate family members. When developing a strategy

Gifting ownership

to bring the next generation back into the operation, consider the

for both the owners and the

Gifting too much while owners are

for future

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Forage matters: Observations from a trip to Florida

By James Rogers, Forage crops production specialist, NDSU Extension

If you ever have an opportunity to visit livestock production systems in other parts of the country, take it. It is amazing what you can learn, and you often find out that the grass is not greener on the other side of the fence.

In January, I had the opportunity to travel to Florida to attend the American Forage and Grassland Conference in Kissimmee. Before you start thinking about the sunshine and warmth that Florida has to offer through the tourism brochures, I want to tell you: it was cold.

It wasn’t quite the North Dakota cold I left behind, but a humid, wind-blowing cold unusual for Florida. A friend who works for the University of Florida at the Marianna branch station was all bundled up in goose down and said she could never survive north of Interstate 10. I-10 is the southernmost transcontinental interstate in the U.S.

As part of the conference, we received an overview of Florida agriculture. Florida has a long cattle history dating all the way back to 1521, when cattle were brought to Florida by the Spanish conquistadors. There are still descendants of these cattle in Florida known as Florida crackers. This is one of the Criollo breeds which include the Pineywoods, Corriente and Texas Longhorn.

Florida currently has the ninth-largest cowherd in the U.S. with 883,589 head of beef cows. North Dakota has a cow herd of 886,405 head. Due to a lack of feeding facilities, Florida ships around 750,000 feeder calves per year. While the two states are similar in cattle numbers, they are widely apart in people numbers. Florida has 23 million residents compared to North Dakota’s 796,568.

Rainfall is another big difference between the two states. Florida receives 50 to 55 inches per year compared to North Dakota, receiving 13 to 20 inches. With essentially a year-round growing season, they can grow a lot of forage. The main introduced forages in Florida are bahiagrass, limpograss and Bermuda grass — all warm-season grasses. You can also find native rangelands in Florida with little bluestem, big bluestem, Indiangrass, sideoats grama and switchgrass, but they will appear much different than what is found in North Dakota. As one of the ranch managers I visited with said, “We can grow a ton of forage — it’s just not worth a dang.”

North Dakota is blessed because we may not have the longest growing season, but we can grow quality forage. When supplementation is needed, North Dakota growers have a readily available supply of feedstocks grown within the state. Florida is a grain deficit state, so grain has to be brought into the state, driving up feed costs. One of the main sources of protein supplementation for cattle in Florida is molasses from sugarcane. Citrus pulp has also been used as a feed supplement in Florida, but availability has declined along with their citrus industry.

Another issue is land cost and urbanization. While I was there, a local city council passed an ordinance to restrict building houses on wetlands. While that seems like it should be a non-issue, it does point out the amount of pressure being put on the land resources. Average pasture land value in Florida is over $7,000 per acre, and cropland is over $10,000 per acre — quite a bit higher than North Dakota.

Florida citrus is another trademark of Florida agriculture that has changed over the years. Citrus is reported by the number of boxes packed per year. At the height of the industry, Florida packed around 250 million boxes a year. This year, the estimate is around 15 to 20 million. The changes come from disease pressure, freezes, land prices and lack of labor. New citrus groves are being established in the central part of the state in an attempt to revive the citrus industry.

Despite these challenges, Florida agriculture is still a vibrant industry. There are large, well-established cattle operations in the state with long histories. The Seminole Tribe of Florida has been involved with cattle since the Spanish brought them over 500 years ago. The Seminole Tribe has a cow herd of around 10,000 head and has vertically integrated their beef marketing under the Seminole Pride brand.

We also visited a multigenerational dairy that has grown to be a day-trip destination for the surrounding area. They offer ice cream, a playground area for kids and an education to the community on their farming practices.

Florida is a unique state with unique challenges to their agricultural production systems. If you get a chance to tour Florida agriculture, take it; you will learn a lot. The seafood is not bad down there, either.

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Understanding and mitigating ammonia deposition

By Leslie Johnson Animal Manure Management Extension Educator

Applying manure to fields provides a natural and sustainable way to fertilize crops, reducing the need for synthetic fertilizers. It adds essential nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, improving soil health and promoting plant growth. Additionally, manure enriches the soil with organic matter, enhancing its structure and water-holding capacity. However, there’s a side to manure that many don’t often think about, that is ammonia deposition. Ammonia deposition is the process by which ammonia is returned to the Earth’s surface after being released into the atmosphere.

Understanding Ammonia in Manure

Manure, a valuable resource for fertilizing crops, contains two primary forms of nitrogen: organic nitrogen and ammonium nitrogen. Organic nitrogen, a slow-release form, nourishes plants gradually over time. Ammonium nitrogen, on the other hand, is readily available to plants but is highly volatile. When exposed to air, it can easily evaporate, releasing ammonia gas into the atmosphere.

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Things that go into the air, like pollution, eventually fall back to the ground. You’ve probably noticed how the air smells fresher after a rain shower. That’s because rain helps to wash away pollutants like dust and harmful gases from the air. However, pollutants can move with air currents and deposit in areas other than where it was lost, thus the potential for ammonia deposition in places other than where it was lost to the atmosphere initially.

Since 1985, the National Atmospheric Deposition Program has been tracking ammonium ion concentration in precipitation and the increase to date is staggering – especially in the Midwest. Their research has shown that 80% of ammonia emissions come from agriculture and of that, roughly half is from livestock. Of course, livestock with manures that are higher in ammonium N, like swine, are more prone to ammonium losses - especially during manure applications, but losses from beef cattle are nearly as large – mostly losses from the pen surface before the manure is ever collected.

The Impact of Ammonia Deposition

So why does ammonia deposition matter? For the same reasons we worry about nitrates in our groundwater, excessive ammonia in surface water and soil can cause harm to ecosystems, can damage sensitive habitats and affect biodiversity.

Excessive ammonia deposition can lead to a range of environmental problems:

Acidification of Soil and Water: Ammonia can react with other pollutants to form acidic compounds, damaging sensitive ecosystems like forests and wetlands.

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Eutrophication: Increased nitrogen levels in water bodies can stimulate excessive plant growth, leading to algal blooms and oxygen depletion.

Air Pollution: Ammonia contributes to air pollution, particularly in regions with intensive livestock production.

Health Risks: High levels of ammonia in the air can irritate the respiratory system and cause health problems.

So, what can we as livestock producers and manure users do? There are many practices that can help with ammonia emissions on livestock farms.

Mitigating Ammonia Emissions:

Feeding Changes: Modifying livestock diets can reduce the amount of nitrogen excreted in manure.

Improved Manure Management: Proper storage, handling, and application of manure can minimize ammonia losses.

Chemical Treatments: Adding chemicals to manure may reduce ammonia volatilization.

Ventilation Systems: Installing efficient ventilation systems in livestock barns can help control ammonia emissions in buildings.

