Case study Building Services by Shery Ed

Case Study and Documentation of Building Services Systems [IKON CONNAUGHT] Architecture Semester 4 March 2016 Intake BLD 61403 Building Services Tutor: Mr. Sivaraman

Lim Chin Yi

0315627

Lau Wei Ling

0315389

Shery Edrina bt Salehuddin

0316321

Farah Akmal bt Mohd Zamzuri

0315884

Muatasimah Billah bt Saleh

0316071

Kimberley Ee Sze Ann

0315319

ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................................. 1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .............................................................................................................................. 2 1.0 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................... 3 2.0 FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM .............................................................................................................. 4 2.1 Literature Review............................................................................................................................... 5 2.2 Passive Fire Protection...................................................................................................................... 6 2.2.1 Purpose Group and ompartment ............................................................................................... 6 2.2.2 Fire Appliance Access .............................................................................................................. 6 2.2.3 Compartment Wall and Floors ................................................................................................... 8 2.2.4 Means of Escape ..................................................................................................................... 10 2.2.4.1 Fire Doors ...................................................................................................................... 12 2.2.4.2 Emergency Exit Signage ................................................................................................ 14 2.2.4.3 Fire Emergency Staircase.............................................................................................. 14 2.2.5 Fire and Smoke Control ........................................................................................................... 16 2.2.5.1 Fireguard Roller Shutter................................................................................................. 16 2.2.5.2 Fire Curtain .................................................................................................................... 18 2.3 Active Fire Protection ...................................................................................................................... 19 2.3.1 Portable Fire Extinguisher ....................................................................................................... 19 2.3.1.1 ABC Multi Purpose Dry Chemical Extinguisher ........................................................... 20 2.3.1.2 Carbon Dioxide Extinguisher ....................................................................................... 20 2.3.1.3 Maintenanece .............................................................................................................. 21 2.3.2 Hose Reel Systems ................................................................................................................. 24 2.3.2.1 Hose Reel Pumps ........................................................................................................ 27 2.3.3 Wet Riser System .................................................................................................................... 30 2.3.3.1 Wet Riser Pump ............................................................................................................ 32 2.3.3.2 Riser Pipe ..................................................................................................................... 33 2.3.4 External Fire Hydrant............................................................................................................... 35 2.3.5 Automatic Sprinkler System..................................................................................................... 35 2.3.5.1 Sprinkler System Layout .............................................................................................. 38 2.3.5.2 Maintenance ................................................................................................................ 41 2.3.6 Fire Alarm System ................................................................................................................... 41 2.3.6.1 Fire Alarm System ....................................................................................................... 43 BLD 61403 BUILDING SERVICES [IKON CONNAUGHT

2.3..6.1.1 Smoke Detector and Heat Detector .............................................................. 43 2.3.6.1.2 Alarm Bell and Break Glass ........................................................................... 43 2.3.7 Fixed Gas Installation ................................................................................................................ 45 2.3.7.1 FM200 ........................................................................................................................... 47 2.3.7.2 Carbon Dioxide .............................................................................................................. 47 2.3.8 Control Room .......................................................................................................................... 48 2.3.8.1 Control Room ............................................................................................................... 48 2.3.8.2 Fire Mimic Diagram....................................................................................................... 49 2.3.8.3 Digital Alarm Communicator ......................................................................................... 50 2.3.8.4 Notifier .......................................................................................................................... 50 2.3.9 Smoke Spill System ................................................................................................................. 51 2.3.10 Pressurisation System ........................................................................................................... 52

3.0 AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM ....................................................................................................... 54 3.1 Literature Review............................................................................................................................. 55 3.2 Chilled Water Central Air Conditioning Plant System ...................................................................... 56 3.2.1 Water Cooled Chiller System................................................................................................... 57 3.2.2.1 Cooling Cycle ......................................................................................................... 58 3.2.2 Chilled Water Pump Unit ......................................................................................................... 59 3.2.3 Fan Coiled Unit ........................................................................................................................ 61 3.2.3.1 Cooling Process ........................................................................................................... 61 3.2.4 Cooling Tower ......................................................................................................................... 54 3.2.5 Condensed Water Pump Unit .................................................................................................. 66 3.3 Split Unit Air Conditioning System ................................................................................................... 68 3.3.1 Process of Split Air Conditioning System ................................................................................ 69 3.3.2 Indoor Unit .............................................................................................................................. 69 3.3.3 Outdoor Unit ........................................................................................................................... 71 3.3.4 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................... 72 4.0 MECHANICAL VENTILATION SYSTEM ............................................................................................ 73 4.1 Literature Review............................................................................................................................. 74 4.2 Balance Ventilation System ............................................................................................................. 75 4.2.1 Basement Car Park Ventilation System................................................................................... 75 4.2.1.1 Components And Operation of Ventilation System....................................................... 78 4.3 Exhaust Ventilation System ............................................................................................................. 82 BLD 61403 BUILDING SERVICES [IKON CONNAUGHT

4.3.1 Kitchen Exhaust System .......................................................................................................... 82 4.3.1.1 Components and Operation of Ventilation System ....................................................... 84 4.3.2 Washroom Ventilation System................................................................................................. 86 4.3.3 Utility Room Ventilation ........................................................................................................... 88 4.4 Conclusion ....................................................................................................................................... 89 5.0 MECHANICAL TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM................................................................................... 90 5.1 Literature Review............................................................................................................................. 91 5.1.1 Lift ............................................................................................................................................ 91 5.1.2 Escalator.................................................................................................................................. 91 5.2 Mechanical Transportation at Ikon Connaught ................................................................................ 92 5.2.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 92 5.2.2 Lift ............................................................................................................................................ 93 5.2.2.1 Passenger Lift ............................................................................................................... 93 5.2.2.2 Fireman Lift ................................................................................................................... 97 5.2.2.3 Lift Motor Room ............................................................................................................ 99 5.2.2.4 Emergency .................................................................................................................. 101 5.2.2.4.1 Electricity Cut-Off ......................................................................................... 101 5.2.2.4.2 Fire Emergency............................................................................................ 101 5.2.2.4.3 Emergency Procedures................................................................................ 102 5.2.3 Escalators ............................................................................................................................. 103 5.2.3.1 Escalator Components................................................................................................ 104 5.2.3.2 Safety Measures ......................................................................................................... 105 5.2.4 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................ 108

6.0 CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................... 109 7.0 REFERENCES .................................................................................................................................. 110

BLD 61403 BUILDING SERVICES [IKON CONNAUGHT

For this project, we were required to select a building with a 5 storey high and perform a thorough analysis on the services systems in the building. This research report will look into the details of the services present in Ikon Connaught, Cheras such as the fire protection system, air-conditioning system, mechanical ventilation system, electricity supply system and the mechanical transportation system. Detailed analysis on the components and the functions of these systems will be conducted to further understand the importance of these systems in a buildingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s operation. A conclusion of these systems will be generated through our understanding of these services in regards to the Uniform Building By-Law (UBBL) requirements as well as other relevant rules and regulations to get a better understanding of the space implications related to different building services.

BLD 61403 BUILDING SERVICES [IKON CONNAUGHT

First of all, it has been a great experience working on this project. This project was a success due to the help of a lot of people. To start with, we would like to thank all the lecturers for teaching and guiding us in completing this report especially to our tutor, Mr Siva for helping and ensuring that we were on the right track for this project. Without their lectures and guidance, we would not be able to complete this report on time. Next, we would also like to thank Mr. Nazrul Hisham, the person in charged for all the services maintenance of the building whom so kindly helped us with our assignment by explaining on all the systems and accompanying us throughout our visit to the building. Last but not least, we would also like to thank all the group members who put in so much effort and hard work into making this research report into a success.

Group photo. From left : Shery Edrina, Farah Akmal, Kimberley Ee, Mr Nazrul Hisham (person in charge of all the services and maintance), Muatasimah Billah, Lau Wei Ling, Lim Chin Yi.

BLD 61403 BUILDING SERVICES [IKON CONNAUGHT

Figure 1.0: Image of Ikon Connaught building (Source: archiscene.net)

Located in Cheras, Malaysia, Ikon Connaught building is a 10 storey multi-functions building. The building is designed to provide spaces for boutique shops, restaurants at the bottom five storeys and 5 levels of office spaces above. Located in the suburban zone closed to metropolitan, the building aims to shape the lifestyle of the people with the level of quality, impact and vibrancy of a city centre destination in an intimate neighbourhood. The multi-functions building requires the architect, Peter Morris to put in effort to design building services that can fulfil the needs of leisure, entertainment, dining and business in the building. As it is considerably a new building after 2 to 3 years of completion of construction, Ikon Connaught is equipped with modern building service system such as pressurization system, fire shutter, centralized air-conditioning system.

BLD 61403 BUILDING SERVICES [IKON CONNAUGHT

2.1 LITERATURE REVIEW What is the aim of fire protection? To protect the building occupants, building structure, building properties and avoid fire from spreading out. Fire protection is divided into two categories which are active fire protection and passive fire protection. Active fire protection includes everything manual or automatic fire detection and fire suppression. Passive fire protection is those that allow fire to act upon the system itself, to compartmentalize and contain the fire to save lives and to protect the structure which are different to active fire protection. It is a planning matter and must be consider at the planning stage in the building design in terms of mitigation of fire hazard and fire risk. According to Parisa Zraati, effective passive fire precautions represent good planning, good design and sound construction, which could complement other basic functions of a building. (Zraati, 2016). The benefits of having passive fire protection in the building are to offer protection to the occupants by giving them more time to evacuate the building during the event of fire while ensuring a safe places for the occupants to escape from the fire. In addition, passive fire protection minimize the chances of the fire to spread, thus protecting the assets in the building by limiting the movement of the flame and smoke. Besides that, it also makes the structure of the building more fire-resistant because passive fire protection was involve in the designing and concept stage of the construction. It protects the building against the effect of fire while maintaining its service ability and minimizing the rebuild costs while minimizing the danger of fire causing the building collapse or structural failure. ("Passive Fire Protection - Protek Interiors", 2016) Considering all these benefits, effective passive fire protection can provide optimum safety for the buildingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s users. Passive fire protection system are used and can be used wherever service including floors, walls, ceilings, pipe, and etc. Passive fire protection ensures the fire resistance integrity and insulation of the building is protected if it is installed correctly. ("Passive Fire Protection - Protek Interiors", 2016)

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2.2 PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION Passive Fire Protection (PFP) is one of an important component of a structural fire protection and fire safety in a building. It begins at the designing and concept stage in the building design. Good planning and design will affect the effectiveness of the passive fire precautions. PFP ensure the safety and give protection to the occupants even in the event of the failure of the active protection system. 2.2.1 PURPOSE GROUP AND COMPARTMENT Ikon Connaught have more than one purpose which are Group V (Shop) and Group IV (Office). The first five floors are rented out as shops and restaurants with five levels of office above. UBBL 1984 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 5TH SCHEDULE Group IV (Office)

Office, or premises used for office purposes, meaning thereby the purposes of administration, clerical work (including writing, book keeping, sorting papers, filling, typing, duplicating, machine-calculating, drawing, and the editorial preparation of matter for publication), handling money and telephone and telegraph operating.

Group V (Shop)

Shop, or shop premises, meaning thereby premises not being a shop but used for the carrying on there of retail trade or business (including the sale to members of the public of food or drink for immediate consumption, retail sales by auction, the business of lending books or periodicals for the purpose of gain, and the business of a barber or hairdresser) and premises to which members of the public are invited to resort for the purpose of the delivering their goods for repair or other treatment or of themselves carrying out repairs to or other treatment of goods.

2.2.2 FIRE APPLIANCE ACCESS Vehicular access to the exterior of a building is needed to enable high reach appliances ladders & hydraulic platforms to be used and to enable pumping for firefighting and rescue activities. By law 140 (UBBL), the proportions of the building perimeter must be accessible to the firefighting appliances. All building that is more than 70003m shall attach to access road or open area with minimum width 12 meters. According to the general requirement for DBKL and BOMBA, the building must have an access road with width 6m that can support loads of 25 tones as indicated in plan. From the figure 2.2, it is stated that the width of the access road is 6m width which fulfils the requirement of DBKL and BOMBA.

