Foreign Policy and Diplomatic Affairs
May 1919November 1919
Anthousa, Messenia 2025
HighCommissionofGreeceatSmyrna
Series:History/Ἱστορία
GeorgeC.Katsifaras
HighCommissionofGreeceatSmyrna: ForeignPolicyandDiplomaticAffairs May1919-November1919
ISBN:978-618-5572-28-0
Cover:ExtractfrommapofGreeceandTurkey(azurecolor:theZone ofSmyrnaandtheterritoriesofGreeceeastofConstantinopleafterthe TreatyofSèvres).
Publisher:TheodosisAng.Papadimitropoulos (ΘεοδόσηςἈγγ.Παπαδημητρόπουλος) Anthousa,Oechalia Messenia24002 tel.:+302724023594 www.theodosispapadimitropoulos.gr info@theodosispapadimitropoulos.gr Blog:http://www.dieleusi.gr
Copyright©:ΘεοδόσηςἈγγ.Παπαδημητρόπουλος (TheodosisAng.Papadimitropoulos),2025. Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthisbookmaybereprintedorreproducedor utilisedinanyformorbyanyelectronic,mechanical,orothermeans,nowknown orhereafterinvented,includingphotocopyingandrecording,orinanyinformation storageorretrievalsystem,withoutpermissioninwritingfromthepublisher.
Ἀπαγορεύεταιἡἀναδημοσίευσις,ἡἀναπαραγωγή–ὁλική,μερικὴἢπεριληπτική–,ἡμετάφρασιςἢἡἀπόδοσιςκατὰπαράφρασινἢδιασκευὴντοῦ περιεχομένουτῆςβίβλουταύτηςκαθ᾽οἱονδήποτετρόπον–μηχανικόν,ἠλεκτρονικόν,φωτοτυπικόν,ἠχογραφήσεωςἢἄλλον–,ἄνευπροηγουμένηςγραπτῆςἀδείαςτοῦἐκδότουκαὶλεπτομεροῦς,δῆλαδὴπλήρους,παραπομπῆςεἰς ταύτηντὴνἔκδοσινκαὶτὸνσυγγραφέααὐτῆς,ὡςσαφῶςπεριγράφουσινοἱ Νόμοι2121/1993,2557/1997καὶἅπαντεςοἱκανόνεςτοῦΔιεθνοῦςΔικαίου οἱἰσχύοντεςἐνἙλλάδι.
HighCommissionofGreeceatSmyrna
ForeignPolicyandDiplomaticAffairs
May1919-November1919
Anthousa,Messenia2025
GeorgeC.Katsifaras
DimitriN.Kitsikis,02/06/1935-28/08/2021
Baiesd’amourasexué
Violéd’Occidentbrutal
DimitriKitsikis, Omphalos, EditionsPierreJeanOswald,Paris1977,p.13.
Photocopyright: ©DimitriKitsikisFoundation-Athens,GeneralStateArchives-Heraklion ©ἽδρυμαΔημήτρηΚιτσίκη-Ἀθῆναι,Γ.Α.Κ.ΓενικὰἈρχεῖατοῦΚράτους-Ἡράκλειον
ΤΗΙἹΕΡΑΙΣΚΙΑΙΤΟΥΑΟΙΔΙΜΟΥ
ΚΑΙΠΕΦΙΛΗΜΕΝΟΥΕΜΟΥΔΙΔΑΣΚΑΛΟΥ ΔΗΜΗΤΡΙΟΥΝ.ΚΙΤΣΙΚΗ
ΤΕΚΜΗΡΙΟΝΕΛΑΧΙΣΤΟΝΕΥΓΝΩΜΟΣΥΝΗΣ
‐μῶν,καὶΣοὶτὴν δόξανἀναπέμπο‐μεν,σὺντῷἀνάρχῳ
ΣουΠατρὶκαὶτῷ παναγίῳκαὶἀγαθῷ καὶζωοποιῷΣου Πνεύματι,νῦνκαὶ ἀεὶκαὶεἰςτοὺςαἰ‐ῶναςτῶναἰώνων.
Abbreviationsandexplanationofmarks
Abbreviations
a.m.: antemeridiem
AN: Author’sNote
AT: Author’stranslation
ATG: Author’stranslation,theoriginalGreektextisasfollows cf.: confer(compare)
CSA: CentralServiceArchives
DN: DocumentNumber
e.g.: exempligratia
ed.: editor
F: DocumentFile
ff.: foliō
i.e.: idest
no.: number
NS: new-stylecalendar
OS: old-stylecalendar
p.: page
p.m.: postmeridiem
transl.: translation
vol.: volume
Marks
Solidus(/)insourcequotationsusedtoindicateaparagraphchange intheoriginaltext.Caesuramark(||)insourcequotationsusedtoindicate caesuras.
AbbreviationsofJournals&Booksetc.
ADAP: AktenzurDeutschenAuswärtigenPolitik
AEV: ArchiveofEleftheriosVenizelos
AHCGS: ArchiveoftheHighCommissionofGreece atSmyrna
APUSA: AddressofthePresidentoftheUnitedStates
AJIL: TheAmericanJournalofInternationalLaw
BFSP: BritishandForeignStatePapers
Br.J.MiddleEast. Stud.: BritishJournalofMiddleEasternStudies
Bull.Inst.Pierre Renouvin: Bulletindel’InstitutPierreRenouvin
Dipl.Hist.: DiplomaticHistory
DBFP: DocumentsonBritishForeignPolicy
DDF: DocumentsDiplomatiquesFrançais
DDK: DiedeutschenDokumentezumKriegsausbruch
DHAS: DiplomaticandHistoricalArchivesService oftheMFA
FRUS: PapersrelatingtotheForeignrelations oftheUnitedStates
FWWS: FirstWorldWarStudies
Hist.: TheHistorian
Hist.J.: TheHistoricalJournal
IJHSS: InternationalJournalofHumanities andSocialScienceResearch
IJMES: InternationalJournalofMiddleEastStudies
Int.Hist.Rev.: TheInternationalHistoryReview
J.Mod.Hist.: TheJournalofModernHistory
MFA: MinistryofForeignAffairs
MGZ: MilitärgeschichtlicheZeitschrift
Mod.AsianStud.: ModernAsianStudies
PPC: TheParisPeaceConference
USAW: UnitedStatesArmyintheWorldWar, 1917-1919
HighCommissionofGreeceatSmyrna: AbbreviationsofJournals...
