Summer 2022

SPRING2013 SUMMER2022

CHANGES TO IEEE STD. 1584,

IEEE GUIDE FOR PERFORMING ARC-FLASH HAZARD CALCULATIONS PART 2

CHECKLISTS AND EFFECTIVE JOB BRIEFINGS ARE IMPORTANT TO IMPROVING SAFETY PAGE 48 MENTORSHIP IS CRITICAL IN THE ELECTRICAL SECTOR PAGE 56 BATTERY SAFETY PAGE 62

ISS N 2 1 6 7 -35 9 4 N ETA WO R LD J O UR N A L PR I N T ISS N 2 1 6 7 -35 8 6 N ETA WO R LD J O UR N A L O N LI N E

IMPROVED METHOD FOR SAFE TIMING MEASUREMENT OF GIS CIRCUIT BREAKERS PAGE 68

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IN THIS I S S U E

SUMMER2022 · VOLUME 44, NO. 2

COVER STORY

Impact of Changes to 40 IEEE Std. 1584, IEEE Guide

for Performing Arc-Flash Hazard Calculations — Part 2 Steve Park, PE, Vertiv

Part 2 continues the discussion of the 2018 changes to the arc flash calculation process in IEEE 1584.

Checklists and Effective 48 Job Briefings Are Important to Improving Safety

40

D. Ray Crow, DRC Consulting, Inc.

Make efficient checklists and job briefings to reduce incidents and save lives.

Mentorship Is Critical 56 in the Electrical Sector Mike Doherty, eHazard

Learn how a mentoring program can build employee skills, decrease turnover, and increase loyalty.

62 Battery Safety Andrew Sagl, Megger

Modern instruments can make testing large battery banks safer and more efficient.

48

Improved Method for 68 Safe Timing Measurement of GIS Circuit Breakers

Radenko Ostojic, Adnan Secic, Budo Milovic, and Kerim Obarcanin, DV Power

Explore an improved method for testing demanding cases.

68

TAB LE O F C O N T EN T S

8 INSIGHTS AND INSPIRATION 8 Mose Ramieh III: Stay Involved to Stay Relevant

IN EVERY ISSUE 7 President’s Desk

A Safety Reminder Eric Beckman, National Field Services NETA President

34

82

90 Medium-Voltage Circuit Breaker Condition Assessment Siegfried Bernhauswer and Ari Tirroniemi, OMICRON electronics

CAP CORNER 94 Advancements in the Industry

The Key to Relay Protection Success: Cooperation Ed Khan, Doble Engineering

14 Relay Column

Sync Check Supervision Steve Turner, Arizona Public Service Company

20 In the Field

Improving Safety in the Field Matt Eakins, Advanced Electrical Services, Ltd.

NETA NEWS 104 NETA Welcomes CFM Services as NETA Accredited Company

27 Safety Corner

106 Outstanding Achievement Award: Ken Bassett, Potomac Testing

32 Tech Quiz

112 Alliance Recognition Award: Drew Welton, intellirent

Performing Personnel Audits Paul Chamberlain, American Electrical Testing Co., LLC Safety Virginia Balitski, Magna IV Engineering

117 PowerTest 2022 Generates Powerful Connections for the Future

34 Tech Tips

Safety Testing of EV Chargers Jeff Jowett, Megger

INDUSTRY TOPICS

SPECIFICATIONS AND STANDARDS 102 ANSI/NETA Standards Update

76 Acceptance Testing Collaboration Leads to Improved Project Delivery

IMPORTANT LISTS

82 Power Factor: Understanding the Difference Between DPF and TPF

130 Advertiser List

Eric Nation, High Voltage Maintenance Corporation

Ken Kious, PowerSight

122 NETA Accredited Companies

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3050 Old Centre Road, Suite 101 Portage, MI 49024 Toll free: 888.300.NETA (6382) Phone: 269.488.NETA (6382) Fax: 269.488.6383 neta@netaworld.org www.netaworld.org executive director: Missy Richard NETA Officers president: Eric Beckman, National Field Services first vice president: Ken Bassett, Potomac Testing second vice president: Bob Sheppard, Premier Power Maintenance secretary: Dan Hook, Western Electrical Services, Inc. treasurer: John White, Sigma Six Solutions, Inc. NETA Board of Directors Virginia Balitski (Magna IV Engineering) Ken Bassett (Potomac Testing, Inc.) Eric Beckman (National Field Services) Scott Blizard (American Electrical Testing Co., Inc.) Jim Cialdea (CE Power Engineered Services, LLC) Scott Dude (Dude Electrical Testing LLC) Dan Hook (Western Electrical Services, Inc.) David Huffman (Power Systems Testing) Chasen Tedder, Hampton Tedder Technical Services Ron Widup (Shermco Industries) non-voting board member

Lorne Gara (Shermco Industries) Alan Peterson (Utility Service Corporation) John White (Sigma Six Solutions) NETA World Staff technical editors: Roderic L. Hageman, Tim Cotter assistant technical editors: Jim Cialdea, Dan Hook, Dave Huffman, Bob Sheppard associate editor: Resa Pickel managing editor: Carla Kalogeridis copy editor: Beverly Sturtevant advertising manager: Laura McDonald design and production: Moon Design NETA Committee Chairs conference: Ron Widup; membership: Ken Bassett; promotions/marketing: Scott Blizard; safety: Scott Blizard; technical: Alan Peterson; technical exam: Dan Hook; continuing technical development: David Huffman; training: Eric Beckman; finance: John White; nominations: Dave Huffman; alliance program: Jim Cialdea; association development: Ken Bassett and John White © Copyright 2022, NETA

NOTICE AND DISCLAIMER

NETA World is published quarterly by the InterNational Electrical Testing Association.

Opinions, views and conclusions expressed in articles herein are those of the authors and not necessarily those of NETA. Publication herein does not constitute or imply endorsement of any opinion, product, or service by NETA, its directors, officers, members, employees or agents (herein “NETA”).

All technical data in this publication reflects the experience of individuals using specific tools, products, equipment and components under specific conditions and circumstances which may or may not be fully reported and over which NETA has neither exercised nor reserved control.

Such data has not been independently tested or otherwise verified by NETA. NETA MAKES NO ENDORSEMENT, REPRESENTATION OR WARRANTY AS TO ANY OPINION, PRODUCT OR SERVICE REFERENCED OR ADVERTISED IN THIS PUBLICATION. NETA EXPRESSLY DISCLAIMS ANY AND ALL LIABILITY TO ANY CONSUMER, PURCHASER OR ANY OTHER PERSON USING ANY PRODUCT OR SERVICE REFERENCED OR ADVERTISED HEREIN FOR ANY INJURIES OR DAMAGES OF ANY KIND WHATSOEVER, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL, DIRECT OR INDIRECT DAMAGES. NETA FURTHER DISCLAIMS ANY AND ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OF IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, ANY IMPLIED WARRANTY OF FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. ELECTRICAL TESTING SHALL BE PERFORMED ONLY BY TRAINED ELECTRICAL PERSONNEL AND SHALL BE SUPERVISED BY NETA CERTIFIED TECHNICIANS/ LEVEL III OR IV OR BY NICET CERTIFIED TECHNICIANS IN ELECTRICAL TESTING TECHNOLOGY/LEVEL III OR IV. FAILURE TO ADHERE TO ADEQUATE TRAINING, SAFETY REQUIREMENTS, AND APPLICABLE PROCEDURES MAY RESULT IN LOSS OF PRODUCTION, CATASTROPHIC EQUIPMENT FAILURE, SERIOUS INJURY OR DEATH. ISSN 2167-3594 NETA WORLD JOURNAL PRINT ISSN 2167-3586 NETA WORLD JOURNAL ONLINE

PRESIDENT’S DESK

A SAFETY REMINDER Summer is in full swing across the country, and I want to take some time to focus on safety. You’ll find many of our articles in this edition of NETA World revolve around some aspect of safety. Our cover story continues the discussion of the 2018 changes to the arc flash calculation process in IEEE 1584. (Editor’s note: Catch up on Part 1 in the Spring 2022 edition of NETA World).

I particularly want to focus my message on driving. Many times, we’re very focused on the electrical hazards associated with the jobs we do, and rightly so. However, we often forget about some of the other hazards that can sometimes be taken for granted.

For instance, perhaps the most dangerous thing each of us does every single day is drive to and from our place of work. This has been minimized to some extent for office staff working remotely during COVID, but has never changed for our technicians and engineers in the field.

NHTSA reported that 39,000 people were killed in car accidents in 2020. Compare that to 400 fatalities per year due to high-voltage electrical injuries reported by the NIH. We’re constantly worried about getting to our jobsite on time, or maybe we’re running behind or in a hurry to get prepared for the job. Then we’re anxious to get home or back to the hotel after a hard day’s work. And especially during this era of technology, there are so many distractions. The one that is possibly the most distracting is the cell phone.

I know these are things everyone already knows, but it’s good to remind everyone of this particular hazard that exists every single day, on work as well as personal time.

Just a few tips and reminders for safe driving: • • • • • •

Put your phone away when driving.

Don’t eat and drive.

Inspect your vehicle before use.

Don’t drive fatigued.

Practice defensive driving techniques.

Slow down.

We work in a very dangerous industry, but remember that electrical hazards are just one of many dangers that exist in the daily life of a field technician and engineer.

Plan ahead, and always put safety first!

Eric Beckman, PE, President InterNational Electrical Testing Association PRESIDENT’S DESK

NETAWORLD

•

7

INSIGHTS & INSPIRATION

MOSE RAMIEH III: STAY INVOLVED TO STAY RELEVANT

Mose Ramieh III says his path to success in the electrical testing industry has been “quite a road,” and his long list hits “just the high points.” A former Navy man, Texas Longhorn, vlogger, CrossFit enthusiast, and slow-cigar-smoking champion, Mose has been in the electrical testing industry for 24 years. Over the years, he has held positions at four companies in roles ranging from field service technician, operations, sales, business development, and company owner.

Closing in on 25 years in the industry, this Level 4 NETA Technician shares his thoughts on how to make the most of your own road to success.

NW: Please share your journey on how you got to the job you currently hold. How long have you been in the field; how did you get started? What attracted you to electrical testing?

Ramieh: My entry into the electrical testing business began in November 1996 around the time of my wedding. I was less than one year from leaving the U.S. Navy, and my role in the Navy was not a perfect fit. As a steamplant engineer, my job was to boil water into steam to turn turbines. If those turbines turned generators, my responsibility ended when those electrons left the generator.

My father was weary of working for the electrical testing company that employed him at that time, and we had discussed the opportunity to join him in business after I left the Navy. So in August 1997, I left San Diego for Nashville, Tennessee, to join my father in the business he had started in January of that year — Power & Generation Testing, Inc. (PGTI).

8

• SUMMER 2022

While I had some electrical background from college and my time in the Navy, I had very little experience working on utility and industrial equipment. Because I also wanted to avoid the son-of-the-owner negative connotation that routinely occurs, I either volunteered or was volun-told to participate in every night, weekend, holiday, and outage.

The less attractive the role, the better. I was going to earn my way. There was no going to a training class. Every day on the job was the classroom as I learned from some dedicated and hardworking men. I should mention there was also plenty of learning from books, equipment manuals, and NETA World. This was before the internet (LOL).

Before PGTI became a NETA company, I was the first in our company to take and pass the NICET exam, much to the surprise — dare I say frustration and confusion — of the more seasoned technicians we employed. After we became a NETA company, I took and passed Level 2 and Level 3 on the same day. At that

MOSE RAMIEH III: STAY INVOLVED TO STAY RELEVANT

INSIGHTS & INSPIRATION

time, it was a paper test, and it took weeks to get a pass/fail notice.

Somewhere around 2005, I became an owner in PGTI and continued to work daily in the business. I worked in every role: sales, project management, and field testing. I was the poster child for being a jack of all trades and master of none. My father and I worked to grow that business and had many wonderful years (and more than a few disagreements ). Ultimately, in October 2015, we decided to sell the business to CE Power. I’ll skip the details of my time with CE Power other than to say it is hard to go from being an owner to being a “sales asset.” I left my company in September 2018.

So there I was, an unemployable NETA Level 4 Technician with time on my hands. I tried some independent work and also worked as a

MOSE RAMIEH III: STAY INVOLVED TO STAY RELEVANT

manufacturer’s rep. During this time, I was able to travel to Chile for two months (June–August 2019) to put my NETA Level 4 skills to work.

It was during my time in Chile that I received a call from Finley Ledbetter to become a part owner in a company purchase in Michigan.

Our group of investors bought PowerTech Services (PTS) in October 2019. I relocated to Swartz Creek, Michigan, and spent most of 2020 turning that business around. With a good bit of hard work, and definitely a bit of luck, PTS began to run well, allowing me to return to my 24-year home base in Nashville in November 2020, Now I’m Vice President of Business Development for CBS Field Services, which is the rebranded name of PowerTech Services, doing whatever is needed to help our business be successful.

NETAWORLD

•

9

INSIGHTS & INSPIRATION NW: What about this work keeps you committed to the profession?

Ramieh: It’s a challenging business. It tests you mentally and physically. There have been times where I have wanted to throw my tools down and walk out the door. So what keeps me committed? The recognition I get when customers and other industrial professionals seek me out to help them solve problems. It’s sort of like that sweet golf shot that keeps you coming back and playing that frustrating game.

