1
Studio 20 Alberto Pugnale & Alessandro Liuti Haoyang Yu 860060
Content 1.0 Introduction 04 2.0 Timber Gridshell - Stage 06 3.0 Reinforced Concrete Shell - Cafe 13 4.0 Case Study - Naturtheater Grรถtzingen Case Study 20 5.0 Mid-term Design 27 6.0 Plan & Section 38 7.0 Tectonics & Detailing 44 8.0 Computational Workflow 49 9.0 Final Design Proposal 55 Bibliography 74
3
Appendix Form-Finding: Form-finding in Architecture looks at processes in nature to discover a more correct way in which to organize building. Catenary: A uniform chain hanging from two supports in a uniform gravitational field. Gridshell: Gridshell is defined as a structure with the shape and strength of a double curvature shell, but made of a grid instead of a solid surface. Parametric Design: Parametric design is a design process that compiles the project itself as a functions and process, and realizes the automation of the design process by modifying the initial conditions and obtaining the project result through computer calculation. Pneumatic Structure: Membrane structure that is stabolized by pressure of compressed air.
1.0 Introduction The Weald and Downland Gridshell
5
Form-Finding in Architecture “Form-finding in Architecture looks at processes in nature to discover a more correct way in which to organize building. It is a study into the capability of discovering optimum form, dynamic adaptability, and exposes a set of unique relationships not normally relevant to architecture.”1 In the past, most of the form-finding methods in architecture field are carried through physical model study as the technology is not well developed. With the development of computational tools, a range of digital software enhance the design process. The modern architecture study is benefit from simulating physical form-finding method in digital domain and even gain more flexibility of designing. The projects presented in this folio is exhibiting the learning and designing process of experimenting form-finding methods through both physical and digital domain. Learning from the precedents on the their design, construction and application decision making to extend personal skills in parametric computational design.
1. Nicholas S. GOLDSMITH, FAIA LEED AP “Shape Finding Or Form Finding?”. 2014. Ftlstudio.Com. https:// ftlstudio.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/04Form%20Finding%20vs%20Shape%20Making.pdf.
Figure 1. Gregory Charles Quinn, 2 Regular quadrilateral lattice hanging chain model for the Multihalle Mannheim. 2018
2.0 Timber Gridshell - Stage The design experiment of timber gridshell to achieve a stage design by using paper, mesh models and digital computational design. Team Member: George Avraam, Thai Bui, Mukum Mukumov, Haoyang Yu
7
Gridshell “Gridshell is defined as a structure with the shape and strength of a double curvature shell, but made of a grid instead of a solid surface. These structures can cross large spans with very few material. They can be made of any kind of material - steel, almuminum, wood or even cardboard tubes“1
Toledo gridshell 2.0 Timber Gridshell The Toledo gridshell is a practice in teaching and research timber gridshell structure constructed by School of Architecture Courtyard in Naples. “Timber post-formed gridshells belong to the category of form-resistant structures, where the continuous shell surface and its double curvature are realized through the deformation of a regular grid made of small size wooden laths, disposed on orthogonal alternate planes.”2 For Toledo gridshell, the structure , flat lattice, is assembled on the floor with laths placed at 0.5 X 0.5 meter and the stucture is deformed further to reach the final form. “This process causes two simultaneous phenomena which gradually modify the starting flat grid form: the first one corresponds to a local laths rotation (pantograph mechanism) with a subsequent conversion of the squares into a mesh of diamonds, while the second one results in bending deformation of the rods.”3 Diagonal bracing in two directions is applied to the simple structure grid for stiffen the structure.
Figure 2. Daniele Lancia,The project in all it’s glory, August 17, 2014.
Design Excercise Experiment gridshell structure by using physical model not limited to paper, steel mesh and chicken mesh and further utilize digital tool grasshopper to simulate form-finding process of gridshell.
1. Douthe, Cyril, Olivier Baverel, and J-F. Caron. “Form-finding of a grid shell in composite materials.” Journal of the International Association for Shell and Spatial structures 47, no. 1 (2006): 53-62. 2. Pone, Sergio. “EWT#5 Mezzogiorno. Prove Di Sostenibilità A Cura Di Maria Valeria Mininni, Ester Zazzero”. Ecowebtown.It. 2011. http://www.ecowebtown.it/n_5/04_pone_en.html. 3. Pone, Sergio. “EWT#5 Mezzogiorno. Prove Di Sostenibilità A Cura Di Maria Valeria Mininni, Ester Zazzero”. Ecowebtown.It. 2011. http://www.ecowebtown.it/n_5/04_pone_en.html.
Figure 3. Daniele Lancia, Internal August 17, 2014.
Form - Finding Process Explore grid shell iterations by using paper which lined with 1 X 1 cm grid to simulate stucture and use steel mesh to experimenting the grid shell structure futher.
The initial idea is to create a large opening at the front for the performance function of a stage and smaller dome-shape space at the back for better sounding performance. The lack of consideration of supporting points’ position leads to the failure of free-standing structure in steel mesh form. The front of the structure is too heavy that the whole structure cannot stand by itself without any extra supports. The next step is to redesign the support points and refine the form to achieve a better gridshell structure.
9
In this exploration, the supporting points are designed more balanced which are spread to the sides of the boundary shape. The initial design concept is preserved to keep the large open at front and two smaller opening at the back. At this stage, the designs are all on flat ground which limits the potential of more iterations and explorations. So next step is to experiment the gridshell on more dynamic topography.
Grasshopper Defination After determine the site for this project, the group members test the parametric simulation in grasshopper and design the structure based on new site condition. Digital simulation give more possibility to create different form with flexible adjustment and the stucture simulation is more accurate than the simple physical model.