BLD 61403 BUILDING SERVICES [IKON CONNAUGHT

UBBL 1984 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; SECTION 140 All buildings in excess of 7000 cubic metres shall abut upon a street or road or open space of not less than 12 metres width and accessible to fire brigade appliances. The proportions of the building abutting the street, road or open space shall be in accordance with the following scale: Volume of building in cubic meter 7000 to 28000 28000 to 56000 56000 to 84000 84000 112000 112000 and above

Minimum proportions of perimeter of building One-sixth One-fourth One-half Three-fourth Island site

Figure 2.1: The exterior of ikon Connaught with the access road (Source: http://www.skyscrapercity.com/showthread.php?t=1641593)

10m width

6m width 7m width + 7m width

6m width Figure 2.2: Access road on the proposed plan (Source: Ikon Connaught)

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2.2.3 COMPARTMENT WALL AND FLOORS The spaces in the building are divided into smaller compartments for safety management reasons and it’ll be easier to manage the building during the fire event. Compartment wall can limit the spread of fire while restricting the movement of smoke inside the building. Besides, it also optimize evacuation routes during fire event and enable each of the compartment to have their own fire protection system so that it’ll be easier to prevent it from spreading to the whole building. The material used for the walls are fire rated brick wall and Gypsum Board Plasterboard. Gypsum Board is an excellent fire-resistant building materials. Other than being good in fire resistance, the advantages of using Gypsum Board Plasterboard is that it is a good sound isolation which is suitable for the Ikon Connaught because it have two purpose group which are Shop and Office. It can prevent or minimize the noise coming from the shops into the office. According to the personin-charge, Mr Ang, the material used in Ikon Connaught provide fire resistance such as concrete flooring, brick wall and Gypsum Board Plasterboard for the shops. The concrete being noncombustible material, provide a division between the floors. Thus, it act as a compartment between the floors. The same goes to the brick wall and Gypsum Board Plasterboard which act as a compartment for the shops. UBBL 1984 – 5th SCHEDULE Purpose Group

Building height

Shop Store & General

Any height Exceeding 28m

Limit of Dimensions Area of Volume of the building compartment floor or compartment (meter square) (cubic meter) 2000 7000 1000 No limit

UBBL 1984 – SECTION 162 (1) Fire door of the appropriate FRP shall be provided. (2) Openings in compartment walls and separating walls shall be protected by a fire door having a FRP in accordance with the requirement for that wall specified in the Ninth Schedule to these By-Laws. (5) Fire doors including frames shall be constructed to a specification which can be shown to meet the requirements for the relevant FRP when tested in accordance with section 3 of BS 476:1951.

BLD 61403 BUILDING SERVICES [IKON CONNAUGHT

Figure 2.3: The compartment wall with FRP door placed besides it

–

– Figure 2.4.: The location of the compartment wall

BLD 61403 BUILDING SERVICES [IKON CONNAUGHT

2.2.4 MEANS OF ESCAPE Means of escape is the designated areas used as means of escape for the occupants to escape from the fire using enclosed corridors or emergency staircase inside the building to reach the final exit door in the building which leads the occupants to the safe place. Ikon Connaught provided a safety measure using zoning where occupants can get to the nearest emergency staircase in the building. Once the fire alarm starts to trigger alarming the occupants, those from Sector 1 will use the emergency staircase 1 and the same goes to the occupants from the sector 2 and 3. Team leader will give instruction and guide the occupants during the confusion. The team leader works in the same area so itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;ll be easier for them to get to the area and guide the occupants. Then, the occupants will walk down in pairs until they reach lower ground and proceed to the designated assembly point located next to the building.

Figure 2.5: Diagram showing the circulation with different sector

BLD 61403 BUILDING SERVICES [IKON CONNAUGHT

Figure 2.6: The sector based on the 1st floor plan

BLD 61403 BUILDING SERVICES [IKON CONNAUGHT

2.2.4.1 FIRE DOORS A fire door is a door with fire resistance period used as part of passive fire protection to reduce the spread of fire or smoke between the compartments providing some time for the users to evacuate the building. Once the occupants enter the exit staircase through the fire door, they will be protected for 1 hour inside it until they reach the ground floor and escape from the building. The fire rated timber doorsets used in the Ikon Connaught complies fully with the SIRIM and JABATAN BOMBA requirements with fire rating of one (1) hour. According to the person in charge, Mr. Nazrul Hisham, they used fire door in every staircase located in the building. The fire door located at the emergency staircase are locked always and will be unlock when the fire occur. The emergency door lock system will automatically unlock all the fire door when the fire alarm starts to trigger. In case the door is still lock when the fire occur, we can break the glass and unlock the door by ourselves. There’s a CCTV provided in every corner where the people from the control room can see the emergency fire door and door lock in case someone broke it and unlock the door. The fire door have to be close all the time to prevent the fire from spreading out in case there’s a sudden break out. UBBL – SECTION 162.   

Fire doors of the appropriate Fire Resistance Period (FRP) shall be provided. Openings in compartment walls and separating walls shall be protected by a fire door having a FRP in accordance with the requirements for that wall specified in the Ninth Scheduled to these By-Laws. Fire doors including frames shall be constructed to a specification which can be shown to meet the requirements for relevant FRP when tested in accordance with section 2 of BS 476 : 1951.

UBBL – SECTION 164. 

All fire doors shall be fitted with automatic door closer to the hydraulically spring operated type in the case of the swing doors of wire rope and weight type in the case of sliding door.

Figure 2.7: The fire rated door

Figure 2.8: The SIRIM and BOMBA approval

BLD 61403 BUILDING SERVICES [IKON CONNAUGHT

Figure 2.10: The sector based on the 1st floor plan

Figure 2.11: The measurement of the fire doorset used in the Ikon Connaught (Source: http://www.midah.com.my/prodfireResistant.htm)

Figure 2.12: Horizontal Section of the doorset (Source: http://www.midah.com.my/prodfireResistant.htm)

BLD 61403 BUILDING SERVICES [IKON CONNAUGHT

2.2.4.2 EMERGENCY EXIT SIGNAGE The emergency exit signage found in Ikon Connaught are placed above every fire rated doors with no surrounding decoration, to indicates the safe and shortest way to evacuate the building during fire event. Moreover, the emergency lights are installed within so that it’ll still stay active even though the power are cut off. This is to ensure that it can guide the occupants within the building to escape the building. In Malaysia, the exit signage is written in Bahasa Melayu and the letter is in block letter so that it’ll be visible enough. SECTION 172   



Storey exits and access to such exits shall be marked by readily visible signs and shall not be obscured by any decorations, furnishing or other equipment. A sign reading “KELUAR” with an arrow indicating the direction shall be placed in every location where the direction of travel to reach the nearest exit is not immediately apparent. Every exit sign shall have the word “KELUAR” in plainly legible letters not less than 150mm high with the principle strokes of the letters not less than 18mm wide. The lettering shall be in red against a black background. All exist signs shall be illuminated continuously during periods of occupancy.

Figure 2.13: Emergency Exit Signage

2.2.4.3 FIRE EMERGENCY STAIRCASE The fire resistant escape stairs found on site were made of reinforce concrete stairs enclosed with walls that are only assessable through the fire rated door. This dimension of the stairs allows two to three person width to provide a smooth flow of a large number of occupants during the fire event. The common length of the staircase is 1100mm with 900mm height of handrails. The staircase is much longer than the common staircase.

BLD 61403 BUILDING SERVICES [IKON CONNAUGHT

1160mm

–– Figure 2.14: Emergency Staircase

Staircase 3 Staircase 2 Staircase 1

Figure 2.15: Location of the emergency staircase

UBBL SECTION 168    

The required width of a staircase shall be maintained throughout its length including at landings. Except as provided for in by law 194 every upper floor shall have means of access via at least two separate staircases. The required width of staircase shall be clear width between walls but handrails may be permitted to encroach on this width to a maximum of 7.5 millimetres. Tiles on staircase-risers maximum 180mm and thread minimum 255mm.

UBBL SECTION 169 

No exit route may reduce in width along its path

UBBL SECTION 178 

In buildings classified as institutional or places of assembly, exits to a streets or large open space, together with staircases, corridors and passages leading to such exits shall be located, separated or protected as to avoid any undue danger to the occupants of the place during a fire event.

BLD 61403 BUILDING SERVICES [IKON CONNAUGHT

2.2.5 FIRE & SMOKE CONTROL 2.2.5.1 FIREGUARD ROLLER SHUTTER A fire shutter is a bit similar to the fire walls or glass partitions but it is not permanently visible and remain fixed in one place. It can be move into its operational position in the event of fire. A fire shutter are wired into the buildingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s fire detection system and will close automatically when it gets the signal from the fire alarm. Moreover, it can have its own heat detector. Nowadays, fire shutter have become much more sophisticated with the combination of Fire Detection Interface (FDI) panel. ("Understanding Fire Shutters: a Guide for Specifiers", 2016). It can deploy to a pre-determined safe height to act as a smoke barrier while allowing people to escape from the place. Then, closes fully to create a fire resistant barrier.

Figure 2.16 Block motor fire shutter

Figure 2.17 Fireguard Roller Shutter

BLD 61403 BUILDING SERVICES [IKON CONNAUGHT

Figure 2.18 Location of the fireguard roller shutter on first floor plan (Source: Ikon Connaught)

The fireguard roller shutter are used in level 1 to level 4 to block the open area in partition so that it’s easy for the fans to extract the smoke out. It is the role of fire shutter to help prevent a fire from rapidly spreading by compartmentalise a building. ("Understanding Fire Shutters: a Guide for Specifiers", 2016). Thus allowing people to evacuate safely and help make the work of the emergency services easier. There’s two types of fireguard roller shutter which are Tubular motor fire shutter and Block motor fire shutter. In Ikon Connaught, they used Block Motor Fire Shutter because it’s suitable for larger openings. Refer to figure 2.16, the traditional shutter comes with a motor fitted externally and it can be seen unlike the tubular motor where it is fitted within the barrel.

BLD 61403 BUILDING SERVICES [IKON CONNAUGHT

2.2.5.2 FIRE CURTAIN In Ikon Connaught, they have fire curtain located in the genset room, switch room, gear room, pam room, switch gear and transformer room where all the non-water based room are located. These room will be using CO2 gas to extinguish the fire whereas the TNB sub station will be using FM200.

Figure 2.19 Cooling Ventilation

The cooling ventilation is placed inside the room because of the heat that come from the generator that increased the temperature of the room and this will affect the work of the generator. The cooling ventilation built inside the generator room is to keep the motor in normal condition and maintaining the room temperature through the cool air ventilation. Moreover, the fire curtain is placed on the it because the machine have holes in between so when fire occur the fire curtain will close the cooling ventilation machine for the gas to go to the pam room, switch gear and transformer. The fire curtain is put with this machine in case when the fire occur the fire wonâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t get inside the room.

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2.3 ACTIVE FIRE PROTECTION 2.3.1 PORTABLE FIRE EXTINGUISHER Fire protection system is divided into two parts, passive and active system. As for active fire protection system, it is an automatic fire protection system that includes components such as detectors, fire alarms, sprinklers, hose reels and fire extinguisher which act as a warning of an outbreak of fire and to put out fire. Ikon Connaught Mall uses Carbon Dioxide (Figure 2.25) and ABC dry powder (Figure 2.26) fire extinguisher as part of their fire protection system. Carbon dioxide can only be use when there is fire involving electricity apparatus and class B (flammable liquids) liquid fires. Carbon dioxide works by displacing oxygen or taking away the oxygen element of the fire triangle. The carbon dioxide is also very cold as it comes out of the extinguisher, so it cools the fuel as well. CO2s may be ineffective at extinguishing Class A (solids: wood, paper, cloth) fires because they may not be able to displace enough oxygen to successfully put the fire out. Class A materials may also burn and re-ignite. This type of extinguisher is recommended for outdoor use. The person in charge should not inhale the gases produced by the thermal composition. As for the ABC dry powder fire extinguisher (figure 2.26), it consists of dry powder with compressed nitrogen as the propellant. When the powder is layered on the fire, it will cut the fuel off from the oxygen around it, hence, it will put out the fire. The ABC dry powder fire extinguisher can put out fire from class A (solids: wood, paper, cloth), B (flammable liquids), C (flammable gasses), E (electrical equipment). CONE-SHAPED HORN

MAINTENANCE RECORD SHEET

Figure 2.25: Carbon dioxide fire extinguisher

Figure 2.26: ABC Dry Powder fire extinguisher

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The fire extinguishers include mounting bracket, safety pin, squeeze lever, discharge nozzle and pressurize with nitrogen at 150 psi to give a throw of effective range of 5.7.5 meter and discharge the contents within 10-15 seconds. The fire extinguisher is labeled with operation instruction together with illustrations. (Operation and Maintenance Manual, Fire Protection Services) 2.3.1.1 ABC MULTI-PURPOSE DRY CHEMICAL EXTINGUISHER The operating lever is held in a locked position to prevent accidental discharge. A safety ring pin must be pulled out before the operating ground and while loosely holding the combination handle in one hand, pull the ring pin with other hand then grasp the hose and nozzle and squeeze the discharge lever. (Operation and Maintenance Manual, Fire Protection Services) 2.3.1.2 CARBON DIOXIDE EXTINGUISHER What differentiates the ABC dry powder and carbon dioxide fire extinguisher is the large, black, cone-shaped horn which can only be seen on the carbon dioxide extinguisher. The purpose of the cone is to allow the carbon dioxide gas to expand, cool and turn into a mixture of frozen â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;snowâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; and gas. The design of the cone has to be has to easily allow the carbon dioxide to exit at high speed, so that snow that forms does not block it from exiting smoothly. Furthermore, it also has to mix up the gas in fairly turbulent way in order to stop it from firing air from the horn to the fire as well which will cause more fire. The numbers indicate how does the carbon dioxide extinguisher work: 10. Tank containing pressurized liquid carbon dioxide. 12. Valve. 14. Trigger. 16. Discharge horn made of plastic that can survive low temperatures without cracking. 18. Reinforcing bands wrap around horn at intervals. Figure 2.27 : How does the carbon dioxidefire extinguisher works

20. Nipple with a screw thread to which the horn attaches.

(Source: US Patent & Trademark Office)

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Once the carbon dioxide enters the horn, it will swirl around in a turbulent flow (orange arrows) (Figure 2.27) forming snow and gas. The swirling turbulence stops the dead air zones that might be forming inside the horn, which will prevent air being swept down the horn toward the fire. The minimum charged time varies from 8 to 30 seconds, depending upon the size. The maximum of the discharge stream is 1m to 2.4m.