TO THIS DAY, MOSE CLAIMS HE IS ON CALL 24/7/365 TO ASSIST ANYONE WITH AN ELECTRICAL CHALLENGE. THAT INCLUDES YOU, SO BE SURE TO CONNECT WITH HIM ON THE SOCIALS.

NW: What about this work is specifically challenging for you, and how are you overcoming that challenge?

Ramieh: I’m challenged by the “race to the bottom” pricing of many clients, including large utilities that shall remain nameless. As salaries continue to increase for P&C talent, customers continue to expect more for less.

NW: If you were talking to a young person interested in knowing more about being an electrical testing technician, how would you describe the job, and what advice would you give?

Ramieh: Every day is different. Just when you think you have it all figured out, there will be something new. A symptom of a problem that you have never seen before will derail your troubleshooting and challenge your understanding of electrical power. It can be frustrating to have to wait to take the NETA Level 3 exam, but those five years are important to become exposed to as many situations as possible.

My best advice: There is always that point in the project when the bulk of the work is done. Everyone is tired and ready to go home.

Typically, one or two of the most experienced technicians are tasked with getting the plant back online. Inevitably, there will be something that does not work like it is supposed to. It is those moments where the greatest learning happens. Be in the hip pocket of those guys every chance you get. Avoid being the ones

10

• SUMMER 2022

who are hanging out at the truck waiting to drive out the gate. Volunteer for every night, weekend, difficult job, and emergency call-out.

That is where we begin to separate the good technicians from the great ones.

Second best advice: Do not violate the laws of physics to explain why something happened.

The vast majority of electrical problems and failures are simple, and people try to make it way too complicated.

NW: Describe one of your best work days…

What happened?

Ramieh: My best day was actually a several-week-long project. It involved testing a 34-breaker metal-clad substation three times: once at the factory with the individual sections free standing in a warehouse, and the second time after the individuals sections were packaged into their e-houses. The final testing was after their installation onsite. The final installation was completed in seven long days involving dozens of men from the equipment manufacturer, relay manufacturer, electrical contractor, and our company. When the power to the plant was restored, the client and I stood outside the substation fence and enjoyed a cigar in celebration of a project well done.

I also got a hug from a client. On a Friday around 4:00 PM, a small data center lost power, and their transfer switch didn’t transfer to emergency. I got the second call and was the first to arrive onsite. The facility manager (a young lady) was frantic and her boss (in New York City) was on the phone attempting to give directions. Following one of my rules (slow it down), I calmly assessed the situation and politely ignored the guy from New York City. Identifying the problem, I enabled the transfer switch, and the lights came back on at the data center.

She was so overjoyed, she gave me my first and only customer hug for a job well done.

NW: Share the story of a day that didn’t go as planned. How did you respond to the situation and what did you learn?

MOSE RAMIEH III: STAY INVOLVED TO STAY RELEVANT

INSIGHTS & INSPIRATION Ramieh: I can think of several: • A technician opened a switch under load causing damage to equipment and shutting down production.

• A set of grounds on a 161 KV system was overlooked and closed in a live switch, causing significant damage and an extended outage.

• A technician re-energized a 13.8 KV system, and a potential transformer drawer blew up because of condensing moisture in the room.

• A technician inadvertently left a tool in a breaker, and it exploded and caught fire.

Some lessons were also learned from pain: • Superior performance is often the result of prior bad experiences.

• In each of these situations, immediately stepping up and taking ownership for any contribution to the event would have created customer loyalty in my experience.

• When things go wrong, slow it down.

Rushing to fix the situation can create additional issues and hazards.

• Take care of the people involved. They are often scared and are beating themselves up for the mistakes they made. You aren’t helping by beating them more.

• Document the lessons learned and update procedures and processes to avoid these mistakes in the future.

NW: How important is ongoing training and professional development in this field?

How do you keep updated on standards, safety, and new technologies?

Ramieh: It’s important to stay involved in the industry to stay relevant. Training and professional development is important, but it pales in the face of doing the work. The best technician will get rusty if they aren’t in the plants and substations doing the work.

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INSIGHTS & INSPIRATION Building relationships with individuals and companies that are developing the technology is the best way. New testing technology? Become an early adopter. Learn how to use it and be part of the group that refines the technology.

Build your network so that when you come across a situation you are not familiar with, you can call on others for help. Avoid being an island. As tempting (and easy) as it has been for me to be a “cowboy” over the years, my best results have come from involving other smart individuals.

NW: As an industry, what do you think should be the No. 1 priority over the next year? Where do we need to improve and grow as an industry and a profession?

NW: What are some of the energy trends you believe will affect your work in the future (e.g., EVs, wind, solar, etc.)? How are you preparing for future changes that may be coming your way?

NW: Is there anything else you’d like to share?

Ramieh: I’m of the opinion that I don’t much care how the power is produced (carbon fuels or renewable sources) — electrons are electrons. In my view, my function and our team’s function is to ensure that the power systems that distribute that power are safe and reliable. I am personally most curious about energy storage systems and how they could possibly change the future of power production.

I am currently working on using wearable, hands-free computer technology to see how that will empower the technicians of the future, including the availability of remote expert assistance and streamlined testing processes.

WA NT T O T E LL YOUR ST ORY ?

NETA World is looking for technicians, emerging leaders, and industry thought leaders to be featured in our Insight & Inspiration department. If you know someone who would make a great interview — or if you would like to be interviewed yourself — please contact Carla Kalogeridis at ckalogeridis@ netaworld.org.

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• SUMMER 2022

Ramieh: The No. 1 priority is recruiting the next generation of technicians. The demand for our services is only increasing, and the supply of the men and women to do the work is not keeping up. As an industry, we must focus on hiring inexperienced people and training them quickly.

Ramieh: The Internet of Things (IOT): The technology exists today that virtually every power system failure can be predicted or prevented. The best part is that most of this technology can be implemented on legacy systems. What gets in the way is the cost and a lingering perception that so long as the lights are on, there isn’t a problem. The cost still outweighs the benefit for many facilities.

This task of reflecting on my career (life) has brought a great deal of gratitude and thanks to mind. I am so thankful to have the support of Dusti, my wife of 25 years. Her amazing strength and resilience kept our family together through the rough patches. Thankful that our grown young men are finding their path into adulthood. Thankful for the opportunity that my father provided for us to work and grow together. Thankful for all the electricians, technicians, and engineers who worked with me, trained me, challenged me, and coached me over the years. Finally, I’m thankful for all the friendships that I have built in this industry. So many wonderful peers, partners, and customers.

I am blessed in so many ways. Thank you all.

“We have all drunk from wells we did not dig; We have been warmed by fires we did not build; We have sat in the shade of trees we did not plant; We are where we are because of what someone else did.”

MOSE RAMIEH III: STAY INVOLVED TO STAY RELEVANT

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RELAY COLUMN

SYNC CHECK SUPERVISION B Y S TE V E TU R NER, Arizona Public Service – Generation System Protection

The purpose of the sync check function (25) is to ensure that the voltage magnitude, phase angle, and frequency of the generator (VX) and the utility system (VS) are within a set of acceptable limits before the generator is synchronized with the system via closing the circuit breaker that connects them (Figure 1).

13.8 kV

Generator a c

52X

b

PTRX PTRS

A to B

Figure 1: Sync Check Application Diagram

14

• SUMMERR12022

An improper sync can result in electrical and mechanical transients that damage the prime mover (for example, turbine), generator, GSU, and other vital power system components.

Therefore, some users opt to externally supervise the sync check.

This article describes an application that uses two external relays to supervise the main sync check. Figure 2 shows the output contact arrangement for this scheme.

• R1 is the sync check output from the first supervisory relay.

• R2 is the sync check output from the second supervisory relay.

SYNC CHECK SUPERVISION

25

PTRX

RELAY COLUMN

E25X Synchronism Check Enable

PTRS

Y

• 25 is the output from the sync check relay.

Select: Y, N

E25X Synchronism Check Enable

Synchronism Check Elements

Y

A to B

All three must close simultaneously to allow a sync check.

Select: Y, N

Synchronism Check Window Elements - Low Threshold (volts) 25VLOX Voltage

104.00 Range = (volts) 0.00 to 300.00 25VLOX Voltage Window - Low Threshold 104.00

Range = 0.00 to 300.00

25VHIX Voltage Window - High Threshold (volts) 25VHIX Voltage Window - High Threshold (volts)

127.00 127.00

= 0.00 to 300.00 Range =Range 0.00 to 300.00

25VDIFX Maximum Voltage Difference (%)

R1

25VDIFX Maximum Voltage Difference (%) S. 1

Range = 1.0 to 15.0, OFF

S. 1

Range = 1.0 to 15.0, OFF

25RCFX Voltage Ratio Correction Factor

R2

1.000

Range = 0.500 to 2.000

25RCFX Voltage Ratio Correction Factor GENV+ Generator Voltage High Required

1.000

N

25

Range = 0.500 to 2.000

Select: Y, N

GENV+ Generator Voltage 25SLO Minimum Slip Fequency (Hz) High Required 0.00

Range = -1.00 to 0.99

N

Select: Y, N

25SHI Maximum Slip Frequency (Hz)

25SLO MinimumRange Slip=Fequency 0.10 -0.99 to 1.00(Hz)

Figure 2: Double Supervision E25X Synchronism Check Enable Y

0.001X Maximum Angle 1 Range 25ANG (degrees)= -1.00 to 0.99

Select: Y, N

10

Range = 0 to 80

25SHI Maximum Slip Frequency (Hz)

Synchronism Check Elements

R 1 S E T T IN GS

25ANG2X Maximum Angle 2 (degrees)

Voltagethe Window - Low Threshold Figure25VLOX 3 shows settings chosen(volts) for R1.

0.10 30

R 2 25VHIX S E TVoltage T INWindow GS - High Threshold (volts)

CANGLE Target Close Angle (degrees) 25ANG 1X Maximum Angle 1 (degrees)

104.00

Range = 0.00 to 300.00

= 0.00 to chosen 300.00 Figure127.00 4 shows theRange settings for R2.

These25VDIFX settings correspond directly to R1; Maximum Voltage Difference (%) however, it does not provide as much control.

S. 1 Range = 1.0 to 15.0, OFF Therefore, R1 must be set to match R2.

25RCFX Voltage Ratio Correction Factor 1.000

Range = 0.500 to 2.000

N

Select: Y, N

-3

Range = -15 to 15

10

Range = 0 to 80

SYNCPX Synchronism Check Phase (VABX, VBCX, VCAX or deg lag VABX) VBCX Select: 0, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, 210, 240, 270, 300, 330, VABX, VBCX, VCAX 25ANG2X Maximum Angle 2 (degrees) TCLOSDX Breaker Close TimeRange for Angle= Compensation 30 0 to 80 (milliseconds) 83

Range = 1 to 1000, OFF

CANGLE Target Close Angle (degrees)

C OM MIS S IONING A N GENV+ A LYGenerator S IS Voltage High Required

Figure 3: R1 Settings -3

25SLO Minimum Slip Fequency (Hz) Voltage Magnitude 0.00 Range = -1.00 to 0.99 The scheme was a live system tested to ensure Maximum Slip Frequency (Hz)synchronization. it will25SHI work properly during 0.10 Range = -0.99 to 1.007 show the Figure 5, Figure 6, and Figure measured voltage these tests. VAB is 25ANG 1X Maximum during Angle 1 (degrees) 10 Range while = 0 to 80V is the system the generator potential X potential.

Review of Figures 5 through 7 shows 25ANG2X Maximum Angle 2 (degrees) that the of V 30 magnitudes Range = AB 0 toand 80 VX are almost identical (that is, matched).

CANGLE Target Close Angle (degrees) -3

Range =Range 0 to 80 = -0.99 to 1.00

Range = -15 to 15

E25X # ENABLE 90SYNC CHECK FUNCTION Phase := AngleYLimit: 0 (Degree) 10 SYNCPXLimit: Synchronism Check Phase (VABX, VBCX, VCAX or deg lag VABX) Upper Voltage 60 140 (V) 25VLOX := 104 V127 # LOW VOLTAGE THRESHOLD Lower Voltage Limit: 40 120 VBCX Select: 0, HIGH 30, 60, 90,(V)120,THRESHOLD 150, 180, 210, 240, 270, 300, 330, V 25VHIX := 127 V104 # VOLTAGE Sync Check Delay: 1 8160 (Cycles) 1 25VDIFX := 5.1%5.8 # MAXIMUM VOLTAGE DIFFERENCE Delta Voltage: 1.0 50.0 (V) TCLOSDX Close Time# for Angle0.500 Compensation (milliseconds) GENV+ := NBreaker GENERATOR VOLTAGE HIGH REQUIRED Delta Frequency: 0.001 (Hz) 0.100 25SLO # 1MINIMUM 83 := 0.00 Range = to 1000, SLIP OFF FREQUENCY (Hz) 25SHI := 0.10 Hz # MAXIMUM SLIP FREQUENCY 25ANG1X := 10 degrees # MAXIMUM ANGLE 1 TCLOSDX := 83 ms # BREAKER CLOSE TIME (milliseconds) Setting 25VHIX

Phase Angle Limit:

Range = -15 to 15

+ 10 –

Originally, R1 was set so that a sync was only Upper Voltage Limit: 127 |Vpxc| SYNCPX Synchronism Check Phase (VABX, VBCX, VCAX or deg lag VABX) allowed when the generator potential magnitude Lower Voltage Limit: 104+ VBCX Select: 0, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, 210, 240, 270, 300, 330, VABX, VBCX, VCAX – was greater than the system. However, R2 does Sync Check Delay: 1 TCLOSDX Breaker Close Time for Angle (milliseconds) not provide this functionality ifCompensation the generator Delta Voltage: 5.8 + 83 Range = 1 to 1000, OFF |VSf| potential magnitude is greater than the real Deltafilter Frequency: 0.100– |VS| power flows out of the machine into the system, which prevents motoring on startup.