1
2 Create a 41 X 39 meter grid
3 X and Y laths within boundary curve
4
1, Reference the boundary curve
2, Create 1X1 meter grid larger than the boundary curve
3, Trim the line with the boundary curve to get the grid line
4, Reference the curves enclosing the support points
5
5, Reference the final curve where the support points will land on
Reference the support points to the final position
Final Form
11
Group Iterations Produced by group member, George Avraam, Thai Bui, Mukum Mukumov, Haoyang Yu
Final Design The new stage structure is located at Queensbridge Square which is a pedestrian plaza beside the Yarra River, featuring the Red Stair amphitheatre and riverside landscaped garden beds. The design combinate the idea of big cantilever covering sitting area and multiple arches at stage area to achieve an aesthetic outcome. The canopy above the stage area curved in to converge the sound for better sounding effect of a stage.
13
3.0 Reinforced Concrete Shall - Cafe The design experiment of RC gridshell to achieve a cafe design by using physical model and digital computational simulation. Team Member: Guangen Jin, Shaun Lim, Xinyu Dong, Haoyang Yu
Concrete Shall Defined by ACI, a shell is “Three-dimensional spatial structure made up of one or more curved slabs or folded plates whose thicknesses are small compared to their other dimensions. Thin shells are characterized by their three-dimensional loadcarrying behavior, which is determined by the geometry of their forms, by the manner in which they are supported, and by the nature of the applied load.”1
Catenary Catenary refers to curve that “a uniform chain hanging from two supports in a uniform gravitational field.“2 As free haning form is under pure tension, the reverse hanging form is pure compression stucture. The thin reinforced concrete shall structure are under pure compression as it is formed from inverse catenary form. Pneumatic Structure
Figure 4. Matheus Pereira, Modern shells were first introduced by architects and engineers such as Eugène Freyssinet.
Pneumatic stucture refers to “membrane structure that is stabolized by pressure of compressed air“.3 Pneumatic method is largely used in form-finding process, inflate a pneumatic formwork, which forms the foundation of shell structure, adjust the pneumatic formwork into proper composition, then construct structure onto the pneumatic formwork. “Pneumatic formwork allows for large span structures by a minimal material use and is less laborious due to prefabrication and on site casting, hereby offering critical advantages to conventional casting procedures. “4
Design Excercise The design content of week 2 is to experiment catenaries and 2D pneumatic forms in digital domain and transform it into 3D funicular structure to design a cafe project. 1. Scholzen, Alexander, Rostislav Chudoba, and Josef Hegger. “Thin‐walled shell structures made of textile‐reinforced concrete: part I: structural design and construction.” Structural Concrete 16, no. 1 (2015): 106-114. 2. “The Catenary”. J. B., Calvert. 2000. https://mysite.du.edu/~jcalvert/math/catenary.htm. 3. ”Pneumatic-Structure”. 2020. Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/technology/pneumatic-structure. 4.Maxie Schneider, Pneu And Shell: Constructing Free-Form Concrete Shells With A Pneumatic Formwork, (Springer Singapore, 2018).
Figure 5. Will Mclean. An early prototype for a Standard Pneumatic Environment, 1968.
15
Physical Model Iterations To simulate catenaries form by physical model, I use string and glued them together to form a 1 X 1m grid. As the strings are too light and glue stiffen the string that the model failed to simulate catenaries form. After experiment the physical model, i utilize grasshopper to run cateraies in digital format which achieve a better outcome than physical model.
Digital Simulation
Reverse Form
Cafe Design The initial design brief for the cafe is to design a thin concrete shell that has dynamic roof cover. The design starts with one node at the center and six anchor points at the boundary. Adjusting height of the anchor points and strength of force on catenary curve to achieve more iterations. To push the design further, more node point is added into the project, which create a very interesting form at the end.
Strength: 60
2 node design
Strength: 10
3 node design
Strength: 60
Strength: 10
17
1, Reference the boundary curve
2, Create mesh grid base on the rectangular boundary curve
3, Diagonalize the mesh
4, Reference the anchor points on mesh and constrain the X,Y,Z movement of those points
5, Constrain the X,Y movement of all the points on mesh
6, Reference the node points on the wall and define the strength
Final Form
Structure Design
6 1 2
3
5
4
FEA Analysis
Cladding Design
Grasshopper Defination
Iteration Adjusting the location of anchor points and node, we are able to create different variations using simple principle. Use Karamba to analyze the structure performance of each iteration based on stucture displacement. Considered both of structure performance and design brief, the last iteration which has the proper building height is elected as the final design.
Structure with seven anchor points
Structure with nine anchor points
19
Final Design The cafe is located at Quadrangle Clock Tower, University of Sydney, where occupies a large delightful lawn suitable for cafe and resting function. The main building stucture is timber and the cladding of the cafe canopy is brown paper which can introduce sunlight to the sitting area underneath the roof. The pattern of the cladding will create interesting shadow, which brings especial atmosphere to the cafe.
West Elevation
Cafe Stucture on unversity lawn
4.0 Naturtheater Grรถtzingen Case Study
Michael Balz, Naturtheater Grรถtzingen Luftbild
21
Naturtheater Grötzingen Naturtheater Grötzingen locating in Grötzingen, Baden-Württemberg, Germany, designed by architect Michael Balz and structural engineer Heinz Isler is a thin concrete shell built in 1954. It is an open-air outdoor theatre which can seats an audience of 850. The stucture has an impressive span of 42 and 28 meters in two direction given the the thickness varies from 9 to 12 centimeters.
Design Feature
As an outdoor theater sitting in natural area, the structure needed to express a “natural“ form, which refers to shapes that naturally derived from design processes such as hanging, inflating, pouring and flowing suggested by Heinz Isler. Particularly for theater function, the design needs to take acoustic effects and optimal sightlines into consideration. In1959, Heinz Isler presented a paper that introduce three new form-finding process for shells, which are (1) The Freely Shaped Hill, (2) The Membrane Under Pressure, (3) The Hanging Cloth Reversed. The design of Naturtheater Grötzingen is based on the third method, the hanging cloth reversed. When flexible chains or clothes suspended under its own weight, catenary curve will be formed and the object is under pure tension. When the structure is inverted, the form is subjected to pure compression forces. The Naturtheater Grötzingen is designed in this principle that Heinz use hanging cloth to find the optimal form and reverse the structure. To deal with the buckling instability, Isler upturens the edges of the stucture so that the double curvature required for increased stiffness is achieved. By doing these, there is no need to increase the shell thickness which preserve the thin concrete structure in design. In addition, to reduce the stresses at the supporting legs, Isler designed the legs as tapered shape which are thicker than the upper structure of the shell. 1
Figure 6. Michael Balz, Theater
Figure 7. A diagram of the main dimensions of the Grötzingen Shell. 2013.
