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Advancing Skincare through Science and Comprehensive Innovation
This issue presents key developments in modern skincare, featuring cutting-edge approaches to acne management and a detailed exploration of the gut-skin axis which highlights the complex and increasingly recognized connection between gastrointestinal microbiota and skin inflammation. The role of hydration in preserving skin health is also discussed, with attention to both topical formulations that enhance the skin barrier and internal wellness strategies that support systemic hydration. In addition, the issue offers insights into promising advancements in skin rejuvenation, particularly the use of exosomes— nano-sized vesicles with the potential to deliver bioactive molecules that promote cellular repair, regeneration, and visible skin renewal. Together, these topics reflect a growing trend toward integrative skincare solutions that combine technological innovation with a holistic understanding of skin biology and overall wellness.
THE ROLE OF HYDRATION IN PRESERVING SKIN HEALTH IS ALSO DISCUSSED, WITH ATTENTION TO BOTH TOPICAL FORMULATIONS THAT ENHANCE THE SKIN BARRIER AND INTERNAL WELLNESS STRATEGIES THAT SUPPORT SYSTEMIC HYDRATION.
- DOM DANIEL EXECUTIVE EDITOR & PUBLISHER
19 ACNE: A PERSISTENT CONCERN BEYOND THE TEENAGE YEARS
EXOSOME THERAPY: A BREAKTHROUGH IN SKIN REGENERATION AND ANTI-AGING. 24 GUT-SKIN AXIS: HOW DIGESTIVE HEALTH INFLUENCES BODY SKIN APPEARANCE 10 PEPTIDES AND GROWTH FACTORS: REVOLUTIONIZING SKIN REJUVENATION
ACNE: A PERSISTENT CONCERN BEYOND THE TEENAGE YEARS
INTRODUCTION
Acne is more than just a teenage skin concern— it is a chronic condition that continues to affect individuals well into adulthood. For many, especially women in their 30s and beyond, managing recurring breakouts can become an ongoing part of their skincare journey.
The emotional impact of acne is just as real as the physical signs, often affecting confidence and overall well-being. Fortunately, advancements in skincare science and a more holistic understanding of skin health are changing how we approach acne today. From innovative topical solutions to
personalized routines, modern treatments are helping individuals achieve clearer, healthier skin without the need for aggressive measures. Acne management is no longer about quick fixes—it is about consistent, evidence-based care that supports long-term skin balance and resilience.1, 2
TYPES OF ACNE
Acne manifests in various forms, each requiring a thoughtful approach to care. Commonly, acne presents as whiteheads and blackheads, which are clogged pores that appear as small, non-inflammatory bumps. Whiteheads remain beneath the skin surface, while blackheads are open and oxidized, giving them their characteristic dark appearance. More pronounced types include papules and pustules, which are inflamed, red bumps that may contain pus. In more severe cases, cysts and nodules develop as deep, often painful lesions that can lead to scarring if left untreated. Recognizing these different types of acne is essential for selecting personalized and effective treatment options.2
CONTRIBUTING FACTORS TO ACNE
• Hormonal Fluctuations
From the menstrual cycle to pregnancy, polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), contraceptives, or perimenopause, hormonal surges and dips can stimulate oil glands and propel blemishes.¹
• Sebum Overproduction
The tiny pilosebaceous units (hair follicles and associated oil glands) can go into overdrive, producing excess sebum that combines with dead skin cells to block pores.¹
• Bacterial Activity
Cutibacterium acne (previously Propionibacterium acnes) is a naturally occurring skin bacterium. In blocked follicles, though, it multiplies rapidly, provoking inflammation and redness.¹
• Inflammatory Response
Acne lesions—from small papules to larger pustules, nodules, or cysts—are a visible sign of the body
immune reaction to bacteria and oil trapped beneath the skin.¹
• Lifestyle Amplifiers
Stress, poor sleep, a high glycemic diet, dairy or heavily processed foods, harsh skincare products, and even environmental pollution can all intensify acne or delay healing.¹
APPROACHES TO TREATMENT
• Targeted Serums or Exfoliants
Salicylic acid, lactic acid, niacinamide, or azelaic acid chosen based on skin tolerance and goals.¹
• Hormonal Therapy
For women whose acne is tied to menstrual cycles or conditions like PCOS, options may include combined oral contraceptives or antiandrogens such as spironolactone.¹
• Isotretinoin
Reserved for severe, cystic, or treatment-resistant acne under close medical supervision.¹
➢
Procedural Interventions
Procedures such as chemical peels, microneedling, HydraFacials, and cortisone injections are often employed to target persistent or deep acne lesions and post-acne scarring.
1. Chemical peeling is an acne treatment that uses a chemical solution to exfoliate the skin and clear clogged pores. It helps reduce acne scars, inflammation, and uneven skin tone. This treatment also promotes faster skin cell renewal for clearer, healthier skin. After healing, the skin appears smoother and clearer.3
2. Microneedling is a minimally invasive acne treatment that uses fine needles to create tiny punctures in the skin. This stimulates collagen production, helping to improve acne scars and skin texture. Over time, it leads to smoother, clearer skin.4
3. Hydrafacials are a gentle, non-invasive treatment that cleanse, exfoliate, and hydrate the skin using a special device. In acne care, they help remove impurities, unclog pores, and reduce oil buildup. The treatment also infuses the skin with nourishing serums, promoting a clearer, more balanced complexion. Regular sessions can support overall skin health and reduce breakouts.5
➢ Innovative
Treatments
1. DNA- or Microbiomeinformed regimens: These approaches tailor skincare based on your genetic makeup or skin microbiome composition. By analyzing factors like sebum production, inflammation tendencies, or the balance of acne-associated bacteria (e.g., Cutibacterium acnes), the regimen can be customized with specific cleansers, moisturizers, or active ingredients to better suit your skin biological needs.6
2. Advanced device-based modalities:
Energy-based therapies such as blue/red LED light, laser resurfacing, radiofrequency microneedling, and ultrasonicguided extraction are increasingly utilized to reduce inflammation, target C. acnes, and improve skin texture and scarring.6
3. Medical-grade Probiotics and Postbiotics:
Rather than simply killing bacteria, emerging research explores modulating skin microbiome to support barrier integrity and reduce inflammation.6
EFFECTIVE SKINCARE PRACTICES FOR ACNEPRONE AND SENSITIVE SKIN
• Double Cleanse: Gentle oil or balm to lift makeup, followed by a mild water-based cleanser. Over-cleansing can irritate skin and worsen acne.7
• Moisturiser: Even oily, acneprone skin needs hydration opt for a lightweight, non comedogenic lotion or gel.7
• Sunscreen: Daily SPF (preferably mineral-based) protects healing skin, prevents post inflammatory pigmentation, and limits UV related inflammation.7
• Spot treatments: Reserved for flares, a dab of benzoyl peroxide or sulphur can help reduce swelling without over-drying surrounding skin.7
LIFESTYLE INFLUENCES
• Sleep and stress management: Chronic stress raises cortisol, which stimulates sebum. Restorative sleep, yoga, or meditation can calm both mind and
• Nutrition: While individual responses vary, reducing highglycemic foods, sugary snacks, and excessive dairy has helped many. Instead, focus on whole grains, colourful vegetables, lean proteins, omega 3 rich foods (like flaxseed, fish, or walnuts), and plenty of water.8
• Exercise: Sweat can help circulate toxins and soothe tension. Just be sure to cleanse post-workout to remove oil and bacteria.8
• Beauty habits: Avoid picking or squeezing blemishes, limit heavy makeup (or doublecleanse thoroughly), and use clean towels, pillows, and phone screens to minimise bacteria contact.8
REFERENCES
CONCLUSION
Acne vulgaris is a complex yet highly manageable skin condition that significantly impacts both physical appearance and emotional well-being, especially among women. Advances have paved the way for a wide spectrum of evidence-based treatments, from targeted topical agents and oral medications to innovative in-clinic procedures like microneedling and photodynamic therapy. When paired with a gentle skincare routine and supportive lifestyle practices, these approaches offer effective, long-term relief from acne. Early intervention and personalized care remain key to preventing scarring and enhancing self-esteem.