Figure 4: R2 Settings + Settings Phase Angle Limit:

10

0

90 (Degree)

Upper Voltage Limit:

127

60

140 (V)

Lower Voltage Limit: 104 SYNC CHECK SUPERVISION

40

120 (V)

Sync Check Delay:

1

1

8160 (Cycles)

Delta Voltage:

5.8

1.0

50.0 (V)

Delta Frequency:

0.100

0.001

0.500 (Hz)

25VLOX

0

90 (Degree)

60

140 (V)

40

120 (V)

1

8160 (Cycles)

1.0

50.0 (V)

0.001

0.500 (Hz)

–

BSYNCHX

NETAWORLD Setting 25VHIX

+ –

+

•

15

RELAY COLUMN

Figure 5: COMTRADE Record 1

Figure 6: COMTRADE Record 2

Figure 7: COMTRADE Record 3 Figure 8 shows the voltage comparison (VDIF and VENX) logic for R1. The voltage difference logic includes the GENV+ input and that this must be true for at least three cycles before VENX asserts and enables the

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angle comparison calculation. Therefore, 25AX1, 25AX2, and 25C cannot assert if VENX is not true. As previously noted, R2 does not have this logic, so this functionality was lost.

SYNC CHECK SUPERVISION

Delta Voltage: Delta Delta Frequency: Frequency:

5.8 0.100 0.100

1.0 0.001 0.001

50.0 (V) 0.500 0.500 (Hz) (Hz)

RELAY COLUMN Setting Setting 25VHIX 25VHIX

|Vpxc| |Vpxc|

|VS| |VS|

filter filter

|VSf| |VSf|

Settings Settings 25VLOX 25VLOX

Relay Relay Word Word Bits Bits 59VPX 59VPX

+ + – – + + – – + + – –

59VSX 59VSX

+ + – –

BSYNCHX BSYNCHX

+ + – –

GENVHI GENVHI GENVLO GENVLO

Setting Setting 25VDIFX 25VDIFX |(1-VPXc∕VSf)|•100% |(1-VPXc∕VSf)|•100%

++ – –

|(1-VPXc∕VSf)|•100% |(1-VPXc∕VSf)|•100%

++ – –

VDIFX VDIFX

GENV+ GENV+ == Y Y

25VDIFX•0.80 25VDIFX•0.80

25VCDB 25VCDB

GENV+ GENV+ == Y Y

Vpxc Vpxc == 25RCFX•VP 25RCFX•VP (where (where 25RCFX 25RCFX is is the the setting setting and and VP VP is is determined determined by

by SYNCPX SYNCPX setting). setting).

Figure 8a: R1 Logic Setting Setting VDIFX VDIFX 25VDIFX = 25VDIFX = OFF OFF 59VPX 59VPX 59VSX 59VSX SEL OGIC SELOGIC Setting Setting

3.0 3.0 CYC CYC 0 0

VENX VENX 1 1

BSYNCHX BSYNCHX

Figure 8b: R1 Logic

SYNC CHECK SUPERVISION

NETAWORLD

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17

INDUSTRY TOPICS

Figure 9: System Frequency

Figure 10: Generator Frequency Slip Frequency We can estimate the slip frequency by measuring the time (period) between zero crossings.

System frequency = 1/0.016667 = 59.999 Hz (Figure 9) Generator frequency = 1/ 0.016648 = 60.067 Hz (Figure 10) Therefore, the slip frequency is 60.067 – 59.999 = 0.068 Hz.

SUM M ARY

Using two different relays to supervise sync check means that some of the overall functionality is lost since they do not completely duplicate each other. For example,

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• SUMMER 2022

the GENV+ setting originally blocked closing since the voltages are matched, so this function had to be disabled. Matching settings results in much more consistent performance between the two relays.

Steve Turner is in charge of system protection for the Fossil Generation Department at Arizona Public Service Company in Phoenix. Steve worked as a consultant for two years, and held positions at Beckwith Electric Company, GEC Alstom, SEL, and Duke Energy, where he developed the first patent for double-ended fault location on overhead high-voltage transmission lines and was in charge of maintenance standards in the transmission department for protective relaying. Steve has BSEE and MSEE degrees from Virginia Tech University. Steve is an IEEE Senior Member and a member of the IEEE PSRC, and has presented at numerous conferences.

SYNC CHECK SUPERVISION

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IN THE FIELD

IMPROVING

SAFETY IN T H E FIELD B Y MAT T EAK INS, Advanced Electrical Services, Ltd.

Becoming a great company doesn’t happen overnight. Instead, it is about small, incremental steps as we progress down the road of becoming better and better at what we do and how we do it.

This is the most critical as it relates to our safety processes and safety culture. It is important to note that the first step in making a situation safer is to engineer the hazard out of it; the last step is to use PPE. Technology also plays a huge role, but at the end of the day, it is often an individual’s decisions and actions that lead to an incident.

Unfortunately, humans will make mistakes regardless of how many processes, procedures, and rules companies implement. These mistakes can lead to damaged equipment and injury to the individual or someone else. So, what can we do?

One tool we use is to put a giant red or yellow flag figuratively and literally in front of people’s faces. Human performance improvement (HPI) methods are a way of alerting someone regardless of whether they are an inexperienced junior technician or a senior technician who may have become complacent to the fact that a step must be taken before moving forward with a task. HPIs help with common hazards from

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slips, trips, and falls all the way to catastrophic incidents such as leaving ground chains applied during energization or working on a live current transformer (CT) circuit.

The goal of this discussion is to share some best practices from the field and provide the reader with the opportunity to think critically about using HPIs within their organization as a way to continually improve safety and efficiency.

BARRI ERS

The first example is a high-voltage substation where the team is following required safe work methods by, among other steps, installing barriers (Figure 1 and Figure 2) in places where live CTs and in-service protections are energized.

This physical barrier allows technicians to easily flag the location where the work is to take place by covering nearby modules, racks, etc.

This greatly reduces the chance of technicians mistakenly working on modules that are outside the work zone or isolations. It also minimizes the likelihood of opening live CT secondaries,

IMPROVING SAFETY IN THE FIELD

IN THE FIELD

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which can cause serious injury or death as well as major damage to equipment and systems.

All CT circuits in the uncovered modules are verified for zero current prior to work starting.

In addition to assuring personnel safety, it reduces the chance of tripping any in-service equipment as these modules are covered up (Figure 3), and improves efficiency as the work locations are obvious and clearly marked. The absence of voltage and current can be verified based on isolations including guarantee of

Figure 1: Front of Protection and Control Racks in a High-Voltage Substation

IMPROVING SAFETY IN THE FIELD

isolation (GOI), clearance, and lockout, and live terminals can be flagged or taped off. This must remain consistent throughout the work.

When work must be performed on flagged racks, these methods remind technicians that terminals must be checked for voltage and current since this has not previously been verified. Unfortunately, there have been too many incidents where a technician or electrician is exposed to an arc flash or electric shock from working in the wrong location after a lunch

Figure 2: Rear of Protection and Control Racks in a High-Voltage Substation

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IN THE FIELD

Figure 3: Before and After a Protection & Control Relay Upgrade Project break, shift change, or days off. HPI steps like this are critical to continuous improvement within a safety system, and we must make it a priority to reduce or eliminate this hazard.

VE H IC LE H AZA RDS

One of the biggest causes of workplace injuries is slips, trips, and falls, which can occur more often when exiting vehicles during inclement weather.

At the same time, crashes and collisions while driving, regardless of the industry, continue to be a leading cause of injuries. To address these issues, we have implemented an HPI for 360-degree vehicle walk-arounds (Figure 4) to be completed when entering and exiting a vehicle. The goal is simple but critical: Reduce slips when entering and exiting, make sure the vehicle is safe to drive, and ensure no one will be hurt when the vehicle moves.

Yellow steering-wheel covers (Figure 4) with a message remind our drivers to always use three points of contact when entering or exiting the vehicles. To ensure safety for those around our vehicles, drivers are reminded to do a complete 360-degree walk-around before operating the vehicle. Additional precautions could include placing a cover on the passenger-side mirror as a reminder to walk around the vehicle. To supplement the walk-around process, our team uses a safety app to complete an online checklist that documents and submits their findings for future review and audits.

HPI AND NETA

Where can HPIs be used in the NETA service world?

• Remove ground chains prior to energization.

• Record “as left” and “as found” settings of relays and breakers during a maintenance turnaround.

• Remove and re-terminate leads, i.e., remove transformer leads for testing.

• Erect red flags or physical barriers in front of equipment that may still be energized during maintenance.

OTHER HAZ ARDS

What other hazards or injuries can HPIs address? A great starting point would be to look at what could have stopped an incident or near

Figure 4: Steering-Wheel Cover

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IMPROVING SAFETY IN THE FIELD

IN THE FIELD miss from occurring and implement an HPI so it does not happen again. Additionally, it may make sense for your organization to start with the most common workplace incidences: • Slips, trips, and falls • Muscle strains • Repetitive strains • Crashes and collisions • Cuts and lacerations • Inhaling toxic fumes • Exposure to loud noise • Walking into objects In fiscal year 2020 (October 1, 2019, through September 30, 2020), these 10 OSHA standards were cited most frequently: 1. Fall Protection, Construction 29 CFR 1926.501, www.osha.gov/fall-protection.

2. Hazard Communication Standard, General Industry 29 CFR 1910.1200, www.osha.gov/hazcom.

3. Respiratory Protection, General Industry 29 CFR 1910.134, www.osha.gov/respiratory-protection.

4. Scaffolding, General Requirements, Construction 29 CFR 1926.451, www.osha.gov/scaffolding.

5. Ladders, Construction 29 CFR 1926.1053, www.osha.gov/fall-protection.

6. Control of Hazardous Energy (Lockout/ Tagout), General Industry 29 CFR 1910.147, www.osha.gov/controlhazardous-energy.

7. Powered Industrial Trucks, General Industry 29 CFR 1910.178, www.osha. gov/powered-industrial-trucks.

8. Fall Protection, Training Requirements 29 CFR 1926.503, www.osha.gov/fallprotection.

9. Eye and Face Protection 29 CFR 1926.102, www.osha.gov/eye-face-protection.

10. Machinery and Machine Guarding, General Requirements 29 CFR 1910.212, www.osha.gov/machine-guarding.

IN THE FIELD REFERENCES

Editor’s Note: Watch for OSHA’s 2021 report soon after April 1, 2022.

C ONC LUSION

Human performance improvements can be a great auditing tool. It can be difficult during a site safety audit to know, for example, whether the crew knew whether equipment was energized or not energized. However, if an energized area should have been covered and it was not, you have a red flag that more training is required. In the case of an HPI like the steering wheel cover, it is either on or off.

Whether the HPI is a traditional barrier or a visual reminder, the intent is to force a critical step in the sequence of events. The goal of this forced step is to break the chain of events that might have led to an incident. In addition to creating a safer company, HPIs can also contribute to making it more profitable.

[1] Work Safety Blog. “10 of the Most Common Workplace Accidents and Injuries,” Accessed at 10 of the Most Common Workplace Accidents and Injuries | Work Safety Blog (blog4safety.com).

[2] OSHA. “Top 10 Most Frequently Cited OSHA Standards Violated in FY2020.”

Available at www.osha.gov/data/commonstats.

Matt Eakins is the Technical Services Manager at Advanced Electrical Services Ltd. He has 12-plus years of experience testing and commissioning in the industrial and utility sectors of Western Canada.

Matt is a NETA Level 3 Technician and an ASET CET who studied electronics engineering at the RCC Institute of Technology (Concord, Ontario) as well as electrical techniques at Loyalist College (Bellville, Ontario). Matt began his career with AES in 2009; he is now responsible for managing medium- to large-scale electrical commissioning and maintenance projects for AES’s many clients across Western Canada.

When downtime is not an option.TM

TM

When downtime is not an option.

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SAFETY CORNER

PERFORMING PERSONNEL AUDITS

BY PA U L CH A M B E R L A I N , American Electrical Testing Co. LLC

They are called many things — observations, audits, assessments — but they are all intended to accomplish the same task: Evaluate the people in the field performing the task at hand. Generally, you observe an employee doing a task, then audit or assess whether performance of the task meets expectation.

