Basic concepts of computer Computer Information It is about computer basic. User Manoj Uniyal 4/27/2018
INTRODUCTION Computer is an electronic machine which can store, retrieves, and program data and can be programed with instructions and process data. A computer is a combination of hardware and software and can exist in a variety of sizes and configurations.
THE HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE The term hardware refers to the physical components of your computer such as the system Unit, CPU, Mouse, Keyboard, Monitor etc. software is the instruction that makes computer works. Software is held either on your computer, hard discs, CD, Rom, DVD or in Floppy discs.
TYPES OF COMPUTER 1. Mini computer 2. Main computer Are very powerful used by large organizations such as banks to control the entire business.
PERSONAL COMPUTER Cheap and easy to use often use as stand along computer and in a network or may be connected to the large main frame computers within companies.
HARDWARE COMPONENT
Keyboard Mouse Joysticks Gamepads
OUTPUT DEVICES  Monitor  Printer CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPUTER 1.
Speed
Computer are very fast machine a powerful computer is capable of performing thousands of simple instructions per second
2. Accuracy In addition to being fast computer are very accurate computer cannot occur error while performing any task.
3. Diligence Computer is highly consistence that does not suffer from traits of boredom and tiredness resulting in lack of concentration computers is better than human being in performing any task.
4. Versatility Computer is a versatile machine and task as long as it can be broken down into a series of logical steps.
5. Storage Capacity Computer can store large amount of data at a time a piece of information once recorded in a computer can never be forgotten and can be retrieve any time
FUNCTIONAL DIAGRAM OF COMPUTER
STORAGE UNIT
z
CU INPUT
CPU
ALU
OUTPUT
SHORTCUT KEYS 1. F1=Help 2. F2=Rename file 3. F5=Refresh the current window or program 4. Ctrl+N=New file 5. Ctrl+o=Open the file 6. Ctrl+B=Bold 7. Ctrl+I=Italics 8. Ctrl+U=Underline text 9. Ctrl+F=Find 10. Ctrl+S=Save 11. Ctrl+X=Cut 12. Ctrl+Delete=Cut the selected item 13. Ctrl+C=Copy 14. Ctrl+V=Paste 15. Ctrl+Y=Redo 16. Ctrl+Z=Undo 17. Ctrl+K=Hyperlink 18. Ctrl+P=Paste 19. Ctrl+Esc=Open the start Manu 20. Ctrl+Shift+Esc=Window Task Manager 21. Ctrl+F4=Close the program 22. Ctrl+A=All selected 23. Ctrl+H=Replace 24. Ctrl+Shift+Esc=Window Task Manager 25. Ctrl+F4=Close the program 26. Ctrl+A=Allselected
MEMORY UNIT Computer memory can be classified into two types: 1. Primary memory 2. Secondary memory Primary memory can be further classified as Ram and Rom Ram Random Access memory is the place where the operating system, application, and the program and the data in current use as kept temporarily show that they can be access by the computer processor it is said to be volatile memory since program are accessible only as long as the computer is on. The contents of ram no more available once thecomputer is run off. Rom Rom is a special type of memory which can be read and write further the content or program are not lost even when the computer is switched off rom also stores an initial program called the “boost computer’’ system once the power is turn off.
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GENERATIONS OF COMPUTER Generation in computer term ology is a change in computer technology a computer was being use now a days generations include both hardware and software which together make up an entire computer system there are totally five computer generations.
1st generation =1945-1956 and 1945-1956 Vacuum tube based 2nd generation Transistor 3rd generation 1964-1972 Based on integrated circuits 4th generation 1971-1990 VLSI technology (Microprocessor based) 5th generation VLSI based
1ST GENERATION The period of first generation was 1942-1954. 1st generation of computer started with using vacuum tube for processing the CPU. These tubes like electric bulb produced a lot of heat therefore were very expensive and could be affordable only by very large organization.
