9789177370673

THIS ANTHOLOGY comprises articles written by Swedish labour law research­ ers representing most universities in Sweden. Its theme, labour law and the welfare state, is topical as the current promotion of markets, national, regional and international, arguably cannot legit­ imately take place without at the same time safeguarding labour and other social rights. One of the most salient character­ istics of Scandinavian welfare states can be seen as the fusion of welfare and employment. Swedish trade unions, alone or together with the employer organisa­ tions, often have stepped in and adopted measures to complement state-based social security systems. The articles in this anthology address different aspects of the relation­ship between the Swedish labour law model and the welfare state.

ISBN 978-91-7737-067-3

A S A r o b c S r e i o b t Aa c e s rl i t s v b a e i P l l l ta W i l sr eI n k mt l n j o in fs e r l e au n j r ör er a ss k Sn y tc d ae d t e

Editors Laura Carlson, Petra Herzfeld Olsson and Vincenzo Pietrogiovanni

A r b e t s m a r k n a d s p a r t e r

aR l e F t uR r ni a dg i ah n mt i es n n g

Labour Law and the Welfare State / Arbetsrätt och välfärdsstaten

A T R n i e sO l t tm l r äs g a ltä i län n nl g i il l n nn i g gi g sn h fg e ö t r h å l l a n d e

R G ät r u ti n d hg l ä et ge

M e d b e s t ä m m a n d e r ä t t

W o r k E n v i r o n m e n t P r o t e c t i o n s

C o d e c i s i o n

WU e ne l fm a pl r e oy Sm t ne at t eI E m nA p sr l ub o re y at m ns e cv n ei t l l C k o o n r d i t i o n s

A r b e t s Gm ra ur nk dn la äd gs gp aa nr dt ee r R ä t t i g h e t e

B e n e f i t s t h r o u g h E m p l o y m e n t

S o c i a lA fök ra ss äs ka rn i n g

I n d uS so tc ri ia el l lP ta r Mt en de br os r g a r s k a p

A Ir nb de ut ss tr rä it at l C i t i z e n s h i p

O m A s r t b ä eT Yl t i rl s l kn t l ei A a g sn n g ä mg s a n ä trg s är l s lei i l pg g nrh e i se V n t ä ge l sn f ft ä öa r rt d hi o ån l l a n d

F u n d a m e n t a l R i g h t s

A r b eE tm sp ll eo dy nm ie nn gt s rR äe tl ta t i o n s h i p

L W a o b r Eo k mu e p r r l o L R y a e ew p r’ r s e s P e r n e t r a o C t g o mi a po t an i ns v e y W e l f a r

P V r ä o l c f u ä r r e d m s e s nR t A t äa tt c cR t e ee en st n sr a t ti i on l i l Jn ug r ä s t t t i v c i e s a

Labour Law and the Welfare State Arbetsrätt och välfärdsstaten Editors Laura Carlson, Petra Herzfeld Olsson and Vincenzo Pietrogiovanni

A c c e s s i b i l i t y

A r b e t s m i l j ö s k y d d

Labour Law and the Welfare State Arbetsrätt och välfärdsstaten Editors Laura Carlson Petra Herzfeld Olsson and Vincenzo Pietrogiovanni

Summary of Contents

Abbreviations

13

1 Labour law and the welfare state – An introduction Laura Carlson, Petra Herzfeld Olsson & Vincenzo Pietrogiovanni

17

2 Ökad betydelse av svensk grundlag för att skydda grundläggande rättigheter i arbetslivet?

Birgitta Nyström 35 3 Worker representation and the Welfare State: The Swedish model of industrial citizenship Andrea Iossa

51

4 Swedish labour law and cooperation in working life – How does law support positive reciprocal action? Örjan Edström

73

5 With great power comes great responsibility – Employers’ labour management and business rights versus work-environment regulation of heavy workload Johan Holm

95

6 Socialförsäkringen och relationerna på arbetsmarknaden; om förändringen av sjukförsäkringen Lotti Ryberg-Welander 115

5

Summary of Contents

7 Välfärdssystem, arbetslinjen och yrkesverksammas behov av omställningsstöd Carin Ulander-Wänman

137

8 Förbudet mot bristande tillgänglighet – några frågor om ansvar för åtgärder och genomförande Sabina Hellborg

153

9 A-kassan och den nya arbetsmarknaden Caroline Johansson

169

10 From the State to the Company? The Transition of the Italian Welfare System in the Swedish Perspective Vincenzo Pietrogiovanni

187

11 Grounding worker conditions in the procurement of social welfare services Eva Schömer & Linnéa Olsson

209

12 Access to Justice in Labor Law – The Key to Social Welfare Laura Carlson

231

6

Table of Contents

Abbreviations 13 1 Labour law and the welfare state – An introduction 17

Laura Carlson, Petra Herzfeld Olsson & Vincenzo Pietrogiovanni Biography 31

2 Ökad betydelse av svensk grundlag för att skydda grundläggande rättigheter i arbetslivet? 35