WZKM: WienerZeitschriftFürDieKunde DesMorgenlandes
LA26/04/1915: AgreementBetweenFrance,Russia,GreatBritain, andItaly,SignedatLondon,April26,1915
TA10/08/1920: TripartiteAgreementbetweentheBritishEmpire, FranceandItalyRespectingAnatolia,Signedat Sèvres,August10,1920
TS10/08/1920:[TheTreatyofSèvres],1920TreatyofPeace withTurkey,SignedatSèvres,August10,1920
Greek
Ἀθῆναι: ἐφημερὶς1902-1926,Ἱδρυτής:ΓεώργιοςΠώπ (=Athens:newspaper1902-1926,Founder: GeorgiosPop)
ΓΕΣ: ΓενικὸνἘπιτελεῖονΣτρατοῦ(=HellenicArmy GeneralStaff)
ΔΙΣ: ΔιεύθυνσιςἹστορίαςΣτρατοῦ(=HellenicDirectorateofMilitaryHistory)
Ἐμπρός: ἩμερησίαἘθνικὴἘφημερίς,ἐφημερὶς 1896-1969,Διευθυντής:ΕυάγγελοςΝ. Λαχανοκάρδης(= Embros:DailyNational Newspaper,newspaper1896-1969,Director: EvangelosN.Lachanokardis)
ΙΕΕ: ἹστορίατοῦἙλληνικούἜθνους (=Historyofthe GreekNation)
ΙΛΑΕΚ: ἹστορικὴΛαογραφικὴκαὶἈρχαιολογικὴ ἙταιρείαΚρήτης(=HistoricalFolkloricandArchaeologicalSocietyofCrete)
ΦΕΚ: ΦύλλονἘφημερίδοςτῆςΚυβερνήσεωςτοῦ ΒασιλείουτῆςἙλλάδος(=OfficialGovernment GazetteoftheKingdomofGreece)
Explanationofreferencetothearchives: AHCGS and AEV Citation to AHCGS ismadeaccordingtotheproposedsystemoftheMFA,i.e.: DHAS,followedby:archiveoriginCSA,followedby:Yearofclassification, followedby:Fileno.,followedby:Subfolderno.,followedby:Subfolder no.oftheSubfolder:Thus,bythecitation DHAS:CSA1919/1.3,1,it
HighCommissionofGreeceatSmyrna: AbbreviationsofJournals... 11
isstatedthatthereferencedfileislocatedintheyear1919inFolder1, inSubfolder3,andinitsfirst(1)Subfolder.
Citationtothe AEV isasfollows: AEV followedby:F,followedby:DN.
Sources
UnpublishedArchives
DiplomaticandHistoricalArchivesServiceoftheMinistryofForeign Affairs,CentralServiceArchives:
AHCGS1919:
DHAS:CSA1919/1.3,1
DHAS:CSA1919/2.2,1
DHAS:CSA1919/2.4,1
DHAS:CSA1919/2.4,2
DHAS:CSA1919/3.1,1
DHAS:CSA1919/3.1,2
DHAS:CSA1919/4.4,1
DHAS:CSA1919/4.4,2
DHAS:CSA1919/4.5,1
DHAS:CSA1919/5.2,1
DHAS:CSA1919/5.3,1
DHAS:CSA1919/5.5,1
DHAS:CSA1919/5.6,1
PublishedArchives
DiplomaticandHistoricalArchivesServiceoftheMinistryofForeign Affairs,CentralServiceArchives:
DHAS:CSA1919/10.3,1
BenakiMuseum
ArchiveofEleftheriosVenizelos:
HighCommissionofGreeceatSmyrna: Sources 13
AEV F3/DN23
AEV F17/DN37
AEV F18/DN97
AEV F21/DN149
AEV F21/DN158
AEV F21/DN197
AEV F21/DN172
AEV F22/DN108
AEV F22/DN127
AEV F23/DN141
AEV F23/DN195-6
AEV F23/DN203
AEV F23/DN204
AEV F24/DN14
AEV F24/DN110
AEV F24/DN146
AEV F31/DN105
TheNationalArchives WarCouncil,19March1915,Cab42/2/14
PublishedCorpusArchives
AddressofthePresidentoftheUnitedStates,deliveredatajointsession ofthetwohousesofCongress,January8,1918,Washington 1918.
AktenzurdeutschenauswärtigenPolitik:1918-1945 (1950-95),Serie A,BandVI:1.März1918bis31.Dezember1925 (1988), Göttingen:Vandenhoeck&Ruprecht.
Britishandforeignstatepapers, 1917-1918,vol.CXI,Compiledand EditedbyEdwardParkeswiththeassistanceofJohnW.Field andR.C.Thomson,London:HisMajesty’sStationeryOffice, 1921.
DiedeutschenDokumentezumKriegsausbruch:VomEintreffenderserbischenAntwortnoteinBerlinbiszumBekanntwerdenderrussischenallgemeinenMobilmachung,ed.K.KautskyundM. Montgelas,bandII,Berlin:DeutscheVerlagsgesellschaftfürPolitikundGeschichte,1924.
DocumentsonBritishForeignPolicy, 1919-1939,EditedbyE.L.WoodwardandRohanButler,FirstSeries,vol.I:1919,London:Her Majesty’sStationeryOffice,1947.
HighCommissionofGreeceatSmyrna: Sources
DocumentsonBritishForeignPolicy, 1919-1939,EditedbyE.L.WoodwardandRohanButler,FirstSeries,vol.IV:1919,London:Her Majesty’sStationeryOffice,1952.
DocumentsonBritishForeignPolicy, 1919-1939,EditedbyRohanButler andJ.P.T.Bury,FirstSeries,vol.VII:1920,London:Her Majesty’sStationeryOffice,1958.
MinistèredesAffairesÉtrangèresetduDéveloppementInternational, Frank,R.,&GerdKrumeich.(2014), DocumentsDiplomatiquesFrançais,vol.1,éd.Jean-MichelGuieu,VincentLaniol etAlexandreSumpf,Bruxelles:PeterLang.