Do keep in mind that each of these methods requires much consideration, including cost, and not every control method works for every livestock operation. To learn more please listen to a recently aired webinar by the Livestock and Poultry Environmental Learning Community at https://lpelc.org/ the-role-of-agriculture-in-atmospheric-nitrogen-depositionsources-impacts-and-management/ or by visiting LPELC.org and searching for ammonia deposition. By understanding the issue of ammonia deposition and taking proactive measures, we can ensure that livestock production remains a sustainable and environmentally responsible practice.

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New study looks at how biochar and hemp improve yields, crops

By Seth Truscott, WSU College of Agricultural, Human, and Natural Resource Sciences

Scientists at Washington State University and partner institutions will explore how soil-boosting biochar and hemp affect important crops like wheat, corn and chickpeas in a new long-term study.

Funded by $5 million from the U.S. Department of Energy, researchers will spend six years examining the effects of biochar — partially burned timber slash or crop waste that improves soil and stores carbon — and hemp rotations on soil health as well as crop yields and quality.

“Hemp and biochar are both potentially powerful tools for invigorating agricultural soils,” said project leader David Gang, a fellow at WSU’s Institute of Biological Chemistry and director of the Center for Cannabis Policy, Research and Outreach (CCPRO). “Together, they might amplify each other’s effects. We want to see how different combinations of hemp and biochar affect the entire cropping system over time and how beneficial these practices are for soil health.”

Farmers with the Confederated Tribes and Bands of the Yakama Nation and the Confederated Tribes of the Colville Reservation, as well as a private grower in Tekoa, Washington, will work with scientists using biochar on their lands while growing rotations of hemp, wheat, corn, chickpeas and other crops. Collaborators at WSU, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory and the University of Connecticut will study and model the resulting effects on crop properties, the ecosystem, emissions and soil health.

From fine powder to granules and chunks, WSU scientists will study the effects of varied levels and formulations of biochar on Inland Northwest crops like wheat, chickpeas, and corn in a new six-year project funded by the Department of Energy and other match partners.

A private company, Yard Stick PBC, is also taking part, developing a spectrometer probe, real-time soil analysis, and learning models to accurately measure different forms of carbon in the soil.

“Biochar’s role in the rapid, durable decarbonization of agricultural supply chains is very promising,” said Chris Tolles, Yard Stick CEO. “Our mission is to activate soils for climate and agricultural impact. We are thrilled to provide soil carbon measurement expertise to this innovative project and are grateful to the Department of Energy for their leadership.”

Work will begin this spring when researchers apply biochar to the fields. Resembling charcoal, biochar raises pH and moisture and helps improve poor or polluted soils. Its biggest effect, Gang says, comes from the microbes that thrive in its honeycomb of tiny chambers.

“It’s an interface for many of the electrochemical reactions occurring between soil microbes, helping them take up minerals and nutrients that they provide to plants,” Gang said. “That allows the plants to grow better and yield more bountifully.”

To grow, plants pull carbon from the atmosphere as carbon dioxide. Biochar captures that carbon in a form that can endure for centuries if not millennia in soil — one naturally formed piece was discovered to be over 7,000 years old.

Grown for fiber, bioenergy, food and construction materials, hemp drives deep roots that prevent erosion and break up compacted soils, aiding future crops’ access to water and nutrients while removing harmful chemicals like lead.

“Hemp helps the next year’s crop have a better root system,” Gang said. “We’re using plants to bring the soil back to a healthier state.”

The team will evaluate the effects of two separate hemp rotations and more than a dozen different biochar treatments, including varied application amounts and combinations of encapsulated biochar and time-release fertilizer.

“By putting hemp and biochar together in the soil, we can use less fertilizer,” Gang said. “This combination of treatments will give plants better access to nutrients, save huge costs in energy and labor and decrease environmental impact.”

Seeking tools to regenerate poor soils, such as the sandy varieties found on parts of the Colville Reservation or northwest farmland soils affected by long-term cultivation and erosion, Gang is excited by the alliance of hemp and biochar.

“We need soil that sustains our ability to feed ourselves,” he said. “This is something I need to do for my grandkids and my grandchildren’s grandchildren.”

By Warren Rusche, Assistant Professor & SDSU Extension Feedlot Management Specialist

Key Points

Incorporating rye into a crop rotation offers agronomic benefits, but to be widely accepted, there needs to be a variety of market alternatives, including cattle feed.

Rye grain can replace one-third of the corn in a finishing diet and can be used as the sole grain source for backgrounding cattle with no difference in performance when rolled or hammer-milled.

Make certain dietary ergot concentrations are less than 2000 parts per billion (abbreviated as ppb).

Introduction

Cereal rye has attracted greater interest in recent years as either a cover crop or as part of crop rotations. Plot data from the SDSU Southeast Research Farm near Beresford shows that adding a third crop to a corn-soybean rotation increases corn yield by up to 20%, with small increases in soybean yield. Rye offers appealing alternatives to increase feed supply resiliency, as it can be grazed, ensiled, or cut for hay. Those approaches open up windows for a shorter-season row crop to be planted, resulting in greater production per acre.

Rye can also be harvested for grain. This option provides straw for bedding or feed, spreads out labor requirements, and increases the time windows available to spread manure. However, for this option to be viable, there needs to be multiple market options so that growers are not stuck with an unmarketable crop. Being able to feed any crop to livestock results in many more market channels compared to crops that must be directed into further processing or human nutrition channels.

Can Rye Grain be Fed to Cattle?

Feedlot researchers at SDSU were approached in 2019 to evaluate the potential for hybrid rye to be used in cattle finishing diets. Hybrid rye was developed in Europe and recently brought to the North American market. Hybrid rye offers added yield potential plus a degree of resistance to ergot alkaloids, but there had been little to no feedlot cattle research conducted using modern cattle genetics and management practices.

We conducted a study in the fall of 2019 at the Southeast Research Farm using 240 angus-cross steers with an 890-pound shrunk initial weight. We set up four different dietary treatments to test hybrid rye. Those treatments were:

Base diet containing 60% dry-rolled corn, plus modified distillers, corn silage, and supplement (60:0)

Replaced one-third of the corn with rolled rye (20:40)

Replaced two-thirds of the corn (40:20)

Replaced all the corn and used rye as the sole grain source (60:0)

The rye grain was all one hybrid (KWS Bono) and grown at a single location. Ergot alkaloid concentration was 392 ppb, well below the recommended maximum concentration of 2000 ppb. The steers were weighed every 28 days to monitor growth performance, and the total test lasted 117 days. We shipped the steers to Tyson Fresh Meats in Dakota City, Nebraska.

For the first 56 days, there were no differences in feed intake (Figure 1). Later in the experiment, cattle fed diets where 40% or more of the diet was rye reached an intake plateau earlier and at a lower level compared to cattle fed the 60:0 or 20:40 diets.