2.3.1.3 MAINTENANCE Fire extinguisher needs to be inspected at least once a month by the owner or the person in charge, whereas the maintenance needs to be check at least once a year. Maintenance is a thorough check on the fire extinguisher and it needs to be recorded on the label place on the fire extinguisher. The reason to do so is to ensure everyone’s safety and making sure that the fire extinguishers can operate well during emergency. Maintenance guidelines:



First and foremost, make sure the fire extinguisher is in a location that makes it readily accessible.



Ensure that the fire extinguisher is set up properly for easy handling, and that nothing is obstructing access to any parts of it, including the hose.



Be certain that the fire extinguisher is adequately charged at all times, and ready for use. Regularly check the pressure dial to see if it needs to be charged.



Verify that the pull pin is properly secured within the handle and held in place by the tamper seal.



Examine the fire extinguisher for any cracks, dents, or rust on its shaft which might hinder its performance.



Check that there is a visible instruction label on the fire extinguisher, and that it is legible in case of emergency.

Make sure that no modifications were made to the fire extinguisher that might affect its performance level.

BLD 61403 BUILDING SERVICES [IKON CONNAUGHT

- 2 types of fire extinguisher used in Ikon Connaught (dry powder & CO2 fire extinguisher) Figure 2.28: Fire Extinguisher Chart (source:http://www.gibfire.gi/extinguishers)

According to UBBL, the portable fire extinguisher should be designed, tested, installed and maintained. UBBL 1984 CLAUSE 227 â&#x20AC;&#x153;Portable extinguisher shall be provided in accordance with the relevant codes of practice and shall be sited in prominent positions on exit routes to be visible from all directions and similar extinguishers in a building shall be of the same method of operation.â&#x20AC;?

The fire extinguishers should be located at noticeable location, where it is easily spotted and near the room exits, corridors, stairways, lobbies, and landings. It should also be placed within recessed closets if sited along protected corridor to prevent obstruction. Furthermore, it should also not be placed more than 20m from a potential fire hazard and not at a location where fire might prevent access to it. In Ikon Connaught Mall the particular carbon dioxide fire extinguisher (Figure 2.25) is located inside the any room that uses electrical equipment as it cannot use water. It is one of their safety steps in case of any emergency that might occur in the room where as the ABC dry powder fire extinguisher (Figure 2.26) is placed mostly inside the premises in case of any emergency as the ABC dry powder fire extinguisher can put out more fire from different classes and can be use at public spaces.

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Figure 2.29 Location of ABC dry powder fire extinguisher on floor plan

Figure 2.30 Location of ABC dry powder fire extinguisher in the building

Figure 2.31: Detail of fire extinguisher installation 9kg dry powder (source: Ikon Connaught)

Figure 2.32: Detail of fire extinguisherinstallation 2.0kg CO2 extinguisher (source: Ikon Connaught)

The placement of the fire extinguisher from the ground is 1000mm.

BLD 61403 BUILDING SERVICES [IKON CONNAUGHT

2.3.2 HOSE REEL SYSTEMS Fire hose reels systems are located at strategic places inside the building in order to provide a reasonably accessible and controlled supply of water for fire extinguishing. A hose reel system is usually used at the early stages of fire. Fire hose reel systems usually consists of pumps, pipes, fire water storage tank and hose reels. Ikon Connaught uses a swing type hose reel which can be pulled out in any direction. The hose reels are located on every floor. Some hose reels are being placed inside a small room together with hose cradle, fire extinguisher and landing valve where as some are being placed outside along the corridor (Figure 2.4( or in the basement. (Figure 2.33)

Figure 2.33 Hose reel located in the basement

Figure 2.34 Hose reel located inside the building

BLD 61403 BUILDING SERVICES [IKON CONNAUGHT

Figure 2.35 Detail of hose reel located at Ikon Connaught (source: Ikon Connaught)

a) The size of the hose reel drum

is 560mm b) 25mm diameter galvanised iron ‘B’ ball valve is used

c) 50mm diameter galvanised iron ‘B’ hose reel pipe is used d) The hose reel is placed 1000mm from ground.

Requirements of hose reel: 

Each hose reel outlet discharges 30 l/min of water within 6 metres coverage.



Rubber hoses are typically 30m in length and 25mm in diameter



Pipework for hose reel is generally 50mm diameter and the feed to hose reel should not be less than 25mm diameter.

Location of the hose reel: 

At every 45 metres (depends on the form of the building)



At every floor level



Usually located at each floor along the escape routes or beside exit doors or staircase

UBBL 1984 1)

Dry rising mains should not exceed 60m to avoid excessive pumping pressure.

The diameter should be 150 mm if higher outlet is higher than 22.875 meters above the breeching inlet. The breeching inlet is situated not more than 18 meters from the access road and not more than 30 meters away from the fire hydrant.

BLD 61403 BUILDING SERVICES [IKON CONNAUGHT

Figure 2.36 Location of hose reel at Lower Ground level (source: Ikon Connaught)

Hose reel system is manually operated and activated by opening a valve enabling the water to flow into the hose. The system pressure loss will activate the pump ensuring adequate water flow and pressure to provide a water jet of typically a minimum of 10 meter from the nozzle. Each hose reel drum was equipped 25mm diameter x 30 meter rubber hose with Jet and Spray nozzle. A ball valve (Figure 2.37) was install before each of hose reel drum for easy maintenance. The valve must be kept in close position all the time. An adjustable nozzle is fitted to each hose. The nozzle can be adjusted to vary the throw and flow rate of water supply.

BLD 61403 BUILDING SERVICES [IKON CONNAUGHT

Figure 2.37 25mm diameter galvanised iron â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Bâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; ball valve

2.3.2.1 HOSE REEL PUMPS Hose reel system consists of two types of pumps which are duty pump (Figure 2.38) for duty operation and standby pump (Figure 2.38) for standby operation. The duty pump is controlled by emergency genset or diesel. The sized to flowrate of 4 horse reel in operation 120 l/min at running pressure of 2 bars. Each hose reel pump sets is connected to a 25mm diameter pressure sensing pipe. The sensing pipes are then connected to the pressure switches. The operation of the pump depends on the system pressure switches which are used to start and stop the pumps to maintain the required water pressure. The pump sets pressure setting (Figure 2.40) has been labelled at the respective pressure switch to indicate the cut in and cut out pressure.

Figure 2.38 Duty pump and standby pump

Figure 2.39 Jockey pump

BLD 61403 BUILDING SERVICES [IKON CONNAUGHT

Figure 2.40 Hose reel pump set

The pipeline of the hose reel is pressurized at all time. When the 25mm diameter hose reel gate valve is turn on, the hose is pulled out and water from the nozzle will discharge making the pressure in the pipeline drop. Once the pressure in the pipeline drops, below the preset value of sprinkler or wet riser pump pressure switch, the jockey pump (Figure 2.39) will run automatically. When the hose reel used is shut off, the pressure in the pipe-line will build up again and when it reached the cut out pressure of the duty and standby pump. It will automatically stop. Reserved water is stored in the tank which is available to be used in any emergency of hose reel system that has been used. (Operation and Maintenance Manual, Fire Protection Services) The hose reel pump sets are located inside the pump room. The pump room can be located anywhere in the building provided that it must be ventilated either manually or automatically. In Ikon Connaught Mall the pump room is located at the Lower Ground floor (Figure 2.41) as it is easy to access in case of any emergency and it is located at the same floor as the maintenance office.

Figure 2.41 Location of pump room

BLD 61403 BUILDING SERVICES [IKON CONNAUGHT

FIGURE 2.42 in A3

BLD 61403 BUILDING SERVICES [IKON CONNAUGHT

2.3.3 WET RISER SYSTEM Wet risers are used to supply water within the buildings in case of big fire. For buildings where by the topmost floor is higher than 30.5 metres above the fire appliance access level requires to use wet riser system. Wet risers are charged with water from a pressurised supply. The water will be pumped from a storage tank usually located in the pump room. The water will then be supply to the landing valves which is located on each floor. Ikon Connaught uses wet riser system the building consists of 13 levels including basement. UBBL 1984 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6)

Wet riser, dry riser, sprinkle and other fire installation pipes and fittings shall be painted red. All cabinet and areas recessed in walls for location of fire installation and extinguisher shall be clearly identified to the satisfaction of Fire Authority or otherwise clearly identified. Each riser outlet shall comprise standard 63.5mm coupling fitted with a hose of not less than 38.1mm diameter equipped with and approved types cradle and variable fog nozzle. Building with more than 11-storeys high should have a fire hydrant on the ground floor and a landing valve on each floor except the ground floor. Installation of the landing valve and the fire hose reel must not be 30 meter. The system must be provided to every floor near the fire staircase. LANDING VALVE

COUPLING ADAPTER

CANVAS ADAPTER HOSE HOSE CRADLE Figure 2.43 Components of wet riser

Ikon Connaught they use 3-way wet riser landing valve. The landing valve which is 65mm in diameter is connected to the wet riser supply pipe which is 150mm in diameter. The wet riser supply pipes are located on each floor along with the landing valve. All the landing valves are complete with a coupling adapter. The couplings are screwed directly onto the discharge outlet of the landing valve.Canvas hose is provided at each landing valve with 30 meter in length and 65mm in diameter. These hoses are stored on a hose cradle which is near the landing valve. Each canvas hose is completed with a diffuser nozzle. Ikon Connaught uses a 4-way breeching inlet (Figure BLD 61403 BUILDING SERVICES [IKON CONNAUGHT

2.45) which is installed at the external ground level at the pump room. The inlet is installed for the fire department to pump the water from the fire engine into the wet riser tank. The connection is used by the fire department to add more of the permanent water supply from the storage tank and provides a desirable secondary water supply.

Figure 2.44 Detail of Landing Valve located in Ikon Connaught (source:Ikon Connaught)

c b) c)

d) e)

150mm diameter galvanised iron â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Câ&#x20AC;&#x2122; wet riser pipe Landing valve Hose cradle Landing valve is placed 1000mm from ground Hose cradle is placed 300mm from ground and 650mm in width

Figure 2.45 Location of 4 way breeching inlet (source: Ikon Connaught)

BLD 61403 BUILDING SERVICES [IKON CONNAUGHT

Breeching outlet should be placed at the bottom of the riser and be kept inside an enclosed box with labelling. A drain shall be provided at the bottom to drain the system after use. It should also be located not more than 18 metres from fire appliance access road and not more than 30 metres from the nearest fire hydrant. (Fire Protection In Buildings, Ar. Sateerah) 2.3.3.1 WET RISER PUMP Wet riser pump (Figure 2.46) includes 3 types of pumps, duty pump (Figure 2.49), stand by pump (Figure 2.49) and jockey pump (Figure 2.48) which has smaller flow rate. Each pump sets are connected via pipe manifolds. The duty and standby pump will be operated once the landing valve has been operated. Jockey pump will be activated even if a small pressure drops in the system. It will be activated to increase the pressure to correct operating pressure in order to prevent the duty and stand by pumps from activating.

Figure 2.46 Wet riser pump

The pump sets (Figure 2.47) pressure settings has been labelled at a respective pressure switch to indicate the cut in and cut out pressure. When the pressure is lower than the respective pressure, it will automatically start up the jockey pump. The pump sets pumping the water is also known as â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Wet Riser Supplyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;. (Operation and Maintenance Manual, Fire Protection Services)

Figure 2.47 Wet riser pump set

Figure 2.48 Jockey pump

BLD 61403 BUILDING SERVICES [IKON CONNAUGHT

Figure 2.49 Duty and stand by pump

2.3.3.2 RISER PIPE 

The diameter shall be 150mm if highest outlet is higher than 22.875 metres above the breeching inlet.



If the highest outlet is lower than 22.875 metres, then 100mm diameter pipe shall be use instead.



Air release valve should be installed at the top of the riser to relief trapped air in the system

Ikon Connaught uses 150mm diameter galvanised iron as their pipe for channelling water for wet riser system as the building is more than 30 metres in height.

BLD 61403 BUILDING SERVICES [IKON CONNAUGHT

FIGURE 2.50 in A3

BLD 61403 BUILDING SERVICES [IKON CONNAUGHT

2.3.4 EXTERNAL FIRE HYDRANTS

Figure 2.51 2 ways fire hydrant

Fire hydrant is an active fire protection measure with a source of water provided with public water service. It helps to provide extra water sources for fire fighters during fire emergency. Fire hydrant system is a water supply with sufficient pressure and flow delivered through pipes throughout the building to the located network valves. A hose will be attached to the fire hydrant during fire emergency to allow more water to assist fire fighters. To boost the water pressure, the hose can also be attached to the fire engine by powerful pump. Fire hydrant is divided into 2 types, 3 ways fire hydrant and 2 ways fire hydrant. In Ikon Connaught, they use 2 ways fire hydrant which is located near outside near the road opposite the pump room where the breeching inlet is located. UBBL 1984 The distance of the hydrant pillars shouldnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t be less than 6 meters from the building. This is to allow fire fighter to operate the hydrant safely from the burning building.