PapersRelatingtotheForeignRelationsoftheUnitedStates, 1919: TheParisPeaceConference,vol.I,UnitedStates,Washington: UnitedStatesGovernmentPrintingOffice,1942.
PapersRelatingtotheForeignRelationsoftheUnitedStates, 1919: TheParisPeaceConference,vol.V,UnitedStates,Washington: UnitedStatesGovernmentPrintingOffice,1946.
UnitedStatesArmyintheWorldWar,1917-1919, Policy-formingDocumentsoftheAmericanExpeditionaryForces,vol.2,Washington.D.C:UnitedStatesArmy,CenterofMilitaryHistory, 1989.
Treaties
AgreementBetweenFrance,Russia,GreatBritain,andItaly,Signed atLondon,April26,1915,London:HisMajesty’sStationary Office,1920.
[TheTreatyofSèvres],1920TreatyofPeacewithTurkey,Signedat Sèvres,August10,1920[WithMaps]:PresentedtoParliament byCommandofHisMajesty, TreatySeriesNo.11(1920), London:HisMajesty’sStationeryOffice,1920.
TripartiteAgreementbetweentheBritishEmpire,FranceandItalyRespectingAnatolia.(1921). AJIL15(2),153–159.
OfficialGovernmentGazetteoftheKingdomofGreece
HighCommissionofGreeceatSmyrna: Sources 15
ΦΕΚ41/Α/19Φεβρουαρίου1920 Περὶκυρώσεωςτοῦἀπὸ1ηςὈκτωβρίουνομοθετικοῦδιατάγματος: Περὶἐγκρίσεωςδαπάνηςπρὸς ἀποζημίωσιντῶνπαθόντωνἐνΣμύρνῃκαὶτοῖςπέριξἐκτῶν γεγονότωντῆς2καὶ3Μαΐου1919.
ΦΕΚ23/Α/28η Ἰανουαρίου1920: Περὶδιορισμοῦτοῦκ.Ἀριστείδου Στεργιάδου,ὙπάτουἉρμοστοῦτῆςἙλλάδοςἐνΣμύρνῃ,ὡς Ὑπουργοῦἄνευχαρτοφυλακίου
ΦΕΚ67/Α/18η Μαρτίου1920: ΠερὶὁρκωμοσίαςὙπάτουἉρμοστοῦ.
Laws
Νόμος1947/1920ἄρθρονμόνον: ΠερὶδιορισμοῦὙπουργοῦἄνευ
χαρτοφυλακίου.
Νόμος2140/1920ἄρθρονμόνον: ΠερὶὁρκωμοσίαςὙπάτουἉρμοστοῦ
Newspapers
Ἀθῆναι:May2nd,1919ΙΖ΄[=17]year,no.(194)-5953
Ἀθῆναι:May3rd ,1919ΙΖ΄[=17]year,no.(194)-5954
Ἐμπρός:May10th,191923rd year,no.8107 ΓΕΣ/ΔΙΣ
Δρακόπουλος,Ἰ.,(Τ/χηςΠΖ)(ed.).(1957), ἩἘκστρατείαεἰςτὴν ΜικρὰνἈσίαν1919-1922:ὉἙλληνικὸςΣτρατὸςεἰςτὴν Σμύρνην(Μάιος1919–Μάιος1920).Ἀθῆναι:Ἔκδοσις ΔΙΣ.
Μemoirs
Μαζαράκης-ΑἰνιάνἈ.,Ἀκαδημαϊκὸς-Ἀντιστράτηγος,(1948), Ἀπομνημονεύματα,Ἀθῆναι:Ἵκαρος.
HighCommissionofGreeceatSmyrna: Bibliography
Bibliography
Albrecht-Carrié,R.,(1938), ItalyattheParisPeaceConference,New York:MorningsideHeights,ColumbiaUniversity. Albrecht-Carrié,R.,(1946),ItalianColonialPolicy,1914-1918. J.Mod. Hist. 18(2),123-47.
AtayÇ.,(2024),‘TheBeginningandEndoftheOccupationofİzmir (2-15May1919and9-13September1922)’,in:NeşeÖzden,BirkanSoykan-Uğur,CenkDenizİmamoğlu(ed.), Morean massacreandgreekatrocitiesinAnatoliaSymposium(15-16 November2021),Ankara:TürkTarihKurumu. Begum,Imrana.,(2019),‘TheMuslimsofIndiaandtheFirstWorldWar 1914-1918.’ IJHSS 5March:1-9.
Bihl,Wolfdieter,(1992),‘ZurIndien-PolitikDesOsmanischenReichesIm ErstenWeltkrieg.’ WZKM 82:51-66.
Budheswar,Pati,(1996), IndiaandtheFirstWorldWar,NewDelhi: AtlanticPublishers.
ChurchillW.,(1929), Theworldcrisis:TheAftermath,vol5,London: ThorntonButterworthLimited.
Dockrill,M.L.,&SteinerZara,(1980),‘TheForeignOfficeattheParis PeaceConferencein1919.’ Int.Hist.Rev. 2(1):55-86. Friedman,I.,(2017), BritishMiscalculations:TheRiseofMuslimNationalism1918-1925,London&NewYork:Routledge. MarstonFr.S.,(1944), ThePeaceConferenceof1919.London,New York,Toronto:OxfordUniversityPress.
Farrar,L.L.,(1976),‘SeparatePeace-GeneralPeace-TotalWar:The CrisisinGermanPolicyduringtheSpringof1917’, MGZ,vol. 20,no.2,51-80.
FryM.G.,(1977), LlyodGeorgeandForeignPolicy:TheEducation ofaStatesman,1890-1916,vol.1.Montreal&London: McGill-Queen’sUniversityPress. Gallagher,J.,(1981),‘NationalismsandtheCrisisofEmpire,1919-1922.’ Mod.AsianStud. 15,3:355-68.
GallantTh.W.,(20162), ModernGreece: fromtheWarofIndependence tothePresent,London,NewYork:Bloomsbury. Gehrke,Ul.,(1960), PersieninDerDeutschenOrient-PolitikWährend DesErstenWeltkrieges.W.Kohlhammer.