1. Vasam M, Korutla S, Bohara RA. Acne vulgaris: A review of the pathophysiology, treatment, and recent nanotechnology based advances. BiochemBiophys Rep. 2023; 36:101578. Published 2023 Nov 23. doi:10.1016/j.bbrep.2023.101578
2. Parać E, Špiljak B, Lugović-Mihić L, Bukvić Mokos Z. Acne-like Eruptions: Disease Features and Differential Diagnosis. Cosmetics. 2023; 10(3):89. https://doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics10030089
3. Samargandy S, Raggio BS. Chemical Peels for Skin Resurfacing. In: StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; October 29, 2023.
4. Jaiswal S, Jawade S. Microneedling in Dermatology: A Comprehensive Review of Applications, Techniques, and Outcomes. Cureus. 2024;16(9):e70033. Published 2024 Sep 23. doi:10.7759/cureus.70033
5. Storgard R, Mauricio-Lee J, Mauricio T, Zaiac M, Karnik J. Efficacy and Tolerability of HydraFacial Clarifying Treatment Series in the Treatment of Active Acne Vulgaris. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 2022;15(12):42-46
6. De Almeida CV, Antiga E, Lulli M. Oral and Topical Probiotics and Postbiotics in Skincare and Dermatological Therapy: A Concise Review. Microorganisms. 2023;11(6):1420. Published 2023 May 27. doi:10.3390/ microorganisms11061420
7. Rosso J. SUPPLEMENT INDIVIDUAL ARTICLE: Optimizing Skin Care in Acne Treatment - Evaluation of a Designated Cleanser and Moisturizer Regimen With Improvement in Clinical Outcomes. J Drugs Dermatol. 2022;21(12):SF3509935-SF35099314.
8. Khormi G, Aldubayyan N, Hakami M, Daghriri S, Aqeel S. Impact of Lifestyle and Dietary Habits on the Prevalence of Acne Vulgaris: A Cross-Sectional Study From Saudi Arabia. Cureus. 2024;16(3):e57200. Published 2024 Mar 29. doi:10.7759/cureus.57200
GUT-SKIN AXIS:
HOW DIGESTIVE HEALTH INFLUENCES BODY SKIN
APPEARANCE
INTRODUCTION
Our body constantly interacts with the world gateways, our skin and our digestive system. These two organs do not just protect us; they actively communicate with our body to keep everything in balance. While they develop from different parts of the embryo our skin from the ectoderm and our gut from the endoderm and mesoderm they share many similarities. Both are
made up of layers of cells supported by tissues and immune cells, richly supplied with blood vessels and nerves, allowing them to talk to our immune system and brain. What is truly fascinating is that both the skin and the gut are home to thriving communities of microbes, known as the microbiome. These tiny residents play a vital role in keeping our skin and gut barriers strong, managing immune responses, and
maintaining our overall health. The ongoing, two-way conversation between our gut and skin through immune signals, microbes, and hormones is what experts call the gut-skin axis. Understanding this connection reveals just how important gut health is for glowing, healthy skin. When your gut thrives, your skin naturally reflects that vitality.1, 2
HOW DIGESTIVE HEALTH SHAPES SKIN WELLNESS
The digestive system, particularly the gut microbiome, plays a key role in regulating inflammation, supporting immune function, balancing hormones, and absorbing essential nutrients all of which directly influence skin health. When the gut is imbalanced or inflamed, it can trigger or worsen skin conditions such as acne, dryness, sensitivity, or even chronic inflammatory issues. Understanding and caring for gut health offers a powerful, inside-out approach to achieving clear, resilient, and radiant skin.2, 3
1. The Gut-Skin Connection
• Gut health plays a crucial role in skin condition through the gutskin axis a dynamic relationship that shows how digestive health influences skin clarity, resilience, and appearance.2
• Central to this link is the gut microbiome, a diverse community of microorganisms essential for digestion, nutrient absorption, immune support, and gut barrier integrity.2
2. Dysbiosis and Its Impact on Skin
• When the balance of the gut microbiome is disrupted (a condition known as dysbiosis), harmful substances can enter the bloodstream and trigger systemic inflammation.2
• This inflammation often presents itself through skin concerns not only on the face, but also on areas like the chest, back, and limbs.2
• Dysbiosis can reduce the absorption of key nutrients such as antioxidants, vitamins, and essential fatty acids all vital for hydration, skin repair, and glow.2
3. Immune Response and Skin Cell Turnover
• The immune system, which is closely intertwined with gut health, plays a central role in controlling inflammation and supporting regular skin cell renewal.3
• A healthy gut supports a well-regulated immune response, contributing to more balanced and resilient skin.2
4. Leaky Gut
• When the intestinal barrier is compromised a condition known as "leaky gut" or increased intestinal permeability harmful substances like undigested food particles, endotoxins, and bacteria can enter the bloodstream.2
• These elements can trigger immune reactions that manifest on the skin as redness, rashes, hives, or dermatitis, particularly on sensitive or sweat-prone areas of the body.2
5. Hormonal Regulation
• The gut microbiome plays a key role in metabolizing and modulating hormones like estrogen, testosterone, and androgens. An imbalanced gut may lead to hormonal fluctuations that result in increased sebum production, clogged pores, and body breakouts, particularly in hormonally sensitive areas like the shoulders, chest, and upper back.2
• Hormonal fluctuations and sensitive skin make gut balance even more critical for women.2
THE IMPACT OF GUT AND
SKIN MICROBIOME IMBALANCES ON INFLAMMATORY SKIN CONDITIONS
Disruptions in the delicate balance of both gut and skin microbiomes play a significant role in the onset and persistence of inflammatory skin issues. These imbalances can compromise skin barrier function, overstimulate the immune system, and trigger visible symptoms such as:3
1. Inflammation and Sensitivity from Microbial Imbalance