2.3.5 AUTOMACTIC SPRINKLER SYSTEM Sprinkler system is an active fire protection measure. It is series of water pipes which are supplied by a water supply. Sprinkler system consists of sprinkler heads and sprinkler pumps and work closely with alarm and smoke detector. The sprinkler heads (Figure 2.52) is located at selected intervals along the pipes inside the mall. Its function is for water distribution to put out fire. The alarm (Figure 2.53) works as an emergency alert for the occupants when fire occurs. Smoke detector (Figure 2.55) works to detect the fire that occurs and activate the sprinkler.

BLD 61403 BUILDING SERVICES [IKON CONNAUGHT

UBBL 1984 Clause 228 1) 2) 3)

The distance of one sprinkler to next is 4.6 m maximum for extra light hazard class. Sprinkler valves shall be located in a safe and enclosed position on the exterior wall and shall be readily accessible to the Fire Authority All sprinkler system shall be electricity connected to the nearest fire station to provide immediate and automatic relay of the alarm when activated

Figure 2.52 Recessed Pendent Sprinkler Head

Figure 2.54 Upright Sprinkler Head

Figure 2.53 Fire Alarm

Figure 2.55 Smoke Detector

In Ikon Connaught the sprinklers are located on every floor except for the rooms that cannot use water to put out fire such as the electrical room. The sprinkler is located in every shop and all throughout the building. They are two types of sprinkler heads use which are recessed pendent sprinkler head (Figure 2.52) and upright sprinkler head (Figure 2.54). Recessed pendent sprinkler head is uses inside the building where as the upright sprinkler head is use in the parking basement.

BLD 61403 BUILDING SERVICES [IKON CONNAUGHT

Fire Sprinkler

Figure 2.56 Location of Fire Sprinkler on first floor (source:Ikon Connaught)

The sprinkler heads (Figure 2.52 & 2.54) are glass bulbs filled with liquids that is connected to the pipework. When the fire occurs, the heat detector will detect the heat and the alarm bell will be activated as well. Due to excessive amount of heat in the area, it will expand the liquid inside the glass bulbs thus causing the glass to break and release water to put out fire. The water comes from the water source tank from the pump room and the signal will be send to the control room. In Ikon Connaught, every sprinkler is design to its own temperature thus it will activate individually when it is heated. Usually, the activation temperature of the sprinkler is stamped on the sprinkler link or at the frame base. Sprinklers that have temperature ratings more than 65 degrees C are in colour coded. Most sprinklers discharge around 75-95 litre per minute (L/min). Sprinkler for special applications are design up to 380 L/min.tg

BLD 61403 BUILDING SERVICES [IKON CONNAUGHT

2.3.5.1 SPRINKLER SYSTEM LAYOUT The automatic sprinkler system is hydraulically designed to provide a water spray density in accordance to the Loss Prevention Council requirements. The sprinkler system is divided to 3 pumps. One pump is to serve the basement, the other is to serve the upper floors and the wet riser which has its individual set of pumps and tanks. The pumps in Ikon Connaught are located at the ground level inside the pump room. (Figure 2.57)

Figure 2.57 Location of pump room for storing sprinkler pump (source: Ikon Connaught)

The sprinkler alarm control valve is located in the fire pump room. Each alarm valve has been labelled and indicated the area and floor serving. In Ikon Connaught, the pump sets (Figure 2.58) will pump water into the main riser. Every zone of the building is provided with one number of flow switch and one number of butterfly valve complete with micro-switch. The flow switch and butterfly valve is located outside the main distribution pipe for each floor. The butterfly valve is installed in â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Openâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; position at all time where as the micro switch is installed to monitor the position of the butterfly valve. The purpose of floor butterfly valve is to temporary shut off for ease of possible maintenance.

BLD 61403 BUILDING SERVICES [IKON CONNAUGHT

Figure 2.58 Sprinkler pump sets

Figure 2.59 Flow Switch and Butterfly Valve Installation Detail (source: Ikon Connaught)

The jockey pump (Figure 2.60) is to maintain the system pressure and will be activated when there is a small leak in the sprinkler system or a small drop in system pressure. It will operate to increase pressure to correct operating pressure, which prevents the standby and duty pumps from activating. Standby pump (Figure 2.61) shall be powered from emergency generator or diesel engine driven.

BLD 61403 BUILDING SERVICES [IKON CONNAUGHT

Figure 2.60 Jockey Pump

Figure 2.61 Standby and Duty pump

In Ikon Connaught, a 4-way breeching-inlet is installed at the external ground level (Figure 2.62), so that the fire department can pump the water from the fire engine or any other source of water into the sprinkler water tank or alarm valve header. This is to increases the amount of water if it is not enough.

Figure 2.62 Location of 4 way breeching sprinkler inlet (150mm diameter) (source:Ikon Connaught)

BLD 61403 BUILDING SERVICES [IKON CONNAUGHT

2.3.5.2 MAINTENANCE The sprinkler itself is a reliable device and required less maintenance. Sprinkler which has been service for 50 years need sample testing and at 10 years interval thereafter. Fast and quick response sprinklers, should be sampled after 20 years of service and at 10 years interval thereafter. (Operation and Maintenance Manual, Fire Protection Services)

2.3.6 FIRE ALARM SYSTEM Fire alarm system usually consists of break glass, alarm bells (Figure 2.65), smoke and heat detector (Figure 2.63 & 2.64), buzzer, sirens flash light and emergency light (Figure 2.63). Fire alarm system provides audible and visual alarm signals for the occupants. The signals may be coming from the manual operation of break glass or automatic operation equipment such as heat detector or smoke detector.

Smoke detector

Alarm bell

Emergency light

Figure 2.63 Smoke detector and emergency light

Break glass Figure 2.64 Heat detector

Figure 2.65 Break glass and alarm bells.

There are two types of fire alarm system which are the two stage system and single alarm system. In Ikon Connaught, they use the single alarm system. In single alarm system, it is designed that when the alarm signal is activated, it will immediately transmit throughout the building to warn the occupants that there is a fire emergency.

BLD 61403 BUILDING SERVICES [IKON CONNAUGHT

The alarm bell will then transmit throughout the building

The alarm will either be manually operated through break glass or automatically operated in the control room.

Figure 2.66 Diagram of fire alarm signal line (source:Ikon Connaught)

BLD 61403 BUILDING SERVICES [IKON CONNAUGHT

2.3.6.1 FUNCTIONS 2.3.6.1.1 SMOKE DETECTOR AND HEAT DETECTOR The function of smoke and heat detector (Figure 2.63 & 2.64) is to detect the smoke and heat that is coming from the fire. The smoke detector and heat detector is the early stage in detecting if fire has occurs in the building. Due to it heat sensing circuit in the heat detect, it can sense the increases in temperature. The device will then sends signal to the control room which will activate the alarm signs and signals. 2.3.6.1.2 ALARM BELL AND BREAK GLASS Alarm bell is an audible fire alarm system. In case of emergency the occupants needs to break the break glass in order to activate the alarm bell system to warn the people inside the building or it will be activated automatically from the control panel. Alarm bell should provide a minimum sound level 65dB(A) or +5Db(A) above any background noise which is likely to persist for more than 30 seconds. In Ikon Connaught, the alarm bell can either be operated manually or automatically. The alarm bell and break glass are usually located at a visible place and easy to reach within the area. In Ikon Connaught, they have a special system for fire alarm which is the addressable system. The whole plan of Ikon Connaught (Figure 2.76) is indicated with lights as to where the break glass location is. When the fire occurs, the smoke detector and heat detector will detect the smoke thus the indicator will light up and show the location of the fire. The plan is located inside the control room which is at the Level Ground floor.

Figure 2.67 One of the floors for the addressable system which is located in the control room (fire mimic panel) (source: Ikon Connaught)

BLD 61403 BUILDING SERVICES [IKON CONNAUGHT

a) Break glass is placed 1500mm from floor level b) Alarm bell is placed 2100mm from floor level a

Figure 2.68 Detail of alarm bell and break glass installation (source:Ikon Connaught)

UBBL 1984 1. All floors must built in with smoke detector and lift not opening to a smoke lobby shall not use door reopening devices controlled by light beam or photodetectors unless incorporated with a force close feature which after thirty seconds of any interrupted of the beam causes the door to close within a present time. 2. All premises and buildings with gross floor area excluding car park and storage area exceeding 9290 square meters or exceeding 30.5 meters in height shall be provided with a two-stage alarm system with evacuation (continuous signal) to be given immediately in the affected section of the premises while an alert (intermittent signal) be given in adjoining section.

BLD 61403 BUILDING SERVICES [IKON CONNAUGHT

2.3.7 FIXED GAS INSTALLATION Fire suppression system is usually use in rooms where there are electrical appliances and water cannot be use. Fixed gas installation includes Carbon Dioxide (CO2) and FM200. In Ikon Connaught, the special rooms will use CO2 and FM200 as part of their fire protection. The rooms included are the switch room, gen set room, switch gear and transformer room which uses the CO2 where the TNB sub-station room uses FM200.

4 Figure 2.69 Location of the special areas (source: Ikon Connaught)

1) 2) 3) 4)

GENSET ROOM (CO2) CONSUMER LV SWITCH ROOM (CO2) CONSUMER HV SWITCHGEAR & TRANSFORMER ROOM (CO2) TNB SUB-STATION ROOM (FM200)

All these rooms have electrical appliances thus it must use the fixed gas installation as part of their fire protection system. In Ikon Connaught, the rooms are located at the ground level. The system does not link to the common system. It is an individual system, it caters only for the particular room. In case if fire occurs, the system will only be activated inside the respective room only.

BLD 61403 BUILDING SERVICES [IKON CONNAUGHT

Figure 2.70 Location of CO2 gas inside the genset room

In the gen set room, they use the ‘double knock’ system. The ‘double knock’ system works when the fire occurs and the smoke will rise upwards to the detector smoke. When the heat inside the room reach a certain level, the heat detector will detect the heat and confirms of fire. Once the signal has been sent, the gas will be discharge. The fire curtain (Figure 2.71) will automatically close in order to prevent the smoke from escaping the room.

Figure 2.71 Fire Curtain inside the genset room

CO2 control panel and alarm bell

Manual discharge key switch Figure 2.72 Location of CO2 control panel which is outside the genset room

BLD 61403 BUILDING SERVICES [IKON CONNAUGHT

2.3.7.1 FM 200 FM- 200 is a compound that consists of carbon, fluorine and hydrogen. It is colourless, odourless, electrically non-conductive and suppresses fire by interrupting the combustion process and removing heat energy from the fire to the extent that the combustion process cannot sustain itself. In Ikon Connaught FM200 gas is used inside the TNB Sub Station room. (Fire Protection In Buildings notes, Ar Sateerah)

2.3.7.2 CARBON DIOXIDE (CO2) CO2 systems is fast, efficient and adaptable to a wide range of hazards, the discharge of carbon dioxide (a low-cost clean agent) is non-damaging to property and electrical conductive. Benefits of using CO2: 

Fast- CO2 able to penetrates the entire hazard areas to smother the combustion within seconds



Environmentally Friendly- CO2 exitst as a gas in the earth’s atmosphere and is one of the by-products of combustion. Thus, it does not have any environmental impact



Non-damaging- CO2 does not cause spoilage, requires no clean up and leaves no residue



Non-conductive- CO2 is electrically non-conductive, allowing use for a wide variety of special applications



Adaptive- CO2 is effective on a wide range of flammable and combustible materials (Fire Protection In Buildings notes, Ar Sateerah)

2.3.8 CONTROL ROOM BLD 61403 BUILDING SERVICES [IKON CONNAUGHT

The control room is the central of the building where almost every important thing is located in case of emergency. The control room is where the main control panel is located which consists of intercom system (Figure 2.73), fire mimic diagram (Figure 2.75) and dot matrix printer is located. Other things also include digital alarm communicator (Figure 2.76), notifier (Figure 2.77) and CCTV. UBBL 1984 Every large premises or building exceeding 30.5 meters in height shall be provided with a command and control centre located on the designated floor and shall contain a panel to monitor the public address, fire brigade communication, sprinkler, water flow detectors, fire detection and alarm systems and with a direct telephone connection to the appropriate fire station by passing the switchboard

2.3.8.1 INTERCOM PANEL

Figure 2.73 Intercom panel

In any large building complex, fighting fire is a high risk job. The purpose of the intercom panel is to allow an easy communication facility between the fire chief commanding the fire fighting and rescue operation. At each landing of a fire escape staircase, one unit of the intercom is provided and it is connected to the control room.

BLD 61403 BUILDING SERVICES [IKON CONNAUGHT

Fireman switch - Used by firemen to turn off the power supply to electrical equipment in case of fire to prevent the overheated equipment from exploding.