Gerstle,G.,(2008),‘RaceandNationintheThoughtandPoliticsof WoodrowWilson’in:JohnMiltonCooper,Jr.(ed.), ReconsideringWoodrowWilson:Progressivism,Internationalism,War, andPeace.Wood-rowWilsonCenterPressandJohnsHopkins UniversityPress,93-124.
Goldstein,E.,(1989),‘GreatBritainandGreaterGreece1917-1920.’ Hist.J. 32,no.2:339-56.
Goldstein,E.,(2014), TheFirstWorldWarPeaceSettlements,19191925.London:Routledge.
GrafErnst,ZuReventlow,(1940), VonPotsdamNachDoorn.Berlin: Klieber.
Helmreich,P.,C.,(1974), FromParistoSèvres.Columbus:OhioState UniversityPress.
HurewitzJ.C.,(19792), TheMiddleEastandNorthAfricainWorld Politics:ADocumentaryRecord-British-FrenchSupremacy, 1914-1945,vol.2,NewHaven&London:YaleUniversity Press.
Jensen,P.,K.,(1979),‘TheGreco-TurkishWar,1920-1922.’ IJMES 10,no.4:553-65.
Jung,Dietrich,(2014),‘The‘Ottoman-GermanJihad’:Lessonsforthe Contemporary‘AreaStudies’Controversy.’ Br.J.MiddleEast. Stud. 41,no.3:247-65.
KitsikisD.,(1972), LeRôleDesExpertsÀLaConférencedeLaPaixde 1919:GestationD’uneTechnocratieEnPolitiqueInternationale Ottawa,Canada:Éditionsdel’Universitéd’Ottawa.
KitsikisD.,(19943), L’empireOttoman,Paris:PressesUniversitairesde France.
KitsikisD.,(1988),«Ledegrédepuissancedel’Empireottoman,au coursdelaPremièreGuerremondiale»,in:AllainJ.-C.(dir.), La moyennepuissanceauXXesiècle,Paris,Institutd’Histoiredes conflitscontemporains,39-64.
KitsikisD.,(1963), PropagandeetPressionsEnPolitiqueInternationale: LaGrèceetSesRevendicationsàLaConférencedeLaPaix 1919-1920.[PublicationsdelaFacultédesLettresetSciences HumainesdeParis.Series‘Recherches,’Number9.Travaux del’Institutd’HistoiredesRelationsInternationales,Number3.] Paris:PressesUniversitairesdeFrance.
LaniolV.,(2015),‘Fairelapaixsansl’ennemi?L’exempledela ConférencedelaPaixde1919’, Bull.Inst.PierreRenouvin, 42,no.2,89-100.
LewisG.,(1977),‘TheOttomanproclamationofJihādin1914’,in: ArabicandIslamicgarland.Historical,educationalandliterary paperspresentedtoAbdul-LatifTibawi, byColleagues,Friends
HighCommissionofGreeceatSmyrna: Bibliography
andStudents.TheIslamicCulturalCentre,London1397/1977, 159-65.
LlewellynSmithM.,(1998), IonianVision:GreeceinAsiaMinor19191922.UniversityofMichiganPress.
LloydG.D.,(1938), ThetruthaboutthePeaceTreaties,vol.II,London: VictorGollanczLTD.
LoweC.J.&DockrillM.L.,(1972), TheMirageofPower.vol.2. London:RoutledgeandK.Paul.
Lüdke,T.,(2005), JihadMadeinGermany:OttomanandGermany PropagandaandIntelligenceOperationsintheFirstWorld War.Münster,LitVerlag.
Macarthur-Seal,D.-J.,(2013),’IntelligenceandLloydGeorge’ssecret diplomacyinthenearEast,1920-1922’. Hist.J.,56,3, 707-28.
MacmillanM.,(2001), Peacemakers:TheParisConferenceof1919 andItsAttempttoEndWar.London:JohnMurray. MantouxP.,(1955), LesDélibérationsduConseildesQuatre(24mars28juin).Notesdel’OfficierInterprete,PaulMantoux.vol.I, Paris:CentreNationaldelaRéchercheScientifique. McCarthy,J.,(2022), TheBritishandtheTurks:AHistoryofAnimosity, 1893-1923.EdinburghUniversityPress. Montgomery,A.E.,(1972),‘VIII.TheMakingoftheTreatyofSèvres of10August1920’, Hist.J., 15(4),775-87.
Nicolson,H.,(1934), Curzon:theLastPhase1919-1925,AStudyin Post-WarDiplomacy,London:Constable&coLTD.
PolydorakisG.,(2021),«Lessourcessurlesconférencesdelapaix (1919-1923)danslesArchivesdiplomatiquesduministèregrec desAffairesétrangères».in: Sortiesdeguerre(1918-1923), éditéparIsabelleRichefortetIsabelleNathan.Paris.La Courneuve:DirectiondesArchives,237-44.
ProttV.,(2016), ThePoliticsofSelf-Determination:RemakingTerritories andNationalIdentitiesinEurope,1917-1923.Oxford,United Kingdom:OxfordUniversityPress.
Prott,V.,(2014),‘Τyingupthelooseendsofnationalself-determination: British,French,andAmericanexpertsinPeaceplanning,1917–1919.’ Hist.J.,57,3:727-50.
RöhlJ.C.G.,(2017), WilhelmII.:DerWeginDenAbgrund1900-1941 C.H.Beck.
Sharp,A.(2001),‘HoldinguptheFlagofBritain…withSustained VigourandBrillianceor‘SowingtheseedsofEuropeanDisaster’? LloydGeorgeandBalfourattheParisPeaceConference’,in: TheParisPeaceConference,1919.StudiesinMilitaryand StrategicHistory.London:PalgraveMacmillan.35-50.
: Bibliography 19
ShorrockW.I.,(1972),‘TheFrenchPresenceinSyriaandLebanon BeforetheFirstWorldWar,1900-1914.’ Hist. 34,no.2, 293-303.
Smith,L.V.,(2016),‘DrawingBordersintheMiddleEastaftertheGreat War:PoliticalGeographyand‘SubjectPeoples.’ FWWS7,no. 1,5-21.