Michael Balz, Naturtheater Grötzingen Bergseite Süden 1. “Naturtheater Grötzingen - Evolution Of German Shells: Efficiency In Form”. 2013. Evolution Of German Shells. http://shells.princeton.edu/Grotz.html.
Figure 8. Balz explains the hanging membrane idea by showing example models for different projects. 2013.
Constuction and Detail The construction of the Naturtheater Grötzingen was closely related to its design process. Before the construction start, Isler takes precise measurements on a grid of points across the surface of the physical model he designed. Scale up the measurement to construct accurate formwork for setting up the form of the theater. Then building up light scaffolding for supporting formwork and secure formwork into the places for further construction. For the internal space, wood-wool insulation panels are applied to clad the shell as it has a well sound absorbing property which is essential to theater setting. Additional connection is utilized between the wood-wool cladding and concrete shell to secure the panel attachment. To keep the thickness of the design as thin as possible, Isler applied two layer of steel reinforcement in the concrete, by doing this, the structure is strong enough to resist deformation, cracking and non-uniform loads such as wind, snow and earthquakes. “To present the shell from creeping outwards under its self-weight, the five supports are encircled and restained by a steel foundation ring that takes the horizontal forces.”1 The concrete casting is also very important for the integrity of the Naturtheater Grötzingen. In order to cast concrete on inclined surface, the concrete is mixed with plasticizer, which help to produce workable concrete, and a retarder, which prevent concrete form hardening too quickly. To ensure uniformity and adequate bonding between different batches of concrete, the concrete shell is poured in one step. This also requaries workers’ to have a great deal of physical agility as they have to carefully level the concrete to eliminate the pores without touching any of the finished parts.2
Figure 9. The legs of the shell flow freely into the ground, sometimes even appearing to be part of the ground. 2013. 1. Heinz Isler. “Concrete shells derived from experimental shapes.” Structural Engineering International 4, no. 3 (1994): 142-147. 2. “Naturtheater Grötzingen - Evolution Of German Shells: Efficiency In Form”. 2013. Evolution Of German Shells. http://shells.princeton.edu/Grotz.html.
Figure 10. Midea credits ID: 17060, 17061, 17062. Aichtal Outdoor Theater
23
1, Create rectangule in rhino which is a bit larger than the building boundary.
2, Reference the rectangle in grasshopper and generate a mesh
3, Set the support points on the mesh in rhino and reference them in grasshopper as points to anchor
4, Locate anchor points in right position according to building boundary in rhino (adjust the height of points based on topography) and reference them in GH as final anchor points.
Form Generation
5, Adjust strength, use the 10 meter height and building boundary as reference to adjust the form to proper configuration
Plan View
Structure Thickness
1 2 5
3
4
calculate the distance from mesh surface to the ground plane redomain the height to thickness from 9 to 12
FEA Analysis
Structure Analysis of the shell
Thickness of the shell
Utilize digital tool to simulate the Naturtheater Grรถtzingen project, use karamba to mimic the thickness of the shell based on the distance from shell surface to the ground, higher the thiner and lower the thicker.
FACTORY FOR SICLI, GENEVA, 1969 Factory for Sicli is another reinforced concrete shell project carried by Heinz Isler built in 1969. The function of the building is a factory for the fire extinguisher manufacter and the total span of the building is around 33 X 53.5 meters. The building can be perceived as two free-form shells that connected by a smaller corridor in between. The bigger shall covers the main hall of the building while the smaller one covers a two-storey administrator building.
Figure 13. Source: Chu-Chun Chuang Figure 11. Serge Frühauf, Pavilion Sicli. 2014
Figure 14. Source: GTA archives/ETH Zurich
Figure 12. Serge Frühauf, Pavilion Sicli. 2014
Design Excercise Re-image the structure of Naturtheater Grötzingen and fit it into new site condition and design brief of Factory for Sicli.
Design Idea As the Factory for Sicli building has a special composition made of three smaller buildings, the start point of fitting in the new context is to design based on more than one rectangle in grasshopper. The design is to have support legs located at the corner of the square building boundary and arches are left for windows and opennings. To keep the characteristic of Naturtheater Grötzingen, the new design preserve the upturn edges of the structure which can also benifit the stiffness of the structure.
Design sketches
25
1, Create three rectangule in rhino
2, Reference the rectangles in grasshopper for generating meshes and join the mesh
3, Set the support points on the mesh in rhino and reference them in grasshopper as points to anchor
4, Locate anchor points in right position according to building boundary in rhino
5, Adjust strength, use the 8.9 meter height and adjust two building enwvelop separately to achieve proper form
5 1 2
3
Grasshopper Defination
4
Structure Analysis of the shell
Plan View
27
5.0 Mid-term Design
Site Analysis The site is located at DENTON wine vineyard, Yarra Glen. The two major roads Old Healseville and Healesille Yarra Glen road connect the site and Yarra Glen town. The major circulation comes from west direction so that the winery is better located at the west northern side of the site, where near the major road Old Healesville. For the DENTON vineyard, the highest location is where the Denton house is located, where can embrace all the view, the lowest points are at two lakes on the site. The lowest site may not have the best view of the vineyard, but the lake can compensate the scenery. Rainwater flow plan indicates the water flow of the site, which will help to determine the proper locate of the building and guides the building design in terms of building performance.
Topography Plan
SITE
YARRA GLEN
Locality Plan
Rainwater Flow Plan
29
Site E xploration Considering about the functions that will be incorporated into this winery, the basic functions including tasting room, restaurant and shop are all designed. To improve the user experience, we also incorporate suites which can provide accommodation for the people who would like to stay to one night.