Intercom

Figure 2.74 Intercom provided at emergency staircase and fireman switch

2.3.8.2 FIRE MIMIC DIAGRAM

Figure 2.75 Fire mimic diagram located inside the control room

Fire mimic diagram show the location of the break glass and fire alarm on each floor inside the Ikon Connaught. In case there is fire and the break glass has been break, a red light will appear on the panel showing the location of where the fire occurs. This system is known as addressable system. This method is easier for the personnel and fire fighter to monitor the building when fire occurs.

BLD 61403 BUILDING SERVICES [IKON CONNAUGHT

2.3.8.3 DIGITAL ALARM COMMUNICATOR

Figure 2.76 Digital Alarm Communicator

The Fire Communicator is a complete digital alarm communicator transmitter for use with compatible fire alarm control panels. When fire occurs, the digital alarm communicator will link directly to the bomber services.

2.3.8.4 NOTIFIER

Network control annunciator

Figure 2.77 Notifier located inside the control room

The notifier is connected to all the fan and smoke control ventilation. The function of the notifier is to provide the capability to control and display the status of air handling unit (AHU) fans or dampers. It is easier for the personnel to monitor the AHU inside the building.

BLD 61403 BUILDING SERVICES [IKON CONNAUGHT

2.3.9 SMOKE EXTRACT (SMOKE SPILL) SYSTEM

Figure 2.20 Smoke Spill System located on the roof (supply air)

Figure 2.21 Smoke Spill System located on the roof (extract air)

Figure 2.22 Smoke Spill System Schematic Diagram For Upper (L Penthouse – L6) and Lower (L5 – L3) Attrium Areo)

Smoke spill system is a fire protection measure that uses balanced ventilation to avoid smoke from accumulating indoor during fire event. The smoke spill system activates in 5 minutes after the fire alarm is trigger. The centralized air conditioning system will be closed as the chiller is stop. The smoke spill system use blower to exhaust and create suction force to exhaust all the toxic smoke. Outdoor air is supply by the smoke spill axial fan. The smoke spills are located on the roof. It’ll only operate during the fire event when the fire alarm trigger. The signal from the fire alarm will reach to the Smoke Spill Panel then the smoke spill fans will run and discharge out the building.

BLD 61403 BUILDING SERVICES [IKON CONNAUGHT

UBBL 1984 – Clause 249 – 252 Smoke and heat venting in large buildings, natural draught smoke vent, and smoke vent for exit safety to be designed to prevent accumulation of smoke during evacuation and manual vents must be operable by Bomba from outside.

2.3.9.10 PRESSURIZATION SYSTEM

Figure 2.23 Stairwell Pressurized System

Pressurization provides pressure differences that oppose and overcome those generated by factors causing movement of the smoke.("SMOKE CONTROL PRACTICE IN MALAYSIA | Ashrae Malaysia Chapter", 2016). Pressurized staircase functions as to restrain smoke from coming

inside the emergency staircase and keep the exit routes smoke free during the event of fire, lending precious minutes for the building’s user to evacuate the building safely. In pressurization, air is injected from the pressurize system located on the roof into the protected escape routes, which is the emergency staircase, and raise the pressure inside the staircase slightly above the pressure in adjacent parts of the building. Consequently smoke or toxic gases will be unlikely to find their way into escape routes. With this it can hold the fire for a while from spreading throughout the whole building. It is used when the staircase is approached directly from the accommodation space or through a simple lobby. As for Ikon Connaught, the staircase is not approached directly from the accommodation space but for extra precaution they still have the pressurization system. When the system in the control room detect a fire, the power supply to where it was detected with the floor above and below it will be shut down. The smoke extract (smoke spill) system will be in

BLD 61403 BUILDING SERVICES [IKON CONNAUGHT

operation on the floor on fire. The staff from the control room will give out voice communication and instruct occupants on these three floors to evacuate. This happens for the first three (3) minutes after the fire detected. UBBL 1984 ď&#x201A;ˇ

Every upper floor to have minimum 2 staircase except buildings lower than 12m that comply with Clause 194 (a single staircase may be permitted in any building the top most floor of which does not exceed 12 meters in height).

CLAUSE 195 (staircase to reach roof level) ď&#x201A;ˇ

In building exceeding 30 meters in height, all staircase intended to be used as means of egress shall be carried to the roof level to give access thereto.

Power shutdown

This part will be pressurize d Figure 2.24 Systematic Diagram for Pressurization Staircase

BLD 61403 BUILDING SERVICES [IKON CONNAUGHT

INTRODUCTION Air conditioning or also referred as AC serves the main purpose of achieving thermal comfort and maintaining the indoor quality within a building. In short, it is described as the technology of indoor and vehicular comfort. It achieves its goal by replacing the indoor air with fresh air as well changing the air properties within the building by controlling the temperature, humidity to a more suitable and comfortable environment. In common use, an air conditioner is a device that removes heat from the air inside a building thus lowering the air temperature. The cooling is typically achieved through a refrigeration cycle. Air conditioning systems can also be made based on desiccants.

3.1 LITERATURE REVIEW The main use of air conditioning is to control the air within the building. Air conditioning is the process of altering the properties of air primarily the temperature and humidity through mechanical means. It can also be referred as the total control of temperature, air humidity, and air cleanliness. Every building that uses air conditioner has its own air conditioning system that can convert the humidity and temperature in a building as well as air ducts that control the flow of air within the building. Different air conditioning systems has different advantages and is chosen depending on requirements of the building. Several types of air conditioning are split air conditioner and centralized air conditioner. The types of air conditioning systems used are based on the building size, type and its environment. Large building requires a centralized air conditioning system. This system is easier to control as a whole and normally works better to hold at a certain temperature and usually used in a big space. On the other hand, split unit air conditioners are used in smaller space and can adjust the temperature separately. The air conditioning is chosen based on the specific spaces and area in order for it to be both functional and cost effective.

BLD 61403 BUILDING SERVICES [IKON CONNAUGHT

3.2 CHILLED WATER CENTRAL AIR CONDITIONING PLANTS

33-35 °C

Cooling Tower 28-30 °C

28-30 °C

Water Cooled Chiller

Condensed Water Pump Unit

12-14 °C

6-8 °C 6-8 °C

Chilled Water Pump Unit

Fan Coil Unit

Figure 3.1: Flowchart of the Components in Chilled Water Central Air Conditioning Plants in Ikon Connaught

Centralized chilled water air conditioning system is used in Ikon Connaught as it is a mixed-use building comprising of 8 floors and 3 basement levels. Figure 3.1 shows the overview flowchart of the components in the system. Chilled water that are cooled from the chiller is pumped to the fan coil unit in various floors of the building. Then, the warm water is circulated back to the chiller and cooling tower to be cooled. The water is pumped back to the chiller and it continue to circulate in the system.

BLD 61403 BUILDING SERVICES [IKON CONNAUGHT

3.2.1 WATER COOLED CHILLER

Screw Compressor Chiller

Reciprocating Compression Chiller

Figure 3.2: Types of chillers and the locations on roof level (Source: Ikon Connaught)

Figure 3.3: Reciprocating Compressor Chillers in the Plant Room

Water cooled chiller system is used in Ikon Connaught. It is a refrigeration system that removes heat from liquid via vapor compression process. The chillers are located in the plant room on the roof level. There are 4 chillers used in the system, 2 screw compressor chillers and 2 reciprocating compressor chillers. Screw compressor is a compressor that has two screws fitted together in stationary housing. While reciprocating compressor is a compressor that uses pistons that driven by a crankshaft and it delivers small amount of refrigerant at high pressure (Industrial Chillers, n.d.). The screw compressor chillers with capacity of 600tons are used during the operation hour of the building which is from 8am-6pm. It is then switched to the 300tons reciprocating compressor after the operation hour since the demand has decreased.

BLD 61403 BUILDING SERVICES [IKON CONNAUGHT

Figure 3.4: Detail of Chiller Piping Connection (Source: Ikon Connaught )

3.2.1.1 COOLING CYCLE The type of evaporators used in Ikon Connaught are shell and tube evaporators in which the refrigerant flows through the tube side and the process flow through the shell side of the chiller unit (Industrial Chillers, n.d.). The evaporator changes the liquid refrigerant into gas to absorb heat. Then gas is then compressed by the compressor to increase the pressure. Later, the condenser removes heat from the refrigerant vapour and converts the gas back into mixture of liquid and gas that circulate back to the evaporator. On the other hand, there is a thermal expansion valve that controls the amount of refrigerant flow into the condenser, hence controlling the superheating at the outlet of the evaporator.

MS1525 (2007) 8.2 System and equipment sizing 8.2.1 Air conditioning systems and equipment shall be sized to provide no more than the space and system loads calculated in accordance with clause 8.1 above, consistent with available equipment capacity. Redundancy in capacity of equipment, if incorporated into the sizing of the duty equipment, should include efficiency devices such as variable speed drive, high efficiency motor, efficient unloading devices, multi compressors etc so as not to diminish the equipment/system efficiency when operating at varying loads. 8.2.2 Where chillers are used and when the design load is greater than 1000 kWr, a minimum of two chillers or a single multi-compressor should be provided to meet the required load. 8.2.3 Multiple units of the same equipment type, such as multiple chillers, with combined capacities exceeding the design load may be specified to operate concurrently only if controls are provided which sequence or otherwise optimally control the operation of each unit based on the required cooling load. 8.2.4 Individual air cooled or water cooled direct expansion (DX) units greater than 35 kWr (reciprocating compressor) or 65 kWr (scroll compressor) should consist of either multi compressors or single compressor with step/variable unloaders.

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3.2.2 CHILLED WATER PUMP UNIT

Figure 3.5: Locations of chilled water pump on roof level (highlighted in blue). (Source: Ikon Connaught)

There are 4 chilled water pumps (2 primary pumps and 2 standby pumps) located nearby the chillers in the air-conditioning plant. The pumps are connected to the chillers and the pipes are labelled to indicate the supply and return flow. The chilled water supply flow comes from the evaporator section in the chillers and it is pumped at high pressure to the fan-coiled unit at various floors. There are little to no pressure loss problems in the chilled water system as the losses in the pressure are accommodated by the sufficient capacity of the pump (Khemani,2009). Later, the return flow with absorbed heat is pumped back to the chiller from the fan coil units and the cycle is continued.

Figure 3.6: Rows of chilled water pumps in air conditioning plant (blue pipes).

Figure 3.7: Chilled water pipe labelled with CHWR

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MS1525 (2007) 8.15 Preventive maintenance. The owner should implement preventive maintenance system and schedule periodic maintenance on all the critical items of air-conditioning systems such as compressors, cooling towers, pumps, condensers, air handlers, controls, filters and piping.

ASHRAE STANDARD 90.1 (2004) 6.5.4 Hydronic System Design and Control. HVAC hydronic systems having a total pump system power exceeding 10 hp shall meet provisions of 6.5.4.1 through 6.5.4.4. 6.5.4.1 Hydronic Variable Flow Systems. HVAC pumping systems that include control valves designed to modulate or step open and close as a function of load shall be designed for variable fluid flow and shall be capable of reducing pump flow rates to 50% or less of the design flow rate. Individual pumps serving variable flow systems having a pump head exceeding 100 ft and motor exceeding 50 hp shall have controls and/or devices (such as variable speed control) that will result in pump motor demand of no more than 30% of design wattage at 50% of design water flow. The controls or devices shall be controlled as a function of desired flow or to maintain a minimum required differential pressure. Differential pressure shall be measured at or near the most remote heat exchanger or the heat exchanger requiring the greatest differential pressure. Exceptions to 6.5.4.1: (a) Systems where the minimum flow is less than the minimum flow required by the equipment manufacturer for the proper operation of equipment served by the system, such as chillers, and where total pump system power is 75 hp or less. (b) Systems that include no more than three control valves. 6.5.4.2 Pump Isolation. When a chilled water plant includes more than one chiller, provisions shall be made so that the flow in the chiller plant can be automatically reduced, correspondingly, when a chiller is shut down. Chillers referred to in this section, piped in series for the purpose of increased temperature differential, shall be considered as one chiller. 6.5.4.4 Hydronic (Water Loop) Heat Pump Systems. Each hydronic heat pump shall have a two-position automatic valve interlocked to shut off water flow when the compressor is off.

BLD 61403 BUILDING SERVICES [IKON CONNAUGHT

3.2.3 FAN COIL UNIT

Chilled water return pipe Chilled water supply pipe

Figure 3.8: Chilled water piping connection for FCU in common area (Source: Ikon Connaught)

Fan coil unit is a small terminal unit composed mainly with blower and cooling coil to recirculate and cool the indoor air. It is economical and convenient as it uses water as the cooling medium, thus eliminating the need for the checking and maintenance required by the F gas regulations. There are two types of fan coil unit, two-pipe fan coil unit and four-pipe fan coil unit. The two-pipe fan coil unit which consists of one chilled water supply pipe and one return pipe is used in Ikon Connaught (Figure3.8).