SnellJ.L.(1954),‘WilsononGermanyandtheFourteenPoints.’ J. Mod.Hist.26,no.4,364-69.
TemperleyH.W.V.,(ed.),(1920), AHistoryofthePeaceConference ofParis vol.ILondon:HenryFrowdeOxfordUniversityPress Hodder&StoughtonWarwickSquare,E.C. Thamm,B.G.,(2021),‘DerDjihad(HeiligerKrieg)AlsBestandteilKaiserlicherOrientpolitikImErstenWeltkrieg-MilitärhistorischeAnmerkungenZurEntstehungDesDauerkriegsschauplatzesNahost.’ DasJüdischeForumfürDemokratieundgegenAntisemitismus (JFDA)https://www.jfda.de/_files/ugd/d64e45_8f4fea34f5f448 cca26b625dc27a9d25.pdf(LastaccessedJuly14th,2024). ThrontveitTr.,(2011),‘TheFableoftheFourteenPoints:Woodrow WilsonandNationalSelf-Determination.’ Dipl.Hist. 35,no. 3:445-81.
WoodrowW.,(1918), AHistoryoftheAmericanPeople. vol.7New York&London:Harper&BrothersPublishers.
GreekBibliography
ἈλλαμανῆἜ.&ΠαναγιωτοπούλουΚ.,(1978),‘Ἡἑλληνικὴἀπόβαση στὴΣμύρνη.Προετοιμασίακαὶπραγματοποίηση’,in: ΙΕΕ, vol.ΙΕ΄,116-8.
ἈλλαμανῆἜ.&ΠαναγιωτοπούλουΚ.,(1978),‘ἩΔιασυμμαχικὴ ἈνακριτικὴἘπιτροπὴκαὶτὸἔργοτης’,in: ΙΕΕ,vol.ΙΕ΄, 125-6.
ΒενιζέλοςἘλ.Κ.,(19792) ἘλευθερίουΚ.Βενιζέλου:ἸδιόγραφονἩμερολόγιον,Χανιά:ΙΛΑΕΚ.
ΚιτσίκηςΔ.,(1978), ΣυγκριτικὴἹστορίαἙλλάδοςκαὶΤουρκίαςστὸν 20οαἰῶνα,Ἀθήνα:Ἑστία.
ΚλάψηςἈντ.,(2019), ΠολιτικὴκαὶΔιπλωματίατῆςἑλληνικῆςἐθνικῆς ὁλοκλήρωσης: 1821-1923,Ἀθήνα:Πεδίο.
Μαρκεζίνης,Σπ.Β.,(1966), ΠολιτικὴἹστορίατῆςΝεωτέραςἙλλάδος, vols.Γ΄-Δ΄,Ἀθῆναι:Πάπυρος.
HighCommissionofGreeceatSmyrna: Bibliography
Νικολάου–Πατραγᾶς,Κ.,(2016),‘ἩπρόσκτησιςτῆςΧαλιφείαςὑπὸ τῶνὈθωμανῶν’in: ΠρολεγόμεναἈροβοϊσλαμικοῦΠολιτισμοῦ, ἐνἈθήναις:Λειμών,164-77.
αΠλουμίδηςΣπ.Γ.,(2020), Μεταξὺἐπανάστασηςκαὶμεταρρύθμισης: ἘλευθέριοςΚ.Βενιζέλοςκαὶβενιζελισμὸς1909-1922,Ἀθήνα: Πατάκης.
ΠλουμίδηςΣπ.Γ.,(2016), ΤὰμυστήριατῆςΑἰγηΐδος: Τὸμικρασιατικὸ ζήτημαστὴνἙλληνικὴπολιτική(1891-1922),Ἀθήνα:Ἑστία.
ΠλουμίδηςΣπ.Γ.,(20203), ΤὰμυστήριατῆςΑἰγηΐδος: Τὸμικρασιατικὸ
ζήτημαστὴνἙλληνικὴπολιτική(1891-1922),Ἀθήνα:Ἑστία.
Richter,H.A.,(2020), Ὁἑλληνοτουρκικὸςπόλεμος1919-1922: Ἀπὸτὸ
ὄνειροτῆς«ΜεγάληςἸδέας»στὴΜικρασιατικὴΚαταστροφή Ἀθήνα:ἘκδόσειςΓκοβόστη.
ῬιζᾶςΣ.,(2015), ΤὸτέλοςτῆςΜεγάληςἸδέας: ὁΒενιζελος,ὁἈντιβενιζελισμοςκαὶἡΜικρὰἈσία,Ἀθήνα:Καστανιώτης.
ῬιζᾶςΣ.,(2019), ΒενιζελισμὸςκαὶἈντιβενιζελισμός,Ἀθήνα:Ψυχογιός.
ΣβολόπουλοςΚων.Δ.,(2009), Ἡἀπόφασηγιὰτὴνἐπέκτασητῆς ἑλληνικῆςκυριαρχίαςστὴΜικρὰἈσία.Κριτικὴἐπαναψηλάφηση, Ἀθήνα:ἘθνικὸἽδρυμαἘρευνῶνκαὶΜελετῶν‘ἘλευθέριοςΚ. Βενιζέλος’–Ἵκαροςἐκδοτικὴἑταιρία. ΣβολόπουλοςΚων.Δ.,(20193), Ἑλληνικὴἐξωτερικήπολιτική:18301981),Ἀθήνα:Βιβλιοπωλεῖοντῆς‘Εστίας’.
Prologue
Thisstudy¹hasasitssubjecttheHighCommissionofGreeceat Smyrnaintheyear1919,andespeciallytheunpublishedpartofits ArchivewhichnowbelongstotheDiplomaticandHistoricalArchive ServiceoftheMFAofGreece.Inordertocomposethiswork,I searchedandlaboredforalmostawholeyearintheArchivesof thisMinistry.ForawhiletooIrummagedanddelvedthroughthe GeneralStateArchives,whereanotherpartoftheArchiveofthe HighCommissionislocated.²
¹ThisstudywassubmittedtotheDepartmentofHistoryandArcheologyofthe FacultyofPhilosophyoftheUniversityofIoanninaasamaster’sthesis.Itwas officiallyacceptedonDecember9th,2024.