These inspections can be performed by any level within a company and should be performed on all levels. Some companies hire a third-party entity to ensure the inspections remain completely impartial. However, in most cases, companies choose to have a manager or a member of the supervisory team conduct the inspection of their field personnel. If this is the case, it is a wise idea to set up some standards, such as frequency, for the inspection and have a verification done by a third party or safety manager.

While the main intent of these inspections is to ascertain several things, not everyone is

PERFORMING PERSONNEL AUDITS

aware of the potential benefits to the company.

A check sheet should be used to facilitate the observation and to help gain the most out of it. Let’s review the aspects of a proper field observation and the benefits any company, employee, and manager could gain from it.

LOCKOUT/ TAGOUT

First, let’s review some important items that should be verified when a manager is observing a crew performing work in the field. OSHA requires lockout/tagout procedures to be verified annually. Under 29 Code of Federal Regulations 1910.147, OSHA specifically states

NETAWORLD

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27

SAFETY CORNER when this verification is required, although the requirements may be slightly different across each of the industries OSHA regulates. Within OSHA, each industry-specific regulation has its own separate section indicating the control of hazardous energy. Let’s consider two specific areas that pertain directly to electrical testing: 1910.147 regulates commercial installations, and 1910.269 specifically regulates utility installations.

equipment on which the energy control procedure was being utilized, the date of the inspection, the employees included in the inspection, and the person performing the inspection.

1910.147 Under 1910.147, you are required to ensure that procedures are being correctly followed by the employee performing the lockout/tagout.

Specifically it states:

1910.269(a)(2)(ii)(D) The proper use of the special precautionary techniques, personal protective equipment, insulating and shielding materials, and insulated tools for working on or near exposed energized parts of electric equipment. Note: For the purposes of this section, a person must have this training in order to be considered a qualified person.

1910.147(c)(6) Periodic Inspection 1910.147(c)(6)(i) The employer shall conduct a periodic inspection of the energy control procedure at least annually to ensure that the procedure and the requirements of this standard are being followed.

1910.147(c)(6)(i)(A) The periodic inspection shall be performed by an authorized employee other than the ones(s) utilizing the energy control procedure being inspected.

1910.147(c)(6)(i)(B) The periodic inspection shall be conducted to correct any deviations or inadequacies identified.

1910.147(c)(6)(i)(C) Where lockout is used for energy control, the periodic inspection shall include a review, between the inspector and each authorized employee, of that employee’s responsibilities under the energy control procedure being inspected.

1910.147(c)(6)(i)(D) Where tagout is used for energy control, the periodic inspection shall include a review, between the inspector and each authorized and affected employee, of that employee’s responsibilities under the energy control procedure being inspected, and the elements set forth in paragraph (c)(7)(ii) of this section.

1910.147(c)(6)(ii) The employer shall certify that the periodic inspections have been performed.

The certification shall identify the machine or

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1910.269 We can further see that the 1910.269 standard does not differ greatly from 1910.147 in its requirements:

1910.269(a)(2)(iii) The employer shall determine, through regular supervision and through inspections conducted on at least an annual basis, that each employee is complying with the safety-related work practices required by this section.

After reviewing these regulatory excerpts, it can be seen that every company is required to inspect and certify that employees are properly performing lockout/tagout whether they are working for a utility or a commercial entity. Incorporating this certification as part of a field observation or assessment kills two birds with one stone. Other regulatory mandated observations are dependent upon the task and industry. Please check www.osha.gov to guide you in determining which regulations apply.

VEHI CLE SAFETY

Another benefit gained by performing field observations of employees is that the employer can ensure they are following other pertinent company policies. For example, observing vehicle use might verify whether employees wear seatbelts while driving company vehicles, only use hands-free devices, do not talk on a cell phone while driving or performing a complex task, and minimize the need for backing.

PERFORMING PERSONNEL AUDITS

SAFETY CORNER Additionally, if your company does a lot of driving or uses federally regulated vehicles, it may be necessary to observe employees as they operate the vehicle. This can be conducted as a ride-along observation where the supervisor rides in the vehicle with the employee, or as a follow-along observation where the supervisor follows the employee while in a separate vehicle. It is usually wise to create separate forms just for these types of observations, since the rules of the road are extensive and can vary depending upon the state they operate in and the type of vehicle they are driving. Another example would be the operation of a fork truck.

F LA G G IN G A ND TAG GING

A company could also include a check sheet for documenting the proper use of protective and cautionary flagging and tagging. In some instances, a client may have a different procedure for this, so it is good company policy to ensure that employees not only follow your

company’s policy, but also the client’s company policy if applicable. The default course of action in this type of scenario is to play it safe and follow the stronger policy. The observer would need to know what the client’s requirements are prior to going to the site.

PERSONAL PROTECTI VE EQUI PMENT

One benefit to conducting field observations and audits is to ensure that employees use the correct personal protective equipment (PPE).

Hard hats, safety glasses. The inspector should check to see that employees are wearing hard hats whenever something could fall or strike their head or when they could make incidental contact with high-voltage equipment. The inspector should examine the hard hat for cracks, wear, discoloration, or torn cradles and straps. Safety glasses are necessary whenever there is potential for a liquid or solid to fly through the air and

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SAFETY CORNER enter the eye. The inspector should ensure that the glasses are ANSI Z87-approved, which is indicated on the lens or the brow.

Clothing, footwear, gloves. Verifying correct PPE clothing can also be an item on the check sheet, as can ensuring employees are wearing the proper footwear, such as ASTM F2413.05approved electrical hazard safety-toed footwear, which may or may not have height and laces requirements. Ensuring that the clothing they are wearing is cotton or calorie-rated for fire and arc protection could be an item.

Additionally, verify that electrical protection such as voltage-rated gloves are inspected before each use, the correct level of protection is worn, and the test date is within the required date range. If a manager is planning to inspect these more-disposable PPE items, it is always a good idea to bring extra hard hats and safety glasses out into the field in case an employee needs a new set.

Heat-related illness. In companies where there is extensive physical labor or employees work in very hot areas, the observer could supply drinking water or other suitable fluids.

This will not only boost morale, but will also improve productivity. Just the act of a manager supplying the drink and talking with employees can provide the adequate cool-off time needed to prevent a potential heat-related illness, and preventing that heat-related illness can prevent a potential OSHA-recordable injury.

E NVIRONM E NT

Inspection of the general work environment can also benefit the company and the manager.

Even though a lead technician or foreman may be conducting this inspection daily, they can still miss things or get used to seeing something that needs correction. Having someone different as well as new to the site can provide a new set of eyes, which may make it easier to identify potential problems or issues that could contribute to lost production or an injury. In some cases, the manager can arrange to meet with the client during the audit, thus presenting that all-important face for the client to remember.

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During the observation, the observer should make it a point to ask questions: • Is there anything the company could do to make the job easier, safer, or better?

The answers to this question can range from thought-provoking to ludicrous.

But occasionally, a brilliant idea that can revolutionize a task can be evoked by simply asking that question. Remember, employees don’t know how much you care until you show them you care. If they give a good answer, act on it, and a reward should accompany any good idea that is a benefit to the company.

• Is all the equipment you need for the job present and working properly, and is it the right equipment for the task? Newer employees may be hesitant to speak up if something doesn’t work right and just struggle along using what they’ve got. This can obviously slow down task performance and potentially contribute to injury or equipment damage.

THE OBSERVER’S ROL E

The observer should be familiar with the procedure they are observing. In some cases, they may be considered experts in the task. If this is the case, the inspector could provide direction and add to the employee’s knowledge of the task by observing and critiquing. Being knowledgeable in the procedure can also help the inspector identify when a procedure is being performed incorrectly. We all develop bad habits, and in many cases, we are unaware of them. If the observer is knowledgeable of the proper procedure and notices an employee performing it in a different or incorrect manner, the manager can correct the task before the error causes an incident.

An added benefit to having an upper-level manager perform these observations is simply face time. All too often, field employees don’t associate a face with a name. All they know is the name and that when the phone rings, the manager will likely have another request or change in scope. Sending the manager

PERFORMING PERSONNEL AUDITS

SAFETY CORNER out into the field increases the camaraderie in the project, which in turn can potentially make it more productive. If the manager is just some faceless voice that calls to change things, it becomes easier for employees to become complacent in responding to requests. If you show up on site and form a bond with employees, it goes a long way to improve your relationship with them. And with the stress placed upon a manager these days when managing a client, getting outside of the cubicle or office can go a long way to improving morale. The best way a manager can ensure getting out there happens is to schedule it, and the best way a company can ensure it gets done is to mandate it and reward those who meet or exceed the requirement.

C ON C L U S I ON

There are many advantages to performing field observations, audits, or inspections. They boost

morale and prevent injuries and ensure that the correct equipment is available, is being used correctly, and can be used to satisfy regulatory requirements. It helps to select observers knowledgeable in the scope of work, schedule adequate time to get them out in the field, and give praise when it is due. Utilize a check sheet to make the observer’s job easier to perform.

Properly performed field inspections can go a long way to improving your company’s safety culture.

Paul Chamberlain has been the Safety Manager for American Electrical Testing Co. LLC since 2009. He has been in the safety field since 1998, working for various companies and in various industries. Paul received a BS from the Massachusetts Maritime Academy.

TECH QUIZ

No. 137

SAFETY B Y V I R GI N I A B A L I TS K I , Magna IV Engineering

Safety is an important consideration for any workplace and for NETA Certified Technicians. ANSI/NETA MTS-2019 recognizes that an overwhelming majority of the tests and inspections carried out by NETA Certified Technicians are potentially hazardous. It is essential that workers are aware of the hazards involved with the tasks they perform.

QUESTIONS 1. What United States regulatory agency exists regarding workplace safety? a. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) b. National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) c. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) d. Centers for Disease Control and Protection (CDC) 2. What is the standard for electrical safety in the workplace in the US? a. NFPA 70 b. NFPA 101A c. NFPA 70E d. NFPA 5000 3. According to ANSI/NETA MTS-2019, 5.1 Safety and Precautions, what shall be conducted prior to the commencement of work? a. Test report b. Safety briefing c. Power system study d. Detailed safety program

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• SUMMER 2022

4. According to OSHA, what is one of the root causes of workplace injuries, illnesses, and incidents? a. Untrained workers b. Inadequate personal protective equipment c. Failure to identify or recognize hazards d. Age of the equipment 5. Which electrical hazards should be considered and identified prior to starting work? a. Electrical shock b. Arc flash c. Arc blast d. All of the above 6. What must be introduced to eliminate the electrical hazards associated with any work task? a. Safe work procedures b. Electrically safe working condition c. Personal protective equipment d. Barriers and safeguarding devices See answers on page 121.

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TECH TIPS

SAFETY TESTING OF

EV CHARGERS

Electric vehicles are prominently heralded as the trend of the future, a vital part of many planned economies’ efforts to combat global warming, widespread pollution, and the squandering of resources. But there has also been negative publicity over safety issues like car fires.

The key to enjoying the best of both worlds — excellent performance under complete safety — is to practice diligent maintenance. Do not take performance for granted. It’s easy to ride the crest of a popular trend and overlook the details, but don’t. Become familiar with the possible safety hazards and industry-standard recommendations for preventing them.

The electric vehicle charger forms a dynamic link between the nearly infinite power of the electrical grid and the volatile potential of the

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car battery, possibly with the added potential hazard of a tank of gasoline only inches away in the case of hybrids. Be sure to maintain the safety of this vital link with regular and thorough maintenance of the charger.

EV CHARGER TESTI NG

Electric vehicle charger testers are available and dedicated to assuring the function and safety of the unique configuration of an electric vehicle charger. An electric vehicle charger tester should perform seven tests:

SAFETY TESTING OF EV CHARGERS

PHOTO: © STOCK.ADOBE.COM/CONTRIBUTOR/203459820/IRONTRYBEX

BY J EFF J OW ET T, Megger

TECH TIPS

Regular safety maintenance and testing is critical. four for safety, plus two operational tests and a check for nuisance tripping.

It is a good idea to head off any potential dangers by testing the charger upon acquisition so it isn’t merely assumed to be fully functional because it is new.

Make sure the new charger meets manufacturing specifications. Do the same after any repair, and incorporate charger testing into any preventive/ predictive maintenance program. It is important to perform the tests in a specific sequence, assuring safety first. Always remember, however, that the charger is an electrical connection between the vehicle and an electrical facility, such as a building service. That service must also be grounded, tested, and maintained.

protective ground, and this is not to be taken for granted. Ground connection can be lost while performing its designated function, as fault currents can open bonds even while being safely cleared. The next person using the faulted item — in this case, the vehicle charger — will be at unwitting risk should another hazard arise.

The charger tester will ensure that a proper ground is in place and functional. The tester applies a charging code to the charger to put it into a charging state. The protective earth contact test, which is accomplished through operator contact with a touch pad, will detect whether a ground connection is present (Figure 1).

Protective Earth The first test verifies protective earth. The EV charger tester takes the place of the vehicle for the performance of the tests. The charger is plugged into the on-site power source, just as it would be if it were charging a vehicle.

The power grid, if not correctly utilized, can be a potential source of electrocution, fire, equipment damage, and other hazards.