3.2.3.1 COOLING PROCESS

Return grille

air in

Filter

air out

Diffuser

Figure 3.9: Diagram of concealed fan coil unit in Ikon Connaught

BLD 61403 BUILDING SERVICES [IKON CONNAUGHT

Chilled water is pumped to the concealed FCU installed in the ceiling void. The chilled water pipes are connected to the cooling coil. Besides, the return air grille (Figure3.11) and supply air diffuser (Figure 3.10) are ducted to the FCU too. Room air is drawn into the FCU through the return air grille and it is filtered to reduce the air contaminants in the air conditioned space. The air then passes through the cooling coil and the heat is removed, hence lowering the temperature of the air. Then, the cooled air is ducted back into the interior through the diffuser and the cycle is continued.

Figure 3.10: Supply air diffuser on the ceiling

Figure 3.11: Return air grille on the ceiling

Figure 3.12: Exposed FCU unit and diffuser

MS1525 (2007) 9.6.3 Terminal Units Terminal units include variable air volume (VAV) boxes, fan coil units (FCU) and split units should be started and stopped by the EMS. Some applications may require a number of fan coil units or split units to be grouped together as a common zone for start and stop control by the EMS.

BLD 61403 BUILDING SERVICES [IKON CONNAUGHT

Figure 3.13 LOCATIONS OF FCU IN A3!!

BLD 61403 BUILDING SERVICES [IKON CONNAUGHT

3.2.4 COOLING TOWER

Figure 3.14: Location of cooling tower at the roof level in Ikon Connaught (Source: Ikon Connaught)

Cooling tower is a heat rejection devices used to abstract heat from the chillers to the atmosphere. The cooling tower uses the water evaporation to reject process heat and cool the water to almost the wet bulb air temperature. As some water will get evaporated during the process, water storage tank is ducted to the cooling tower to replaces the water loss. The atmospheric-cooled water is then recirculated back to the chiller through condensed water pump.

Figure 3.15: Cooling Tower on roof level

Figure 3.16: Sand filter connected to cooling tower to filter out impurities

BLD 61403 BUILDING SERVICES [IKON CONNAUGHT

ASHRAE STANDARD 90.1 (2004) 6.5.2.2.3 Hydronic (Water Loop) Heat Pump Systems. Hydronic heat pumps connected to a common heat pump water loop with central devices for heat rejection (e.g., cooling tower) and heat addition (e.g., boiler) shall have the following: (a) Controls that are capable of providing a heat pump water supply temperature dead band of at least 20°F between initiation of heat rejection and heat addition by the central devices (e.g., tower and boiler). (b) For climate zones 3 through 8, if a closed-circuit tower (fluid cooler) is used, either an automatic valve shall be installed to bypass all but a minimal flow of water around the tower (for freeze protection) or lowleakage positive closure dampers shall be provided. If an open-circuit tower is used directly in the heat pump loop, an automatic valve shall be installed to bypass all heat pump water flow around the tower. If an opencircuit tower is used in conjunction with a separate heat exchanger to isolate the tower from the heat pump loop, then heat loss shall be controlled by shutting down the circulation pump on the cooling tower loop. Exception to 6.5.2.2.3: Where a system loop temperature optimization controller is used to determine the most efficient operating temperature based on real-time conditions of demand and capacity, dead bands of less than 20°F shall be allowed. G3.1.3.11 Heat Rejection (Systems 7 and 8). The heat rejection device shall be an axial fan cooling tower with two speed fans. Condenser water design supply temperature shall be 85°F or 10°F approach to design wet-bulb temperature, whichever is lower, with a design temperature rise of 10°F. The tower shall be controlled to maintain a 70°F leaving water temperature where weather permits, floating up to leaving water temperature at design conditions. The baseline building design condenser water pump power shall be 19 W/gpm. Each chiller shall be modelled with separate condenser water and chilled water pumps interlocked to operate with the associated chiller.

BLD 61403 BUILDING SERVICES [IKON CONNAUGHT

3.2.5 CONDENSED WATER PUMP UNIT

Figure 3.17: Location of condensed water pumps at the roof level (Source: Ikon Connaught)

Condenser water pump unit is a set of pumping device to channel the condenser water from cooling towers to the chillers by using mechanical forces. There are total of 4 condensed water pumps (2 primary pumps and 2 standby pumps) located in the air conditioning plant in Ikon Connaught. The condensed water pipes are coloured in green and labelled with CDWS for easier distinguishment (Figure 3.18).

Figure 3.18: Condensed water pipe labelled with CDWS

Figure 3.19: Detail of Chiller -Condenser water pump piping (Source:Ikon Connaught )

BLD 61403 BUILDING SERVICES [IKON CONNAUGHT

Figure 3.20 SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM IN A3!

BLD 61403 BUILDING SERVICES [IKON CONNAUGHT

3.3 SPLIT UNIT AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM

Indoor unit

Outdoor unit

Figure 3.21 Diagram of split air conditioning system Source : http://www.brighthubengineering.com/hvac/45044-parts-of-the-split-air-condioners-outdoor-unit/

In Ikon Connaught, split unit air conditioning system is installed in the security room, fire control room, and electrical room which have occupants during off hours (Nazrul Hisham, 2016). Split air conditioning system is a smaller unit of air conditioner that is installed onto the wall of the room that can easily be control by the occupants by the thermostat depending on their preference. The split unit air conditioning system is flexible compared to centralised air conditioning system as the temperature can be changed separately through a thermostat so that the temperature in one area may differ with another area using another split unit air conditioning system. Split unit air conditioning system consists of two main parts: indoor and outdoor unit. The indoor unit of the split AC is installed inside the room to be air conditioned or cooled while the outdoor unit is installed outside the room to be air conditioned in the open space. The indoor unit is usually placed on the wall of the room and consists of evaporator, cooling coil, cooling fan, and air filter. Meanwhile, the outdoor unit is placed outside the building and consist of compressor, condenser, and expansion valve etc.

BLD 61403 BUILDING SERVICES [IKON CONNAUGHT

3.3.1 PROCESS OF SPLIT AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM A split system air conditioner works by extracting hot air and humidity from the air inside the building and expelling them through the compressor into the air outside the building. Refrigerants inside the compressor then cool air from outside and pass them into the indoor unit though copper pipes, where the fan blows the chilled air around the room.

3.3.2 INDOOR UNIT

Figure 3.22 Split unit air conditioner (indoor unit) in the electrical room in Ikon Connaught

Figure 3.23 Image of the evaporator unit

Components of indoor unit: Evaporator In this system, refrigerant circulates continuously between the indoor evaporator coil and the outdoor condenser coil. As it circulates through the evaporator coil installed in the indoor air handler, warm air is drawn through the coil by the blower. Heat energy is transferred by the evaporator coil surfaces into the cold refrigerant, which is conveyed through an insulated line from the air handler to the outdoor condenser unit. When the refrigerant evaporates in the evaporator, it absorbs heat from the surrounding air and produces cooled air.

BLD 61403 BUILDING SERVICES [IKON CONNAUGHT

Figure 3.24 Image of the blower

Figure 3.25 Image of the air filter

Blower / Cooling fan The blower or cooling fan is one of the key components that are needed as part of the air conditioning system. It transfer warm air away and circulates cooled air into the building and pulls room-temperature air back for re-cooling. The blower exhausts air from the indoor environment and conveys it through the evaporator. Then, the air is now cool and distributed back into the environment.

Air filter The function is to clean the air that circulates through the heating and cooling system such as the blower and evaporator coil. The air filter trap dust, pollen, and other particles as air moves through the air conditioning system. Filtration usually occurs when expended air is brought back into the HVAC equipment to be conditioned and distributed again. The air is forced through the filter, and the material removes dust and other contaminants from the air.

BLD 61403 BUILDING SERVICES [IKON CONNAUGHT

3.3.3 OUTDOOR UNIT

Figure 3.26 Image of the outdoor unit of split air conditioner used In Ikon Connaught (Lim, 2016)

Figure 3.27 Image of the compressor unit

Components of outdoor unit Compressor The compressor is the heart of the cooling cycle. The cycle begins when the compressor draws in cool, low-pressure refrigerant gas from the evaporator and compresses the refrigerant from low pressure to high pressure. It then discharges it to the condenser. At this point, the refrigerant gas is carrying heat taken from the building.

Figure 3.28 Image of the condenser unit

Figure 3.29: Expansion Valve

Condenser Hot compressed refrigerant gas leaves the compressor and is condensed to liquid in the condenser. As refrigerant condenses inside the condenser coil, heat energy is rapidly released. The condenser is the final point of heat exchange, where heat is transferred from the refrigerant to the atmosphere. The coil fan blowing over the condenser surface disperses this heat into outdoor air. The condenser capacity must be sufficient to reject heat taken from the building in the

BLD 61403 BUILDING SERVICES [IKON CONNAUGHT

evaporator and heat added by the compressor. The condenser is also covered with the aluminium fins so that the heat from the refrigerant can be removed at a faster rate.

Expansion Valve Is a system that controls the amount of refrigerant flow into the condenser hence controlling the superheating at the outlet of the evaporator. The high pressure and medium temperature refrigerant leaves the condenser and enters the expansion valve, where its temperature and pressure drops.

3.3.4 CONCLUSION Observation shows that split air conditioning system in Ikon Connaught are usually installed in the enclosed area where it is accessible by certain people only. This is good as it helps to reduce excessive use of electricity and usage by the occupants.

BLD 61403 BUILDING SERVICES [IKON CONNAUGHT

4.1 LITERATURE REVIEW According to Butler (2002), mechanical ventilation is defined as mechanical means of supplying fresh air to the indoor paces. Usually, large HVAC system is popular among buildings as it provides mechanical ventilation while controlling the indoor temperature and moisture. The ventilation system usually involves in either extract or supply of air or both at once. Balanced ventilation system supplies and extract the indoor air, while exhaust ventilation only extract the air. Supply ventilation only involves in supplying fresh air into the indoor. For the process to happen, fans with filters and conditioners are used as the main component to supply outdoor fresh air into an enclosed space through air louver. The air is transfer through ducting. According Butler (2002), the vertical ducting is the most efficient way for transfer stale air as the flow of air is aid by pressure and fan movement. On the other side, horizontal ducting controls the air movement by solely fan movement. The stale air in the room is extract out through a return air duct where a splitter damper release part of the air to outdoors while part of it back to be mix with fresh air. If stale air sensors notify controls that the interior spaces need more fresh air, the ventilation processed will be further increased by a dedicated exhaust fan to draw out more fresh air. It is noted that the supply air inlet or louvers should be placed away from return air outlets, cooling tower exhaust, other exhaust airstream, service area or plumbing vents. Screen are placed to avoid obstruction of insects, birds and nests. The three types of mechanical ventilation are: (a) Flow tracking. The fresh air requirements are based on similar amounts required by similarly occupied space. (b) Demand controlled. The fresh air requirements are dependent on the specific function of the space. (c) Air pressure management. Fresh air requirements are based on pressure differential between s.a.p. sensors located in the adjacent spaces. Different types of ventilation are used in different situation (Butler, 2002). Ikon Connaught building uses balanced ventilation system, exhaust ventilation system and supply ventilation in their building. In the case, supply ventilation are used in stairs and lifts for fire protection purpose. Different types of ventilation are applied to the different needs of ventilation.

BLD 61403 BUILDING SERVICES [IKON CONNAUGHT

4.2 BALANCED VENTILATION SYSTEM Balanced ventilation system involved the process of supply and extract indoor. Both of the processes use machine to achieve adequate air movement to exchange the indoor air. This type of ventilation is used in spaces that are enclosed or located internally ("Info-611: Balanced Ventilation Systems (HRVs and ERVs)", 2016).

Figure 4.1: Balanced Ventilation System (Source: http://buildingscience.com/documents/information-sheets/info-611-balanced-ventilation-systems )

4.2.1 BASEMENT CAR PARK VENTILATION SYSTEM UBBL 1984 249. Smoke and heat venting. In windowless buildings, underground structures and large area factories, smoke venting facilities shall be provided for the safe use of exit. Third Schedule 7. Mechanical ventilation systems in basement areas. (2) Basement or underground car parks shall be provided with mechanical ventilation such that the air exhausted to the external atmosphere should constitute not less than six air changes per hour. Air extract opening shall be arrange such that it is not less than 0.5 metres above the floor level period system.

BLD 61403 BUILDING SERVICES [IKON CONNAUGHT

The basement area of Ikon building includes car park, staircase and lift. It is located beneath the surface of ground where natural ventilation is not sustained by its surrounding. Mechanical ventilation is used to discharge the stale air and supply fresh outdoor air. This is necessary as toxic fumes such as carbon monoxide and flammable gases are released from the vehicles in the car park. During fire event, the ventilation system also functions to exhaust the toxic smoke to prevent accumulation of gases that are harmful to the occupant.

Figure 4.2: Balanced Ventilation System (Source: http://buildingscience.com/documents/information-sheets/info-611-balanced-ventilation-systems )

Centralized balanced ventilation extracts and supplies air to multiple points through ductwork from separate central fan. The supply air fan, axial fan and extract fan facilitate the ventilation process in the basement area. The fan duct also supply air to the staircase and lift altogether with the car park area. As refer to figure 4.3, the plan of Ikon building shows the ventilation for the basement car park.