²LlewellynSmith(1998:377)sayscharacteristicallyaboutthisarchive:‘These papers,whichwerebroughtoutofSmyrnawhentheGreeksevacuated,are housedintheNationalArchivesintheAcademyofAthens.Thepapersgive theimpressionofbeingincomplete,andthereisverylittlewrittenbyStergiadis himself.ApartoftheArchivetodaybelongstotheGeneralStateArchives,other partsarehousedelsewhere.TheArchiveinquestionisintheServiceofthe DiplomaticandHistoricalArchives.TothatsectionoftheArchivelocatedinthe MFAthecommentsmadebyLlewellynSmithdonotapply,asalargepartof itconsistsofautographednotesbyAristidisStergiadis.Acomparativestudyof thesemanuscriptsprovesthattheirwriterisoneandthesameperson,whocannot beanyoneelseotherthanAristidesStergiadis.Forexample,wemayquotea comparablepassagefromtwomanuscripts:theoneofAristidesStergiadis(DHAS: CSA29th August1919),andthatofColonelMazarakisAinian(DHAS:CSA2.4,1 September27th (OS)/September9th (NS)1919).Inplacesonemanuscriptdoes differincitingthetextfromwhattheotherhas.Theobserveddifferencesin eachcasearedue,mostly,toapoorreadingofthemanuscriptbyStergiadis,and attimestoMazariakisAinian’sdesiretocondensetheinformationtosavespace. Thus:Stergiadis’manuscript:ἀπροκαταλήπτωςμελετήσας||Mazarakis-Ainian’s
HighCommissionofGreeceatSmyrna: Prologue
ItwasmygoodfortunethattheArchiveinquestionhadnot beenstudiedbyanyoneinthepastyears,soherepublishedfor thefirsttimearefiles,onlyrecentlydeclassifiedfromtheirsecret status.TheyincludetelegramsfromtheHighCommissionof GreeceinSmyrnatotheGreekGovernment,thePrimeMinister, theGreekEmbassiesabroad,andtohigh-rankingpersonsof Greece’sallieswhoplayedaprominentroleduringtheGreekTurkishWarof1919-1922,andafter.Inaddition,thereare telegramssenttothisHighCommissionofSmyrna.Themost importantpartoftheArchivesaretheofficiallettersoftheHigh Commissioner,AristidesStergiadis,totheofficersoftheAllied Powers,whoresidedduringthoseyearsinSmyrnaandhada sayintheenforcementoforderbyGreeceontheoccupied Ottomanterritories.AsfarasIknow,thiscorrespondenceof Stergiadishasnotbeenpublisheduntilnow.Ihopethatits publicationwillenrichourknowledgeoftheeventsofthattime, andperhapsgiveanewinterpretationtothem.
AsfortheselectionofdocumentsfromtheArchivehere presented,Imustconfessthatmyoriginalintentionwastostudy theentireArchive,butintheendthisprovedimpossible.The materialfromthefilesof1919alonegavemeenoughmaterial towritethispaper.Withtheagreementofmyprofessor,Mr. NikolaosAnastasopoulos,Idecidedthereforethatonlythefiles from1919wouldbestudied.Moreover,accesstotheMinistry’s Archiveswasquitedifficultatfirst,duetotherestrictivehealth measuresimposedatthetime(2021),Thereforethestudyof theentireArchivewaspracticallyimpossibleanyway.
Inthepresentationofthedocuments,nochangesofsubstancehavebeenmade.Ihavecorrectedonlyafewobvious
σφαγῆςὑπὸἙλληνικοῦΣτρατοῦὁμήρωνΤούρκωνκατὰὑποχώρησινΝαζλῆ ||Mazarakis-Ainian’smanuscript:Ἐπίσηςκατηγορίανἣνἐπιτροπὴἀπέδιδε σημασίανσφαγῆςὑπὸΣτρατοῦὁμήρωνκατὰὑποχώρησινΝαζλῆἀπεδείχθη διὰμαρτύρωναὐτοπτῶνὄχιἀκριβής.Manysuchexamplescanbelocatedin thisArchive,butforthemostpartthesearenotsoimportantastorequirea completereassessmenteitherofthecontentoftheinformationprovided,orofthe entirefileunderconsideration.Afterall,allthiscanbeunderstoodandforgiven, giventhenatureoftheArchive,aswellastheperiodandtheenvironmentin whichitwascompiled.
: Prologue 23
inaccuraciesofwritingandspelling(thesecorrectionsarenot indicatedinthetext).Itshouldbenotedthatanyonestudying documentsofthisnatureforpublication,sincemostofthemare manuscripts,mustpossessacriticaleyeandaskillinpalaeographyalongwithanunderstandingofthehistoricalcontext.Not infrequentlytheresearcherstumblesupongapsorerasedletters thatmustbefilledin.Regardingthetrulyillegiblepartsofthe texts,wheretherewasaneedthisispointedout(inbrackets). Mostlytheproblemconcernsthesignaturesoftheeditorsand lesssothemainbodyofthetext.
ThedatesreferlargelytotheJuliancalendar,whichwas usedbytheGreekstateduringthatperiod.Inparticular,the correspondencewrittenbytheGreeksbearsonlytheindication oftheJuliancalendar.TheGregoriancalendarismostlyused byforeignersandonlyinsomecasesinthecorrespondence betweenGreeksandforeignersisadoubledate(oldandnew calendars)noted.
IwouldfirstliketowarmlythankmydearfriendandDirectoroftheDiplomaticandHistoricalArchivesoftheMFA, Mr.GeorgiosPolydorakis,Director,ServiceofDiplomaticand HistoricalArchivesatMFAoftheHellenicRepublic,forhishelp inmanyways.AlsothestaffoftheServiceofDiplomaticand HistoricalArchives,Mrs.ChrysoulaKymionisandMr.Thanasis Prosiliakos.AndalsoMrs.AmaliaGiannakas,oftheDepartmentofArchivesProcessing,IndexingoftheNationalIndexof ArchivesandSpecialHistoricalArchives,oftheGeneralState Archives,aswellastothestaffoftheGeneralStateArchives’ ReadingRoom,whooftencametohelpmeinmyresearch.I alsoowethankstomydearfriendandpublisherMr.Theodosis Ang.PapadimitropoulosforthetranslationsfromtheGerman language.AdditionalthanksareduetoDr.Agis-IoannisKitsikis forhishelpinsearchingforhislatefather’sbooks.Iacknowledgewithagratefulandhumbleheartallthatmysupervising Professor,Mr.NikolaosΑ.Anastasopoulos,didforme.