Site 1 Proposal
The chosen site is located near the lake on the site, which can potentially use the lake as the special scenery.
- designed around outdoor activities - functions are connected with outdoor area - the cellar was connected with restaurant which make visitors more involved into the winery - the grid shell was designed to cover the outdoor activities which provide the shelter space at raining days
- the outdoor area was facing the entrance - the cellar was at the middle of the outdoor area and restaurant to separate interior and exterior - restaurant area facing to the lake and provide scenery - vineyard located at the back of winery and connected with cellar
Site 1 is a better site which is not close to Denton House. The lake nearby can potentially bring spacial experience to the tourists.
Program Bubble Diagram PROGRAM DESIGN: - VINEYARD - VINE PRODUCTION (600-800 m2) harvested,sorting, destem, pressing, fermentation, (elevage, chilling, fining), filtration, bottling - VINE CELLAR (600-800m2) - WINE TASTING ROOM (80 -100 m2) - FRONT HOUSE(150 m2) - RESTAURANT (350 m2) - OUTDOOR(WEDDING, CONCERT, WINE TOUR - Harvest, Grape Stomping, TEAM BUILDING ) - SUITE (6: 60 m2) - SHOP (100 m2) - PARKING (400 m2) - STAFF AREA Form-resistant typology: Timber Gridshell - Light-weight - Introduce light into building - Sense of nature (material and shape)
Site 2 Proposal
The second chosen site is at the hill side of the site, near the Denton House. The initial idea is to utilize higher side of the topography where can embrace the full view of the site.
- Timber gridshell is designed as the whole roof of the building - Functions are allocated in three levels - Separate tourist and staff circulation
- The building is too near to the Denton House, which will bring inconvenience to the owener. - The position of the building will interrupt water flow.
Design Development HOSPITALITY ARCHITECTURE, WINERY, MERRICKS, AUSTRALIA
Initial Sketch
Iso Sketch
Section Sketch
Figure 15. Lucas Allen, Site, 2018.
Conceptional Layout
Layout 2
Refined Arrangement
The initial idea is creating a courtyard surrounded by buildings and form a circular plan. The building function is divided into commercial, wine production and suites, which are separated and placed at different location on the site. The grid shell is designed to cover the courtyard area and connected to the buildings.
First Floor Plan
Ground Floor Plan
Figure 16. Jolson Architecture and Interiors, Plan, 2018.
- The overall form of the building is curvaceous form, which merged into the landscape. - From outside, the building is hidened into the landscape which has only a caved in entrance guiding the way. On the other side, the building exposed to the site in a circular form, which is open and elegant.
Function Arrangement
The location of the suites needs to be considered as the privacy condition of the suites is not preserved. The bridge is not attractive and needs to refine. The logic of the circulation also needs to be reconsidered. The overall building design can be more dynamic and have more interaction with the lake on the site.
Underground Floor Plan
31
Design Development - Suites
- Lack of privacy - View blocked by winery - Form : not consistent with winery design
- Noise (close to wine factory ) - Form : not consistent with winery design
- Noise (close to commercial area ) - Area of suites is relatively smaller compare to other scheme
- View is not blocked by the buildings - Privacy is preserved as the orientation of the suites is towards vineyard - Form - consistent as a circular form - Good accessibility - Special living experience
- Form : not consistent with winery design - Not accessible(Far from commercial area)
After received the feedback, we explored different location of the suites around the lake and analysis the advantages and disadvantages of each scheme. In conclusion, to keep the consistency of circular form of the design, we decided to put the suites on the lake and connect them with a circular walking bridge. The orientation of the suites is facing the vineyard instead of commercial buildings, which helps to preserve the privacy of the users.
Design Development - Gridshell Iteration 3
Figure 17. Morongo Casino, 2013.
Figure 18. Jon Cook,Cabot Circus, 2015.
For the grid shell design, we explored buildings which had grishell structure covering outdoor space, which has the similar idea with our design. Cabot Circus project demonstrate interesting connection bwteen gridshell and building, which can be further studied in our design.
Figure 19. Didier Boy de la Tour, Philippe Zinniker,Swatch and Omega Campus, 2019.
Iteration 1
This scheme is developed from week 2 catenary form exploration. Few support points are set at ground plane and building edges, adding node into the internal space of the gridshell to create interesting form.
Iteration 4
This grid shell design is inspired from Morongo Gasino building. This design creates a half circle grid shell sitting on the ground plane faning out to the nearby building. For the grid shell covering suites, similar idea is applied.
Iteration 2
Second iteration is developed from first iteration. The design remain the same grid shell design for suites and connection the three gridshell at ground level for the courtyard gridshell.
This iteration is to create one smooth big shell structure to cover courtyard and suites, in order to achieve this form, membrance and tensile structure can be utilized.
Iteration 5
This iteration is developed form iteration 4 but change the design of shell structure of suites, change it to smaller section. According to precedent, Morogo Gasino building, steel gridshell structure can be applied and membrane will be used to cover half of the shell, provide both shading and open space.
33
Design Development This proposal enlarge the gridshell area, creates a big gridshell covers both commerial building and wine production area. The support points are set at ground level and vertical walls of building. Focusing on the connection between building and gridshell, we creates few different version of how they are interconnecting. There are point connection, corner connection and edge connection.
Isometric Building Layout
Feedback: from the top view, the gridshell form over the suites is bit unsmooth that there are too many curves that make the overall shape irregular. There is also potential of break the big gridshell into smaller shell structure which can bring interesting points into the design.
GroundFloor Plan
First Floor Plan
Midterm Presentation PROGRAM ARRANGEMENT - VINEYARD - VINE PRODUCTION (500 m2) harvested, sorting, destem, pressing, fermentation, filtration, bottling, aging - VINE CELLAR (900 m2) - WINE TASTING ROOM (80 -100 m2) - FRONT HOUSE(150 m2) - RESTAURANT (300 m2) - OUTDOOR (WEDDING, CONCERT, WINE TOUR - Harvest, Grape Stomping, TEAM BUILDING ) - SUITE (5: 60 m2 each) - SHOP (100 m2) - PARKING (400 m2) - STAFF AREA
Program Bubble Diagram
This scheme remains the overall configuration of the building design, keep the main commercial building at north side of the road and wine production at southern side of the road and suites on the lake. But reorganized the function and layout of the winery to make it smoother and more convenient to the users. The suites are still value important to our design brief, so it kept and designed in a similar language with the major building design. The building roof is designed to be pitched according to topography. The gridshell is made of timber and covered by semi-transparent material designed to be contrasting with rigid building volumes, providing a shaded outdoor space for potential activities such as weddings.
