Communist Warsaw The concept of ‘judging by first impressions’ has never been a favourable one to Warsaw, but to anyone that knows you should never judge a book by its cover, the city can surprise and warm even the coldest of hearts! But lets take the first concept at face value – you arrive in Warsaw’s city centre and what do you see? Grey buildings... a lot of grey buildings! True, there are old buildings, modern soulless glass structures here and there, but it’s undeniable that grey still dominates. So why is this? Well, it’s simple - war. Warsaw experienced an invasion in 1939, a Ghetto Uprising in 1943 and finally, the Warsaw Uprising of 1944 and subsequent German destruction of all buildings culturally important to Poles. After the war, the city was in ruins, the Communists were in power, and when it came to rebuilding, their architecutral style ruled the day, and that’s why Warsaw looks the way it does. Grey, but beautiful!
WALKING TOUR We have chosen for you the easiest and most logical route to take in the most important locations showing the rise of Communism, and its architectural style, in Poland. The route works well in terms of chronological order and ends nicely smack bang in the city centre, from where you can make your way to your next desitination with realtive ease. Should you choose to do so, you can do the tour in reverse order. The total length of the route is only 3 kilometres, but if you get tired during the tour, you will always be a short distance from any public transportation stop. To begin the tour, head to the Charles de Gaulle Monument across from the Palm Tree on the corner of ul. Nowy Świat and Aleje Jerozolimskie (H-8). 1 CENTRAL COMMITTEE OF THE POLISH UNITED WORKERS’ PARTY The name of this building was once long, don’t you think? Unnecessarily long, intended to be imposing as well as informative, we suppose. Building began on the HQ for what was once Poland’s dominant Communist Party, the PZPR (Polish United Workers’ Party), in 1948. It was completed in 1952, and was used by the party right up until 1990 and the fall of the People’s Republic of Poland (PRL). Thanks in no small part to a heavy dose of irony, after the fall of Communism it functioned as the Warsaw Stock Exchange until 2001. Following this jibe at Communism, it was kicked while it was down and later became the Centre for Banking and Finance, which still functions here to this day. It also contains showrooms for luxurious cars, and also some trendy bars. Ouch. But anyway, we’ve had our little giggle at the Capitalism v. Communism tussle, now onto the serious stuff. As you may know, after World War 2, Poland was in the process of rebuilding, but at the same time, Moscow’s grip on the country grew ever stronger, especially betweewn 194548. Houses were gradually being rebuilt, and people were trying to put their lives back together, but at the same time, pieces of socialist realist architecture began to appear in Warsaw - a real sign of the changing political landscape. The Communist Party HQ was one of the first to be built.
Interestingly, construction was officially said to have been funded by the members of PZPR, but the reality is that the public purse financed it, along with a scheme for people to ‘willingly’ buy symbolic bricks (something people were forced to do!) as donations to aid the construction of this building and Poland’s rebuilding process as a whole. Indeed, Warsaw’s other famous Communist relic, the Palace of Culture and Science (PKiN) also benefited from this scheme. A little nugget for you - granite from the Tannenberg Memorial (formerly in Prussian Hohenstein, now modern day Olsztynek) was used here as building material. The Tannenberg Memorial was built in 1924-27 to commemorate German soldiers on the 10th anniversary of the second Battle of Tannenberg against Imperial Russia. Following his death in 1934, President of the German Reich, Paul Von Hindenburg was interned here until Nazi troops removed his remains as the Soviet Army advanced into Prussia in 1945. The structure was destroyed with demolition charges during a hasty retreat. The job was completed by Polish authorities in 1949 and part of what was left was carted to Warsaw. Now, think of the importance this building once held as the place where the ruling party made all of their major decisions, or more to the point, where political puppets rubber stamped decisions already largely made by Moscow. It was to continue this way until the fall of Communism. In 2009, the building was registered as a listed monument, and though it doesn’t function as a tourist attraction, it’s still worth a visit to walk around and get a feel for the system, and architectural style, that once dominated Poland for so long. Go back now to the Charless de Gaulle monument, cross ul. Nowy Świat, head left and continue for a short walk until you reach your first right. Walk to the end of this small street.QH‑8, ul. Nowy Świat 6/12, MCentrum. 2 FREE SPEECH MEMORIAL The Free Speech Memorial found on ul. Mysia is right in front of what is a modern day governmental building. However, back in the days of Communist Poland (the PRL era), this used to be the main office of the Censorship Agency which controlled all media and information outlets across the country, from radio, TV and the press to even the nature of characters in books, and representations of the ideal family. Pure and simple, its mission was the control of the masses through propaganda. Censorship instructions were given just a stone’s throw away at the Communist Party HQ, naturally. The design and meaning of the memorial is quite fitting, and bridges the space between these two locations so deeply rooted in the fabric of Communist Poland. The black strip symbolises the redaction markings made by censors. The redaction strip abruptly comes to an end near the former censorship office to symbolise the victory of free speech as the communist system crumbled. The information board nearby depicts an example of censorship with its own blanked out text for you to decipher. For all tech geeks, the seats nearby contain QR codes which you can scan to play a game created by the project’s designers. Heading in the same
47