Concludingtheprologueofthisstudy,Iwishtohonorand paymyrespectstomywisestProfessor,profoundlyknowledgeableinHistory–especiallyGreek-TurkishhistoryandGeopolitics–thelateDimitriN.Kitsikis(†2021),EmeritusProfessor
HighCommissionofGreeceatSmyrna: Prologue
attheUniversityofOttawa,Canada,andMemberoftheRoyal AcademyofCanada.
Athens,earlySeptember2024 Onehundredandtwoyears sincetheAsiaMinorCatastrophe
GeorgeC.Katsifaras
Introduction
Thecurrentbook,underthetitle‘HighCommissionofGreece atSmyrna:ForeignPolicyandDiplomaticAffairsMay1919November1919’isstructuredinfourchapters,withaseparate chapterontheconclusionstobedrawn.
ThefirstchapterdealswiththeParisPeaceConferenceof1919, inordertounderstandwhatweretheintentionsofthemainallied powersaftertheendoftheGreatWarindividingupthemap reflectingthenewsituationinEuropeandthecriticalcommercial andmilitaryroutes–Suez,Dardanelles,etc.Anextensivereference ismadetothefamousfourteenpointsofthePresidentofthe USA,WoodrowWilson,whichwereinvokedtimeandagainby thewinnersandtheloserseithertosupportortorejectinterests andopinions.BasinghispositionmainlyonWilson’sDeclaration andespeciallyonthe12th point,theGreekPrimeMinisterwill alsorelyontheParisConference,inclaimingterritoriesinWestern AsiaMinor.However,aswillbeperceivedfromtheevidence andthenarrative,PresidentWilsonnowherereferredtotheterm ‘self-determination’,ratherthebasicprincipleofhispolicywasselfgovernment.Thismisreadingofthe14PointsDeclarationandits misunderstandinghashadconsequencesthatarestillwithusand activetoday.
Inthesecondchapter,theissueofthesovereigntyofSmyrna anditsZoneofOccupationisexamined.AlthoughEleftherios VenizelosreceivedpermissionforthelandingoftheGreektroops inSmyrnafromLloydGeorge,hedidnotrealizeorpayattention tothefactthatthisorderwasonlyofaprovisionalnatureandin nowaymeantthattheoccupiedterritorywastobeincludedinthe sovereigntyoftheHellenicKingdom.Furthermorethecircumstances underwhichitwasgivenwerenotproperlyassessedastowhattheir fullcontentmeant.Morespecificallyandaftermanydisagreements, theAlliesdeterminedthatthemandatewasgivenundertheaegis
HighCommissionofGreeceatSmyrna: Introduction
oftheItalianadvancesinAsiaMinorandthattheoccupationof SmyrnawastobeundertheItalians:somethingthatnooneelse wantedorsoughtbeyondthoseputtingtheideasforward.Thus, thequestionofthesovereigntyoftheZoneofOccupationremained inasuspendedstateofindecision.ItwasalteredonlyinNovember 1919,atfirstinaparenthesisinaletterofGeorgesClemenceau abouttheInter-AlliedCommissionofInquiryandmorepractically, intheeventsofthefirstdaysafterthelandingoftheGreekArmy (seeChaptersII;IV).Theissuewouldnoteverberesolvedexactly, butratherwasdefinedtoadegreeintheTreatyofSèvres,1920.
Thethirdchapter,firstofall,looksattheestablishedsituation duringtheinitildaysoftheOccupationconcerningtheterritories whichtheGreekArmyoccupiedorshouldoccupy(aswellasothers towithdrawfrom)accordingtotheagreedterms.Thepurposeof occupyingtheseareaswasstraightforward:toattempttoprotect theChristianpopulationfromtheattacksitwasreceivingfrom Turkish-nationalistmilitarygroups,betheyregulararmyorirregulars. StrainedGreek-Italianrelationsbegantodevelop:indeedthefear ofafrontalconflictbetweenGreeceandItalywasundoubtedly greatthroughouttheGreco-TurkishWarof1919-22.Fromthe verystart,Italyhaddemonstratedherfeelingsonthematterof theGreekOccupationandthesubsequentmanipulativestrategies beingfollowed.Italywasconsideringdifferentwaystoachieveher owngoals.Anaccountisheremadetosetoutthepropaganda waraswagedonbothsidesandwhichcontributedthemostin portraying/demonizingtheenemy.Italsoprejudicedthefactsand poisonedimpressions.
ThenextandfinalchapterlooksattheInter-AlliedCommission ofInquiryandthecloselyassociateddiplomacythatdeveloped becauseofthisverylegalgame-playing.TheGreatPowersand AlliesofGreecedecidedonJuly8th/21th,1919tosetupan Inter-AlliedCommissionofInquirywiththepurposeofinvestigating theeventsofthefirstdayoftheOccupation,aswellasthe allegedabusesoftheGreekArmyafteritsarrivalinAsiaMinor. Theimportanceofthisliesinthefollowingfact:theGreekside wasconvincedthattheCommissionwouldruleagainsttheGreek presenceinAsiaMinor.Therefore,whentheresultsoftheInterAlliedCommissionofInquirydidbecomeknownandheldGreece
HighCommissionofGreeceatSmyrna: Introduction 27
responsibleforthebloodyeventsofthefirstdays,theGreekside reactedquickly‘inordertosaveGreekprestige’(ὅπωςπερισώσῃτὸ ἑλληνικόνκῦρος),aphrasethatwillbeonmostGreeklipswhenever misdeeds(ἔκτροπα)werementioned.