Therefore, the vehicle charger must maintain a

SAFETY TESTING OF EV CHARGERS

Figure 1: Initial Test Verifies Presence of Safety Ground

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TECH TIPS The test is not a genuine bonding test to verify the current-carrying capacity of the bond, but rather verifies the connection’s absence or presence. This is indicated by a PROCEED or FAULT message on the display. For maximum safety, any further testing of the charger is disabled, and a faulted bond must be repaired by a qualified electrician.

Protective Conductor Resistance The second test is protective conductor resistance. This test verifies that exposed metalwork on the charger is effectively connected to the ground pin on the charger’s socket or plug so that any possible fault currents from electrical failure will be safely diverted into the grounding system — not through the body of an operator who happens to be in contact with the charger.

An alligator clip or probe is used to touch all possible points on the charger’s exposed metalwork. Therefore, this test is not required for chargers with no exposed metalwork or protected by double insulation. The tester measures the resistance to ground and displays it, along with a comparison to a safe standard of 0.5 Ω, which is typically indicated by a green check mark or red X (Figure 2). Failure must be repaired by a qualified electrician.

Trip Time and Touch Voltage Tests The remaining safety tests are for touch voltage and trip time. EV chargers afford redundant safety protection through ground fault safety interrupters (GFCIs) or residual current devices (RCDs). These work by detecting an imbalance

in circuit current. The differential could go to ground through a human being, or it could find an unwanted path through equipment, causing fire or electrical damage. To prevent that, the device trips and opens the circuit.

But GFCIs and RCDs are delicate devices that need to be checked. The charger tester applies a calibrated current matching the protective device’s rating and measures the time it takes to trip. The tester further assures that the trip time is fast enough to protect personnel from injury. Typical configurable parameters are voltage (230, 120), test current (30, 20, and 6 mA), and maximum test time (300 ms, 12.5 s, 5.59 s), with the tester indicating pass or fail. Another adjustment is angle of earth leakage current, either starting at the positive direction zero crossover (0 degrees) or negative (180 degrees).

Once the test has started, the tester puts the charger in charging mode and measures the output voltage. Next, a touch voltage test is performed to ensure that an inadequate ground will not raise the voltage to a hazardous level during testing. This test is adjustable at 25 V or 50 V. Earth leakage current is then measured and displayed.

Nuisance Tripping Once the safety checks have assured that the EV charger can be operated without danger, a nuisance tripping test is performed. Extraneous currents such as the capacitive charging of long extension cables can be sources of nuisance tripping. This can be a hindrance to speedy and

Figure 2: Pass/Fail Indicates Progress and Results

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SAFETY TESTING OF EV CHARGERS

TECH TIPS efficient testing. But once recognized, it can be eliminated by adjustment. The test applies a calibrated earth ground leakage current starting at approximately half the trip rating for the protective device in the charger, and then steadily increases the current until the device trips. The current at which the device tripped is displayed. The operator looks for a low trip value.

There are four ways to perform this test: 1. A 230 V AC current is ramped up to 30 mA in 2 mA steps of 300 ms duration for 4.5 seconds.

2. A DC current ramps at 6 mA for 2.5 seconds to prevent tripping of the AC response, then holds at 3 mA DC for 11.25 seconds.

3. For testing 120 V equipment, a 6 mA AC test ramps up in 0.5 mA steps of 100 ms duration for 4.5 seconds.

4. At 20 mA AC, a similar test ramps up in 1 mA steps of 100 ms duration for a maximum of 2 seconds.

Results are displayed in trip current, with 0-degree or 180-degree options available.

Proximity Circuit A proximity circuit prevents the vehicle from moving during charging, an obvious safety requirement. The circuit provides a signal so the vehicle knows it is connected to a charger.

When the charger is connected, the voltage on the proximity pin in the vehicle drops from 4.5 V to 1.5 V. The EV charger tester assures this will happen by simulating the circuit of the vehicle.

If the charger has separate connecting cables, the connector applies a proximity pilot (PP) resistance signal to the charger to indicate the rating of the connection cable. The maximum

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TECH TIPS available current being indicated to the vehicle via the control pilot (CP) signal is adjusted accordingly. A charger tester verifies that this happens correctly by using cables with varied ratings. Test results are indicated by two symbols: a closed connector indicates proximity and a lock symbol indicates that the connection is latched.

Control Pilot Check Finally, a control pilot check verifies the integrity of the communication between the charger and the vehicle. There are three main areas of communication: 1. State of the vehicle/charger 2. Maximum current to be drawn by the vehicle 3. Whether digital communication indicates current The first of these includes disconnected, connected, charging, charging with ventilation, CP to PE fault, and charger fault. The control pilot signal is a 1 kHz square wave with the charger state communicated using the signal voltage level. Maximum current and digital communication use are indicated by the signal duty cycle. The charger tester takes the place of the vehicle and allows the user to set the CP code. The tester then reads the code back from the charger as set out in Table 8 of IEC Standard 61851-1. This allows the user to verify the correct operation of the charger, ensuring that the charger responded as expected. In addition, testing the control pilot signal measures the charger output voltage and frequency.

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Output charging voltage and frequency should be as expected for the utility supply to which the charger is connected. Polarity should read OK. Incorrect polarity is shown as INV. Maximum current should match the rating of the charger or connecting cable. Control pilot voltage, duty cycle, and frequency should be repeatable. The control pilot state read from the charger should match the code set for the test. A fault or error with the charger itself is indicated.

CONCLUSI ON

Compared to transformers, electric motors, building wiring, long runs of power cable, and a plethora of other pieces of electrical equipment, the electric vehicle charger may seem a simple device. Don’t let that allow it to slip off the chart for predictive/preventive maintenance. EV chargers have potential safety hazards that can be recognized and corrected.

An EV charger tester should be part of the electrical maintenance program. Both equipment damage and personnel injury can be prevented by testing and maintaining EV chargers. Customers and clients are afforded protection, compliance can be maintained with standards agencies like OSHA, and legal safeguards can be kept in place.

Jeffrey R. Jowett is a Senior Applications Engineer for Megger in Valley Forge, Pennsylvania, serving the manufacturing lines of Biddle, Megger, and MultiAmp for electrical test and measurement instrumentation. He holds a BS in biology and chemistry from Ursinus College. He was employed for 22 years with James G. Biddle Co., which became Biddle Instruments and is now Megger.

SAFETY TESTING OF EV CHARGERS

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COVER STORY

IMPACT OF CHANGES TO IEEE STD. 1584,

IEEE GUIDE FOR PERFORMING ARC-FLASH HAZARD CALCULATIONS PART 2

BY ST EV E PARK , P E, Vertiv

In the Spring 2022 edition of NETA World, Part 1 of this article provided a brief history and evolution of electrical safety over the past 50 years.

It was during this period that OSHA was formed and NFPA began developing the 70E standard. We also reviewed some of the key changes from the original 2002 edition of IEEE 1584 to the second edition in 2018, specifically examining the newly recommended arc flash calculation process and variables included in the calculations.

In Part 2, we discuss the relevant impact of these changes and how they affect the calculated incident energy levels that we depend on to select adequate PPE and keep our workers safe.

Let’s start by considering the most frequently asked questions related to this new arc flash calculation process:

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• Does a new study need to be performed using the new method?

• How do the old and new methods compare with respect to incident energy calculations, and how significant are these changes to the results of the analysis?

• Will the new calculations result in significantly different incident energy (IE) values?

IMPACT OF 2018 CHANGES TO IEEE STD 1584, IEEE GUIDE FOR PERFORMING ARC-FLASH HAZARD CALCULATIONS – PART 2

PHOTO: ©SHUTTERSTOCK.COM/G/PINYO+PROMPRASERT?SEARCHTERM=SAFETY

COVER STORY

C OM PA R IS ON OF M E T H ODS

While many variables must be considered when comparing the two methods, I’ve put together some scenarios that provide a practical comparison that answers these questions. The comparison focuses on low-voltage systems, as these are the most prevalent systems workers are exposed to, and this is where most accidents occur.

Two low-voltage scenarios are examined. The first is a 208 V system; the second is a 480 V system. For both scenarios, a fixed event duration of 83.3 ms was used. Designed interruption times for molded-case circuit breakers are approximately 8.33 ms (1/2 cycle) and 50 ms (3 cycles) for power circuit breakers.

For the following examples, a fixed duration time of 83.3 ms (5 cycles) was used. As a result of using a fixed duration for the calculations, the reduced arcing current calculation was not applicable for this analysis.

The following parameters were used in the analysis: Table 1: Parameters Used in Arc Flash Calculations for Two Voltage Levels

Electrode Gap (mm) Enclosure

208 V Model

480 V Model

25

32

Standard

Standard

Working Distance (in)

18

18

Arc Duration (ms)

83.3

83.3

The IEEE 1584-2002 calculations for a lowvoltage arc in an enclosure were compared to the 2018 calculations for the vertical conductor-electrode configuration (VCB), vertical conductor-electrode terminated in a metal enclosure (VCBB), and horizontal conductor-electrode terminated in a metal enclosure (HCB) configurations. The analysis

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COVER STORY 8.00

7.00

2018 HCB

8.00 6.00

IE (cal/cm2) IE (cal/cm2)

7.00

2018 HCB

5.00

2002

6.00

2018 VCBB

4.00 5.00

2018 VCBB

4.00 2.00 3.00 1.00 2.00 0.00 1.00

2018 VCB

2002

3.00

2

10

20

30

40

50

60

Fault current (kA)

V = 208V 2018 VCB Gap = 25 mm Standard Enclosure Working Distance 18" V = 208V= 83.3 ms Duration Gap = 25 mm Standard Enclosure 70 Working 80 Distance 90 18" Duration = 83.3 ms

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0.00 2

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100

90

Fault current (kA)

Figure 1: 2002 vs. 2018 IE Calculated Result Comparison at 208 V 20.00 18.00 20.00 16.00

IE (cal/cm2) IE (cal/cm2)

18.00 14.00 16.00 12.00 14.00 10.00 12.00 8.00

2018 HCB

2002

2018 HCB 2018 VCBB

2002

2018 VCBB

V = 480V Gap = 32 mm Standard Enclosure 2018 VCB Working Distance 18" V = 480V Duration = 83.3 ms Gap = 32 mm Standard Enclosure 70 Working 80 Distance 90 18" Duration = 83.3 ms

2018 VCB

10.00 6.00 8.00 4.00 6.00 2.00 4.00 0.00

2

10

20

30

2.00

40

50

60

Fault current (kA)

100

0.00 Figure 2:10 200220vs. 2018 Result Comparison 2 30 IE Calculated 40 50 60 70 80 at 480 90 V 100

Fault current (kA)

was performed utilizing a bolted fault current ranging from 2 kA to 100 kA. 50

Figure 1 and Figure 2 show the incident energy results of this analysis. Figure 1 shows the 2002 V = 480V V = 208V versus incident energy (IE) results for the Gap = 32 mm Gap = 25 2018 mm Standard Enclosure (2018) Standard VCB bus orientation 208 V Enclosure example. Figure 2 shows the comparison V = 480V Vfor = 208V the 480 V example.

VCB bus orientation (2018)

45 50 40

Arcing current Arcing (kA)current (kA)

45 35

Gap = 32 mm Standard Enclosure

40 30 35 25 30 20 25 15

Gap = 25- mm 2018 480V Standard Enclosure

2002 - 480Vin a significantly The HCB calculations result higher incident energy than the VCB/VCBB 2018 - 480V calculated energies and the energy calculated 2002 - 480V 2018 - 208V under the 2002 model when considering a

However, during the testing and development of IE equations, a breaker was not present in the cubicle, and there are currently no test data or equations to quantify or support this scenario. The vertical electrode models result in less incident energy than the HCB orientation because the arc tends to be ejected downward and then reflected outward towards the worker.

Depending on the geometry of the enclosure and the position of the worker, this could intensify the IE at the worker’s legs and feet.

For the 208 V example and for equipment with a vertical bus, the 2002 and 2018 analysis methods provide similar results over a large range of fault currents. For the 480 V example, the vertical bus calculations also provide relatively similar results, but the VCBB does tend above the 2002 calculated values a bit more than in the 208 V calculations. For both the 208 V and 480 V calculations, the HCB results immediately deviate above the 2002 results and remain significantly higher over the range of currents studied.

For larger equipment (e.g., power circuit breakers), typically with horizontal stab construction, the new calculations indicate that the previously recommended arc-rated personal protective equipment (AR PPE) may not be sufficient to protect workers from serious injury.

Work that has been previously performed with minimal AR PPE may now require a much higher AR PPE rating. The new IE calculated results for equipment with a vertically oriented bus (electrodes) remain similar to the 2002 calculated results. When performing the analysis

2002 - 208V

20 10

2018 - 208V

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typical range of bolted fault current values. The HCB model is representative of large power circuit breaker cubicles in switchgear, junction boxes, and some disconnects versus what is typically found in smaller panelboards (VCB/ VCBB). This higher IE for HCB equipment is the result of the horizontal electrodes ejecting the arc outwards directly towards the opening and worker. If an arc occurs in the stab area of a cubicle, and a circuit breaker is present, the breaker is likely to disrupt the arc ejection and decrease the IE below the calculated value.[1]

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IMPACT OF 2018 CHANGES TO IEEE STD 1584, IEEE GUIDE FOR PERFORMING ARC-FLASH HAZARD CALCULATIONS – PART 2

2002 - 208V 50

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using the new methods, careful consideration must be given to the model parameters to ensure accurate results are rendered based on the best available information.