Growth performance and feed efficiency corresponded with the differences in dry matter intake. Greater incorporation of rye decreased gain and efficiency but including 20% hybrid rye in the diet did not reduce cattle gains (Figure 2). There were no appreciable differences in carcass measurements or liver abscess scores.

CONTINUED ON PAGE C36

Figure 1. Effect of rye incorporation on dry matter intake over

Managing weight gain in cattle

By Lisa Moser, K-State Research and Extension news service

It is common knowledge that people’s metabolism slows as they age. Similarly, cattle also experience changes in their metabolism as their body ages, say the experts at the Kansas State University Beef Cattle Institute.

Speaking on a recent Cattle Chat podcast, the team of experts addressed a question from a listener about the relationship between the amount of time cattle spend in the feedyard growing to a weight of 1,400 pounds, and the average daily gain they experience during that time period.

“The daily growth or average daily gain of cattle decreases over time because of how the composition of the gain changes,” K-State beef cattle nutritionist Phillip Lancaster said. “Calves that are younger and lighter weight are going to deposit a higher portion of lean tissue for each pound of gain, and as they move closer to a processing weight, they will be adding a higher proportion of fat in each pound of gain.”

He said that lean tissue consists mostly of water and that makes the cattle more efficient with their feed consumption. Thus, cattle will gain weight at a slower pace as they get closer to their finished weight.

“An average daily gain of 2.5 pounds per day is a reasonable amount of gain, but it will be a different type of gain depending on where that animal is in the feeding period,” K-State veterinarian Brian Lubbers said.

The amount of gain can be measured by weighing the cattle at different points in the feeding period, Lubbers said.

“Just know that if the goal for the whole feeding period is an average daily gain of 2.5 pounds and they are only gaining that in the first period, they will be behind at the end of the feeding period,” Lubbers said.

To address that feeding challenge, Lancaster said, “just figure out the target gain for each of those weight periods and adjust the diet accordingly to meet the end goal.”

Feeding hybrid rye grain to cattle

Does Grain Processing Matter?

In the initial study, we learned that rolling rye grain was not as simple as just using the same equipment we used to crack corn. The smaller rye kernels flowed right through the rollers, so we needed to find another roller mill to process the grain. That could represent a barrier to adoption or unintended consequences that reduce potential cattle performance. Not every cattle feeder would be able to justify purchasing a different roller mill just to process rye, especially if they might not use the feed every year. They might try a grinder-mixer (hammer mill), but that could increase risk of acidosis because of fine rye grain particles. They might also try feeding rye whole. That would reduce digestibility, but if the difference between rye and corn was wide enough, that trade-off might be worthwhile.

We conducted an experiment at the Southeast Research Farm in the summer of 2022 to test those three options. We fed 192 angus-x steers with an average initial shrunk weight of 904 pounds. We fed four different test diets to these steers: Control diet similar to the first study (60% dry rolled corn) 20% rye – Whole 20% rye – Rolled

20% rye – Hammer mill, ground through a three-eighths inch screen

Performance results from this study are shown in Figures 3 and 4. We found that feeding rye grain whole reduced gain and decreased feed efficiency, as we expected. In that experiment, rolling the rye produced the most-efficient gains, followed by the corn control and hammer mill. We observed the greatest average daily gain in the corn control and hammer mill treatments.

4. Effect of rye processing on feed efficiency. It is possible that we could have more-extensively processed the Hammer Mill rye to improve results. Researchers at Carrington, North Dakota conducted a similar study, but their rye was ground through a quarter-inch screen. They observed no differences between a corn control diet and one where up to 24% rye was fed.

What About Backgrounding Calves?

A large portion of the calves born in South Dakota spend some time in the state on backgrounding diets. The research team at Carrington, North Dakota examined the effects of CONTINUED ON PAGE C37

Figure 2. Greater incorporation of rye decreased gain and efficiency, but including 20% hybrid rye in the diet did not reduce cattle gains.

Figure 3. Effect of rye processing on average daily gain.

Figure

Feeding hybrid rye grain to cattle

using corn, rye, or blends of the two grains in backgrounding diets where grains comprised 20% of the diet dry matter. They

found that grain choice had no effect on cattle performance or efficiency over the 56 days of the backgrounding period (Table 1).

Is Rye Feeding Economical?

Whether or not rye feeding is economical depends upon the relationship between rye grain value and its alternative, usually corn. Market conditions are dynamic, and rye is unique in that some market channels, such as flour milling, distilleries, or for open-pollinated varieties, cover crop seed, are often more lucrative than feed grains.

However, when comparing feed grains, rye is typically priced less than corn. For example, cash grain prices at Chandler Feed Company in Chandler, Minnesota quoted rye at 73, 77, and 85% of August, first-half September, and new-crop corn deliveries, respectively (Chandler Feed Company Cash Bids, accessed August 11, 2023). With those price relationships and no differences in feed conversion at 20% dietary incorporation, substituting rye for one-third of the corn reduces cost of gain by 5.3, 4.6, or 3%, respectively.

Any Risk Factors?

In the summer of 2022, we did notice that rye-fed cattle did not shed out as quickly as cattle fed the corn control diet. We attributed that difference to elevated ergot alkaloid concentrations that year compared to 2019 (approximately 1000 ppb compared to less than 400 ppb). While the delayed hair shedding did not result in performance losses or adverse health outcomes, this does point out that ergot concentration can be a concern. Keeping incorporation rates at 25% or less of the diet (where our optimal responses occurred) reduces the risk of health impacts on cattle. Rye samples can also be tested for ergot alkaloid concentrations if warranted.

Acknowledgments

We would like to acknowledge KWS Cereals USA, LLC, and the South Dakota State University Agricultural Experiment Station for the financial support of these research projects. We also want to recognize the efforts of Scott Bird, Agricultural Research Manager/Specialist at the

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Less water, similar yield

Appropriate irrigation is key to managing both the quality and quantity of Nebraska’s precious groundwater reserves as well as maximizing agricultural productivity, but what is the best way to determine when and how much to irrigate?

Helping producers to evaluate precision irrigation sensing equipment was the goal of a recent study at the South Central Agricultural Laboratory (SCAL), commissioned by the Upper Big Blue and Little Blue Natural Resources Districts.

The NRDs partnered with SCAL researchers in Clay Center on a study to evaluate different irrigation sensor technologies as well as deficit irrigation strategies. The result of the 2024 growing season study showed that even in a dry year, it is possible to grow a healthy crop while using less water with precision irrigation tools.

The study utilized two types of technology, Watermark soil tension sensors (which are inserted in the soil at 1-, 2-, and 3-foot depths) and Aluvio Precision Irrigation Scheduling (which uses satellite imagery in addition to soil sensors and real-time weather data). Using these tools in different plots, they irrigated some plots at 100 percent of the rate recommended by the technology, and other plots at 70 percent of the recommended rate. This meant that the total irrigation ranged from 4.38 to 8.15 inches throughout the growing season, based on the different recommendations from the two technologies and the different rates utilized. Irrigation was applied with a pivot equipped with variable rate.