• Imbalances in gut and skin microbiota often manifest as inflammation, clogged pores, and heightened skin sensitivity.3
• Loss of microbial diversity and immune overstimulation contribute to irritation, impaired barrier function, and inflammatory responses.3
• Compounds produced in the gut such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and oxidative stress markers may further aggravate these skin symptoms.3
• These skin manifestations are frequently linked to gut issues, including chronic inflammation, microbial dysbiosis, and stressrelated digestive imbalances.3
2. Chronic Inflammation from Harmful Microbes and Barrier Dysfunction
• An overabundance of harmful bacteria (e.g., Staphylococcus aureus) and a weakened skin barrier can lead to chronic inflammation and increased infection risk.3
• These conditions often indicate
a broader dysregulation of the immune system linked to gut-skin axis dysfunction.3
3
. Immune Dysregulation and Inflammatory Skin Lesions
• Conditions such as red, scaly, or thickened skin lesions often arise from immune over- activation and cytokine imbalance.3
• These skin manifestations are frequently linked to gut issues, including chronic inflammation, microbial dysbiosis, and stressrelated digestive imbalances.3
• Inflammatory skin lesions often exhibit an imbalance in bacterial populations typically an increase in anaerobic bacteria and a decrease in protective aerobes.3
• Immune responses to gut-related triggers (e.g., anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies) may correlate with severity of skin inflammation.3
4. Overgrowth of Skin Microbes and Heightened Sensitivity
• Excess growth of microbes, including opportunistic bacteria, may cause redness, inflammation, and increased sensitivity.3
• These changes can result from aging, immune dysregulation, and underlying disturbances in gut health that impact the skin microbial environment.3
5. Scalp Irritation Due to Fungal Overgrowth and Oil Imbalance
• Fungal imbalance on the scalp may lead to itching, flakiness, and inflammation, often triggered by excess oil and compromised skin barrier function.3
• These symptoms may be exacerbated by microbial overgrowth and reflect gut-skin axis disturbances impacting scalp health and pigmentation.3
GUT-HEALTHY PRACTICES TO IMPROVE SKIN APPEARANCE AND RESILIENCE
Maintaining a balanced and diverse gut microbiome plays a vital role in supporting healthy, radiant skin. A well-nourished gut not only aids digestion but also helps reduce systemic inflammation and strengthens the skin natural barrier, resulting in improved skin clarity, hydration, and overall resilience. Incorporating gut-friendly habits into daily routines can create a powerful foundation for long-term skin wellness and beauty.4
Key Gut-Healthy Practices
• Adopt a Fibre-Rich Diet: Consuming whole grains, fruits, vegetables, legumes, and seeds nourishes beneficial gut bacteria and supports smooth digestion.
• Stay Hydrated:
Drinking adequate water supports digestion, toxin elimination, and maintains skin hydration and elasticity.4
• Limit Processed Foods and Sugar: Excess sugar and processed foods disrupt the gut
microbiome and contribute to inflammation, which may show up as skin problems.4
• Manage Stress: Chronic stress harms gut flora and skin health. Mindfulness, yoga, and regular exercise help balance both.4
• Prioritize Quality Sleep: Sleep promotes gut and skin repair, helping maintain a clear complexion and robust immune function.4
• Consider Targeted Supplementation:................ Supplements like omega-3 fatty acids, zinc, or specific probiotics may support gut and skin health, preferably under professional guidance.4
ROLE OF PROBIOTICS, PREBIOTICS, SYMBIOTICS, AND POSTBIOTICS
• Probiotics are live beneficial bacteria that help strengthen the skin barrier function, improve hydration, and increase resilience to environmental stressors.5
• Prebiotics are non-living compounds that promote the growth of these beneficial bacteria, supporting fermentation processes that produce short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) like acetate and butyrate. SCFAs reinforce gut barrier integrity, reduce systemic
inflammation, and support immune health, indirectly benefiting the skin.5
• Synbiotics combine probiotics and prebiotics to synergistically enhance gut microbial diversity and promote balanced skin microbiota, which supports skin barrier repair, hydration, and reduces inflammation.5
• Post biotics are non-viable bacterial products such as lysates and bioactive peptides that improve skin health by strengthening the lipid barrier, increasing ceramide levels, minimizing water loss, and modulating immune responses to reduce inflammation and oxidative damage.5
• Topical probiotics can directly boost skin hydration and barrier function. For instance, Streptococcus thermophiles applied to the skin stimulates ceramide production, which helps reduce dryness, irritation, and improves skin texture. When combined with antioxidants, probiotics accelerate skin repair by protecting against oxidative damage, such as from UV exposure.5
CONCLUSION
The skin is a dynamic organ that mirrors internal health, particularly the state of the gastrointestinal system. Emerging research on the gut-skin axis highlights the significant role of the microbiome in regulating inflammation, immune function, and skin barrier integrity. By supporting gut health through a nutrient-dense diet, adequate hydration, stress modulation, and clinically backed supplementation—such as probiotics,
REFERENCES
prebiotics, symbiotics, and postbiotics—women can promote both digestive and dermatological well-being. This integrative approach addresses root causes of common skin concerns and simultaneously empowers longterm, systemic balance. Optimizing gut health is a foundational, noninvasive strategy for achieving clearer, more resilient skin— supporting beauty that begins from within.