BLD 61403 BUILDING SERVICES [IKON CONNAUGHT

Axial Fan

Figure 4.3: Ventilation system in Basement. (Source: Ikon Connaught)

BLD 61403 BUILDING SERVICES [IKON CONNAUGHT

4.2.1.1 COMPONENTS AND OPERATION OF VENTILATION SYSTEM UBBL 1984 156. Protected shafts as ventilating duct. (1) If a protected shaft serves as, or contains, a ventilating duct â&#x20AC;&#x201C; (a) the duct shall be fitted with automatic fire dampers together with or without subducts as Australian Standard 1668: Pt. 1:1974, so constructed at such intervals and in such positions as may be necessary to reduce, so far as practical, the risk of fire spreading from a compartment to any other compartment or such other provision shall be made as will reduce such risk so far as practicable; and (b) the duct shall not be constructed of, or lined with, any material which substantially increases such risk.

Figure 4.4: Wall mounted supply grille on the wall of basement.

Figure 4.5: Supply grille (Source:https://www.limaregister.com/comm

ercial-grds/registers-grilles)

(a) Smoke spill axial fan is used to draw in air and supply to the basement. Air is then transfer to the basement through the air duct shaft to the wall height air slot to the wall mounted supply grille (Figure4.4). Full weld stainless steel ductwork is used due to its corrosion resistant properties. The fan, ducting and grille helps to supply the outdoor air into the carpark area.

BLD 61403 BUILDING SERVICES [IKON CONNAUGHT

Figure 4.7: Smoke Spill Axial Fan Figure 4.6: Section of Full Wall Height Air Slot.

(Source:http://www.indiamart.com/panelspowermovers

/smoke-spill-axial-fans.html)

(b) Wall height air slot (Figure4.6) is a void behind the wall that provides space for the air to slow. The tall vertical air slot causes air pressure thus increasing the velocity of airflow. At the end of the air slot is connected to an axial smoke spill fan (Figure4.7) that aid in create air movement.

Figure 4.8: Exhaust grille located at basement

(c) On the other end of the basement, smoke spill fans are also used to extract stale air inside the basement. It also connects to the air slot and exhaust grille (Figure4.8) that drain the air to create negative pressure to ensure the stale air is extracted out. (figure 4.3) UBBL 1984 Third Schedule 5. Openings for mechanical ventilation for air-conditioning system, Where mechanical ventilation or air-conditioning is provided â&#x20AC;&#x201C; (a) Foul air shall not be discharged into an airwell (b) The underside of openings for the exhaust of air from any mechanical ventilation or air conditioning plant shall not be less than 2.5 metres from any external pavement, road way, ground level or similar external surface;

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Figure 4.9: Ductwork on ground level car park

2.5m

Figure 4.11: Diffuser connected to air shaft

Figure 4.10: Diffuser connected to ductwork

(d) The ductwork at the end of air slot that exhaust stale air from basement is connected to an air shaft vertically to the ground level. The stale air is release to outside of the building from the diffuser in figure 4.10 and figure 4.11. From the plan, the diffusers are placed on the other end of building further away from the supply air fan. This is to avoid the air removed is taken in by the supply ventilation. (e) The ductwork is exposed and installed on the open ceiling on the ground level while the ductwork and air slot is hidden behind the walls on the underground level. The disadvantage of ductwork is low headroom. As result, the Ikon building only allows vehicles shorter than 2.1m to pass through in the ground floor. To compared, the basement car park is free from ductwork and reduces the requirement for higher headroom. From figure 4.11, the grille is located 2.5 metres from the pavement as followed in UBBL.

BLD 61403 BUILDING SERVICES [IKON CONNAUGHT

Figure 4.12: Axial fan

Figure 4.13: Stale air sensor

(f) Axial fan can be found to be installed all over the basement car park (Figure4.12). The axial fan is function to blow air in direction parallel to its shaft. It enhances the airflow in the basement. All the axial fan is orientated in the direction for the air to flow following the air current from the supply air inlet to the extract air outlet. (g) The axial fan is connected to a stale air sensor (Figure4.13). The sensor traces the concentration level of Carbon dioxide in the air. When the concentration level is high, it sends signals to control the engine of the axial fan for faster fan movement to boost the mechanical ventilation of the space. In an event of fire, signals are sent to adjust higher rate of fan movement to create high air velocity for the smoke to be extract out of the basement. (h) Other than that, during the fire event, the ventilation shaft that connects to the smoke spill system will control the motor speed of the smoke axial fan after it is trigger by the signals from fire alarm. In the case of fire, the speed of fan will have doubled up until 6,044 cubic meter per hour when compared to 3,022 cubic meter per hour in normal mode.

In conclusion, the choice of mechanical ventilation device fit the needs of the spaces. In the case, basement car park ventilation has low demand of air exchange rate due to the number of occupant of the space is relatively low. Thus, axial fan that is low pressure and high air flow is used in the entire system. In addition, the operation of the whole system saves cost.

BLD 61403 BUILDING SERVICES [IKON CONNAUGHT

4.3 EXHAUST VENTILATION SYSTEM In exhaust ventilation, negative pressure is created by mechanical aids to extract air. In some situation, openings can be found for natural ventilation for air to be supplied. Other than that, the air can be supplied by the air-conditioning system.

4.3.1 KITCHEN EXHAUST SYSTEM Centralised system is used for kitchen exhaust system. For underground level, the kitchen of the shops in Ikon building is equipped with balanced system. For shops above ground level, the kitchen is only provided with exhaust system. Openings at the shops above ground level are able to supply fresh air into the indoor. The ventilation system removes the unpleasant cooking fumes from kitchens.

Sweep Elbow

Figure 4.15: Kitchen Exhaust System (Source: Ikon Connaught)

In figure 4.15, the plan shows that the kitchen at the left is using exhaust ventilation while the kitchen in the right side are using balanced ventilation system

BLD 61403 BUILDING SERVICES [IKON CONNAUGHT

Figure 4.14: Schematic diagram of kitchen Exhaust System (Source: Ikon Connaught)

BLD 61403 BUILDING SERVICES [IKON CONNAUGHT

4.3.1.1 COMPONENTS AND OPERATION OF VENTILATION SYSTEM UBBL 1984 Third Schedule 3. Filters for exhaust air (2) Exhaust air discharge points shall be at high or roof level and shall not in any case lower than 5 metres from external ground or pavement level.

(a) The two kitchen exhaust ducts connect from the floor below to the 2 kitchen exhaust fan (Figure4.16) located at the rooftop of Ikon building. (b) Ductworks are used to deliver cooking fumes to the outdoor. The ductworks are separated to serve different kitchen area of the shops to balance workload. It is then connecting to an air shaft to transfer the air vertically to the rooftop. From the plan (Figure4.20), air duct fittings with sweep elbow is used to ease the flow of air. Besides that, the size of air ducting is gradually increase. The sizing of air duct is fundamental to create static pressures for smooth exhaust ventilation. Process of exhaust ventilation Figure 4.16: Axial fan inside ductwork blows the air to release to atmosphere

Figure 4.17: Air duct (Source: http://tangenta.hr/)

Left: Figure 4.18: Volume Control Damper

(Source:http://www.advancedair.co.uk/prod

ucts/volume-control-dampers)

Right: Figure 4.19: Motorized Damper

(c)

(Source:http://dir.indiamart.com/impcat/moto

rized-damper.html The axial)

fans are installed

inside the ductwork with weather proof insect screen as it is exposed to weathering. Insect BLD 61403 BUILDING SERVICES [IKON CONNAUGHT

screen prevents foreign object to enter the air duct. Both of the fans are located at the rooftop as followed in UBBL and connected to vertical exhaust air duct made of full weld stainless steel

Figure 4.20: Plan of exhaust fan on the rooftop. From the air shaft, the air is drained by the axial exhaust fan by rotating to create air movement for negative pressure to exhaust air to the rooftop.

(Source: Ikon Connaught)

(d) At the other end of ductwork in the kitchen of the shops, volume control damper or motorized damper are used to balance and control air flow into the air duct. Besides that, motorized dampers are installed at the end of ductwork to the wall or ceiling to prevent fire from spreading during a fire event. Motorized damper is said to be automatically operates to rotate the blades to prevent the fire from spreading through the ducting. The motor operates when it receives signals of smoke or heat during a fire event.

BLD 61403 BUILDING SERVICES [IKON CONNAUGHT

4.3.2 WASHROOM VENTILATION SYSTEM UBBL 1984 Third Schedule 10. Water-closets and toilets. Water closets, toilets, lavatories, bathrooms, latrines, urinals or similar rooms or enclosures used for ablutions which are situated in the internal portions of the building and in respect of which no such external walls (or those overlooking verandahs, pavements or walkways) are present, shall be provided with mechanical ventilation or airconditioning having a minimum of fresh air change at the rate of 0.61cmm per square metre of floor area of ten air changes per hour, which is the lower.

Figure 4.21: Plan of washroom ventilation (Source: Ikon Connaught)

From the plan, it is cleared that the exhaust fan unit only connects to two point of exhaust air grille (Figure4.22). This design helps to avoid unpleasant odour from enter other spaces.

BLD 61403 BUILDING SERVICES [IKON CONNAUGHT

Figure 4.22: Exhaust grille

Figure 4.23: Windows and opening in the washroom

(a) According to UBBL, all water closets are required to have openings for natural ventilations to occur. When the water closets are situated in the building, mechanical ventilation system are used to aid with the removal of odours and moisture in the water closets. Mechanical ventilation is used to help natural ventilation to occurs. In other words, indoor air is exhausted and air is supplied through openings. (b) The exhaust ventilation system for the water closet are separated from other ventilation services to prevent the bad odour and condensation from mixing and escaping into other spaces. To achieve the objective, fan ducting and exhaust fan are installed individually for the specific washroom ventilation. Exhaust fans extract air and create negative pressure in the water closets. Air can be supplied through openings. (Figure 4.23)

BLD 61403 BUILDING SERVICES [IKON CONNAUGHT

4.3.3 UTILITY ROOM VENTILATION

Figure 4.24: Exhaust fan in pump room (Source: Ikon Connaught)

Individual exhaust fan unit is installed at the utilities room such as lift motor room, pump room and TNB electric room. These utility are not occupied daily. As a result, small amount of airflow is required to remove heat from running machines and ventilate the indoor air. (a) In the pump room, axial fan exhausts the stale air out of the room.

Figure 4.25: Exhaust fan In pump room

Figure 4.26: Diffuser outside pump room. The exhaust fan is installed closed to the ceiling to exhaust the hot air from the room.

(b) Lift Room

Figure 4.27: Propeller exhaust fan

Figure 4.28: Exhaust fan damper

Propeller fan is used in lift machine room as the room is placed on the rooftop (Figure4.27). Propeller fan has blades with aerofoil shapes that induce movement of air. Compare with the axial BLD 61403 BUILDING SERVICES [IKON CONNAUGHT

fan and centrifugal fan, the propeller fan creates a lower air velocity for the ventilation to occur. The stale air is directly extract and release to the atmosphere

.4.4 CONCLUSION Ikon Connaught is designed with considerations given to the mechanical ventilations. Besides of convectional type of mechanical ventilation which is air duct system, it also introduced modern mechanical ventilations. Jet fans and air slots that replaces air ducting in buildings are much more efficient and easily maintained is one of the significant building services in Ikon Connaught. Other than that, the mechanical ventilation devices and components are neatly hidden behind the walls. Thoughts are given to different mechanical ventilation that responses to the functions and needs of the space. Besides that, most of the mechanical ventilation system also designed to be fire rated and are able to serve as fire protection measure during fire event. In a nutshell, Ikon Connaught practice good mechanical ventilation in their building.

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5.1 LITERATURE REVIEW Mechanical transportation refers to vertical transportation systems used to provide transportation in multistory buildings. Some of these vertical transportation systems include lifts and escalators. Lifts A lift is a type of vertical transportation that is used to transport people or goods between floor levels of a building. According to By-Law 124 of UBBL 1984, it is essential that a lift be provided in all non-residential buildings that exceed 4-storeys. UBBL Section 124- Lifts For all non-residential buildings exceeding 4 storeys above or below the main access level at least one lift shall be provided. Furthermore, lifts are also required in buildings of less than 4-storeys when access for elderly or disabled is required. There are two types of lifts which are commonly used: ď&#x201A;ˇ

Electric lift

ď&#x201A;ˇ

Hydraulic lift

Electric lifts consist of two types- traction with a machine room or machine-room-less traction. The traction lift is operated by ropes which pass over a wheel attached to an electric motor located on top of the lift shaft. Traction lifts are suitable for mid and high-rise buildings and are able to reach greater speeds than hydraulic lifts. Traction lifts with a machine room preferably have their machine rooms placed at the top of the lift shaft to minimize the length of the rope and increase efficiency. Traction lifts are further divided into two types-geared traction lifts, that have a gearbox attached to the motor to drive the wheel that moves the rope and gearless-less traction lifts which have the wheel attached directly to the motor. On the other hand, hydraulic lifts are supported by a piston at the bottom that pushes the lift up as an electric motor forces oil or another hydraulic fluid into the piston. The elevator descends as a valve releases the fluid from the piston.