The Aluvio system suggested irrigating starting two weeks earlier than the Watermark sensors. Overall, the study organizers felt that the Aluvio system was more effective than the Watermark sensors, though it does come at a higher cost. Watermark sensors are a low-cost way to improve data driven decision making about irrigation. The Upper Big Blue NRD offers district producers discounts on Watermark sensors as well as other irrigation equipment to encourage their use. Scheduling based on Watermark sensors was included in the study because this is the most common method of irrigation scheduling in the region after traditional scheduling based on condition of crop and feel of soil.

Saleh Taghvaeian oversaw the irrigation study at SCAL, from design to final analysis of results. Taghvaeian is an associate professor and irrigation engineer at the University of Nebraska Lincoln as well as a Daugherty Water for Food Global Institute faculty fellow. His area of specialty is precision irrigation technology.

The average yield for the study was 249.6 bu/ac. Fields in a 25-mile radius that were not a part of the study that were using the same hybrid ranged between 230 and 280 bu/ac according to Bayer Crop Science, so the irrigation study yields were very close to the average. Drilling down further on the yields, the two Aluvio-managed fields that received full irrigation and the one that received only 70 percent irrigation (5.65 inches) had very similar yields (about 251 bu/ac). If yield is the only measure of success, then the field managed by Watermark sensors at 100 percent of the recommended rate was the winner, with 254.4 bu/ac. However, that was also the field that received the greatest amount of irrigation (8.75 inches). The average yield of the Watermark sensor managed field at a deficit (4.38 inches applied for the season) yielded 239.5 bu/ac. This is a statistically significant decrease; however, it is worth noting that this is only a 6 percent yield drop with about 50 percent less irrigation applied.

The average yield of dryland (non-irrigated) corn at SCAL for the same hybrid and same row spacing was 180 bu/ac in 2024. “Based on this, we can estimate the Irrigation Water Productivity (IWP) as the yield increase that was achieved compared to the dryland yield because of irrigation application,” Taghvaeian stated in his report on the project. He estimated that for every inch applied there was a 14 bu/ac yield increase. There is a balance to be reached to maximize yield potential as well as return on investment for irrigation cost.

The main take away was that reducing irrigation during a dry growing season can still yield a healthy crop if appropriate technology is utilized to maximize timing of the irrigation.

Organizers anticipate that this study will be continued in the 2025 growing season and may evaluate additional irrigation scheduling technologies including FieldNET or Soil Scout.

About SCAL

This project was conducted at the South-Central Agricultural Laboratory (SCAL) located in Clay County in south-central Nebraska. With over 100 field research trials per year, SCAL is dedicated to developing and refining irrigated crop production practices. The total area of irrigated research fields at SCAL is about 600 acres. Approximately 80 percent of the registered irrigation wells in Nebraska are CONTINUED ON PAGE C39

RLND seeks participants for 11th class

North Dakota State University Extension’s Rural Leadership North Dakota program is now accepting applications for its 11th class, Class XI, set to begin in November 2025. The 18-month leadership development program includes seven in-state seminars, which will feature expert speakers and tours of agricultural and community businesses, as well as three out-of-state trips. Participants will travel to Washington, D.C. and Minneapolis, Minnesota, in 2026 to engage with agricultural, business and government leaders. Additionally, the class will embark on an international study seminar in 2027 to explore global agricultural and community issues. Previous classes have visited Brazil, Costa Rica, Panama, Thailand, Vietnam, Chile, Spain and Ghana.

Since its inception over 20 years ago, RLND has helped develop agricultural and community leaders across North Dakota.

The RLND program focuses on leadership skills such as critical thinking, effective communication, self-awareness, decision-making, strategic planning and conflict management. Participants gain insights into agricultural and rural policy, economic trends, funding strategies for local development projects, marketing, civic engagement, coalition building, industry advocacy and legislative processes.

“Rural Leadership North Dakota is the premier statewide leadership program in North Dakota,” says Katie Tyler, program director and Extension specialist for RLND. “If you are looking for an opportunity to grow as a leader, broaden your perspective and make a lasting impact on your community and state, we encourage you to apply for Class XI.”

Tuition for Class XI is $4,500, which covers most meals, lodging and travel expenses like bussing for in-state seminars and airfare for out-of-state trips. Participants are responsible for their travel costs to instate seminars and departure points for out-of-state trips.

The application deadline for RLND Class XI (202527) is June 1, 2025. Applicants must have been North Dakota residents for at least one year and be able to attend all seminars.

To apply or nominate someone for RLND Class XI, visit ndsu.ag/rlndapply25, email ndsu.ruralleadership@ndsu.edu or call 701-231-5640. Follow RLND on Facebook for updates and alumni stories.

Since 2003, over 175 people from 87 communities in 41 counties have participated in the RLND program.

Less water, similar yield

within a 75-mile radius of SCAL. As a result, research findings of projects conducted at SCAL receive a great deal of attention from local irrigators. The soils at SCAL are mostly Crete and Hastings silt loam. Normal precipitation at SCAL is 30 inches, however in 2024 just 25.1 inches of rain fell January 1-December 31; 16.7 inches of precipitation was measured during the growing season.

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Build resilience into your pasture lease

By Ben Beckman, Nebraska Extension Educator, Ryan Benjamin, Nebraska Extension Educator

Drought, grasshoppers, wildfire and other natural disasters can unexpectedly impact pasture conditions, leading to forage shortages and financial strain for both landowners and ranchers. These events are often stressful times, and making decisions with a clear head can be difficult. Including welldefined drought or disaster clauses in pasture lease agreements can help mitigate risks and provide clear guidelines for both parties in times of hardship.

Why Include a Drought or Disaster Clause?

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A well-structured drought or disaster clause ensures fairness and flexibility when adverse conditions affect grazing capacity. These clauses protect both landowners and tenants by outlining specific actions and responsibilities during droughts, wildfires, floods, or other disasters. Without such provisions, disagreements may arise regarding stocking rates, rental payments, and lease termination.

A well-defined drought or disaster clause allows landowners to prevent overgrazing and long-term pasture degradation, provides ample time for lessees to make alternative plans for animals, and ensures both parties still receive fair compensation. A well thought out drought/disaster plan provides flexibility and adaptability to the lease by offering a structured approach to adjusting stocking rates and payments based on real-time pasture conditions.

While there is no one-size-fits-all example for leases, the following are a few things to consider when developing a drought/disaster clause for your lease agreement:

1. Definition of Drought or Disaster Conditions

Clearly define what constitutes a drought or disaster. This could be based on precipitation levels, soil moisture data, or regional drought monitoring systems like the U.S. Drought Monitor.

Specify triggers such as a certain number of consecutive weeks without adequate rainfall or an official drought declaration by state or federal agencies.