VCB bus orientation (2018)

45

V = 480V Gap = 32 mm Standard Enclosure

40

V = 208V Gap = 25 mm Standard Enclosure

Figure 3 compares the arcing current from the 2002 and 2018 calculation methods using the previous parameters and assumptions for the 208 V and 480 V scenarios. This graph shows that the 2018 calculated arcing currents are typically 20%–25% higher than the 2002 values over the typical fault current range.

However, higher arcing currents don’t always translate into higher IE and arc flash boundary (AFB) values. If the previously calculated arcing current values resulted in an event duration based on the instantaneous element operation of the upstream overcurrent protective device, the slightly higher arcing current might translate into only slightly higher IE and AFB values. Conversely, if the previous arcing current values did not activate an instantaneous element of the upstream overcurrent protective device, but only activated the short-time element, the higher calculated arcing current might result in a shorter duration event (instantaneous element trip) and possibly lower IE and AFB values. Each piece of equipment must be evaluated on a case-by-case basis.

I M PA C T OF C H A NGE S

The revised calculations per the 2018 edition of IEEE 1584 may result in changes to previously calculated arc flash incident energy values and changes in arc-rated personal protective equipment requirements for workers compared to the 2002 edition methods. The calculated incident energy may be higher in some situations and lower or very similar in others. With the possibility of significant changes in incident energy between the old method and the new method, and the changes to low-energy equipment, those responsible for facility electrical distribution systems — and the safety of workers — should consider revisiting their arc flash analysis to determine whether their workers are adequately protected against recognized hazards (OSHA’s General Duty Clause). One potential advantage of this re-evaluation is that, in some cases, workers

Arcing current (kA)

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2018 - 480V

30

2002 - 480V 25 20

2018 - 208V

15

2002 - 208V

10 5 0

2

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Fault current (kA)

Figure 3: 2002 vs. 2018 Arcing Current Comparison at 208 V and 480 V may be able to perform some tasks with lesscumbersome PPE than previously determined.

Re-Evaluating Electrical Hazards Given the 2018 changes to IEEE 1584, another critical question is whether you are required to update a study performed using the 2002 edition if there are no other factors to consider (changes in the facility electrical system or to the utility). No — there are no requirements that force you to update your study simply because IEEE 1584 has been updated. Remember, use of IEEE 1584 is voluntary and is not mandated by law. Other means can be used to calculate and determine the extent of electrical hazards associated with arc flash events. However, this document is one of the most recognized sources available, and the recent update makes it even more accurate for calculating arc flash incident energy levels.

Should you choose to use another method to calculate the hazardous energy of an arc flash, expect your methods to be highly scrutinized and be prepared to defend them.

When considering whether an update is required or not, we shouldn’t forget about one key requirement from NFPA 70E, Standard for Electrical Safety in the Workplace.[2] You may not be required to update your study as a result of

IMPACT OF 2018 CHANGES TO IEEE STD 1584, IEEE GUIDE FOR PERFORMING ARC-FLASH HAZARD CALCULATIONS – PART 2

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COVER STORY changes to IEEE 1584 methods and procedures, but NFPA 70E does require a review every five years of the data compiled and used to determine hazards. This ensures that, if there are changes to any factors used to determine the level of hazards (incident energy, arc flash boundary, etc.), the impact of these changes will be examined at least every five years. This is also an excellent time to incorporate the new IEEE 1584 methods and procedures into the analysis for the entire facility.

While you may not be mandated to update your study due to changes in IEEE 1584, should you perform an update?

Areas with higher operating voltages (480 V) and/or areas where there are horizontal electrodes (large power circuit breakers) are two circumstances where you might consider a revised study to ensure the calculated incident energy is accurate. These are areas where hazards may be significantly higher than calculated under the previous methods.

A second scenario where you might want to run a revised study is for equipment previously classified as low-energy equipment: Equipment below 240 V need not be considered unless it involves at least one 125 kVA or larger lowimpedance transformer in its immediate power supply.

The change to the requirements for equipment considered to be low risk (less than1.2 cal/cm2) is significant and will affect many facilities with existing arc flash studies. The revised parameters for low-energy equipment stem from the discovery that, under the previously defined parameters, workers could be exposed to IE levels above 1.2 cal/cm2. This important change may require the analysis of equipment not included in the previous arc flash study (i.e., equipment assumed to have IE below 1.2 cal/cm2).

Sustainable arcs are possible but less likely in three-phase systems operating at 240 V nominal

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COVER STORY or less with an available short-circuit current less than 2,000 A. Equipment meeting new requirements that were not included in the previous study should now be included to ensure adequate PPE is identified based on the calculated IE levels for that equipment.

The biggest challenges of the new 2018 method are in determining the enclosure size and bus orientation of equipment. How are these challenges being handled? Some clients choose to use the worst case (horizontal electrode orientation) for all equipment. However, if the equipment does not contain horizontally oriented electrodes, this may result in excessive PPE requirements. Excessive levels of PPE can cause worker fatigue and inability to perform some tasks safely, which introduces additional hazards. Some help and guidance is provided in Annex G of IEEE 1584. Enclosure dimensions, electrode gap, and orientation can be standardized into a few categories, thus simplifying data collection while retaining the necessary level of accuracy.

Training and Education As a final recommendation, one of the most often overlooked components of safety is education and training. Many companies transmit communications and display posters about the importance of worker safety but often neglect to invest in the required safety education and training for their workers. Old online training materials used repeatedly will lose their impact, and employees won’t pay attention to the training. Keep the training materials fresh and up-to-date and avoid repeating the same videos year after year. Training should allow and promote interaction, questions, and discussions.

One of the best ways to communicate key objectives is through the use of case studies of incidents and accidents.

Training and education is not a one-sizefits-all solution. Employers must recognize that the education and training provided to one employee may be different than that for another employee (based on responsibilities,

skill set, experience, or aptitude). Someone who operates an equipment disconnect, such as a machine operator, may not require the same level of training as someone who racks in a large power circuit breaker or troubleshoots electrical problems. While most workers don’t need to know how to calculate arc flash incident energy or arc flash boundaries to be able to execute their daily tasks, they do need to understand the factors that govern these values so they can make informed decisions about the required PPE and other safe work practices.

Everyone plays a vital role in safety. The more knowledgeable your workers are and the more dedicated to safety your company is, the less you place your workers at risk of injury.

Employers must create a corporate work environment where safety is more than just a policy; it’s a culture!

CONCLUSI ON

Many excellent articles and papers are available that contain various perspectives on arc flash safety and electrical safe work practices. The more you read, the more you learn. I’ve learned a lot from reading papers, attending various conferences, and listening to experts speak on arc flash safety. One paper that recently crossed my desk caught my attention. In this paper, it stated that the new IEEE 1584-2018 still doesn’t calculate conservatively or accurately enough and additional correction factors (1.5-2.0X) to incident energy should be applied to ensure adequate PPE.[3] After reading this article, decide for yourself whether additional safety factors or multipliers are needed to keep your workers safe.

What I can conclude is that reported cases of workers being seriously injured or killed by arc flash are very low.[4] Granted, any serious injury or death is a tragedy, and we all must continue to strive for zero workplace injuries. However, the focus on safety, arc flash analysis, use of PPE, and education is keeping our workers safer than ever before. Let’s keep up that good work and continue to ensure our employees are trained to identify hazards, determine their severity, and select and use the proper PPE to perform their tasks safely.

IMPACT OF 2018 CHANGES TO IEEE STD 1584, IEEE GUIDE FOR PERFORMING ARC-FLASH HAZARD CALCULATIONS – PART 2

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COVER STORY With this in mind, never forget that working on energized equipment using PPE is a last resort!

When the decision is made that energized work is required, you must have exhausted the other five methods of risk control: elimination, substitution, engineering controls, awareness, and administrative controls. Working on energized equipment and using PPE is at the bottom of the list and is the least effective means of ensuring worker safety.

R E F E R E NC E S

[1] IEEE. IEEE 1584-2002, IEEE Guide for Performing Arc Flash Hazard Calculations, New York, NY. [2] National Fire Protection Association.

NFPA 70E, Standard for Electrical Safety in the Workplace.

[3] Short, T. A., Eblen, M. L. “IEEE Standard 1584-2018 Predictions Compared With Tests on Real-World Equipment,” IEEE Industry Applications Magazine, January/ February 2022.

[4] Gordon, L., J. Liechty, T. Matinez, E. Stromberg, and J. Williams. “Electric Injuries and Fatalities: Facts, Myths, and Unknowns,” IEEE Paper No. ESW32.

Steve Park, PE, brings 40-plus years of experience in the power system industry to his position as Vertiv’s Director of Technical Training. In this role, Steve oversees technical training for Vertiv’s North America field services including AC power products, DC power products, thermal management systems, monitoring, and independent testing services for High Voltage Maintenance (HVM) and Electrical Reliability Services (ERS). Much of his career and expertise is from various roles while employed by HVM and ERS involving power system studies, engineering and test reports, cable testing, forensic investigations, test procedures/practices, and quality assurance. Steve gained a deep understanding of the power systems industry during his career in the U.S. Air Force, where he served 14 years on active-duty service as a high-voltage lineman, electrical power distribution engineer, and instructor of electrical engineering at the Air Force Institute of Technology (AFIT). Steve earned his BSEE and MSEE from Purdue University and an MBA from Indiana Wesleyan University.

Steve has been a registered Professional Engineer since 1992.





FEATURE

CHECKLISTS AND EFFECTIVE JOB BRIEFINGS ARE IMPORTANT TO IMPROVING SAFETY

BY D. RAY CROW, DRC Consulting, Inc.

“People who are trying to change the world need to use checklists.”

B USI N ESSM AN AN D AUTH OR GUY KAWASAK I

Checklists and effective job briefings are important to ensure hazards that may exist when performing a task are addressed before starting the job. In addition, job briefings are important to ensure people understand their job roles and have a chance to speak up and recommend additional safer work practices and make sure an action plan exists if things go wrong. Job safety planning, job briefings, and the use of checklists before starting a task are important to help prevent incidents and fatalities from happening. People make mistakes. The use of job briefings and checklists before the start of a job will help minimize the possibility of human error when tasks are performed.[1][2] 48

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CHECKLISTS AND EFFECTIVE JOB BRIEFINGS ARE IMPORTANT TO IMPROVING SAFETY

FEATURE

PHOTO: © ISTOCKPHOTO.COM/PORTFOLIO/GONIN

C H E C KL I S TS IM P ROVE H U MA N P ERF OR M A NC E (SOURCE: WWW.THISDAYINAVIATION.COM/30-OCTOBER-1935)

“A checklist cannot fly a plane. Instead, they provide reminders of only the most critical and important steps.”

S U RGE O N A N D AUT HOR AT UL GAWANDE

On October 30, 1935, an experimental bomber known as the Flying Fortress (B-17) crashed shortly after takeoff during a military demonstration for the U.S. Army Air Corps at Wright Airfield in Dayton, Ohio.

The cause of the incident was a pre-flight failure to remove the gust locks that prevent damage to the control surfaces of the airplane while on the ground. The failure of the pilots to complete this step before takeoff meant they had no ability to control the plane once it became airborne.[3]

Figure 1: B-17 Crash During Demonstration for U.S. Army Air Corps

CHECKLISTS AND EFFECTIVE JOB BRIEFINGS ARE IMPORTANT TO IMPROVING SAFETY

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FEATURE C H E C KLIS T S C REATE E R R OR -F R E E S Y STEMS

2008, bloodstream infections have decreased by 44%, and surgical site infections have decreased by 20%. Using checklists before and during surgery has also cut complications by 35% and deaths by 47%.[6] When catheters are installed, the use of checklists has cut the infection rate from 4% of cases to zero, saving 1,500 lives and nearly $200 million.[7]

People can and do make mistakes, and the use of checklists can prevent incidents from happening. Checklists are a functional, consistent method of combating human errors before they occur. Checklists can be adapted for use in a wide range of environments.

Just OK Is Not OK Training is not enough to ensure incidents will not happen. When checklists are not used, the most experienced and qualified people may make mistakes.

Surviving pilots brainstormed how to prevent the pre-flight requirements from ever being missed again. The action taken by the investigation team was to mandate the use of a checklist that included pre-takeoff action items for a pilot’s review.[4]

Aviation Checklists Current Federal Aviation Regulations (FARs)[5] mandate checklist use that “must be designed so that flight crew members will not rely upon memory for items to be checked.” Today, you can’t take off or land in a commercial airplane without a mandatory checklist being used by pilots.

Checklists work to prevent an incident from happening if a critical step does not pass the requirements included in the checklist. Has your flight ever been delayed or cancelled due to items in the checklist not meeting all requirements? If this did occur, were you glad that a checklist was required before the flight was allowed to takeoff?

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Use checklists in your workplace. A good checklist is precise, efficient, and easy to use even in the most difficult situations. Checklists not only offer the possibility of verification, but also instill a discipline of higher performance.

Checklists can help ensure people follow the required safety steps every time they perform a specific task.