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Escalators Escalators can be described as moving stairways that provide an immediate means of transportation. They are advantageous to be used as they are continuously conveying to move large amounts of people. Furthermore, escalators are also quick and efficient, requiring no waiting time as well as are able to be reversed to suit the main flow of traffic during peak hours. A few times of escalator arrangements include single bank with interrupted traffic in one direction, single bank with traffic in one direction, parallel and crisscross.

5.2 MECHANICAL TRANSPORTATION AT IKON CONNAUGHT 5.2.1 INTRODUCTION Following the literature review, which gives a brief introduction to mechanical transportation in general, this section of the report covers the research on the mechanical transportation in the chosen case study building, Ikon Connaught. Ikon is a commercial and office building located in Taman Connaught, Cheras, Malaysia. The mechanical transportation system in Ikon is provided by Antah Schindler Sdn Bhd, an authorized distributor and service provider for Schindler lifts and escalators for the whole of Malaysia. Schindler has been involved in the design, supply, installation, modernization and maintenance of Schindler elevators and escalators found in many buildings for both the public and private sectors. Schindler solutions are currently operating in hospitals, airports, government buildings, offices, condominiums, shopping malls, factories and many other areas throughout Malaysia. (About Schindler Malaysia, 2016) During the site visit at Ikon, it was identified that Schindler supplied both lifts and escalators to Ikon. The Schindler 5400 AP model was used for lifts and the Schindler 9300 AE model was used for escalators.

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5.2.2 LIFTS By-Law 124 of UBBL 1984 states that it is essential that a lift be provided in all non-residential buildings that exceed 4-storeys. Ikon has a total of 10 floors with 3 basement levels and is equipped with a total of 3 passenger lifts and 2 fire lifts. Thus, it can be seen that Ikon fully met the UBBL requirement. The types of lifts used in Ikon are traction lifts with a machine room. UBBL Section 124- Lifts For all non-residential buildings exceeding 4 storeys above or below the main access level at least one lift shall be provided.

5.2.2.1 PASSENGER LIFT The 3 passenger lifts used at are the Schindler 5400 AP model and are traction lifts with a minimachine-room. These lifts are able to achieve speeds of up to 2.5 m/s and sustain 1160 kg of load (17 people). These lifts were chosen for the building as the contractor wanted to achieve maximum performance while minimising the impact on space and cost. Figure 5.1 shows the passenger lift seen at Level 1 in Ikon.

Figure 5.1: Position of passenger lifts indicated on the ground floor plan of Ikon Connaught (Source: Ikon control room)

The Schindler 5400 AP used at Ikon Connaught uses a mini-machine room configuration that can be observed in Figure 5.2. BLD 61403 BUILDING SERVICES [IKON CONNAUGHT

Figure 5.2: Schindler 5400 AP configuration. (Source: Schindler 5400 AP brochure)

The high-performance permanent-magnet drive used in the Schindler 5400 AP is gearless in configuration and allows for an increase in the efficiency. Furthermore, the motor is relatively small and runs noiselessly. The control system of the Schindler 5400 AP utilises a fully collective microprocessor which optimally meets a wide range of requirements, and is suitable to control groups of elevators such as at Ikon Connaught. The control system is installed on the top floor adjacent to the shaft door to save space. Furthermore, the lifts are installed with the Schindler Miconic 10 registered destination control system. This system analyses transportation volume of the complete system and assigns the most appropriate car to every passenger, which results in short waiting times and fast rides. Figure 5.3 shows the position of lifts in a lift lobby at Ikon and also indicates the dimensions. This shows that the building has provided the requirements stated in By-Law 152 of UBBL 1984 where sufficient ceiling height and landing area is provided in the protected lift lobby.

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Figure 5.3: Position and dimension passenger lifts in a lift lobby at Ikon Connaught.

UBBL Section 152- Openings in lift shafts (1) Every opening in a lift shaft or lift entrance shall open into a protected lobby unless other suitable means of protection to the openings to the satisfaction of the local authority is provided. These requirements shall not apply to open type industrial and other special buildings as they may be approved by the D.G.F.S.

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At Ikon Connaught every detail is thought of in the design of the lift and even the car operating panels are selected with careful thought to ensure the best is provided for building users (Figure 5.4). We were informed that the buttons installed on the control panel are D-Line round push buttons surrounded by a metal collar. Call registration is confirmed by an illuminated green ring of long-life-high luminosity LEDs that light up when pushed. The buttons are also have the additional Bralle feature.

Figure 5.4: Control panel in a lift car at Ikon Connaught.

Figure 5.5: Additional detail of control panel in a lift car at Ikon Connaught.

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5.2.2.2 FIREMAN LIFTS There are 2 fireman lifts in Ikon Connaught. The fire lifts are able to sustain and sustain 1600 kg of load (23 persons). As required in By-Law 154 of UBBL 1984, in event of power failure at Ikon Connaught the Gen set will first supply power to the fire lifts such that they are able to commence normal operation. UBBL Section 154- Emergency mode of operation in the event of mains power failure (1) On failure of mains power of lifts shall return in sequence directly to the designated floor, commencing with the fire lifts, without answering any car or landing calls and park with doors open.

Figure 5.6: Position of fire lifts indicated on the ground floor plan of Ikon Connaught (Source: Ikon control room)

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Figure 5.7 shows the position of the fireman lift in a lift lobby at Ikon and also indicates the dimensions. This shows that the building has provided the requirements stated in By-Law 152 of UBBL 1984 where sufficient ceiling height and landing area is provided in the protected lift lobby.

Figure 5.7: Position and dimension fireman lift in a lift lobby at Ikon Connaught.

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5.2.2.3 LIFT MOTOR ROOM Two motor rooms are required for the operation of the 5 lifts at Ikon as they are positioned at separate ends of the building. Motor Room 1 operates 1 passenger lift and 1 fire lift while Motor Room 2 operates 2 passenger lifts and 1 fire lift.

Figure 5.8: Position of lift motor rooms in Ikon Connaught (Source: Ikon control room)

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As seen in Figure 5.9, the lift motor room houses the motor that operates the lift. This motor is connected to a manual wheel that is used to control the movement of the lift in cases where the is electricity cut-off. Furthermore, the motor room is also ventilated (Figure 5.10) to ventilate the space and prevent the equipment from overheating. Figure 5.11 also shows how each lift has its own separate power supply.

Figure 5.9: Lift motor in Ikon Connaught motor room

Figure 5.10: Ikon Connaught motor room ventilation

Figure 5.11: Lift power supply in Ikon Connaught motor room

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5.2.2.4 EMERGENCY 5.2.2.4.1 ELECTRICITY CUT-OFF If there is an electricity cut-off at Ikon Connaught, lifts will automatically stop at the nearest landing. The Gen set will then activate immediately as a backup power supply and the lift will stop at the ground floor allowing passengers to exit safely. This is in line with By-Law 154 of UBBL 1984. UBBL Section 154- Emergency mode of operation in the event of mains power failure (1) On failure of mains power of lifts shall return in sequence directly to the designated floor, commencing with the fire lifts, without answering any car or landing calls and park with doors open. (2) After all lifts are parked the lifts on emergency power will resume normal operation.

5.2.2.4.2 FIRE EMERGENCY In case of fire at Ikon Connaught, the fire service indicator will light up and an alarm will be set off. The lifts are programmed such that in this situation they will home to the ground floor, allowing the safe evacuation of passengers. Smoke detectors and sprinklers are also located in the lift lobbies (Figure 5.12) of Ikon Connaught. UBBL Section 153- Smoke detectors for lift lobbies (1) All lift lobbies shall be provided with smoke detectors.

Figure 5.12: Smoke detector and sprinkler at a lift lobby in Ikon Connaught

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5.2.2.4.3 EMERGENCY PROCEDURES In emergency situations where the lift car is stopped and it is not possible to leave the lift there is no danger to the passenger inside as the lift car is secured against uncontrolled descent. Ventilation slits (Figure 5.13) allow air into the car thus preventing suffocation. If power supply fails, emergency lighting immediately turn on in the lift car. UBBL Section 151- Ventilation to lift shafts Where openings to lift shafts are not connected to protected lobbies, such lift shafts will be provided with vents of not less than 0.009 square meter per lift located at the top of the shaft. Where the vent does not discharge directly to the open air the lift shafts shall be vented to the exterior through a duct of the required FRP as for the lift shafts.

Figure 5.13: Ventilation slit in lift at Ikon Connaught

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Escalators are suitable to be installed in Ikon Connaught as it is partially a commercial building used for retail. Thus, escalators allow shoppers to navigate from floor to floor quickly and effectively. The escalators used at Ikon Connaught are the Schindler 9300 AE model.

Figure 5.14: Position of escalators at 1st floor of Ikon Connaught (Source: Ikon control room)

Figure 5.15 shows the components of the Schindler 9300 AE escalator. The steel truss forms the frame of the escalator and receives both static and dynamic loads. The total load is transferred to both ends of the escalator. The profile is fixed to the truss to guide the handrail and attach the balustrade panels. The top landing of the escalator houses the drive motor chain and controller.

. Figure 5.15: Schindler 9300 AE components. (Source: Schindler 9300 AE brochure)

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The arrangement of escalators at Ikon Connaught are single bank with traffic in one direction as can be observed in Figure 5.16.

Figure 5.16: Escalator arrangement at Ikon Connaught

5.2.3.1 ESCALATOR COMPONENTS Figure 5.17 shows the landing platform of the escalator. The motor and main gear is housed beneath the escalator landing to allow for easy access for maintenance work. This platform also functions as a place for people to stand before or after stepping onto the escalator.

Figure 5.17: Escalator landing at Ikon Connaught

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The truss of the escalator provides support to the entire structure and is hidden inside the external aluminium housing (Figure 5.18).

Figure 5.18: Side view of escalator at Ikon Connaught with labelled components

5.2.3.2 SAFETY MEASURES As shown in Figure 5.19, the escalator steps have yellow plastic edges that can be seen clearly. This is to prevent the passenger from standing to close to the edge of the step.

Figure 5.19: Yellow plastic edge of escalator step at Ikon Connaught

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The Schindler 5300 AE also has the additional safety feature of green gap lighting (Figure 5.20). This feature clearly highlights the danger zone that passengers should avoid in order to prevent getting caught between the escalator steps.

Figure 5.20: Green gap lighting indicated between escalator steps at Ikon Connaught

The skirt deflector brush (Figure 5.21) is a safety feature that prevents passengers from stepping to close to the escalator skirt-gap. It also deflects objects that may fall into or get caught in the gap.

Figure 5.21: Skirt deflector on escalator at Ikon Connaught

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Warning messages and illustrations (Figure 5.22) are clearly displayed on the escalator balustrade panels to warn passengers to take precaution when riding the escalator.

Figure 5.22: Warning messages and illustrations displayed on escalator balustrade at Ikon Connaught

As shown in Figure 5.23, the escalators also have direction indicators, emergency stop buttons and handrail entry brushes as safety features. The direction indicators ensure that passengers do not accidentally step onto the wrong escalator while the emergency stop button is used to stop the motion of the escalator in emergency situations. Lastly, the handrail entry brushes prevent anything from getting caught in the handrail gaps and are especially needed to prevent curious children from getting their hands caught in the machine.

Figure 5.23: Direction indicator, emergency stop button and handrail entry brushes indicated on escalator at Ikon Connaught

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5.2.4 CONCLUSION After completing my analysis of the mechanical transportation at Ikon Connaught, I have found that the engineer and architect have done their best to ensure that the users will be able to travel safely and efficiently from floor to floor of the building. Furthermore, they have also done a good job in ensuring that they have met the By-Law requirements stated in UBBL 1984. Firstly, a good and trustworthy company, that is Schindler was chosen to provide both lifts and escalators for mechanical transportation of the building. Also, the models chosen for the lifts and escalator at the time of the building construction were up to date with the new technological advances and are suitable to increase safety and efficiency. The arrangement of mechanical transportation at Ikon Connaught (Figure 5.24) was also well thought out and the lifts and escalators are placed strategically to ensure easy access by users. The escalators are spread throughout the floor level while the passenger lifts are spread out at opposite ends. A fireman lift is also located at both ends of the building. The strategic arrangement of mechanical transportation at Ikon Connaught means users never have to travel more than 40 meters to access these transportation systems.

Figure 5.24: Position of mechanical transportation at ground floor of Ikon Connaught (Source: Ikon control room)

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In conclusion, the 4 aspects of building services in Ikon Connaught is advanced and complete in accommodating the needs of the occupants. Throughout the whole process of site visit and research findings. we gained fundamental knowledge and experiences to observe and identify the components of the building services. The operations and issue related to the building systems are eye openers to our studies. We are able to verify our learning outcomes by relating the theories and principles of the system to the building services. We also know about the significant of practicality of design and considerations in order to gain comfort and ensure safety of users. Other than that, we are glad to work in a group to complete the task in a short time. For everyone to work together, we learnt about being a good follower and also leadership skills from the group leader. In a nutshell, it is a fruitful project for all of us in the group. We cultivate knowledge, observing skill and teamwork together

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