If the decision of what defines a drought/disaster is not tied to an objective measure like above, decide who is making the decision on when the clause will be activated.

2. Stocking Rate Adjustments

Outline provisions for reducing livestock numbers when forage availability declines.

Define how reductions should be determined—by mutual agreement, consulting a third-party expert or using forage production data.

Set a timeline for how these discussions will occur and how much notice should be provided to the tenant if animals need to be removed.

Lease Payment Adjustments

Establish whether rental payments will be adjusted based on grazing capacity.

Consider a pro-rated payment system where fees decrease if stocking rates must be reduced due to drought.

Check with Farm Service Agency (FSA), Natural Resource Conservation Service (NRCS), Natural Resource District (NRD), or other similar groups about possible implications adjusting pasture lease payments may have on disaster program eligibility and conservation programs.

4. Alternative Forage or Water Solutions

Address whether supplemental feeding or alternative water sources can be used to maintain livestock.

Clarify if temporary grazing on adjacent or alternative properties is an option.

If supplemental feeding is used, consider designating a sacrifice area to reduce potential overgrazing of the entire pasture area.

If outside hay is being fed, remember this may be a source of seed for noxious or other problematic weedy species. If possible, use locally sourced hay to limit risks. Feed hay in a specific area to reduce possible spread and allow for better monitoring of the area in the future.

5. Early Lease Termination or Suspension

Specify conditions under which a lease can be suspended or terminated without penalty if grazing becomes unviable. Include a notification period and process for ending the lease early.

Disaster Recovery Assistance

Mention whether the leaseholder can apply for federal or state disaster assistance programs and how lease terms might be adjusted accordingly.

Check with Farm Service Agency (FSA), Natural Resource Conservation Service (NRCS), Natural Resource

Invasive species experts train dogs to detect plant pests

By Pat Melgares, K-State Research and Extension news service

In a quest to slow the spread of a sap-sucking plant pest that is slowly making its way across the United States, pest management officials have turned to man’s best friend.

Kansas State University wildlife expert Drew Ricketts said conservationists are training dogs to smell out the Spotted lanternfly, described by the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service as “a hitchhiking pest that is native to Asia.”

The pest was first detected in 2014 in Pennsylvania, and is suspected to have arrived in the U.S. on goods shipped from overseas. The Spotted lanternfly is a plant hopper that feeds on a wide range of plants, including grapes, hops, stone fruits and hardwood trees.

As it feeds, the pest excretes a sticky, sugary fluid that causes sooty mold, which further damages plants. The USDA estimates that 18 states currently have some degree of infestation.

“To the west, the furthest detection of a living Spotted lanternfly is in Iowa, so eastern Kansas is definitely within an area that has a high probability of expansion,” said Ricketts,

we want them to find. Similarly, we can train dogs to find things we need to find for wildlife research and management.”

Ricketts said dogs are capable of being trained to detect Spotted lanternflies, which aids early detection and response. “As invasive species start to expand,” he said, “we are able to find them as quickly as possible and can remove them to keep a new population from starting.”

Humans may still be better at early detection in vineyards, Ricketts said, but dogs are proving to be more efficient in forested patches – in fact, “three times more effective than humans” in those areas, he said.

Once dogs identify populations of Spotted lanternflies, invasive species managers are able to begin eradication methods, which may include scraping eggs off the stems to prevent reproduction, applying insecticides, or perhaps biological controls.

Ricketts said conservation canines have been trained for other purposes, as well, such as detecting coyote scat (poop) to help in various studies, or finding nests of various bird species that may be monitored for research. noting that the Spotted lanternfly can be devastating to vineyards. “Within one growing season of the infestation starting, you could see 80% to 100% vine loss.”

Attempting to slow its spread, Ricketts said wildlife management experts are using every option available, including capitalizing on dogs’ keen sense of smell.

“Conservation canines are a really cool use of dogs, and it’s a relatively new thing in wildlife management,” Ricketts said. “So, think about a bomb detection dog; they’ve been trained to smell out something

Build resilience

CONTINUED FROM PAGE C40

District (NRD), or other similar groups about possible implications adjusting pasture lease payments may have on disaster program eligibility and conservation programs. Keep clear records of any adjustments that may be required for disaster programs or to adjust terms of conservation projects.

Conclusion

Including a drought/disaster clause in a pasture lease is a proactive step that benefits both landowners and tenants. By setting clear expectations and providing a framework for decision-making during adverse conditions, these clauses contribute to more resilient grazing agreements. By incorporating flexible terms into leases both parties can ensure long-term sustainability for both land and livestock.

Before finalizing a lease agreement, it’s advisable to consult legal professionals specializing in agricultural contracts to ensure that all necessary provisions are in place.

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2023 John Deere N560F 60-ft. 10” spacing, single shoot, All Run Blockage, 90 Series opener with narrow spoked gauge wheel, 650 bushel tow between cart, 12” conveyor with KSI, tank scales, hydraulic drive with section command. Stock #89143

$562,500 (14)

2022 John Deere N560 no till drill, 60-ft., 7.5” spacing, Pro Series openers, Truset down pressure, narrow spoked gauge wheels, crumbler closing wheels, JD All Run Blockage, 430 tow between cart with 12” conveyor (KSI flip over hopper), no section control. Stock #90471

2021 John Deere 542C 42-ft. air drill, 7.5” spacing, single shoot, Pro Series spoked gauge wheels, All Run Blockage, 340/60R15 single wing tires, tow behind 1910 cart, SN1A81910HCNF795479. Stock #87427

$258,000 (4)

2024 John Deere 412R with 120-ft. SS boom on 20” spacing with Exact Apply automatic solution control with recirculation and reclaim, Ultimate cab, Ultimate lighting, 380R46 tires, stainless chemical eductor, integrated receiver (SF1) 4600 display with extended monitor, premium 3.0 activation, boom trac Pro 2, boom air purge, fence row nozzles. Stock #91115

$530,000 (14)

2022 John Deere 412R 120-ft. 20”, CVIII cab, premium radio, high flow solution pump, AutoSolution control, no Exact Apply, eductor, boom level, boom air purge, ultimate visibility lights, fence row nozzles, 380/90R46, Includes 4600 with AT activation, SF6000. Stock #89332

$433,000 (15)

2023 John Deere 616R with 120-ft. steel, 20” CVIII cab, Exact Apply, auto solution control, hi-flow pump, front fill, 5 sensor boom level, boom air purge, Ultimate vision lights, eductor, Ultimate Comfort package, Cat I cab filtration, pressure recirculation and reclaim, fence row nozzles, 420 skinny tires. Stock #91133

$570,000 (14)

2015 John Deere R4045 with Command View II Plus cab, guidance, section control, 120-ft. boom with auto boom leveling, stainless steel tank, foam markers, RH and LH fence row nozzles, no eductor, 420/95R50 tires. Stock #86591

$169,000 (12)