Checklists have proven to work best in organizations that have a culture of safety supported by organizational leaders who prioritize safety in the workplace.[8]

USE CHECKLI STS FOR ELECTRI CAL TASKS

“No matter how expert you may be, welldesigned checklists can improve outcomes.”

NASA uses checklists for launching rockets into space. Many launches have been cancelled due to failure to meet the steps required in the checklist.

Checklists are widely used in the aircraft industry and the U.S. Navy Submarine Service, in critical maintenance facilities and hospital operating rooms, and during the commissioning of electrical projects. Use checklists to prevent incidents from happening or to minimize the results when unexpected events occur.

Checklists have been proven to add safety for personnel who perform electrical tasks.[9] They can help prevent mistakes and omissions during many electrical tasks. Checklists are a proven method to help prevent qualified people from skipping critical steps when completing tasks.

The use of checklists should be mandatory when step-by-step procedures are required for safety.

Surgical Checklists Using checklists in hospitals during surgery has been proven to prevent infections. Since

Many mistakes have been prevented and lives saved by the use of checklists that ensured steps were not missed when tasks were performed.

• SUMMER 2022

AUTH OR AN D ECON OM I ST STEVEN LEV IT T

CHECKLISTS AND EFFECTIVE JOB BRIEFINGS ARE IMPORTANT TO IMPROVING SAFETY

FEATURE Table 1: Types of Electrical Checklists Safety pre-task checklist Job hazard analysis (JHA) Safe work procedure (SWP) Job briefing checklist Requirements for an energized electrical work permit (EEWP) Required steps for a specific work practice Requirements for standard operation procedures (SOPs) Specific switching procedure when changes to your electrical power system are required Substation project installation assessment Substation inspection Electrical control room inspection

I M P R O V E HUM A N PE R F OR MA NC E B Y A C T IVAT ING Y OU R LEADERSHIP

“Teamwork is the fuel that allows common people to attain uncommon results.”

I N D U S T RI A L IST ANDR E W CAR NE GIE

Job safety planning, job briefings, and checklists help prevent injuries and fatalities from happening. They provide the opportunity to think about and agree on the safe work practices and PPE requirements to use for the task to eliminate or minimize the risk to an acceptable level prior to starting the job.[10][11] Effective job briefings and a review of existing checklists requires discussion and communication. Ask open-ended questions and get answers. Ensure everyone involved in the task participates during the job briefing and reviews the items included in the checklist.

Consider what might not be included in the existing checklist. A best practice to improve safety is to visit the job site before work starts to look for hazards in the area that you may not have considered.[12] Examples include an

energized overhead power line that exists in the area where work is to take place or additional people performing other tasks in the area where you will be working.

Consider the possibility of language barriers when job briefings are held. During construction and other jobs, some people may not understand what is being discussed. Use an interpreter to resolve the issue.

Table 2: Items that Cause Incidents to Occur Taking shortcuts Being overconfident Failure to pre-plan the work Starting a task with incomplete instructions Ignoring safety procedures Mental distractions from work Multitasking Poor housekeeping

An effective job briefing should cover at least the following topics: • • • • •

Hazards associated with the job Work procedures involved Special precautions, language issues Energy source controls Personal protective equipment (PPE) requirements[13][14]

During the job briefing make sure everyone answers the following questions: • Do I thoroughly understand the job?

• Do I understand my role and everyone else’s role in the job?

• Am I aware of all the hazards I may possibly encounter during the job?

• Am I knowledgeable of all safety rules and procedures applicable to this job?

• Do I have safeguards in place to protect me from unexpected events?

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FEATURE Table 3: Actions You Can Take to Improve Safety Take immediate action when you identify potential work hazards.

Control your personal workspace to maintain safety.

Stop any work you think is unsafe.

Eliminate injuries by eliminating your unsafe acts.

Take actions to help prevent being hurt or involved in an unsafe event.

R E INF ORC ING THE SAF E T Y C ULT U RE I N Y OU R ORG A NIZ ATI ON

“Safety has to be everyone’s responsibility.

Everyone needs to know that they are empowered to speak up if there’s an issue.”

NASA ASTRONAUT CAPTAIN SCOTT KELLY (RET.)

Make safety the number one priority in your facility or company. Mandate job briefings that include checklists before the start of jobs.

The job briefing should include shock risk assessments and arc flash risk assessments.

Unsafe work practices cause 91% of incidents and injuries. In addition to the personal pain of suffering an injury, incidents can result in lost time, medical costs, equipment damage, production loss, and legal costs. The risk assessment procedure is designed to address the potential for human error and its negative consequences on people, processes, and the work environment.

Shock Risk Assessment The first choice in a shock risk assessment is to eliminate the likelihood of occurrence of injury. Determine whether additional protective measures are required. For example, wear rubber insulating gloves with leather

FEATURE protectors and use insulating tools rated for the voltage you could encounter if you accidentally make contact with exposed energized electrical conductors or circuit parts.

Arc Flash Risk Assessment During the arc flash risk assessment, consider the following issues: • Design of the equipment as well as its overcurrent protective devices and operating times • Electrical equipment operating condition and maintenance • Appropriate safety-related work practices and PPE required for people within the arc flash boundary

C ON C L U S I ON

“Job briefings and checklists are the most high-powered productive tools ever discovered.”

A U T H O R A N D SPE AKE R BR IAN T R ACY

An important feature in an electrical safety program is the use of job briefings that include checklists. Reinforcing important steps in safe work practices through the use of job briefings that include checklists will reduce incidents and save lives. Ensure that job briefings include shock as well as arc flash risk assessments..

Improve safety in your facility by including these six steps: 1. Create a culture that makes safety the number one priority.

2. Improve actions taken by management to continually improve safety.

3. Ensure that positive peer pressure to do the right thing exists in your facility.

4. Monitor actions taken by workers to ensure they follow the safe work practices outlined in your safety program and training.

5. Provide a good balance between leading as well as lagging indicators in your safety program.

6. Perform a shock risk assessment and an arcflash risk assessment before starting work.

Using these steps will help drive the company toward becoming an incident-free workplace.

REFERENCES

[1] Crow, Daryld Ray. “Checklists Save Lives,” 2020 IEEE IAS Electrical Safety Workshop (ESW2020-08), March 2020.

[2] Crow, Daryld Ray. “Effective Job Briefings Improve Safety,” 2021 IEEE IAS Electrical Safety Workshop (ESW2021-13), March 2021.

[3] “From the Ashes of the Model-299.”

Accessed at www.thisdayinaviation. com/30-october-1935.

[4] “What the B17 Taught Us About Checklists.” Accessed at What the B17 Taught Us About Checklists - Angle of Attack (flyaoamedia.com).

[5] Code of Federal Regulations. Accessed at eCFR :: 14 CFR 431.39 -- Mission rules, procedures, contingency plans, and checklists.

[6] “Habitual Excellence in the Workplace According to Paul O’Neill,” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Accessed at ‘Habitual excellence’: The Workplace According to Paul O’Neill | Pittsburgh Post-Gazette.

May 13, 2012.

[7] Higgins, W.Y., and D.J. Boorman. “An Analysis of the Effectiveness of Checklists When Combined With Other Processes, Methods, and Tools to Reduce Risk in High Hazard Activities,” Boeing Technical Journal 2016.

[8] Haynes A., Gawande A. “A Surgical Safety Checklist to Reduce Morbidity and Mortality in a Global Population,” New England Journal of Medicine 360(5)491-499 (January 2009).

Doi:10.1056/NEJMas0810119.

PMID19144931.

[9] Gawande, Atul. The Checklist Manifesto.

Picador, New York, 2009 ISBN 978-0312-43000-9.

[10] National Fire Protection Association.

NFPA 70E, Standard for Electrical Safety in the Workplace.

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FEATURE [11] Occupational Safety and Health Administration. OSHA 29 CFR Subpart R 1910.269, Electric Power Generation, Transmission, and Distribution.

[12] Forck, Mathew. “Four Key Steps to Conducting an Effective Job Briefing,” T&D World, July 1, 2019.

[13] Hanford Mission Support Contract.

“Conducting Pre-Task Job Briefings and Post-Job Briefings,” April 28, 2011.

[14] Setcorret, LLC. WP0001-2015, Job Briefings. Accessed at JobBriefingsWorkPracticeExample.pdf (setcorrect.com).

Daryld Ray Crow is presently Owner and Principal Technical Consultant for DRC Consulting Inc., where he performs consulting work for electrical safe work practice standards, assessments/audits, electrical safe work practice training, and electrical engineering projects. Ray

graduated from the University of Houston with a BSEE. After graduation, he worked for Alcoa providing global engineering support on the design, installation, and operation of power and rectifier systems and electrical safety. Ray was a team leader for writing multiple Alcoa electrical standards including electrical safe work practice standards and training and was responsible for providing internal electrical safety audits of Alcoa facilities.

After retiring from Alcoa, he worked for Fluor Global Services and Duke Energy as a Principal Technical Specialist providing design and consulting engineering for creating electrical safety standards for companies, and providing safe work practice training programs, assessments/audits of facilities, and plant power distribution systems. Ray is a Life Senior Member of IEEE, a principal member of the NFPA 70E Technical Committee, Secretary of IEEE Std. P1584.1, Technical Editor and Secretary of IEEE Std. P1814, Chair of PCIC Working Group IEEE Std. 463, and was Secretary of IEEE Std. 1584. In 2010, Ray received the IEEE/PCIC Electrical Safety Excellence Award; in 2017, he received the IEEE/ESW Outstanding Service Award. He has co-authored and presented technical papers and tutorials for a number of IEEE IAS PCIC conferences, IEEE IAS Pulp & Paper conferences, IEEE IAS Electrical Safety Workshop conferences, and NETA’s PowerTest conference.

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FEATURE

MENTORSHIP IS CRITICAL IN THE ELECTRICAL SECTOR

BY M IK E DOH ERT Y, eHazard

Mentoring has been a critical and foundational component in the electrical sector since its beginning. The basic tenants of electrical tradesperson apprenticeships and electrical engineers in training has always been coaching and mentoring by those with the interpersonal skills, relevant expertise, and knowledge to be able to pass it on.

The electrical sector has always taken particularly great pride in emphasizing and teaching the safety requirements involved in electrical work. The overall probability of serious electrical incidents across all sectors is generally low, but the physical consequences of shock, electrocution, and/or arc-flash incidents can be staggeringly high. The social, morale, and economic costs are all potentially very high as well.

In 2022 and going forward, electrical sector demographics will continue to change rapidly.

The baby boomer generation will be leaving the workforce in droves by the end of the current decade — and it’s already started.

R E SE AR C H A ND STATI STI CS

In the United States, the Bureau of Labor Statistics states in its Employment Projections — 2020-2030 Summary:

A study by a major insurance underwriter reported that the second most expensive workers’

The labor force is expected to increase by 8.9 million, from 160.7 million in 2020 to 169.6 million in 2030. The labor force participation rate is projected to decline, from 61.7 percent

A 2010 study by Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety found:

56

compensation claim was due to electrical injuries.[1]

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MENTORSHIP IS CRITICAL IN THE ELECTRICAL SECTOR

FEATURE

in 2020 to 60.4 percent in 2030. The decline in labor force participation is due to the aging of the baby-boom generation, a continuation of the declining trend in men’s participation, and a slight decline in women’s participation. By 2030, all baby boomers will be at least 65 years old.[2] More specifically, the BLS Employment Outlook Handbook notes: Employment of electricians is projected to grow 9 percent from 2020 to 2030, about as fast as the average for all occupations. About 84,700 openings for electricians are projected each year, on average, over the decade. Many of those openings are expected to result from the need to replace workers who transfer to different occupations or exit the labor force, such as to retire.[3] And in Canada, the Province of Ontario is offering free training and paid apprenticeships for electricians. The news release states: Data suggest the need to replace retiring workers is elevated in the skilled trades. In 2016, nearly 1 in 3 journeypersons were aged 55 years or older.

Between July 2021 and September 2021, there

MENTORSHIP IS CRITICAL IN THE ELECTRICAL SECTOR

were 338,835 job vacancies (unfilled jobs) in Ontario. About 8% (25,495) of all vacancies in Ontario were in the construction sector.[4]

PASSI NG ON THE EXPERI ENCE

It is extraordinarily clear that the continuing electrification of society is essential for ongoing prosperity and success for all concerned.

Highly skilled electrical sector tradespeople, technicians, technologists, and engineers have been and will continue to be required. With so many of these extremely skilled people soon to leave the workforce in the next few years, it is essential that the culture of electrical safety and high-end technical excellence is passed on to the outstanding workforce that is already in place or starting out.

But time to do so is definitely running out.

Leaders in the electrical sector must step up to ensure that their existing safety and technical best practices are sustainable and will be in place even after they move on. Ensuring sustainability for best practices after present leadership is gone is indicative of the very finest management qualities. Outstanding formal

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FEATURE mentoring programs within the electrical sector need to be developed and executed in an accountable and due-diligent manner.

The costs to the electrical safety culture and, in fact, to the electrical infrastructure if great mentoring programs are not put in place will be very difficult to recover from.

Those with decades of experience are generally no smarter than those who are just starting out. It is most obvious that the only way to gain experience is to put in the time and effort that experience facilitates — there is no other way. Passing on the hard-won wisdom that was realized over the course of their working life by those willing to share is one of the main goals.