35
The building has three storey, in which basement is major for cellar to preserve the wine. Ground floor is designed to be used as public function such as shop, tourist wine workshop and dining area. First floor contains a private tasting room for VIP tourists. On the ground floor, there is a wine production space connecting to cellar underground by a spiral stair, which can provide close contact experience for visitors to wine production. Wine production building also designs a visitor entrance which separate with staff entrance, to provide close observation towards wine production. To design according to the topography, the building has two major entrances at different levels, one is located at east side of first floor and another one is located at west side of ground floor. Staff circulation and visitor circulation are separated for benefiting the working performance.
Gridshell of The Courtyard
Section
37
Design Development Iteration 1
Iteration 2
After receiving the midterm feedback, we started to rethink the concept or design intent of this gridshell. Before, it is working as a coverage for outdoor space. In this exploration, we would like the gridshell to create a threshold space between indoor space and outdoor space, to provide a smooth transition for visitor to walking inside this winery. To achieve this, we design the gridshell to follow the building boundary, use the ellipse as the basic form and trim the edge with building boundary. By doing this, the gridshell randomly sit on building’s roof and glass wall, which creates interesting composition. The gridshell is designed to be covered with membrane cladding starting from the building boundary and gradually become transparent to the ground connection, which create a sense of transform from indoor to outdoor.
After finished the first iteration, we still consider the interconnection between gridshell and building is weak that we are thinking to explore the form in another way. We enlarged the gridshell to make it covering the majority part of the winery, from suites to commercial part. Learning from precedent, Swatch and Omega Campus, which Shigeru Ban designed a large gridshell roof connection the old Swatch building and new Omega building, which has sense of contrast and connection at the same time. In the original design, there is less connection between each building parts and everything seems segregated. The gridshell can be the node connecting all the small elements.
6.0 Plan & Section This section is dedicated to exploring the plan and section at 1:200, generating new ideas from different options. Team Member: Tong Su, Haoyang Yu Japan Pavilion at hannover’s expo, Buro Happold
39
Iteration 1 (Produced By Gloria) This design emphasizes on the vertical layout of each function, which is achieved by applying an atrium at the center of the building and having other function surrounding the atrium and connected by a visitor stair. Different functions are allocated at different height level, which can create a continue journey experience to the visitor. Entering from first floor, the visitors will go through tasting room, wine production, restaurant, end up at the open exhibition at groundfloor. Due to the complex organization of the function inside, the building will create an interesting composition from outside.
Precedent - Antinori Winery designed by Archea Associati, 2012 The design of extruding tasting room and the big circular stair connecting each floor in Antinor Winery had inspired this iteration. The tasting room is cube form extended into the cellar space, which create special contrast with barrel vault cellar shape. In addition, visitor can have closer interaction with cellar space, which enhance their experience.
Figure 20. Pietro Savorelli, Tasting room. 2013
Figure 21. Pietro Savorelli, Circular Stair. 2013
Iteration 2 (Produced By Gloria) This design emphasizes on the user experience in this building. The restaurant and tasting room are all located at the lake side of the site, which is intentionally design for visitor to gain a better view. In addition, this design incorporates roof terrace which is open to the visitors. Standing on the roof terrace, people can enjoy the view of lake more clearly and they will have a close interaction with the gridshell above. In these two iterations, the design of the gridshell is inspired by King’s Cross Station in London. The design creates a round supporting structure at the center of the outdoor space of the winery, the boundary of the gridshell is a nice circle which lands on the roof of the building and speak to the building from geometry perspective. Issues: The design of the gridshell needs to be refined, considering the visual experience from the inside of the gridshell.
41
Iteration 3 (Produced By Tong) The logic behind this design is organizing the functions inside the building gradually switch from wine production to commercial. The area which is closer to the vineyard is designed as wine production such as fermentation hall and cellar. The place which is near the road and public space is utilized for commercial functions such as shop and restaurant. The suites are located on the other side of the site for two reasons. First, the suites are far from the commercial area which can provide a peaceful relaxing place for the visitors. Second, the suites is closer to the lake that enable visitor to enjoy a better view. Issues: Consider about the distance between major commercial area and suites area, it can be inconvenient either for visitors and staff to access. The design precedent is Mont-Ras Winery designed by Jorge Vidal and Victor Rahola. The liner production workspace arrangement and the tasting room leading to vineyard scenery had inspired the arrangement of this iteration. It follows the logic of arranging space linearly with the wine production and commercial area.
Figure 22. Danae SantibaĂąez, Mont-Ras Winery. 2017
Figure 23. Danae SantibaĂąez, Tasting room. 2017
Iteration 4 (Produced By Tong) Similar idea from iteration 3, the functions are arranged according to the locations on site. The restaurant and tasting room are allocated next to wine fermentation and cellar, which allows visitors to have a close interaction with wine production process while enjoying the meal. In this case, the entrances of the building are emphasized by creating a concave shape, which forms a welcoming gesture towards visitors. The gridshell tries to achieve a more dynamic form as it has a curvature shape at the boundary. But the same issue applies, as the gridshell lands at the centre of the outdoor space, which can potentially create an interesting form from distance. But a continuous gridshell which does not touch the ground at the centre can form a larger spacious area which creates a better experience towards the visitor when they are standing below the gridshell.