2023 John Deere 616R with 132-ft. carbon fiber, 20” spacing, CVIII cab, Exact Apply, premiun radio, auto solution control, hi-flow pump, 5 sensor boom level, boom air purge, Ultimate vision lights, eductor, Ultimate comfort package, Cat 1 cab filtration, fence row nozzles, skinny tires, includes 4.0 AT activation, 4600 arm rest display, section control, SF6000. Stock #89331

$555,000 (12)

2017 John Deere 4038 with 120-ft. boom, 20” spacing, 1000 gallon tank, 5 sensor BH, boom air purge, VF380/90R46 tires, high flow pump with dual flow meter, premium cab/radio, R/L end nozzles, LED lights, 6000 receiver, 2630 display with AutoTrac and section control and receiver. Stock #91139

$259,500 (14)

2018 Case IH 4440 with 120-ft. booms, 20” nozzle spacing, AccuBoom section control, AutoBoom height control, 620/70R38 tires, luxury cab, AccuGuide NavII controller, AFS 372 receiver, AFS Pro 700 display, stainless tank, hyd. tread adjust. Stock #93280

$222,500 (12)

2012 Versatile SX275 with 120-ft. boom with boom leveling, stainless steel tank, narrow tires, hyd. tread adjust, guidance ready with receiver and display, 20” spacing. Stock #86825 $79,500 (14)

$383,000 (4)

2012 John Deere 1890 60-ft. drill with 7.5” spacing, 8 run, single shoot, primary blockage, 350 bushel tow behind cart, 12” conveyor, rear duals, ground drive and variable rate. Stock #90382 $132,000 (12)

2015 John Deere 1890 60-ft. with 10” spacing, 90 Series openers, mix of spoked and unspoked gauge wheels, mix of smooth and serrated closing wheels, All Run Blockage (JD), 430 tow between cart with Intelligent Ag section control, 12” conveyor with standard hopper. Stock #88790

$198,000 (14)

2012 John Deere 1890 60-ft. no till drill, 10” spacing, single shoot air package for tow between cart, All Run Blockage system for seed, 430 bushel cart, Uniforce down pressure system. Stock #86592

$160,000 (12)

2015 John Deere 1890 60-ft. no-till drill, 7.5” spacing, SS, All Run Blockage, solid gauge wheel, 430 bushel tow behind cart, 3 tank, 8 run, hydraulic drive (section command), 10” fill auger. Stock #90868

$178,000 (12)

2010 John Deere 1830 60-ft., 10” spacing, single shoot, steel packers, mechanical depth control, primary blockage, 430 bushel 1910 tow behind air cart. Stock #90381

$77,400 (2)

#91115

#91139

#88700

#88790

2011 Forest River Blue Ridge 3025 5th wheel 3-slides, electric fire place, wired for TV, central vacuum, electric awning. Very good condition. New converter. Phone (406) 450-3647, leave message

Scott Schmiedeke (406) 240-2572

Victor, MT

Henry Kallis (605) 639-1904

Spearfish, SD

See us on the web: www.tte-inc.com

Plant in a Box

Panhandle Lego Robotics teams bring home awards

By Chabella Guzman, PREEC Communications

Gummies, cookies, hawks, and dozens of robots descended on Lincoln for the annual Nebraska First Lego League Robotics State Championship Tournament on March 21-22.

For the third consecutive year, the Scottsbluff County 4-H Robotics program has secured two of the top three spots in the state. This has led to a jump in interest and growth of robotics education in the local community.

First Lego League is a worldwide youth program that partners with LEGO each year to release a challenge board and theme for the year’s competition. The 2024-25 theme was “Submerged,” and students were invited to address challenges related to the oceans.

USDA inspected poultry and swine processing plant. Located in Victor, MT.

$40,000

“The Nebraska Panhandle showed up with our teams to compete at the Nebraska First Lego League Robotics State Championship Tournament that had 89 teams from across the state,” said Nathan Rice, Nebraska Extension 4-H Youth Development and coach for the Lord of the Gummies team. “Our teams demonstrated what they learned this year through countless hours of problem-solving, building, and coding.”

$14,500

2022 Big Tex 22GN, 33-ft. deck, sliding winch track, monster ramps, 48” axle spread, 10K oil bath axles, 14 ply tires at 90%. Nice trailer with very low miles in new condition. Located in Victor, MT

2008 John Deere 310SJ 6245+/hours, enclosed cab with heat and air conditioning, cloth air ride seat, Power Shift transmission, 4x4, Extend-A-Hoe, switchable pilot controls, new rear tires, 24” backhoe bucket, diff lock, has been very well maintained, has been through the shop, recent service, excellent condition. Located in Spearfish, SD $52,500

The competing teams had between 2 and 10 members, aged 9 to 14 years. The teams work together to design, build, and program a robot. The robots must accomplish as many missions as possible in two minutes and 30 seconds. Along with building and coding the robots, the teams design and present an innovation project that positively impacts their local community.

The 4-H season begins in August and runs through March. Anyone interested in learning more about the program or supporting the teams on their trip to Worlds is asked to contact the Scotts Bluff County Extension Office at 308-632-1480.

Awards from teams across the Panhandle: Scottsbluff - Lord of the Gummies: 1st Place Champions Trophy & Nebraska Innovation Award Nominee

2014 SkyTrak 6042 4115+/- hours, enclosed cab with heat, auxiliary hydraulics, manual coupler, 48” forks, 74” carriage, nice foam filled tires, 3-way steering, hydraulic frame tilt, 6000 lb lift, 42-ft. reach, has been through the shop all repairs have been made, just serviced, telehandler is in excellent condition. Located in Spearfish, SD

$51,900

2012 SkyTrak 10054 telehandler, 3785+- hours, 72” carriage, 60” forks, 3-way steering, stabilizers, frame tilt, foam filled tires, 10,000 pound lift capacity, 54-ft. reach, recent service, excellent condition, job site ready. Located in Spearfish, SD $62,900 $52,500

2014 SkyTrak 6036 3150 hours, OROPS, 3-way steering, all wheel drive, 4-ft. fork carriage with 4-ft. forks, 6,000 lb. lift capacity, 36-ft. reach, 21,000 lb. operating weight. Machine is in nice overall condition, serviced and job site ready. Located in Victor, MT . $42,900

2019 Kubota SVL75-2, 995 hours, enclosed cab heat and AC, hydraulic coupler, 78” bucket with bolt on edge, 75 hp, 6570 pound tip load. Very nice condition. Located in Spearfish, SD $64,500

“We (Scotts Bluff County 4-H) had two teams finish in the top three, with the Lord of the Gummies receiving the 1st place Championship Trophy and the Panhandle Cookie Bytes receiving the 3rd Place Champions Trophy,” Rice said. Both Teams are qualified to move on to world tournaments. The Lord of the Gummies will compete in April at the FIRST World Championships in Houston, Texas, where 67 countries from across the world will be represented at the tournament. The Panhandle Cookie Bytes will compete in June at the WPI Annual First Lego League Event in Worchester, Massachusets.