Birgitta Nyström 2.1 Grundlagsskydd för arbetsrättsliga rättigheter 37 2.1.1 Den fackliga föreningsfriheten 38 2.1.2 Rätten att vidta stridsåtgärder 39 2.1.3 Anställdas yttrandefrihet 43 2.1.4 Övrigt 46 2.2 Sammanfattning och slutsatser 49 3 Worker representation and the Welfare State: The Swedish model of industrial citizenship 51

Andrea Iossa 3.1 Marshall’s concept of “industrial citizenship” as an analytical lens 54 3.2 The worker as a “citizen” of the welfare state 56 3.3 The Swedish model of “industrial citizenship” – The legal framework for worker representation 59 3.4 Boosted rights v stringent duties 63

7

Table of Contents 3.5 Between universalism and exclusivity 67 3.6 Concluding remarks: industrial citizenship and current challenges 69

4 Swedish labour law and cooperation in working life – How does law support positive reciprocal action? 73

Örjan Edström 4.1 Cooperation based on the interdependence between employers and employees 74 4.2 Reciprocity – A theoretical concept 75 4.3 Cooperation in accordance with labour law – three examples 77 4.3.1 The Co-determination Act (MBL) 77 4.3.1.1 Objectives of cooperation 78 4.3.1.2 Forms of cooperation 80 4.3.1.3 Sanctions 81 4.3.2 The Work Environment Act (AML) 81 4.3.2.1 Objectives of cooperation 82 4.3.2.2 Forms of cooperation 82 4.3.2.3 Sanctions 85 4.3.3 The Discrimination Act 85 4.3.3.1 Objectives for cooperation 87 4.4.3.2 Forms of cooperation 87 4.4.3.3 Sanctions 89 4.4 Labour law and the regulating of reciprocal action and patterns for cooperation 90 4.4.1 A common motivation structure 90 4.4.2 Sanctions against non-cooperative reciprocal action 92 4.5 Conclusions 92

5 With great power comes great responsibility – Employers’ labour management and business rights versus workenvironment regulation of heavy workload 95

Johan Holm 5.1 The evolution of the employer’s management and business rights 98

8

Table of Contents 5.2 Employers’ legal responsibilities for the organizational work environment 100 5.2.1 The Work Environment Authority’s provisions 102 5.2.2 Responsibility of others than employers 103 5.2.3 The Work Environment Authority 104 5.2.4 Legal requirements of the Work Environment Authority’s orders 105 5.2.5 Criminal liability 106 5.3 Rulings regarding workload 107 5.3.1 Amount of work 108 5.3.2 Working hours 109 5.4 The new shift as to regulations 112 5.5 Conclusions 113

6 Socialförsäkringen och relationerna på arbetsmarknaden; om förändringen av sjukförsäkringen 115

Lotti Ryberg-Welander 6.1 Statens roll på arbetsmarknaden 116 6.1.1 Välfärdsstatens början 117 6.1.2 Den svenska början 119 6.2 Utvecklingen sedan 1990-talet 124 6.2.1 Sjukpenning 124 6.2.2 Sjukersättning/förtidspension 129 6.3 Förändringar på arbetsmarknaden 130 6.4 En förändrad roll för staten? 132 7 Välfärdssystem, arbetslinjen och yrkesverksammas behov av omställningsstöd 137

Carin Ulander-Wänman 7.1 En grund i det svenska välfärdssystemet är arbetslinjen 138 7.2 Arbetsmarknadens omvandling och utmaningar 140

7.3 Individuell omställningsplan för alla arbetstagare – ett första steg 146 7.4 Ett hållbart kompetensutvecklingssystem – en ny sammanhållen välfärdskomponent 148 7.5 Sammanfattande diskussion 150

9

Table of Contents

8 Förbudet mot bristande tillgänglighet – några frågor om ansvar för åtgärder och genomförande 153

Sabina Hellborg 8.1 Arbetsgivaren som ansvarssubjekt 155 8.2 Individen med funktionsnedsättning som skyddsobjekt 156 8.3 Vad är en skälig åtgärd? 161

8.3.1 Krav i lag och annan författning som normativ riktlinje – samspelet med offentligrättslig reglering 161 8.3.2 Skälighetsbedömningens intressedimension 163 8.4 Avslutande tankar om ansvar för åtgärder och genomförande 166

9 A-kassan och den nya arbetsmarknaden 169

Caroline Johansson 9.1 Inledning 169 9.2 Något om a-kassans bakgrund och syfte 171 9.3 Villkoren för arbetslöshetsersättning 173 9.4 Arbetsvillkoret och visstidsanställningar 175

