MODULE 2.1; PERCEPTION, SELF & COMMUNICATION

PERCEPTION, SELF & COMMUNICATION

CHAPTER OUTCOMES • STUDENT SHOULD BE ABLE TO UNDERSTAND WHAT IS PERCEPTION. • IDENTIFY THE DIFFERENCES IN PERCEPTION OCCURRENCE.

• IDENTIFY THE ELEMENTS INCLUDED IN PERCEPTION. • EXPLAIN IN DETAILS HOW AN INDIVIDUAL SHOULD PERCEIVER OTHERS. • EXPLAINING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PERCEPTION AND THE IMPORTANCE ON PERCEPTION WITH SPORTS.

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WHAT IS PERCEPTION? • PERCEPTION IS THE PROCESS OF BECOMING AWARE OF OBJECTS & EVENTS THROUGH SENSES. (Process of selectively attending information and assigning meaning)

• DIFFERENCES IN PERCEPTION AFFECT THE WAY WE UNDERSTAND EVENTS, OTHERS & OURSELVES. (It may exists through individual experiences, intentions, needs and wants, loves and hatreds)

• PERCEPTION EFFECT SELF-CONCEPT, SELF-EFFICACY & OUR PRESENTATION OF ONE-SELF.

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• “THE PROCESS OF BECOMING AWARE OF OBJECTS & EVENTS FROM THE SENSES” (DEVITO, 1986).

• THE PROCESS OF SELECTION, ATTENTION & INTERPRETATION PASSIVE PERCEPTION – PEOPLE ARE SIMPLY RECORDERS OF STIMULI (i.e. video recorder).

ACTIVE PERCEPTION – YOUR MIND SELECTS, ORGANIZES, & INTERPRETS THAT WHICH WE SENSE. SUBJECTIVE PERCEPTION – YOU UNIQUELY CONSTRUCTED MEANING ATTRIBUTED TO SENSE STIMULI ( YOU INTERPRET WHAT YOU SENSE, SUBTRACT FROM WHAT YOU SEE, HEAR, SMELL & TOUCH).

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“ ” WHY DO DIFFERENCES IN PERCEPTION OCCUR? 6

IT MAY INFLUENCES THROUGH… 1) PHYSIOLOGICAL FACTORS (HEIGHT, WEIGHT, BODY TYPE, SEX,& SENSES).

I.E. EVIDENCE SHOWED AN ANATOMICAL DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE BRAIN STRUCTURES OF HUMAN FEMALES & MALES.

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Differences in perception also may arise from temporary conditions – headache, hunger, thirst, illness etc.

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2) PAST EXPERIENCES & ROLES PERCEPTUAL CONSTANCY “THE IDEA THAT OUR PAST EXPERIENCES LEAD US TO SEE THE WORLD IN A WAY THAT IS DIFFICULT TO CHANGE YOUR INITIAL PERCEPTION PERSIST”

WHAT HAPPENED TO YOU IN THE PAST INFLUENCES YOUR PERCEPTION OF THE PRESENT & THE FUTURE.

A ROLE IS “ THE PART AN INDIVIDUAL PLAYS IN A GROUP; AN INDIVIDUAL’S FUNCTION OR EXPECTED BEHAVIOUR” (DEVITO, 1986, P. 269)

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3) CULTURE AND CO-CULTURE CULTURE IS A SYSTEM OF SHARED BELIEFS, VALUES, CUSTOMS, BEHAVIORS, &

ARTIFACTS THAT THE MEMBERS OF A SOCIETY USE TO COPE WITH ONE ANOTHER & WITH THEIR WORLD.