43
Iteration 5 After receiving the feedback based on the previous four design, we as a group rationalized the composition of the building layout. The winery is divided into three buildings which are all designed in a simple geometry, rectangular, and positioned align with the pattern of vineyard, which is 40 degrees. The gridshell forms a circular shape from the top view, which speaks to the geometry of the buildings. The major two buildings are allocated for wine production and visitors’ experience directly related to wine production. The other building located near the lake is allocated for restaurant, which has a better scenery and view. The precedents Austria’s Clemens Strobl winery designed by Destilat and Lahofer Winery designed by CHYBIK + KRISTOF have both inspired form design and function arrangement of this iteration. Two winery both demonstrate harmonious spatial arrangement of commercial area, wine production area and environment, which provide entertaining environments for the visitors. The use of barrel vault and curvature form speaks to the design of cellar, which is an organic response of winery design. It is also applied into this iteration, which can be an identical element of this winery.
Figure 24. Natasha Levy, Austria’s Clemens Strobl winery. 2020
Figure 25. Laurian Ghinitoiu, Lahofer Winery. 2019
7.0 Tectonics & Detailing This section is dedicated to exploring the details of the form-resistant structure. Team Member: Tong Su, Haoyang Yu Roof of the Multihalle in Mannheim, Frei Otto
45
Refined Design
At this stage, the function arrangment and building composition is settled. The gridshell is rationalized based on the locations of supporting points. The two support legs land on commerial and restaurant building’s roof, which create a big arch welcoming the visitors when they entering the site from the major road. The second consideration is the preserve the views of Denton House and Northwest entrance, so two large openings are designed at these two directions. The four supporting points are all located at the circular shape which emphsize the geometry of the winery deisng. The restaurant terrace is created that people have access to the rooftop and they can potentially view the gridshell at a closer distance.
Grasshopper Defination
FEA Analysis
We set up the basic geometry of the gridshell and supporting points, and push the boundary to the final location of the gridshell to achieve the final geometry and simulate the construction process. The process had been repeated several times to achieve a satisfied outcome. The timber gridshell has two different dimensions for edge beam and internal laths, and the final displacement is 3.3mm.
47
Node Connection For timber gridshell, there are plenty of options of the node connection. The most common ways of connections are bolted connection and connection with square plates. Toledo gridshell 2.0 (figure 26) is utilizing simple bolted connection. This connection will drill slotted holes of each layer of timber laths for the bolts installed later on. This method can allow necessary movement while construction and the bolts will be fastened when the final form is obtained.1 While in a relatively larger project, Weald and Downland Gridshell(Figure 27), square plates are applied. This method is applying four bolts directly connecting the steel plates instead of timber laths. By doing this there is no penetration through the timber laths, and it allows cladding design that can be incorporated. But compare to simple bolted connection, this method can be costlier.
Figure 26: Toledo Gridshell 2.0
Figure 27: Patented clamping system used in Weald and Downland Gridshell, Gabriel Tang
Figure 28: Timber gridshell node details
1. Naicu, Harris & Williams, “Timber gridshells: Design methods and their application to a temporary pavilion�.2014.
Ground Connection There are two edge connections largely used in gridshell design, one is pinned connection, and another is fixed connection. The Airshell (Figure 29) utilized inflatable membrane as formwork to help erecting the gridshell. At the supports, pinned connection is applied which “allows for potential rotations related to active bending”. Mannheim Multihalle (Figure 31) has four types of boundary connections which are “arches, concrete, laminated timber beams and cable boundaries“. In this case, the laths of the gridshell are secured to a timber beam which has a relatively large size and set at the correct angle. The edge beam is then connected to the steel brackets and to the concrete slab on the ground. This fixed connection does not allow any rotation movement. In our design, we explore these two connection methods and applied them into different locations. Worth mentioning, as the two supporting legs land on buildings, the connection between roof structure and gridshell edge beam is also explored based on the study of Gilman Hall of Johns Hopkins University, which also has a steel gridshell connecting to building structure.(Figure 30)
Figure 29: Airshell pinned connection
Figure 30: Gilman Hall roof and gridshell connection
Figure 31: Mannheim Multihalle concrete ring beam
49
8.0 Workflow This section is dedicated to exploring the computational workflow of our design. Team Member: Tong Su, Haoyang Yu
Korlandia Gridshell
Workflow
51
Refined Design
Circular Pattern Iteration (Produced by Gloria) To achieve an aesthetic design of the gridshell, we decide to use pre-formed structure for grishell design. As the composition of the winery are made of rectangular and circle, the pattern used for gridshell also applies circular pattern. Four different sizes of circle are utilized in this design to create dynamic shape.
53
Grasshopper Defination The supporting structure is utilizing the triangular gridshell produced in previous week. The timber pattern is designed in four layers, which have dimensions of 1.5, 2, and 3 meters. The first laryer is layout equally for connection points with the structure timber below.
Radius: 2 meter
Grasshopper Defination
Radius: 1.5 meter
Radius: 2 meter
Radius: 3 meter
Material and Connection The first option is to utilize timber for both the structure laths and pattern. By doing this, the gridshell can achieve an organic atmosphere response to the stone material largely used in building facade. As the timber is pre-formed, the timber lath can be designed interlocked with each other. The timber circular plates can be bolted to the structure. Steel can also be utilized to connection timber segments and providing support point for the timber plates. The second option is to use plaster as the circular pattern plate. Plaster can be easily formed to the achieve the curved pattern and the transparence of the plaster can bring unique feature into the building. As plastic is a lightweight material, simple bolt connection can be applied as shown in figure 34. The Portalen Pavilion(figure 34& 35) applied steel cables in this case to brace the gridshell. The steel bolt also secure the cable in position and support the polycarbonate sheets above.
Figure 32: Korlandia Gridshell
Figure 34: A timber and polycarbonate deployable grid shell, Ricard Estay
Figure 33: Herbert Art Gallery & Museum
Figure 35: Connection detail, Ricard Estay
55
9.0 Final Design Team Member: Tong Su, Haoyang Yu
57
The final location of the winery is located at Northwest corner of the Denton vineyard, where is near to main road Old Healesville Road. The lake near by and orderly vineyard provide an easeful environment to allocate winery building. The building consists of three parts, which are wine production, commercial building and restaurant near the lake. Buildings are all designed in a simple rectangular geometry which contrast with large outdoor gridshell. Buildings are aligned with vineyard pattern, which is an representation of continue of natural environment. Gridshell provides shading and at same time works as a semi-public space which gently connect the winery building with outdoor environment.