1. Jimenez-Sanchez M, Celiberto LS, Yang H, Sham HP, Vallance BA. The gut-skin axis: a bi-directional, microbiota-driven relationship with therapeutic potential. Gut Microbes. 2025;17(1):2473524. doi:10.1080/194 90976.2025.2473524
2. De Pessemier B, Grine L, Debaere M, Maes A, Paetzold B, Callewaert C. Gut-Skin Axis: Current Knowledge of the Interrelationship between Microbial Dysbiosis and Skin Conditions. Microorganisms. 2021;9(2):353. Published 2021 Feb 11. doi:10.3390/microorganisms9020353
3. Al-Smadi K, Leite-Silva VR, Filho NA, Lopes PS, Mohammed Y. Innovative Approaches for Maintaining and Enhancing Skin Health and Managing Skin Diseases through Microbiome-Targeted Strategies. Antibiotics (Basel). 2023;12(12):1698. Published 2023 Dec 4. doi:10.3390/antibiotics12121698
4. Gao T, Wang X, Li Y, Ren F. The Role of Probiotics in Skin Health and Related Gut-Skin Axis: A Review. Nutrients. 2023;15(14):3123. Published 2023 Jul 13. doi:10.3390/nu15143123
5. Zhang P. Influence of Foods and Nutrition on the Gut Microbiome and Implications for Intestinal Health. Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23(17):9588. Published 2022 Aug 24. doi:10.3390/ijms23179588.
THE ROLE OF DEEP HYDRATION IN
ACHIEVING HEALTHY,
RESILIENT SKIN
INTRODUCTION
Skin hydration is essential for maintaining the outermost layer moisture balance, keeping the skin soft, smooth, and flexible while preventing dryness. However, surface hydration alone often falls short of ensuring overall skin health. Deep hydration plays a more vital role by nourishing the skin at deeper levels, strengthening the
skin barrier, and protecting against moisture loss from within. Without sufficient deep hydration, the skin becomes dry and increasingly vulnerable to damage and inflammation. Factors such as cold weather, low humidity, pollution, excessive cleansing, and natural aging can impair the skin ability to retain moisture, weakening its barrier function and causing visible
signs of dehydration. Prioritizing deep hydration restores the skin natural defences and promotes a smooth, supple, and resilient complexion. Understanding the underlying causes of moisture loss enables the development of targeted skincare strategies to restore and maintain optimal hydration for long-lasting skin health and resilience.1, 2
WHAT IS DEEP HYDRATION?
Deep hydration refers to the process of delivering moisture beyond the skin surface layers, reaching into the deeper layers of the epidermis to restore and maintain the skin internal moisture balance. Unlike surface hydration, which temporarily softens and smooths the outermost layer, deep hydration supports the skin structure from within by enhancing its ability to retain water, improve elasticity, and strengthen the natural barrier. It involves the use of ingredients that penetrate deeper into the skin, helping to maintain long-term hydration, boost cell function, and protect against dryness, sensitivity, and environmental damage. This level of hydration is essential for achieving truly healthy, resilient, and radiant skin.3
THE SCIENCE BEHIND HYDRATED SKIN
Water plays a fundamental role in nearly every physiological function of the skin. It is essential for maintaining the skin structural integrity as well as supporting cellular processes that keep the skin healthy, balanced, and resilient. Deep hydration, which ensures moisture reaches beyond the surface and into the skin deeper layers, has a direct impact on skin function and appearance in several important ways:
• Improved Barrier Function: A wellhydrated skin barrier is more effective at shielding the body from external aggressors such as ultraviolet (UV) radiation, pollution, and microbial invaders. The stratum corneum, the skin outermost layer, relies on adequate hydration to maintain its lipid matrix and cellular cohesion. When this barrier is intact and well-moisturized, it prevents transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and enhances the skin natural defence mechanisms.
• Enhanced Texture and Tone: Hydration contributes to skin plumpness, smoothness, and an even complexion. Moisture within the deeper layers of the epidermis supports optimal cell function, helping to maintain the skin elasticity and firmness. As a result, fine lines and rough texture become less visible, and the skin appears more vibrant and refined.
• Reduced Inflammation and Sensitivity: Hydrated skin maintains a stable pH and supports a balanced skin microbiome, both of which are crucial in preventing irritation and inflammation. Dehydrated skin, on the other hand, becomes more susceptible to environmental stressors and inflammatory responses, often leading to redness, discomfort, and sensitivity.
• Accelerated Healing and Regeneration: Adequate hydration optimizes cellular turnover and enzymatic activity necessary for skin renewal. It enhances the skin ability to repair itself after damage such as from sun exposure, breakouts, or cosmetic procedures by supporting healthy keratinocyte function and reducing downtime.
SIGNS OF DEHYDRATED SKIN
Dehydrated skin occurs when the skin lacks sufficient water, and it can affect all skin types, including oily and combination skin. Unlike dry skin, which is a skin type caused by a lack of oil, dehydration is a skin condition caused by insufficient moisture.
Key signs of dehydrated skin include:
• Dullness or Tightness: The skin may appear lack luster or feel tight, particularly after cleansing, indicating a lack of internal hydration.
• More Pronounced Fine Lines: Dehydration can cause fine lines to appear more visible, especially around the eyes and mouth, due to the loss of water volume in the skin.
• Rough or Uneven Texture: A dehydrated skin barrier struggles to shed dead cells effectively, leading to a rough, patchy, or uneven texture.
• Increased Sensitivity or Redness: A compromised moisture barrier makes the skin more reactive to external factors such as weather, pollution, or skincare products.
• Excess Oil Production: The skin may overcompensate for water loss by producing more sebum, often leading to clogged pores, breakouts, or an oily appearance despite feeling dry underneath.
KEY INGREDIENTS THAT SUPPORT DEEP HYDRATION
Achieving deep hydration involves using ingredients that go beyond surface-level moisture and reach into the deeper layers of the skin to promote long-lasting hydration. The following ingredients are particularly beneficial:
• Hyaluronic Acid (HA): A naturally occurring molecule in the skin, HA is a highly efficient humectant that draws and retains moisture. It penetrates the skin to deliver deep hydration, helping to plump the skin and enhance its elasticity and overall appearance.4
• Aquaporins: These specialized water-channel proteins are found in skin cell membranes and help regulate water flow between cells. By facilitating moisture distribution throughout the skin layers, aquaporins help maintain consistent hydration at a deeper, cellular level. 6
• Ceramides: These essential lipids play a crucial role in maintaining the skin barrier integrity. They create a protective layer that minimizes water loss and shields the skin from external aggressors. By replenishing ceramide levels, the skin retains moisture more effectively and stays healthier and more resilient.5
Effective skin hydration occurs at multiple levels, and understanding the distinction between surface and deep hydration is key to achieving optimal skin health.