CO-CULTURE IS A GROUP WHOSE BELIEFS OR BEHAVIORS DISTINGUISH IT FROM

THE LARGER CULTURE OF WHICH IT IS A PART & WITH WHICH IT SHARES NUMEROUS SIMILARITIES.(DEVITO, 1986)

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4) PRESENT FEELINGS & CIRCUMSTANCES

YOUR DAILY. MONTHLY, OR YEARLY CYCLE MAY AFFECT HOW YOU PERCEIVE STIMULI. THE LACK OF OTHER STIMULI SUCH AS LIGHT, SOUNDS & OTHER PEOPLE – COUPLE WITH A SLIGHT FEELING OF ANXIETY PROVIDES CIRCUMSTANCES THAT RESULT IN MORE ACUTE HEARING.

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WHAT OCCUR IN PERCEPTION ?

A.

SELECTION

• NO ONE PERCEIVES ALL THE STIMULI IN HIS/HER ENVIRONMENT

• THROUGH SELECTION, WE NEGLECT SOME STIMULI.

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• THERE ARE 4 TYPES SELECTION:1. SELECTIVE EXPOSURE – The tendency, when we expose ourselves to information that reinforces rather than contradicts our beliefs or opinions.

2. SELECTIVE ATTENTION- The tendency, when we expose ourselves to information ideas, to focus on certain cues & ignore others.

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3. SELECTIVE PERCEPTION – The tendency to see, hear & believe only what we want to see, hear, and believe.

4. SELECTIVE RETENTION – The tendency to remember better the things that reinforce our beliefs than those that oppose them.

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B. ORGANIZATION YOU ORGANIZE STIMULI IN NUMBER OF WAYS:

1. FIGURE & GROUND – Figure is the focal point of a person’s attention. Ground is the background against which a person’s focused attention occur.

2. CLOSURE – The tendency to fill in missing information in order to complete an otherwise incomplete figure or statement. Closure also functions in your communication interaction.

3. PROXIMITY – The principle that objects that are physically close to each other will be perceived as a unit or group.

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5. SIMILARITY – The principle that elements are grouped together because they share attributes such as size, color, or shape.

6. INTERPRETATION – Interpretative perception is perception that involves a blend of internal states & external stimuli.

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HOW DO WE PERCEIVE OTHERS We might make error when we perceive other people. We used attribution when we ascribing of something to somebody or something. Attribution refers to assignment of meaning to their behavior. Attributions may vary based on our relationship with the other person.

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PERCEPTIONS OF OTHERS UNCERTAINTY REDUCTION – Learn, social process & social behaviors – stereotype !!! IMPLICIT PERSONALITY THEORIES - Assumption about physical characteristic & behavior associated with another.

 HALO EFFECT- Perceived set of characteristic observation on one trait & behavior or characteristic.

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HOW PERCEPTION RELATE TO SPORTS? • IN COMPETITION (I.E. Coaches, athletes, referees) • WITHIN ORGANIZATION (I.E. Manager-director, employees) • WITH PUBLICS (I.E. Fans, crowd, spectators, sponsors)

• WITH MEDIA (Sports journalist, sports reporter, news, commentator) 17

ATTRIBUTION ERRORS! ATTRIBUTION ERRORS

Fundamental Attribution Error -In judging other people, the tendency to attribute their success to the situation & their failure to their Personal characteristic.

Self-Serving Bias -in assessing our-selves, the tendency to attribute Our own success to our personal qualities & our Failures to the circumstances

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CENTRAL TENDENCY -viewing everyone as average/neutral

CONTRAST EFFECTS -compare people with other people

RECENCY -a person recall recent inform to give evaluation

STEREOTYPING oversimplified/sta ndardized image ofperson

FIRST IMPRESSION - an initial opinion about people

PROJECTION -our believe that others are same/like us

PERCEPTUAL ERRORS

PERCEPTUAL DEFENSE -a defense mechanism.

LENIENCY -the consistent evaluation of people/obj in an overly +ve

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‘’Conscious knowledge of one's own character, feelings, motives, and desires’’.

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HOW YOU CHECK YOUR INTERPERSONAL PERCEPTION?

SELF CONCEPT & SELF PRESENTATION 21

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