59
The gridshell has four supporting legs align with the circle designed in relationship to building geometry. Two supporting points are set onto the building roof and other two are located on the footbridge. The support points are designed to preserve the view of Denton house and main road. The gridshell can be accessed from the rooftop terrace of commercial building and restaurant building, which create more interaction between visitor and gridshell.
The building is seperating stuff and visitor circulation, which aim to preserve the preciseness of wine making process but provide enough interaction for visitors. The restaurant is located on the other side of main road near the lake, which encourage visitors to work through the outdoor grishell shell space. The extrude timber outdoor platform can provide a plasing dinning space for visitor.
61
Driving from the main road, visitors are able to park their car at back side of winery building. From this point, visitor can either choose to walk up the external stairs leading to the roof terrace where place the gridshell supporting leg. They can also walk into the commercial building for the wine exhibition and tasting wine. Between the wine production building and commercial building, there designed a stair ramp connecting first floor level and ground floor level form outside.
This section demonstrates the commercial area of the winery. The first floor composes of exhibition area and commercial shop. The ground floor is used for cellar and front of house. The tasting room is located in between two floors, which provide interesting view to cellar and gridshell.
63
As two of the supporting points of the gridshell is on the building rooftop, the building structure needs to be well considered. The building structure is major utilizing steel elements. Exclude from the vertical steel columns used in the building, extra diagonal steel columns are applied at the gridshell supporting points to deal with the excessive load from gridshell. The timber laths and edge beams are connected by steel plate in between, which can provide a clean connection solution from appearance.
Seccon C-C
0
5
10
20M
65
1st Form-Finding
2nd Form-Finding
Cladding Design
inverse gravity -1m
-1m
8m
4m
2..Find a desirable form by relaxing mesh surface with inverse gravity and anchor points
9. Selecting the area for shading
5. Unroll the bent regular grid to find its flat configuration
drape with basic mesh
inverse gravity
Fabrication & Construction
1.Building Composition
3..Drape the base form with a 1m X 1m grid
6. Simulate active bending timber gridshell to generate the form again
7. Re-create the bracing on the bent mesh
8. FEA Analysis
10. Solar Radiation analysis for selected shading area
BRACING DESIGN
4. Trim the regular grid to get desire form
Computational Workflow
Map the connectivity of each diagonal on the flat mesh
11. Designing the shading according to the Solar Radiation analysis result
1, Flat gridmat showing the boundary of the gridshell
2, The designed diagonal bracing pattern
3, Determine the support points
4, Kangaroo result of the bent gridshell
5, Re-create the bracing to bent g
4 1
2
5
3 Form Generation
Grasshopper Definition
e diagonal gridshell
67
7, Determine the cladding area
6, Process the FEA Analysis
8, Solar Radiation Analysis
9, Use the solar radiation analysis to design the opening of cladding
FEA Analysis
6
9 8
The design of the opening height of the timber cladding is determined by the amount of solar radiation onto each small section of the cladding. The area where receive more solar radiation will have smaller opening, which can block more sunlight, stop too much solar radiation get to the shading area under the timber cladding.
Preparation stage: The timber elements are fabricated and treated in the factory and transport the site ready to assemble. The slash pine is suitable material in this project as it has well elasticity and it can be bought locally. As the gridshell supporting points are at different levels, the construction method, “ease down “, used in Weald and Downland gridshell is applied in this project. Set up modular scaffolding system PERI-UP, including the MULTIPROP jack at the highest level of the gridshell for supporting the gridmat later.
Material: Pine, Slash Modulus of Elasticity - Seasoned: 9.5 kN/m2 In-plane shear modulus: 0.055 kN/m2 Transverse shear modulus: 0.010 kN/m2 Species Type: Softwood Application: Lightweight structure, framed and braced structure and cladding
Fabrication Method Raw Timber Cutting, CNC Drilling & Slotting Fabrication Profile 50mm x 30mm 3m Timber Lath 50mm x 30mm 900mm Timber Bracing 50mm x 30mm 400mm Connection Timber 50mm x 30mm 400mm Timber Shear Block 50mm x 30mm 50mm Timber Stud 155mm x 500mm 3m Timber Edge Beam Timber Cladding Panel
Fabrication and Constuction
Once materials are transported to site, it is ready to assemble timber laths on flat ground. The whole timber gridshell is divided into smaller sections which can be easier lift by crane. At this stage, the bracing elements connected at node will be assembled to the gridmat section for further easy installation.
Crane is used to lift all the gridmat sections to the scaffolding. Gridshell MULTIPROP jack which can adjust height is utilized to support the gridshell.
All the gridmat sections are lift and connected on the scaffolding to form the complete gridmat. edge timber laths will not be installed at this stage.
Gently lower the MULTIPROPR jack to bend the edge down. This construction method is safer for workers comparing to “pull up” or “push up” construction methods.
Some of the scaffoldings are removed and jacks are positioned at angles at the edge of the gridshell to deal with the excessive cantilever load from gridshell.
Use ropes to pull the timber laths to place and connect timber laths to the edge beams, which are installed prior to the assembly of gridshell. Additional shear blocks are added for strengthening the gridshell.
Connecting timber bracing to the gridshell and install timber cladding panel to both direction of timber laths.