THE DUAL APPROACH TO SKIN
HYDRATION: SURFACE VS. DEEP MOISTURE FOR LASTING SKIN HEALTH
• Surface Hydration
Surface hydration focuses on the stratum corneum, the outermost layer of the skin. This layer is directly exposed to environmental stressors and often shows the first signs of dryness and dehydration. Surface hydration aims to provide immediate moisture and relief by using ingredients such as glycerin, shea butter, and emollients. These substances help soften the skin, improve texture, and create a temporary barrier that locks in moisture. While surface hydration delivers quick results, its effects are often short-term and must be maintained with consistent care.
• Deep Hydration
Deep hydration targets the skin deeper layers, including the epidermis and dermis. It involves the use of smaller molecular-weight ingredients like hyaluronic acid, ceramides, and peptides that can penetrate beyond the surface. These
ingredients help reinforce the skin internal hydration mechanisms, support collagen and elastin structure, and improve long-term moisture retention. Deep hydration is essential for maintaining skin elasticity, firmness, and overall resilience.
• The Importance of Integrating Both
Addressing both surface and deep hydration is essential for comprehensive skin care. Surface hydration provides quick relief and enhances the skin immediate appearance, while deep hydration works beneath the surface to restore and maintain the skin internal moisture balance and structural integrity. Together, they create a synergistic effect that fortifies the skin barrier, prevents moisture loss, and improves resilience against environmental stressors. This dual approach ensures short-term comfort as well as long-term skin health and vitality.
REFERENCES
DEEP HYDRATION AND SKIN RESILIENCE
Resilient skin is characterized by its ability to quickly recover from environmental stress, irritation, or damage. Deep hydration forms the foundation of this resilience by ensuring that the skin internal moisture levels are sustained. When skin is thoroughly hydrated at deeper levels, it becomes less susceptible to damage from pollutants, UV exposure, and irritants. It also recovers more efficiently from cosmetic procedures, acne breakouts, or inflammatory conditions. Moreover, well-hydrated skin maintains elasticity and firmness for longer, which helps delay the visible signs of aging such as fine lines and sagging. Over
time, consistent deep hydration contributes to a smoother, stronger, and more adaptable skin barrier, supporting overall skin health and radiance.
CONCLUSION
Deep hydration extends beyond being just a skincare trend and is an essential component of maintaining skin health, balance, and resilience. Addressing hydration both at the surface and within the deeper layers of the skin allows it to perform protective and restorative functions optimally. Deep hydration enhances the skin barrier function, reduces inflammation, and promotes cellular repair, resulting in skin that is supple, firm, and radiant. Prioritizing comprehensive hydration strategies is a vital investment in achieving lasting skin health and beauty, ensuring that the skin remains vibrant and resilient over time.
1. Camilion JV, Khanna S, Anasseri S, Laney C, Mayrovitz HN. Physiological, Pathological, and Circadian Factors Impacting Skin Hydration. Cureus. 2022; 14(8):e27666. Published 2022 Aug 4. doi:10.7759/cureus.27666.
2. Mojumdar EH, Pham QD, Topgaard D, Sparr E. Skin hydration: interplay between molecular dynamics, structure and water uptake in the stratum corneum. Sci Rep. 2017; 7(1):15712. Published 2017 Nov 16. Doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-15921-
3. Bianchini JM, Zhang Q, Hanna G, et al. A unique gel matrix moisturizer delivers deep hydration resulting in significant clinical improvement in radiance and texture. ClinCosmetInvestigDermatol. 2019; 12:229-239. Published 2019 Apr 15. doi:10.2147/CCID.S196110
4. M, Sparavigna A. The 24-hour skin hydration and barrier function effects of a hyaluronic 1%, glycerin 5%, and Centellaasiatica stem cells extract moisturizing fluid: an intra-subject, randomized, assessor-blinded study. ClinCosmetInvestigDermatol. 2017; 10:311-315. Published 2017 Aug 11. doi:10.2147/CCID.S144180
5. Spada F, Barnes TM, Greive KA. Skin hydration is significantly increased by a cream formulated to mimic the skin's own natural moisturizing systems. ClinCosmetInvestigDermatol. 2018; 11:491-497. Published 2018 Oct 15. doi:10.2147/CCID.S177697
6. Yin Z, Ren H. Aquaporins in Skin. AdvExp Med Biol. 2023; 1398:211-223. Doi: 10.1007/978-981-19-74151_15
PEPTIDES AND GROWTH FACTORS:
REVOLUTIONIZING SKIN
REJUVENATION
INTRODUCTION
As we age, our skin inevitably undergoes a transformation marked by fine lines, sagging, dullness, and uneven tone. These visible signs of aging are largely driven by the gradual breakdown of collagen and elastin, reduced cell turnover, and increased oxidative stress. While aging is a natural and complex biological process influenced by both internal factors like genetics and external factors such as sun exposure, pollution, and lifestyle choices, modern science is rapidly
transforming how we care for and rejuvenate our skin. At the forefront of this skincare revolution are peptides and growth factors two potent categories of biomolecules that work at the cellular level to repair, restore, and revitalize the skin. Peptides and growth factors play a crucial role in skin repair by stimulating collagen and elastin synthesis, enhancing hydration, and regulating cell renewal and tissue remodeling. These biomolecules help reverse visible signs of aging and restore skin vitality.
Advances in delivery technologies like nano-encapsulation and AIdriven formulation have improved the stability and effectiveness of these compounds. As demand for non-invasive yet highly effective skin rejuvenation options grows, peptides and growth factors are reshaping the future of skincare bringing professional-grade results within reach of every woman seeking youthful, resilient, and glowing skin.1, 2
PEPTIDES AND GROWTH FACTORS: ESSENTIAL COMPONENTS FOR SKIN RENEWAL AND YOUTHFUL RADIANCE
• Peptides are short chains of amino acids that play a vital role in advanced skincare by stimulating the production of collagen and elastin—the key proteins responsible for skin firmness, elasticity, and tone. As natural collagen declines with age, peptides help trigger skin repair and support cellular regeneration, leading to a smoother, firmer, and more radiant complexion.3
• Beyond structural support, many peptides also offer antioxidant protection, defending the skin against oxidative damage caused by environmental factors like UV rays and pollution. This dual role of renewal and protection makes peptides indispensable in modern anti-aging skincare.3
• Growth factors are regulatory proteins produced mainly by fibroblasts in the skin that facilitate cellular communication and tissue regeneration. They stimulate collagen synthesis and help maintain the extracellular matrix, which underpins skin strength and elasticity.3
• Leveraging the skin natural repair processes shared between wound healing and aging, topical growth factor formulations promote skin renewal, improve texture, and reduce fine lines and wrinkles. Together with peptides, growth factors provide a powerful, non-invasive strategy to restore skin vitality and youthful glow.3
TYPES OF PEPTIDES AND THEIR ROLE IN SKIN HEALTH
Peptides play a vital role in skin maintenance by acting as signaling molecules that regulate key cellular activities. They interact with specific pathways to promote skin regeneration, reinforce structural integrity, and reduce visible signs of cutaneous senescence. Each type of peptide contributes uniquely to this process, making them valuable components in skincare aimed at improving texture, tone, and overall skin resilience.2
➢ Signal Peptides
Signal peptides stimulate fibroblasts
to produce collagen, elastin, and other extracellular matrix proteins vital for skin firmness and elasticity.