Theworkhereisbasedandwrittenmainlyfromthesources.Its mainsourceistheunpublishedArchiveoftheGreekHighCommissionatSmyrnawhichnowbelongstotheHistoricalandDiplomatic ArchiveServiceoftheMFA.Inadditionandasacounterweight, theEleftheriosVenizelosArchivebelongingtotheBenakiMuseum wasused.Thesecondarybiblio-graphywassearchedtodocument factsnotmentionedintheArchivepapermaterial,butmanytimes theArchiveissupportedbythesecondarybibliography.Theoverall reasonwhythewriterreliedfirstandforemostontheGreekHigh CommissionArchivewaspreciselytohighlighttheexistenceofall thisunpublishedmaterial,itsimportanceandhowmuchmoreit canoffertofuturehistoricalresearch.
Ἡἀνὰχεῖραςβίβλοςὡςκύριονὑποκείμενονμελέτηςἔχει τὸἀποκείμενονἐντῇὙπηρεσίᾳἹστορικοῦκαὶΔιπλωματικοῦ ἈρχείουτοῦὙπουργείουἘξωτερικὸνἀδημοσίευτονἈρχεῖον τῆςὙπάτηςἉρμοστίαςΣμύρνης.Ἐντῷπρώτῳκεφαλαίῳ ἐξετάζονταιτὰπερὶτῆςἐνΠαρισίοιςΔιασκέψεωςΕἰρήνηςκαὶδὴ καὶὅσαδιημείφθησανἐναὐτῷ:αἱτῶννικητῶνδιεκδικήσειςκαὶ αἱμεταξὺαὐτῶνσχέσεις,ὥστενὰκαταδειχθῶσιναἱπροφάσεις δι᾿ἃςἐλήφθηἡἀπόφασιςδιὰτὴνἀποβίβασινἙλληνικῶνστρατευμάτωνἐνΣμύρνῃκατὰΜάιοντοῦ1919.Ἐντῷδευτέρῳ κεφαλαίῳἔστιλόγοςδιὰτὸζήτημαπερὶτὴνκυριαρχίαντῆς ΣμύρνηςκαὶτῆςΖώνηςΚατοχῆςαὐτῆςὑπὸτῶνἙλλήνων. Μεῖζονπολιτικῆςἅμακαὶστρατιωτικῆςφύσεωςζήτημα,τοῦτο δ᾿ἐπειδὴμέχρισχεδὸνκαὶτὴνὑπογραφὴντῆςΣυνθήκηςτῶν
ΣεβρῶνἡκυριαρχίαἐπὶτῆςΣμύρνηςἦνἀσαφής.Ἐντοῖς ἀκολουθοῦσιδύοκεφαλαίοις,ἃσυντάσσονταιὡςἐπὶτὸπολὺ ἐπὶτῇβάσειτοῦἀνεκδότουἀρχείουτῆςὙπάτηςἉρμοστίας Σμύρνης,ἀναφέρονταιαἱκατὰτοὺςδύοπρώτουςμῆναςτῆς ἙλληνικῆςΚατοχῆςἐπισυμβᾶσαιστρατιωτικαὶἐπιχειρήσεις,αἱ προσομιλίαικαὶσυναλλαγαὶμεταξὺτοῦἝλληνοςὙπάτουἉρμοστοῦ,ἈριστείδουΣτεργιάδου,καὶτοῦΒρεττανοῦἐπιτρόπου, ΝαυάρχουFitzMaurice.ΠρὸςτούτοιςαἱπροσομιλίαικαὶσυναλλαγαὶμεταξὺτῆςἙλληνικῆςστρατιωτικῆςκαὶπολιτικῆςδιοικήσεωςπρὸςἸταλοὺςκαὶτοὺςὈθωμανοὺςΤούρκους.Ἐπὶτέλους, λόγονἐκτενῆποιούμεθαπερὶτῆςΔιασυμμαχικῆςἈνακριτικῆς Ἐπιτροπῆς,ἣσυνεστάθηὑπὸτῶνΜεγάλωνΔυνάμεων,κατόπιν καταγγελίαςτοῦΣεϊχουλισλάμη,ἐπὶτῷσκοπῷἐρευνήσεως τῶνκατὰτὰςδύοπρώταςἡμέραςὑπὸἙλληνικὴνΚατοχὴν γεγονότωνἐνΣμύρνῃ,προσέτιτῶνὑπ᾿ἐκείνουκαταγγελλομένωναὐθαιρεσιῶντοῦἙλληνικοῦΣτρατοῦμετὰτὴνἄφιξιναὐτοῦ εἰςΜικρὰνἈσίαν.
Summary
ThemainsubjectofthisbookistheunpublishedArchiveof theGreekHighCommissionofGreeceatSmyrna,whichbelongs totheHistoricalandDiplomaticArchiveServiceoftheGreek MFA.ThefirstchapterreferstotheParisPeaceConference andwhatwasdiscussedinit.Whatthevictorsclaimedinthat Conferenceandwhattherelationshipswerebetweenthem,inorder todemonstratethecontextwithinwhichthedecisiontodisembark GreektroopsinSmyrnainMay1919wasmade.Inthesecond chapter,thequestionofthesovereigntyofSmyrnaanditsZone ofOccupationundertheGreeksismentioned.Amajorpolitical andmilitaryissuesincealmostuntilthesigningoftheTreaty ofSèvres,thesovereigntyofSmyrnaremainedanunclearissue. Thenexttwochapters,whicharelargelywrittenonthebasis oftheunpublishedarchiveoftheGreekHighCommissionerof Smyrna,concernthemilitaryoperationsthatoccurredduringthe firsttwomonthsoftheGreekoccupation,theinterfacesbetween theGreekHighCommissioner,AristidisStergiadisandofBritish AdmiralFitzMaurice.AlsotherelationsbetweentheGreekmilitary andpoliticalbureaucracyandtheItalians,aswellasrelationswith theTurks.Finally,extensivereferenceismadetotheInterAlliedCommissionofInquiryatSmyrna,whichwassetupbythe GreatPowers,followingacomplaintbyŞeyh’ül-İslam,inorderto investigatetheeventsthatoccurredduringthefirsttwodaysof theGreekoccupation,aswellastheallegedabusesoftheGreek armyafteritsarrivalinAsiaMinor.
ΤΗΝΒΙΒΛΟΝHIGHCO
MMISSIONOFGREEC
EATSMYRNAFOREIG
NPOLICYANDDIPLOM
ATICAFFARISMAY19
19NOVEMBER1919Ε