69
View From Main Road
71
View From Transportation Road
Restaurant
73
View From Front of House
Bibliorgrahy: Billington, David P. Thin shell concrete structures. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1965. Douthe, Cyril, Olivier Baverel, and J-F. Caron. “Form-finding of a grid shell in composite materials.” Journal of the International Association for Shell and Spatial structures 47, no. 1 (2006): 53-62. Fernandes, M.J., Kirkegaard, P.H., & Branco, J. 2016. Tectonic design elastic timber gridshells. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Tectonic-design-elastic-timber-gridshells-Fernandes-Kirkegaard/db50cbcd61615b186d15836a40dd3e85e75c25df J. B., Calvert. “The Catenary”. 2000. https://mysite.du.edu/~jcalvert/math/catenary.htm. “Pneumatic-Structure”. 2020. Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/technology/pneumatic-structure. Johns Hopkins University: Gilman Hall - Novum Structures. 2020. Retrieved 17 October 2020, from https://novumstructures.com/project/johns-hopkins-university-gilman-hall/ Heinz Isler. “Concrete shells derived from experimental shapes.” Structural Engineering International 4, no. 3 (1994): 142-147. Liuti, A., Pugnale, A., & Colabella, S. 2017. The Airshell prototype: a timber gridshell erected through a pneumatic formwork. Hamburg, Germany: rchitecture.engineering.science. Retrieved from https://www. researchgate.net/publication/320195830_The_Airshell_prototype_a_timber_gridshell_erected_through_a_pneumatic_formwork Mannheim Multihalle– Strained Grid - Evolution of German Shells: Efficiency in Form. 2020. Retrieved 17 October 2020, from http://shells.princeton.edu/Mann1.html Naicu, D., Harris, R., & Williams, C. 2014. Timber gridshells: Design methods and their application to a temporary pavilion. Quebec: World Conference on Timber Engineering. Retrieved from https://www. researchgate.net/publication/264539965_Timber_gridshells_Design_methods_and_their_application_to_a_temporary_pavilion “Naturtheater Grötzingen - Evolution Of German Shells: Efficiency In Form”. 2013. Evolution Of German Shells. http://shells.princeton.edu/Grotz.html. Nicholas S. GOLDSMITH, FAIA LEED AP “Shape Finding Or Form Finding?”. 2014. Ftlstudio.Com. https://ftlstudio.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/04Form%20Finding%20vs%20Shape%20Making.pdf. Pone, Sergio. “EWT#5 Mezzogiorno. Prove Di Sostenibilità A Cura Di Maria Valeria Mininni, Ester Zazzero”. Ecowebtown.It. 2011. http://www.ecowebtown.it/n_5/04_pone_en.html. Progressive Development of Timber Gridshell Design, Analysis and Construction: Paper 1387 - Scientific Figure on ResearchGate. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Patented-clamping-system-used-in-Weald-and-Downland-Gridshell-Photo-Gabriel-Tang_fig4_321314552 Scholzen, Alexander, Rostislav Chudoba, and Josef Hegger. “Thin‐walled shell structures made of textile‐reinforced concrete: part I: structural design and construction.” Structural Concrete 16, no. 1 (2015): 106-114. Schneider, Maxie. Pneu And Shell: Constructing Free-Form Concrete Shells With A Pneumatic Formwork. Springer Singapore, 2018. Timber gridshells: Numerical simulation, design and construction of a full scale structure - Scientific Figure on ResearchGate. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Toledo-gridshell-20-Bracingsystem-a-Construction-detail-b-Detail-of-the-joint_fig7_277604591
75
Graphics: The weld and downland gridshell. Photograph. 2002. https://www.ice.org.uk/what-is-civil-engineering/what-do-civil-engineers-do/the-weald-and-downland-gridshell A diagram of the main dimensions of the Grötzingen Shell. Photograph. 2013. http://shells.princeton.edu/Grotz.html Balz explains the hanging membrane idea by showing example models for different projects.Photograph. 2013. http://shells.princeton.edu/Grotz.html Daniele Lancia. Photograph. August 17, 2014.https://land8.com/naples-gridshell-urban-furniture-experiment/ Gregory Charles Quinn 2 Regular quadrilateral lattice hanging chain model for the Multihalle Mannheim. 2018. Photograph. https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Regular-quadrilateral-lattice-hanging-chain-model-for-the-Multihalle-Mannheim-99_fig30_330869457 Matheus Pereira, Modern shells were first introduced by architects and engineers such as Eugène Freyssinet.Photograph. June 14, 2018. https://www.archdaily.com/895536/concrete-shells-design-principles-and-examples Michael Balz. Naturtheater Grötzingen Bergseite Süden. Photograph. http://www.organicstructure.de/kap3a_2.htm Michael Balz. Theater. Photograph. http://www.organicstructure.de/kap3a_2.htm Serge Frühauf, Pavilion Sicli.2014. Photograph. http://www.donatellabernardi.ch/index.php/exhibitions/smoking-up-ambition-2014/ Will Mclean. An early prototype for a Standard Pneumatic Environment. Photograph. 1968. https://www.architectural-review.com/archive/air-apparent-pneumatic-structures Lucas Allen. Pt. Leo Estate. 2018. Photograph. https://www.archdaily.com/897555/pt-leo-estate-jolson-architecture-and-interiors Jolson Architecture and Interiors. Detailed Plan. 2018. Architectural Plan. https://www.archdaily.com/897555/pt-leo-estate-jolson-architecture-and-interiors MIKE HUGHES ARCHITECTS. Morongo Casino & Resort. 2013. Photograph. https://mikehughesarchitects.com/morongo-casino-resort/ JON COOK. Cabot Circus. 2015. Photograph. https://www.timeout.com/bristol/attractions/cabot-circus Didier Boy de la Tour. Swatch and Omega Campus. 2019. Photograph. https://www.archdaily.com/926166/swatch-and-omega-campus-shigeru-ban-architects Pietro Savorelli, Tasting room. 2013. Photograph. https://www.dezeen.com/2013/05/04/antinori-winery-by-archea-associati/ Danae Santibañez, Mont-Ras Winery. 2017. Photograph. https://www.archdaily.com/805958/winery-in-mont-ras-jorge-vidal-plus-victor-rahola Natasha Levy, Austria’s Clemens Strobl winery. 2020. Photograph. https://www.dezeen.com/2020/09/22/clemens-strobl-winery-interiors-austria/ Laurian Ghinitoiu, Lahofer Winery. 2019. Photograph. https://www.archdaily.com/945154/lahofer-winery-chybik-plus-kristof