They activate pathways such as TGF-β, enhancing skin repair and texture. Common examples include Palmitoyl Pentapeptide-4, which promotes collagen and ECM synthesis; Tripeptide-10 Citrulline, known for regulating collagen fibril formation and spacing; and Palmitoyl Hexapeptide-12, which encourages collagen and elastin production and also exhibits antiinflammatory effects.2
➢ Carrier Peptides
Carrier peptides deliver essential minerals like copper and manganese to skin cells, supporting collagen synthesis, wound healing, and antioxidant defense. Notable peptides in this category include Copper Tripeptide-1, which enhances collagen production and reduces inflammation; Manganese Tripeptide-1, effective in reducing pigmentation and oxidative damage; and Glycyl-L-histidylL-lysine, known for its skin regenerative properties through copper binding. 2
➢ Neurotransmitter- ........ Inhibiting Peptides
These peptides work by reducing muscle contractions through inhibition of acetylcholine release, thereby softening expression lines and preventing dynamic wrinkles. Key examples are Acetyl Hexapeptide-3, which inhibits neurotransmitter release to relax muscles; Pentapeptide-18, which modulates neurotransmitter signals to diminish wrinkles; and Acetyl Octapeptide-3, known for blocking the SNARE complex formation to limit muscle contractions.2
➢ Enzyme-Inhibiting .......
Peptides
Enzyme-inhibiting peptides help protect the skin structure by preventing the breakdown of collagen and elastin through inhibition of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs).
Examples include Soybean Peptides, which possess antioxidant properties and promote collagen synthesis; Silk Peptides, which inhibit metalloproteinase activity and stimulate hyaluronic acid production; and Rice Peptides, recognized for their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory benefits.2
MECHANISM AND TYPES OF GROWTH FACTORS IN SKIN REGENERATION
➢ Growth factors are specialized proteins that bind to receptors on skin cells such as EGFR, FGFR, PDGFR, IGF-1R, and TGF-β receptors, activating pathways that promote keratinocyte and fibroblast proliferation, collagen and elastin production, angiogenesis, and extracellular matrix remodelling.4
➢ These biological activities closely mimic the natural wound-healing process, making growth factors highly effective in reversing signs of skin aging, improving firmness, texture, and radiance.4
➢ Techniques like micro-needling enhance the delivery of growth factors by creating micro-channels in the skin, increasing their penetration and bioavailability.4
➢ Key growth factors including EGF, FGF, PDGF, TGF-β, and IGF-1 support skin regeneration by accelerating cell turnover, stimulating collagen synthesis, and strengthening overall skin structure, making them essential components in advanced anti-aging skincare.4
BENEFITS OF PEPTIDES AND GROWTH FACTORS FOR SKIN REJUVENATION
The benefits of peptides and growth factors are as follows:
➢ Strengthening Skin Structure and Barrier
Specialized peptides boost proteins like collagen XVII, laminin, and nidogen at the dermal-epidermal junction, enhancing skin firmness and integrity. They also improve the skin natural barrier, locking in moisture and maintaining hydration balance for sustained resilience.5
➢ Stimulating Collagen, Elastin, and ECM Production
Signal peptides activate fibroblasts to produce collagen, elastin, and hyaluronic acid, while carrier peptides aid mineral delivery (e.g., copper) to reduce inflammation and oxidative stress, supporting overall skin regeneration.2
➢ Protecting against Matrix Breakdown and Aging
Enzyme-inhibiting peptides block matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), preserving collagen and elastin from degradation. Growth factors reverse photo-aging signs by restoring extracellular matrix components and
improving skin texture and fine lines.2
➢ Enhancing Skin Renewal and Cellular Repair
Growth factors promote keratinocyte and fibroblast proliferation, accelerating wound healing and tissue remodelling. When combined with micro-needling, they improve skin penetration, boost texture, and reduce wrinkles with minimal downtime.6
➢ Providing Anti-inflammatory, Antioxidant, and Vascular Benefits
Certain peptides reduce inflammatory cytokines and oxidative damage, helping to prevent premature aging. Growth factors also stimulate angiogenesis, increasing blood flow and nutrient delivery for healthier, more vibrant skin.7
LIMITATIONS OF
PEPTIDES
AND GROWTH FACTORS IN SKIN REJUVENATION
• Peptides stimulate collagen production and improve skin elasticity but are prone to enzymatic degradation and have short half-lives, which limits their effectiveness.8,9
• Growth factors are large molecules that face challenges penetrating the skin barrier and are sensitive to environmental factors such as heat and oxidation.8,9
• Both peptides and growth factors require advanced delivery methods to overcome stability and absorption issues.8,9
• Techniques like peptide modification (lipidation, cyclization) enhance peptide stability and prolong their activity.8,9
• Innovative delivery systems, including liposomes, microneedling, and nanoemulsions, improve skin penetration and bioavailability, increasing overall treatment efficacy and safety.8,9
EMERGING TRENDS & INNOVATIONS IN PEPTIDE AND GROWTH FACTOR SKIN REJUVENATION
• Advanced Delivery Systems: Techniques like nanoencapsulation, liposomes, and microneedling are improving the stability and skin penetration of peptides and growth factors for deeper, more effective action.10
• Concentrated Growth Factor (CGF) Therapy: Sourced from PRP, CGFs offer sustained protein release for collagen stimulation and scar repair with minimal downtime.10
• Next-Gen Peptides: Engineered peptides now deliver multiple benefits—collagen boost, antioxidant protection, and antiinflammatory effects—in a single formulation.10
• Exosome-Based .......... Therapies: Stem cell–derived exosomes mimic the body natural healing signals, promoting skin regeneration, reducing inflammation, and enhancing repair.10
• Combination ................. Approaches: Pairing peptides and growth factors with energybased treatments like lasers or ultrasound enhances collagen remodeling and accelerates recovery.10
• Sustainable & Biomimetic Ingredients: Lab-grown, biomimetic peptides are gaining traction as ethical, effective alternatives, aligning with clean beauty standards.10
CONCLUSION
Peptides and growth factors are transforming skin rejuvenation by targeting aging at the cellular level stimulating collagen production, enhancing repair, and protecting against damage. While challenges like stability and delivery remain, innovations such as nanoencapsulation and microneedling have significantly improved their effectiveness. With the rise of advanced therapies like exosome-based treatments, these biomolecules are paving the way for more effective, and minimally invasive anti-aging solutions, setting a new standard in modern skincare.