Scottsbluff - Panhandle Cookie Bytes: 3rd Place Champions Trophy, 1st Place Robot Performance Award, and Nebraska Innovation Award Nominee Alliance - Sting Ray: 1st Place Core Values

Hay Springs - Pixilated Hawks: Nebraska Innovation Award Nominee

Kimball - Kimbots: 2nd Place Robot Design

Rushville - Tiny But Smart: 3rd Place Robot Design

Scottsbluff - CCS Robotics 2: 4th Place Core Values

National Garlic Day

This holiday is always celebrated on April 19th

National Garlic Day promotes the many uses of Garlic. And, there certainly are many uses. It’s a vegetable. It’s an herb. It is used in recipes around the world. Native to Asia, garlic has been used medicinally for thousands of years. And, Garlic is believed to ward off evil spirits. What’s Halloween without a strand of garlic around your neck, to keep the vampires away? About the only negative thing you can say

about garlic is that it can negatively affect an otherwise romantic evening. And, that’s not a problem, if the both of you eat garlic. To counter the effects of garlic breath, make sure to have plenty of breath mints handy. Phytochemicals in garlic are believed to provide protection against heart disease and cancer. Specifically, stomach and colorectal cancers.

• Helps to fight off colds and flu.

• Lowers blood cholesterol levels.

• Reduces the buildup of plaque in arteries.

• Used as a treatment for acne and warts.

• Used to treat toothaches

Lego League team “Lord of the Gummies” brought home the 1st P{lace Champions Trophy on March 22. Team members are from left to right: Simon Rugroden. Cole Shimp, Henry Winterbottom, Lee Rogers, Oliver Howard, Lydia Rugroden, Emmaline Hergert, and Kolter Luce.

“NEW” JOHN DEERE SKIDSTEERS

TRACTORS

2023 John Deere 8R 340 Signature Edition, IVT with RHR, ILS, full GPS, 6 SCVs, 380/90R54 rear tires with duals, 380/80R38 front tires with duals, 270 hours. 6 year/4000 hour extended PowrGard Warranty. Stock #90254 $433,000

2022 John Deere 8R 340 IVT with RHR, ILS, 6 SCVs, 480/80R50 dual rears, 480/70R34 front duals, full GPS, 439 hours. Extended warranty til 8-2028 Stock #90437 $393,000

2023 John Deere 8R 310 MFWD, IVT, air seat, cab suspension, right hand reverser, 60 gpm hydraulic pump, 6 SCVs, 480/80R 50 rear duals, 420/85R 34 front duals, 22 front weights, 1500 lb. rear weights, 590 hours. PowrQuad Warranty till 3-2029 or 4000 hours. Stock #89857. $398,000

2023 John Deere 6110M cab tractor, MFWD, 24 speed PowrQuad with reverser, 3 SCVs, 30 gpm hydraulic pump, rack & pinion rear axle, cast wheels, 3 function loader ready, mechanical cab suspension & Panoram roof. Factory Warranty good till 4-182026, Powertrain Warranty good will 4-17-2030 or 4000 hours. 502 hours. Stock #93208.

$140,000

2018 New Holland T6.170 cab, MFD, 16 speed, Dual Command transmission, 845TL loader & grapple, 888 hours. Stock #86681.

$126,000

New Holland T6.165 cab tractor, MFD, 16 speed Powershift transmission, 3 SCVs, 855LA 2 function loader 1220 hours. Stock #92103.

$99,000

$373,000

2022 John Deere 8R 310 IVT with RHR, ILS, full GPS, 6 SCVs, 480/80R50 rear tires with duals, 420/85R34 front tire with duals, 897 hours. 6 year/4000 hour extended PowrGard Warranty. Stock #90255.

2021 John Deere 8R 230 Signature Edition, IVT with RHR, ILS, 6 SCVs, 380/90R54 duals, 320/80R42 front singles, full GPS, 1023 hours. Extended warranty till 7-2027. Stock #90440...$275,000

2022 John Deere 7R 290 cab tractor, MFWD, IVT transmission, Command Pro, air seat & cab suspension, triple link suspension, front & rear fenders, Ultimate Visibility package. PowrGard Warranty good till 10-23-2029 or 5000 hours. Which ever comes first. 446 hours. Stock #91693

$328,000

2013 John Deere 7230R tractor, 3250 hours, IVT, TLS, 4 SCVs, 480/70R34 fronts with 480/80R50 rears, No GPS. Stock #92101.

$135,000

2024 John Deere 6155M cab tractor, MFWD with 640R loader & grapple, 20 speed PowerQuad with left hand reverser, AutoTrac ready less receiver, 3 SCVs, beacon & work lights, mechanical cab suspension, Panorama roof, 2450# weights each side & ballast. Factory Warranty good till 3-29-2026 or 2000 hours. PowrGard Warranty good till 3-27-2030 or 4000 hours. 195 hours. Stock #93175.

$202,500

2024 John Deere 6155M cab tractor, MFWD with 640R loader and grapple, 20 speed PowrQuad with left hand reverser, AutoTrac ready less receiver, 3 SCVs, beacon & work lights, triple link front suspension, mechanical cab suspension, Panorama roof, 2450# weights each side & ballast. Factory Warranty good till 4-6-2026 or 2000 hours. PowrQuad Warranty good till 4-4-2030 or 4000 hours. 585 hours. Stock #93179.

$200,000

2023 John Deere 6110M cab tractor, MFWD, 24 speed PowrQuad with reverser, 3 SCVs, 30 gpm hydraulic pump, rack & pinion rear axle, cast wheels, 3 function loader ready, mechanical cab suspension & Panorama roof. Factory Warranty good till 4-182026, Powertrain Warranty good till 4-17-2030 or 4000 hours. Stock #93207.

$142,500

2015 New Holland T7.210 T4A MFD, 165 hp, Powershift, 3 SCVs, 2380 hours. Stock #91852.

$120,000

2005 John Deere 6715 cab, MFWD, 16 speed PowrQuad, left hand reverser, 3 SCVs, front tires 320/90/42, rear tires 320/90/54, 3789 hours. Stock #87936.