9.5 Egenanställdas möjlighet att få ersättning från a-kassan 179 9.6 Avslutande ord 184

10 From the State to the Company? The Transition of the Italian Welfare System in the Swedish Perspective 187

Vincenzo Pietrogiovanni 10.1 Traditional Welfare State and Social Innovation: An EU framework 191 10.2 The Birth and Transformation of Welfare State 193 10.3 The Experience of the Italian Welfare System 195 10.4 Occupational Welfare in Sweden 199 10.5 Some Critical Aspects 202 10.6 Conclusions 206

10

Table of Contents

11 Grounding worker conditions in the procurement of social welfare services 209

Eva Schömer & Linnéa Olsson 11.1 Social welfare under competition 212 11.2 The municipal study 215 11.2.1 The Execution of the Study 216 11.2.2 The Result of the Study 216 11.2.3 Publication channels and provider influence over commissions 218 11.2.4 Limiting target user groups 218 11.2.5 Exclusion of providers 219 11.2.6 Personal care and practical support services 219 11.2.7 Requirements relating to providers and provision of services 221 11.2.8 Whistle-blower protections 223 11.2.9 Administrator competency and employee training 224 11.2.10 Cooperative relationships with users and employees 225 11.3 In conclusion – what municipalities do 227

12 Access to Justice in Labor Law – The Key to Social Welfare 231

Laura Carlson 12.1 The Swedish Labor Law Model Historically: Self-regulation and self-determination 232 12.2 Swedish Discrimination Legislation 236 12.3 Swedish discrimination law today 238 12.4 Access to justice as a concept 241 12.4.1 The right to an effective remedy 243 12.4.2 Access to justice in the form of the access to courts 245 12.4.3 Access to justice in the form of legal aid 246 12.5 Access to Justice Generally 247

11

THIS ANTHOLOGY comprises articles written by Swedish labour law research­ ers representing most universities in Sweden. Its theme, labour law and the welfare state, is topical as the current promotion of markets, national, regional and international, arguably cannot legit­ imately take place without at the same time safeguarding labour and other social rights. One of the most salient character­ istics of Scandinavian welfare states can be seen as the fusion of welfare and employment. Swedish trade unions, alone or together with the employer organisa­ tions, often have stepped in and adopted measures to complement state-based social security systems. The articles in this anthology address different aspects of the relation­ship between the Swedish labour law model and the welfare state.

ISBN 978-91-7737-067-3

A S A r o b c S r e i o b t Aa c e s rl i t s v b a e i P l l l ta W i l sr eI n k mt l n j o in fs e r l e au n j r ör er a ss k Sn y tc d ae d t e

Editors Laura Carlson, Petra Herzfeld Olsson and Vincenzo Pietrogiovanni

A r b e t s m a r k n a d s p a r t e r

aR l e F t uR r ni a dg i ah n mt i es n n g

Labour Law and the Welfare State / Arbetsrätt och välfärdsstaten

A T R n i e sO l t tm l r äs g a ltä i län n nl g i il l n nn i g gi g sn h fg e ö t r h å l l a n d e

R G ät r u ti n d hg l ä et ge

M e d b e s t ä m m a n d e r ä t t

W o r k E n v i r o n m e n t P r o t e c t i o n s

C o d e c i s i o n

WU e ne l fm a pl r e oy Sm t ne at t eI E m nA p sr l ub o re y at m ns e cv n ei t l l C k o o n r d i t i o n s

A r b e t s Gm ra ur nk dn la äd gs gp aa nr dt ee r R ä t t i g h e t e

B e n e f i t s t h r o u g h E m p l o y m e n t

S o c i a lA fök ra ss äs ka rn i n g

I n d uS so tc ri ia el l lP ta r Mt en de br os r g a r s k a p

A Ir nb de ut ss tr rä it at l C i t i z e n s h i p

O m A s r t b ä eT Yl t i rl s l kn t l ei A a g sn n g ä mg s a n ä trg s är l s lei i l pg g nrh e i se V n t ä ge l sn f ft ä öa r rt d hi o ån l l a n d

F u n d a m e n t a l R i g h t s

A r b eE tm sp ll eo dy nm ie nn gt s rR äe tl ta t i o n s h i p

L W a o b r Eo k mu e p r r l o L R y a e ew p r’ r s e s P e r n e t r a o C t g o mi a po t an i ns v e y W e l f a r

P V r ä o l c f u ä r r e d m s e s nR t A t äa tt c cR t e ee en st n sr a t ti i on l i l Jn ug r ä s t t t i v c i e s a

Labour Law and the Welfare State Arbetsrätt och välfärdsstaten Editors Laura Carlson, Petra Herzfeld Olsson and Vincenzo Pietrogiovanni

A c c e s s i b i l i t y

A r b e t s m i l j ö s k y d d