REFERENCES
1. Mao Z. Frontiers in Skin Rejuvenation: Recent Advances in Anti Aging Skincare Technologies Based on Proteins, Peptides, and Peptide Derivatives. Mod Health Sci. 2025;8(1):69 80.
2. Pintea A, Manea A, Pintea C, et al. Peptides: Emerging Candidates for the Prevention and Treatment of Skin Senescence: A Review. Biomolecules. 2025; 15(1):88. Published 2025 Jan 9. doi:10.3390/biom15010088
3. Li T, Lu H, Zhou L, et al. Growth factors-based platelet lysate rejuvenates skin against ageing through NFκB signalling pathway: In vitro and in vivo mechanistic and clinical studies. Cell Prolif. 2022;55(4):e13212. doi:10.1111/cpr.13212
4. Jeong S, Yoon S, Kim S, et al. Anti-Wrinkle Benefits of Peptides Complex Stimulating Skin Basement Membrane Proteins Expression. Int J Mol Sci. 2019;21(1):73. Published 2019 Dec 20. doi:10.3390/ijms21010073.
5. Barone F, Bashey S, Woodin Jr. FW. Clinical Evidence of Dermal and Epidermal Restructuring from a Biologically Active Growth Factor Serum for Skin Rejuvenation. J Drugs Dermatol. 2019;18(3):290-295
6. Eliana Veiga, Laura Ferreira, Mafalda Correia, Patrícia C. Pires, Huma Hameed, André R.T. S. Araújo, Letícia Caramori Cefali, Priscila Gava Mazzola, Hamed Hamishehkar, Francisco Veiga, Ana Cláudia Paiva-Santos, Anti-aging peptides for advanced skincare: Focus on nanodelivery systems, Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology, Volume 89, 2023, 105087, ISSN 1773-2247, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jddst.2023.105087.
7. Samizadeh S, Belhaouari L. Effectiveness of growth factor-induced therapy for skin rejuvenation: A case series. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2021;20(6):1867-1874. doi:10.1111/jocd.13750
8. Eskens O, Amin S. Challenges and effective routes for formulating and delivery of epidermal growth factors in skin care. Int J Cosmet Sci. 2021;43(2):123-130. doi:10.1111/ics.12685
9. Al Musaimi O, Lombardi L, Williams DR, Albericio F. Strategies for Improving Peptide Stability and Delivery. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2022;15(10):1283. Published 2022 Oct 19. doi:10.3390/ph15101283
10. Ash M, Zibitt M, Shauly O, Menon A, Losken A, Gould D. The Innovative and Evolving Landscape of Topical Exosome and Peptide Therapies: A Systematic Review of the Available Literature. Aesthet Surg J Open Forum. 2024;6:ojae017. Published 2024 Mar 19. doi:10.1093/asjof/ojae017
EXOSOME THERAPY:
A BREAKTHROUGH
IN SKIN REGENERATION AND ANTI-AGING.
INTRODUCTION
Uneven skin tone, pigmentation issues, and early signs of aging are common concerns often caused by sun damage, environmental factors, inflammation, and the natural aging process. As more individuals seek effective ways to maintain youthful, healthy skin, innovative treatments are emerging that go beyond traditional skincare products. One such treatment is exosome therapy—a cell-free approach that
harnesses the body natural cellular communication system to support skin repair and renewal. Exosomes are tiny particles released by cells that carry essential proteins and genetic material, helping skin cells regenerate and restore themselves. Increasingly incorporated into skincare, exosome therapy offers a safe, non-invasive option that improves skin texture, tone, and overall health by working in harmony with the body natural
healing processes. Exosome therapy suits a wide range of individuals who show signs of premature aging or sun damage, experience chronic skin inflammation or sensitivity, seek faster recovery after cosmetic procedures, or desire a natural, noninvasive method to rejuvenate their skin. It works gently and effectively, making it appropriate for all skin types and tones.1
WHAT ARE EXOSOMES?
Exosomes are tiny extracellular vesicles, measuring 30 to 150 nanometers, released by most cells in the body. They carry important molecules such as proteins, lipids, RNA, cytokines, and growth factors that enable communication between cells. This communication plays a key role in tissue repair, immune response, and cell regeneration. Exosomes derived from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), which can be obtained from bone marrow, fat tissue, or umbilical cord blood, are especially valuable due to their powerful regenerative and anti-inflammatory effects. These MSC-derived exosomes help promote healing, stimulate collagen
production, and support skin renewal. Because they are cell-free, they offer many benefits of stem cell therapy without the risks related to using live cells. This makes them a promising and safe option for skin rejuvenation and repair.2
ROLE OF EXOSOMES IN SKIN REGENERATION AND ANTI-AGING
The skin, our largest organ, is constantly exposed to damaging factors such as UV radiation, pollution, stress, and the natural aging process. These elements gradually impair collagen and elastin production, slow down cellular regeneration, and weaken the skin barrier—leading to wrinkles, sagging, dullness, and uneven tone. Exosomes, nanosized extracellular vesicles rich in proteins, lipids, RNA, and growth factors, play a crucial role in reversing this damage and promoting skin rejuvenation through multiple targeted actions:
• Stimulate Collagen and Restore Firmness:
Exosomes activate fibroblasts to boost collagen and elastin synthesis, which are vital for maintaining firm, elastic skin. This results in the visible reduction of fine lines, wrinkles, and sagging.3, 4
• Improve Texture, Tone, and Radiance: By enhancing cellular turnover and renewal, exosomes help smooth rough skin, reduce sun-induced damage, and create a more refined, radiant complexion. 3,4
• Improve Hyperpigmentation and Brighten Skin: Exosomes regulate melanocyte activity and suppress excessive melanin production, effectively treating conditions like melasma, sunspots, and post-
inflammatory hyperpigmentation while promoting a more even skin tone.3, 4
• Hydrate and Strengthen the Skin Barrier:
They improve moisture retention and reinforce the skin protective barrier, reducing dryness, sensitivity, and vulnerability to environmental aggressors.3,4
• Reduce Inflammation and Promote Healing:
With powerful anti-inflammatory and regenerative properties, exosomes accelerate healing from acne, cosmetic procedures, and other skin damage, while minimizing redness, irritation, and scarring.3,4
• Offer a Safe, NonInvasive, Cell-Free Alternative:
Unlike stem cell therapies, exosome therapy is cell-free—providing regenerative benefits without the risks of immune rejection or abnormal cell growth, making it a safer and more controlled option for skin rejuvenation.3,4
In skincare, exosomes derived from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) found in bone marrow, adipose tissue, and umbilical cord blood are especially valuable. These stem cell-derived exosomes are rich in growth factors including Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF), Transforming Growth Factor-beta (TGF-β), Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF), and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF). These growth factors are crucial for collagen production, skin repair, and regeneration of skin cells, all essential for maintaining a youthful, radiant complexion. This comprehensive, multifaceted approach makes exosomes one of the most advanced and promising tools in modern anti-aging and regenerative skincare.3, 4
APPLICATION METHODS OF EXOSOME THERAPY IN SKIN REJUVENATION
Exosome therapy is applied through various methods in both clinical and skincare settings, each designed to deliver regenerative molecules into the skin to support healing, repair, and anti-aging.