$65,000 (3) 2023 John Deere 5090E cab tractors, MFWD, 12/12 transmission with left hand reverser, loader ready, air seat, 3 SCVs, approximately 700 hours. Factory warranty good till 10-2025, Powertrain good till 10-2028 or 3500 hours. Stock #91750, #91751 and #91752. Each $68,500

2013 TwinStar 24-ft rake. $13,000

2015 Haybuster 2660 round bale processor, hydraulic deflector chute. Stock #87924. $12,500

Bale King Vortex 3000 round bale processor, left hand discharge with hydraulic deflector chute. Stock #92911. $8500

Woods RT60 rototiller. Stock #85226 $3600

AgriEase TS120 rototiller. Stock #85227 $2450

$65,000

2022 John Deere 4066R cab tractor with 440 R loader, air seat, 2 rear SCVs, Beacon light and rear work lights. 8 hours.

2018 John Deere 2025R tractor with 120R loader, hydrostratic transmission, mechanical front wheel drive, 3 point, 540 PTO, 110 hours. Stock #92368. $20,000

AIR DRILL

ROUND BALERS

Woods SB74C snowblower with manual discharge $4949

Woods DHS 80C 80” disc. Stock #84418

Woods BO72RC 72” rotary cutter

$3520

$4290

2019 Frontier RC 2048 rotary cutter, 48” cut, 540 PTO driveline with slip clutch, front & rear chain enclosures. Stock #92369. $1600

Woods TK72 72” finish mower. Stock #84419 $4600

2020 Frontier WC1205 wood chipper, 540 PTO, 5” capacity, 35-95 hp, like new. Stock #92065. $6400

Frontier AF11E 72” front blade with John Deere 300/400/500 mounts, never used. Stock #92095. $2800

Frontier AP12F 42” pallet forks with John Deere 300/400/500 mounts, never used. Stock #92098. $1000

$59,500

2023 John Deere 560M round baler, 1000 PTO, net wrap, MegaWide pickup, hydraulic pickup, flotation tires, grease bank, 5866 bales. Stock #91146

2022 John Deere 560M round baler, 1000 PTO, net wrap, MegaWide pickup, hydraulic pickup, flotation tires, 8322 bales. Stock #88053.

$52,000

2018 John Deere 560M round baler with pre cutter, 1000 PTO, 17,063 bales. Stock #81836.

$40,000

2018 John Deere 560M round baler, 16,102 bale count, 1000 PTO. Stock #92950

$33,000

2016 John Deere 569 round baler, 1000 PTO, net wrap & twine, Mega Wide pickup, hydraulic pickup, flotation tires, approximately 38,000 bales. Stock #91914.

$20,000

2018 Massey-Ferguson 2290 4x4 square baler, 31,024 bales. Stock #88736. $129,900

2017 John Deere L340 3x4 baler, tandem axle, large 1000 PTO, LED lights, auto

$198,000 2021 John Deere W235 windrower with R500 16-ft.

steel conditioner, premium cab, 4640 with activation, no

#92094

Massey Ferguson 1393 mower conditioner, center pull

Geneticist outlines promise of gene editing

By Pat Melgares, K-State Research and Extension news service

An animal geneticist at the University of CaliforniaDavis told Kansas cattle producers recently that a gene editing technique more common in plant genetics is also a safe option for shortening the time it takes to improve cattle genetics.

Alison Van Eenennaam led off the program for Kansas State University’s 112th annual Cattlemen’s Day on March 7 in Manhattan. Her talk was titled, ‘Genetic Modifications in Livestock.’

“Often when people hear the expression ‘genetic modification’ what comes to mind is the whole GMO debate and scary memes on the Internet, or that if you eat GMOs something bad will happen to you,” Van Eenennaam said. “That narrative has been very hard to correct.

Van Eenennaam’s research team at UC-Davis is working to perfect a technique in which scientists take a look at the vast cattle genome, identify the DNA pairs that define various traits, and – literally – edit targeted genes to produce a more desired trait.

Gene editing has taken root in plant breeding, leading to numerous advances in plant-based foods. KState scientists, for example, have used gene editing to reduce the presence of gluten-coding genes in wheat, a breakthrough that one day may allow people with celiac disease to again enjoy wheat-based products.

“In 2009, we were able to define the entire sequence of the cattle genome, which gave us a look at the genetic variation that exists between cattle breeds,” Van Eenennaam said. “In the case of cattle, that’s about 3 billion base pairs of DNA that make up the cattle genome.”

Conventional breeding focuses on identifying and using genetically superior animals that posses desired traits, and avoiding those with less desired traits. Improving cattle genetics in this manner is a long process, often taking three or four generations – or about a dozen years.

Van Eenennaam said gene editing can inactivate genes that lead to undesired traits in a more targeted fashion. The technique involves inactivating genes that define

SHORT ON WATER ?

in One

Never a Report of Winter Kill

This Alfalfa has been called a tetraploid anomaly by alfalfa breeders. On the market since 1979, and being improved twice, It remains the highest yielding, low water

HERE’S WHAT GROWERS ARE SAYING: (More testimonials available on our website)

When Planting Dryland Alfalfa always use coated seed! (Let us prove it!)

“We normally plant dryland alfalfa the third week in May, but spring moisture allowed us to plant April 23. By 1st cut the 360-D was up to my shirt pockets.”

Steve Garrett - Casper, WY

“We get 2 Ton in a bad water year and 4 Ton in a good water year on dryland with 360-D.” Cal Oliveras - Albin, WY

“The best dryland alfalfa ever raised. The leafiness was surprising.”

Fred Walters - 40 Mile Colony / Lodge Grass, MT

“We love that alfalfa! We get 2 cuts on dryland, and we are ordering for the fourth time.”

Skip Ahlgren, Rocking TS Cattle - Winnett, MT

“We planted 2200 lbs of 360-D. Considering the ‘not so good’ soil we planted 360-D on, and our high altitude, and less than needed rainfall, the 360-D did well enough that we will de nitely plant it again”

Marlin Geier - Osage, WY

a particular trait. Genetic improvements in the cattle herd can occur within a single generation.

“You can inactivate a gene, or basically knock it out,” Van Eenennaam said. “That’s useful in cattle genetics if you’re targeting a gene that creates something you don’t want, such as susceptibility to disease.”

Beneficial gene variants can also be added to the cattle genome, using a cattle DNA template, to introduce useful traits “such as the polled allele that results in hornlessness into horned breeds of cattle,” Van Eenennaam said.

In the swine industry, gene editing is being used successfully to improve pig’s resistance to Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome, a devastating disease that costs that industry about $1.2 billion per year in the United States alone.

Van Eenennaam said that while gene editing research is being conducted in many food animals, the technology still faces regulatory hurdles in the U.S., as well as the need to overcome perceptions among countries that buy U.S. beef.

“It’s a new-ish technology and the regulations are just kind of catching up,” she said. “So we haven’t really gotten a lot of products on the market yet.”

Van Eenennaam’s complete talk is available online from K-State’s Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, at https://www. asi.k-state.edu/events/cattlemens-day. That website also includes videos by other presenters at this year’s event, as well as reports from research conducted at K-State in the past year.

#####

The class was told to paint a picture of cows grazing in a meadow.

Soon, Little Johnny lifts a hand that he’s finished and shows the teacher a blank sheet of paper.

“But Johnny, you didn’t paint anything on it?” says the teacher.

“Well, the cows have eaten all the grass and since there was no grass left, they just went away.”

#####

Teacher: “Why are you praying in class little Johnny?”

Little Johnny: “My mom taught me to always pray before going to sleep.”