ADVANTAGES 1. Vacuum tube technology is used. 2. Unreliable 3. Supported machine language only 4. Very costly 5. Generate lots of heat 6. Needs of AC 7. Huge size 8. None portable 9. Consume lots of electricity ENI AC EDV AC UNIVAC IBM-701 IBM-650
DISADVANTAGES 1. They were too bulky.
2. They emitted large amount of heat because they use lots of vacuum tubes. 3. AC was required. 4. They were not portable. 2nd GENERATION In the generation of computer transistor were used in place of vacuum tube
They made up of semiconductor they are also more durable than vacuum tube. IBM-1620=Scientific Purposes IBM-1401=Business application CDC-3600=Scientific purposes
ADVANTAGES 1. They were smaller than 1st generation computer. 2. They generate less heat. 3. They took less computers time. 4. They were less prone to heat.
DISADVANTAGES 1. They required ac they required frequently maintenance. 2. They were difficult and quite expensive.
3rd GENERATION IC’s-Integrated circuits (chips)
1. It’s more compact than transistor. 2. Single IC has many transistor, resistor, capacitors, placed on a single thin of silicon. IBM-360(1964) PDP-8 DEC company (1965) PDP-11 DEC company (1970) CRA-1(1974) VAX-(1978)
ADVANTAGES 1. They were smaller in size. 2. They generate less heat. 3. They reduced computable time 4. They evolve low maintenance cost. 5. They were easily portable. 6. They were comparatively cheaper.
DISADVANTAGES 1. They required AC.
2. They were less affordable for common people.
4th GENERATION VLSI is very large integration technology .After introduction of integrated circuits computer could only get small in size since hundreds of computer could fit on one chip. The use of VLSI technology had squeezed thousands of computers in one time ADVANTAGES 1. They were cheaper. 2. They had a large memory and high functional speed. 3. They consumed less power. 4. They generated a negligible amount of heat.
DISADVANTAGES 1. They were less available in market. 2. They require AC. 3. They were less affordable for common people.
5th GENERATION Faster, more powerful, tremendous, data storage, processing capacity new brands and model would come out the market almost every month. Computer became more affordable and portable computer can now be found in home, school, offices etc.
FULL FORMS 1. ALU-Arithmetic Logic Unit 2. AMD- Advance Micro Devices 3. ASCII- American Standard Code For Information Interchange 4. AT-Advanced Technology 5. BIOS- Basic Input Output System 6. CD-Compact Disc 7. CDR-Compact Disc Recorder 8. CDRW-Compact Disc Re Writer 9. CD-ROM-Compact Disc -Read Only Memory 10. CPU-Central processing Unit 11. DDR-Double Data Rate 12. D-RAM-Diatomic - Random Access Memory 13. DPI-Dots Per Inch 14. DVD-Digital Versatile Disc 15. DVD-RAM-Digital Versatile Disc –Random access Memory 16. ECC-Error Correction Code 17. EEP-ROM-Electrically Erasable ProgrammableRead Only Memory 18. EP-ROMErasableProgrammableReadOnlyMemory 19. FDD -Floppy Disc Drive 20. GB-Gaga Bites 21. GBPS-Gaga Bites Per Second 22. GHZ-Gaga Hertz 23. HDD-Hard Disc Drive 24. IBM-International Business Machine Corporation 25. IC-Integrated Chips 26. ISO-International Standard Organization
27. KBPS-Kilo Bites Per Second 28. LAN-Local Area Network 29. LCD-Liquid Crystal Display 30. LDT-Lightning Data Transport 31. LED-Light Emitting Diode 32. MAC-Media Access Control 33. MB-Mega Bites 34. MBPS-Mega Bites Per Second 35. MHZ-Mega Hertz 36. PC-Personal Computers 37. RAM-Random Access Memory 38. RD-RAM-Rambus Diatomic Random Memory 39. ROM-Read Only Memory 40. TB-Tera Bites 41. TBPS-Tera Bites Per Second 42. USB-Universal Serial Bus 43. UTP-Unshielded Twisted Pair 44. VCD-Video Compact Disc 45. VPN-Virtual Private Network 46. WAN-Wide Area Network 47. WTB-Want TO Buy
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