• Topical Application of Exosome Serum and Cream
Exosome-enriched serums, creams, and recovery masks are applied post-procedure (e.g., after microneedling or laser treatments) or used in daily skincare routines. While less intensive than injectable, these products promote hydration, reduce inflammation, and support long-term skin maintenance— especially when used with procedures that enhance skin permeability.6
• Microneedling with Exosomes
This method uses fine needles to create micro-channels in the skin, allowing exosomes to penetrate more deeply into the dermal layers. This enhances cellular repair and regeneration, making it particularly effective for improving acne scars, fine lines, enlarged pores, and overall skin texture.5
• Injectable Exosome Treatment
In clinical settings, exosomes may be injected into specific areas of the skin—such as those affected by volume loss, wrinkles, or scarring—for targeted rejuvenation. This method ensures deep delivery of regenerative compounds, leading to improved tissue repair and localized anti-aging benefits.7
• Combination Therapy with Exosome
Exosome therapy is frequently combined with other advanced aesthetic treatments like laser resurfacing, and platelet-rich plasma (PRP). In these protocols, exosomes act synergistically to enhance results by accelerating tissue repair, reducing post-procedure inflammation, and amplifying collagen production. These combination therapies shorten recovery time, improve treatment efficacy, and provide more visible and longer-lasting rejuvenation outcomes.8
In all applications, the core objective of exosome therapy is to deliver
powerful, cell-free regenerative signals directly into the skin— stimulating collagen synthesis, supporting cellular repair, and restoring skin health in a noninvasive, safe, and effective manner.
CHALLENGES IN EXOSOME ISOLATION AND STABILITY
• Exosomes are difficult to extract and stabilize due to their small size and sensitivity to temperature, pressure, and pH changes.9
• Common isolation methods include ultracentrifugation and ultrafiltration:
➢ Ultracentrifugation is accessible and processes large volumes but yields lower purity due
to contamination with small particles.9
➢ Ultrafiltration improves purity by filtering based on size but can reduce yield due to exosome coagulation on membranes.9
➢ Optimized Ultrafiltration (OUF) combines both methods to increase purity (over 90%) and minimize exosome damage.9
• Advanced stabilization techniques, including biomimetic hydrogels, protect exosomes from environmental damage and maintain stability at room temperature.9
• Proper isolation and stabilization are essential to maintain exosome purity, cargo integrity, and therapeutic effectiveness in skin treatments.9
CONCLUSION
Exosome therapy represents a significant advancement in regenerative skin treatments, offering a cell-free, biologically active approach to improving skin integrity, structure, and appearance. By delivering nanosized vesicles containing growth factors, cytokines, and genetic material, exosomes modulate cellular behaviour—enhancing fibroblast activity, promoting collagen synthesis, reducing inflammation, and accelerating tissue repair. This non-invasive modality provides a safer alternative to cell-based treatments, without the associated risks of immune rejection or uncontrolled proliferation. Integrated with advanced aesthetic procedures, exosome-based interventions are emerging as a cornerstone in modern skin rejuvenation protocols. For individuals seeking evidence-based, minimally invasive solutions to combat signs of aging and photo-damage, exosome therapy offers a promising and scientifically grounded option.
REFERENCES
1. Vyas KS, Kaufman J, Munavalli GS, Robertson K, Behfar A, Wyles SP. Exosomes: the latest in regenerative aesthetics. Regen Med. 2023; 18(2):181-194. Doi: 10.2217/rme-2022-0134.
2. Villarreal-Gómez LJ, Origel-Lucio S, Hernández-Hernández DA, Pérez-González GL. Use of Exosomes for Cosmetics Applications. Cosmetics. 2025; 12(1):9. https://doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics12010009.
3. Thakur A, Shah D, Rai D, Parra DC, Pathikonda S, Kurilova S, Cili A. Therapeutic Values of Exosomes in Cosmetics, Skin Care, Tissue Regeneration, and Dermatological Diseases. Cosmetics. 2023; 10(2):65. https:// doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics10020065.
4. Manni G, Buratta S, Pallotta MT, et al. Extracellular Vesicles in Aging: An Emerging Hallmark? Cells. 2023; 12(4):527. Published 2023 Feb 6. Doi: 10.3390/cells12040527.
5. Wan J, Yoon SE, Yi KH. The Efficacy of Combined Exosome (Exodew) and Microneedling Treatment for Facial Pore Reduction and Skin Texture Improvement. Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open. 2025; 13(6):e6849. Published 2025 Jun 5. doi:10.1097/GOX.0000000000006849.
6. Olumesi KR, Goldberg DJ. A review of exosomes and their application in cutaneous medical aesthetics. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2023; 22(10):2628-2634. doi:10.1111/jocd.15930.
7. Hu S, Li Z, Cores J, et al. Needle-Free Injection of Exosomes Derived from Human Dermal Fibroblast Spheroids Ameliorates Skin Photoaging. ACS Nano. 2019; 13(10):11273-11282. doi:10.1021/acsnano.9b04384.
8. Anitua E, Troya M, Falcon-Pérez JM, López-Sarrio S, González E, Alkhraisat MH. Advances in Platelet Rich Plasma-Derived Extracellular Vesicles for Regenerative Medicine: A Systematic-Narrative Review. Int J Mol Sci. 2023; 24(17):13043. Published 2023 Aug 22. Doi: 10.3390/ijms241713043.
9. Miller, J., Chen, G., & Hayag, M. V. (2023). A Review of Exosomes in Regenerative Cosmetic Dermatology. Molecular Frontiers Journal, 7(01n02), 64-70.
