76
Suffolk Natural
History,
Vol. 35
SPIDERS OF SUFFOLK W. A. THORNHILL The lack of attention which naturalists have given to most invertebrates, compared to birds and mammals for example, is particularly regrettable in the case of spiders because their varied life styles make them such fascinating creatures. Also, because the complex strueture of the adults' sexual organs are characteristic or the species, with the aid of a microscope identification is less of a problem than it is for many other groups of invertebrates. There are excellent identification guides both for the specialist (e.g. Locket & Millidge, 1951/3) and for the non-expert naturalist (e.g. Jones, 1983). The wide Variation in life style stems largely from differences in the way spiders use silk. All spiders are predatory and all use silk, usually produced from spinnerets at the end of the abdomen, but not necessarily for building webs. They may use it to bind struggling prey, for constructing egg cases and retreats, and to facilitate movement through Vegetation. Unlike most adult insects they lack wings, but small spiders can disperse long distances through the air on Single threads of silk, mainly on still autumn days. Spiders also differ from insects in having four (not three) pairs of legs, and only two (not three) distinet parts of the body, owing to the fusion of the head and thorax into a cephalothorax. The heaths, fens and coastal habitats of Suffolk have received the attention of several eminent arachnologists this Century (Bristowe, 1940: Duffey et al„ 1959), whereas habitats such as woodland, farmland and towns have been less thoroughly investigated. Occasionally, species lists for the county are published, most recently by Russell-Smith (1981), and new additions can still readily be found (Harvey, 1990). Currently, the list exceeds 300, and compnses 20 families. The most spectacular addition to the species list was made by Duiiey (1958) of the Nature Conservancy who discovered Dolomedes plantarius, (family Pisauridae) generally known as the great raft spider, at Redgrave Fen on the border with Norfolk. The spiders are most likely to be seen at the edges of pools on warm summer days, although the two bold yellow or white stnpes, which most spiders possess, Camouflage them amongst the reed and sedge stems. Now that the water abstraction Station has been relocated the fen should stop drying out and deteriorating, and the spider may remain in the County. It still seems to be plentiful on the adjacent Lopham Fens, in Norfolk, very probably due to deep pools, some specially-dug, which permit open waler to be present even during droughts. Raft spiders catch prey amongst Vegetation or on the water surface. Like their common smaller relative, Pisaura mirabilis, they build a tent-like nursery web to protect the egg sac and spiderlings. Wolf spiders (Lycosidae) are hunters, and an adaptation to this life style is that one pair of eyes is much larger than those of most other spiders. Several species, mainly Pardosa spp., can easily be seen in gardens and countryside as they scurry over the ground, the females often carrying greyish egg sacs below their abdomen. When the spiderlings hatch from their eggs they are carned around on the mother's abdomen for some days. Some uncommon species,
Trans. Suffolk Nat. Soc. 35
(1999)