PERCEPTION, SELF & COMMUNICATION
CHAPTER OUTCOMES • STUDENT SHOULD BE ABLE TO UNDERSTAND WHAT IS PERCEPTION. • IDENTIFY THE DIFFERENCES IN PERCEPTION OCCURRENCE.
• IDENTIFY THE ELEMENTS INCLUDED IN PERCEPTION. • EXPLAIN IN DETAILS HOW AN INDIVIDUAL SHOULD PERCEIVER OTHERS. • EXPLAINING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PERCEPTION AND THE IMPORTANCE ON PERCEPTION WITH SPORTS.
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WHAT IS PERCEPTION? • PERCEPTION IS THE PROCESS OF BECOMING AWARE OF OBJECTS & EVENTS THROUGH SENSES. (Process of selectively attending information and assigning meaning)
• DIFFERENCES IN PERCEPTION AFFECT THE WAY WE UNDERSTAND EVENTS, OTHERS & OURSELVES. (It may exists through individual experiences, intentions, needs and wants, loves and hatreds)
• PERCEPTION EFFECT SELF-CONCEPT, SELF-EFFICACY & OUR PRESENTATION OF ONE-SELF.
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• “THE PROCESS OF BECOMING AWARE OF OBJECTS & EVENTS FROM THE SENSES” (DEVITO, 1986). • THE PROCESS OF SELECTION, ATTENTION & INTERPRETATION PASSIVE PERCEPTION – PEOPLE ARE SIMPLY RECORDERS OF STIMULI (i.e. video recorder).
ACTIVE PERCEPTION – YOUR MIND SELECTS, ORGANIZES, & INTERPRETS THAT WHICH WE SENSE. SUBJECTIVE PERCEPTION – YOU UNIQUELY CONSTRUCTED MEANING ATTRIBUTED TO SENSE STIMULI ( YOU INTERPRET WHAT YOU SENSE, SUBTRACT FROM WHAT YOU SEE, HEAR, SMELL & TOUCH).
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“ ” WHY DO DIFFERENCES IN PERCEPTION OCCUR? 6
IT MAY INFLUENCES THROUGH… 1) PHYSIOLOGICAL FACTORS (HEIGHT, WEIGHT, BODY TYPE, SEX,& SENSES). I.E. EVIDENCE SHOWED AN ANATOMICAL DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE BRAIN STRUCTURES OF HUMAN FEMALES & MALES.
Differences in perception also may arise from temporary conditions – headache, hunger, thirst, illness etc.
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2) PAST EXPERIENCES & ROLES PERCEPTUAL CONSTANCY “THE IDEA THAT OUR PAST EXPERIENCES LEAD US TO SEE THE WORLD IN A WAY THAT IS DIFFICULT TO CHANGE YOUR INITIAL PERCEPTION PERSIST”
WHAT HAPPENED TO YOU IN THE PAST INFLUENCES YOUR PERCEPTION OF THE PRESENT & THE FUTURE.
A ROLE IS “ THE PART AN INDIVIDUAL PLAYS IN A GROUP; AN INDIVIDUAL’S FUNCTION OR EXPECTED BEHAVIOUR” (DEVITO, 1986, P. 269)
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3) CULTURE AND CO-CULTURE CULTURE IS A SYSTEM OF SHARED BELIEFS, VALUES, CUSTOMS, BEHAVIORS, &
ARTIFACTS THAT THE MEMBERS OF A SOCIETY USE TO COPE WITH ONE ANOTHER & WITH THEIR WORLD.
CO-CULTURE IS A GROUP WHOSE BELIEFS OR BEHAVIORS DISTINGUISH IT FROM
THE LARGER CULTURE OF WHICH IT IS A PART & WITH WHICH IT SHARES NUMEROUS SIMILARITIES.(DEVITO, 1986)
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4) PRESENT FEELINGS & CIRCUMSTANCES
YOUR DAILY. MONTHLY, OR YEARLY CYCLE MAY AFFECT HOW YOU PERCEIVE STIMULI. THE LACK OF OTHER STIMULI SUCH AS LIGHT, SOUNDS & OTHER PEOPLE – COUPLE WITH A SLIGHT FEELING OF ANXIETY PROVIDES CIRCUMSTANCES THAT RESULT IN MORE ACUTE HEARING.
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WHAT OCCUR IN PERCEPTION ? A.
SELECTION
• NO ONE PERCEIVES ALL THE STIMULI IN HIS/HER ENVIRONMENT
• THROUGH SELECTION, WE NEGLECT SOME STIMULI.
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• THERE ARE 4 TYPES SELECTION:1. SELECTIVE EXPOSURE – The tendency, when we expose ourselves to information that reinforces rather than contradicts our beliefs or opinions.
2. SELECTIVE ATTENTION- The tendency, when we expose ourselves to information ideas, to focus on certain cues & ignore others.
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3. SELECTIVE PERCEPTION – The tendency to see, hear & believe only what we want to see, hear, and believe.
4. SELECTIVE RETENTION – The tendency to remember better the things that reinforce our beliefs than those that oppose them.
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B. ORGANIZATION YOU ORGANIZE STIMULI IN NUMBER OF WAYS:
1. FIGURE & GROUND – Figure is the focal point of a person’s attention. Ground is the background against which a person’s focused attention occur.
2. CLOSURE – The tendency to fill in missing information in order to complete an otherwise incomplete figure or statement. Closure also functions in your communication interaction.
3. PROXIMITY – The principle that objects that are physically close to each other will be perceived as a unit or group.
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5. SIMILARITY – The principle that elements are grouped together because they share attributes such as size, color, or shape.
6. INTERPRETATION – Interpretative perception is perception that involves a blend of internal states & external stimuli.
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HOW DO WE PERCEIVE OTHERS We might make error when we perceive other people. We used attribution when we ascribing of something to somebody or something. Attribution refers to assignment of meaning to their behavior. Attributions may vary based on our relationship with the other person.
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PERCEPTIONS OF OTHERS UNCERTAINTY REDUCTION – Learn, social process & social behaviors – stereotype !!! IMPLICIT PERSONALITY THEORIES - Assumption about physical characteristic & behavior associated with another.
HALO EFFECT- Perceived set of characteristic observation on one trait & behavior or characteristic.
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HOW PERCEPTION RELATE TO SPORTS? • IN COMPETITION (I.E. Coaches, athletes, referees) • WITHIN ORGANIZATION (I.E. Manager-director, employees) • WITH PUBLICS (I.E. Fans, crowd, spectators, sponsors)
• WITH MEDIA (Sports journalist, sports reporter, news, commentator) 17
ATTRIBUTION ERRORS! ATTRIBUTION ERRORS
Fundamental Attribution Error -In judging other people, the tendency to attribute their success to the situation & their failure to their Personal characteristic.
Self-Serving Bias -in assessing our-selves, the tendency to attribute Our own success to our personal qualities & our Failures to the circumstances
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CENTRAL TENDENCY -viewing everyone as average/neutral
CONTRAST EFFECTS -compare people with other people
RECENCY -a person recall recent inform to give evaluation
STEREOTYPING oversimplified/sta ndardized image ofperson
FIRST IMPRESSION - an initial opinion about people
PROJECTION -our believe that others are same/like us
PERCEPTUAL ERRORS
PERCEPTUAL DEFENSE -a defense mechanism.
LENIENCY -the consistent evaluation of people/obj in an overly +ve
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‘’Conscious knowledge of one's own character, feelings, motives, and desires’’.
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HOW YOU CHECK YOUR INTERPERSONAL PERCEPTION?
SELF CONCEPT & SELF PRESENTATION 21
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