M E NT OR RE QUIREMENTS

What are the requirements to be an exceptional mentor? The mentor needs to be an expert and someone who has walked the talk. Ideally, they will not be too far removed from the current thinking of those they would work with. It is imperative to understand the potential differences between age groups and demographics to ensure there is a potential fit. Mentors need to be enthusiastic and, in particular, bring real clarity to the interactions they will have. The antonyms to clarity are murkiness and vagueness. Mentors who bring anything other than authentic clarity to the discussions will not bring value.

These are professional relationships that need to be respectful, honest, truthful, and caring.

No one has ever erected a monument to a critic, and mentors must be able to listen with real understanding. They must also be willing to not impose their own beliefs too strongly.

They must be able to relate to the person they are working with and put themselves in that person’s shoes.

Mentors need to enjoy and be invested in the success of others. In particular, along with great listening skills, they must be exceptionally good at receiving and giving feedback. Ideally, a great mentor was a mentee themselves at one time. The absolute best coaches in the sporting world will tell you that their coaching style is

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a compilation of a few great coaches that they played for themselves. Those experiences along with their own unique styles and mannerisms will make for a terrific mentoring foundation.

A mentor is a person who provides the means, counseling, help, and feedback you need to flourish in your career, so it is very important for the mentor to select people to work with who are genuinely interested in accessing his or her experience and knowledge.

MENTOR QUESTI ONS

W. Edwards Deming said: “If you do not know how to ask the right question, you discover nothing.”

Insightful questions should be used by mentors to obtain successful outcomes with those they work with. Asking exploratory questions in a respectful and caring manner at the beginning of the potential and ongoing relationship can put the mentee at ease and let them know you are there to help, guide, and assist. Mentor questions can explore why the person is doing what they’re doing: • What do you really want to do and be in the electrical sector? What is it that drives your passion? Do you want to be a leader in the electrical sector and, if so, what would you like to be known for?

• Do you have a goal in mind regarding where you want to go? How and when are you going to get there? Are you curious to be a lifelong learner and to try things that you initially are not good at, or do you prefer to do things you’re already good at?

• What are you really good at and consider to be some of your primary strengths to get to your goals? What have you always been outstanding at that made you stand out from the rest?

• What are you currently not doing well that is blocking you from getting to your objectives? If you were to do a critical assessment of yourself, what three things are barriers, vulnerabilities, or roadblocks to you in the electrical sector? What is it that has been slowing you down — or is

MENTORSHIP IS CRITICAL IN THE ELECTRICAL SECTOR

FEATURE

• •

•

• •

slowing you down presently? Have you had constructive feedback from others regarding some of these barriers in school or personally and, if so, what was it?

What outstanding qualities, characteristics, and attributes do you bring specifically to the electrical sector?

Are you a great listener? Are you empathetic? Are you a good communicator? Do you have an outstanding work ethic? What is the one thing you do better than anybody else and why?

What are you going to do to constantly improve on your journey through the electrical sector? What are your priorities?

Do you believe these are the right priorities?

Is electrical safety in particular embedded in your DNA? Very important: How can I support you and where do you think you need the most assistance?

• •

•

•

•

M E N T E E Q UE ST IONS

It is also critical for the mentee to ask great questions of the mentor, and it is up to the mentor to facilitate and guide those questions if necessary to ensure they have a good match.

• What led you to the education you currently have? Was it well-planned or

MENTORSHIP IS CRITICAL IN THE ELECTRICAL SECTOR

• • •

did it just happen? What was the most important thing you learned at school?

If you could have done anything differently in your education, what would it have been?

What was your very first job as a student, and what was your very first full-time job after your formal education was done?

Who are the three most impactful people you have worked with and why?

Who are the three most impactful managers you have worked with?

How long has electrical safety been a vital part of your personal culture? Who has had the most influence on the things you believe specifically about electrical safety? Have you had or do you know of any significant electrical incidents during your working career? How has that impacted you?

When did you first hear about NFPA 70E or CSA Z462? How about NESC (IEEE C2) or CAN/ULC–S801?

What do you believe is the single most important concept in these standards?

How will this mentoring relationship be a benefit to me going forward?

Did you have mentors yourself, and what did you learn? How have they inspired you?

What’s the very best advice you can give me?

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FEATURE • What is your own individual style?

• What are the three specific values you believe are the most important within the electrical sector?

• Are you an exceptional listener?

• What are three or four of your favorite books and why?

• If you could only tell me one electrical safety story, what would it be?

B E NE F IT S

Mentoring is intended to be extremely beneficial to both parties. It should be equal parts insight, motivation, and inspiration. To be successful, the mentor and the mentee must be sounding boards for each other. To ensure a great relationship, they must honestly listen to each other’s concerns and be able to brainstorm any suggestions with tremendous clarity.

Mentors must continue to ask thoughtprovoking questions, steer the relationship, and ensure successful outcomes. One of the

most valuable things a mentor can provide is exceptional networking opportunities. After many years in the electrical sector, they will typically have many connections that can be invaluable to those starting out. Mentors characteristically are highly respected, and when they recommend a mentee to an important connection, the possibilities can be remarkable. In fact, as we all know, networking usually has far more to do with career success than many other things. Great mentors can ensure great networking prospects.

It is important for mentees to let the mentor know what it is they require. It is also critical to be on time, be prepared, and be truly professional. They must follow up with ideas, recommendations, action items, and corrective action plans.

CONCLUSI ON

Mentoring in the electrical sector will be critical for the rest of this decade in particular. It will build skills, decrease employee turnover, and

FEATURE certainly increase loyalty. High-end formal mentoring programs can also significantly improve retention rates for high-quality electricians, technicians, technologists, and engineers by building stronger company loyalty, safety, and technical excellence.

REFERENCES

[1] “Work Related Electrical Injuries: Study Sparks New Insights,” Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety, Vol. 13, No. 3, Winter 2010.

[2] Bureau of Labor Statistics. Employment Projections —2020-2030 Summary. Available at www.bls.gov/news.release/pdf/ecopro.pdf.

[3] Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor. Occupational Outlook Handbook, Electricians. Available at www.bls.gov/ooh/construction-andextraction/electricians.htm.

[4] Ontario Newsroom. “Ontario Invests in Electrical Training and Apprenticeships Programs Across Province.” Available at

https://news.ontario.ca/en/release/1001770/ ontario-invests-in-electrical-training-andapprenticeships-programs-across-province.

Mike Doherty is an independent Electrical Safety Consultant and training contractor for e-Hazard and is President/Owner of Blue Arc Electrical Safety Technologies Inc. Mike has over 47 years of industrial and electrical utility experience as an instrumentation technician, licensed electrician, training professional, electrical utility safety professional, and electrical safety consultant. He is a Senior Member of IEEE and IEEE (PCIC) Emeritus; Chair of ULC CAN/ULC-S801-14, Standard on Electric Utility Workplace Electrical Safety for Generation, Transmission and Distribution; and Past Chair of the Association of Electrical Utility Safety Professionals (AEUSP) in 2018 and 2019. He was Chair of CSA Z462 Technical Committee Workplace Electrical Safety Canada from March 2006–December 2018 and continues to serve as a Z462 Technical Committee voting member on the current edition. Mike was the 2013 recipient of the IEEE IAS Petroleum and Chemical Industry Committee (PCIC) Electrical Safety Excellence Award, the 2017 Best of Electrical Safety Technical Presentation Award at NETA’s PowerTest Conference, and the 2019 IEEE Electrical Safety Workshops Outstanding Service Award.

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FEATURE

BATTERY SAFETY

BY ANDREW SAG L , Megger

It’s happened to nearly everyone. You go to use a simple electrical device…a flashlight, a voltmeter, a TV remote, or a child’s toy…and the battery is dead. It has become exhausted and must be replaced.

Or worse, you open the device to find that the battery has corroded, possibly damaging or even destroying the contacts. In some critical respects, essentially the same thing can happen to the largest standby battery system that might be providing backup support for a substation, a computer room, a hospital, a manufacturing process — anywhere uninterruptible power is essential.

Standby battery banks can corrode, short out, lose capacity through unintentional grounds or aging, and fall victim to a host of other breakdowns and failures. They can also be victim to an out-of-sight, out-of-mind mentality. Most electrical functions are readily observable: The lights are on, motors are running, the building is heated. But standby batteries are tucked away out of sight and often forgotten. That is, until there’s an event.

When a utility experiences a fault, the battery bank should immediately come on line and provide alternate power until the utility comes back on line. Failure to do so can be nothing short of catastrophic. Switchgear can fail to operate to open faults. Buildings can catch fire, production lines stall and sacrifice materials, computer rooms go off line and lose data, and hospital patients on life support could die.

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• SUMMER 2022

To prevent such tragedies, standby battery banks must be tested regularly for their continued ability to come on line and deliver full power whenever utility service is interrupted.

TESTI NG BATTERY STRIN GS

A battery string is tested with a battery impedance tester that includes a DC current source that injects a test current through the string, then measures the voltage drop and calculates the impedance. An array of problems, including terminal corrosion, plate sulphation and corrosion, dry-out, and many more can increase the impedance to inhibit or prevent current propagation and take the battery out of operation.

Many battery banks are arranged in tiers of parallel strings. This can increase the supplied current, capacity, or reliability of the strings.

Parallel strings allow the current delivery

BATTERY SAFETY

FEATURE

PHOTO: © ISTOCKPHOTO.COM/PORTFOLIO/TONGPATONG

capability to be doubled. They also increase capacity, allowing the load to be supported for a longer period.

Flooded lead-acid batteries, which are usually used in series strings, can fail in a shorted mode. They are not technically shorted and will still allow current to pass through them. They just aren’t making a contribution to the output, but the string still remains in service.

but current will not readily pass through them. Failure of one battery will stop current propagation in that string, but the parallel strings will still permit current flow and maintain the backup function. Lithium ion batteries use a management system that monitors safety parameters and will open the battery in case of a hazard. Parallel strings are recommended. If one cell opens, current can still pass through the other string(s).

Sealed lead acid batteries (VRLA), which are typically used in parallel strings, tend to fail in open mode. They are not literally open,

Accordingly, parallel strings have notable advantages in overcoming failed cells and still being able to provide critical backup power

Figure 1: Series String

BATTERY SAFETY

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FEATURE

Figure 2: Parallel String to avert emergencies. But their arrangement introduces a fundamental testing complication.

When testing a series string, test current has only one path — through the string. But when testing a parallel string, test current has multiple paths depending on the number of strings.

A battery tester measures the total current it is able to inject, but it looks at the voltage drop

between the potential probes. In a series string, current has a single path and remains constant, giving an accurate measurement of impedance across the cell (Figure 1).

In a parallel string, current is divided between the strings. The impedance tester measures the total current through the string but only the voltage drop between the potential probes,

Figure 3: Parallel String Sample Calculation

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• SUMMER 2022

BATTERY SAFETY

FEATURE thereby calculating an inaccurate measurement of cell impedance based on more current than is actually traveling through the tested cell (Figure 2). A bad cell can therefore appear acceptable.

As an example, suppose the battery consisted of two tiers of five cells, each with 100 mΩ impedance (Figure 3). The charger is applying half an amp. The impedance tester measures 0.0375 V across an individual cell. Since the string is balanced, only 0.25 A is flowing through the tested cell. The true measurement for this cell’s impedance would be 150 mΩ.

However, the impedance tester measures the total current propagating through the entire string, which is 0.5 A. It calculates and displays 0.75 mΩ — half the actual value. It is obvious that a deteriorated cell could test good under these circumstances, potentially rendering the string off line if called into service.

S TA N D A R DS & T E C H N O L OG Y

Traditionally, this issue was addressed by IEEE Std. 1188, Recommended Practice for Maintenance, Testing, and Replacement of Valve-Regulated Lead-Acid (VRLA) Batteries

for Stationary Applications. This standard calls for taking the string off line and segmenting the parallel strings. This is a lot of work! Fortunately, modern technological improvements have produced a convenient methodology that allows the testing and troubleshooting of parallel strings without segmentation and without taking them off line.

The technological breakthrough that augments this process is the split-core current clamp, which appeared in the mid- to late-20th century.

The current clamp can intercept and measure escape current that is propagating through the parallel strings, and the measurement circuit in the impedance tester can deduct this from the calculation. The impedance of the specific cell being tested is now calculated against the specific current passing through it and not the total current being injected by the impedance tester (Figure 4). The measurement is correct for the specific cell being tested, and faulty high-impedance cells will not elude detection.

BATTERY FAI LURE

Routine preventive maintenance of standby batteries is easy to bypass because they aren’t

Figure 4: Parallel String with Current Clamp

BATTERY SAFETY

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FEATURE Finally, National Electric Reliability Council (NERC) requirements have become mandatory and enforceable for all bulk power system owners, users, and operators in the United States. Founded in 1968 in response to devastating blackouts, NERC requirements for stationary battery backup strings require battery terminal connection resistance and intercell connection resistance tests to be performed and documented.

CONCLUSI ON

Battery Destroyed by Thermal Runaway visibly active on a daily basis like computers, lighting, and machinery. But neglecting maintenance can come at a high price and all at once in the form of catastrophic and potentially lethal failure.

Internal chemical decomposition can emit gases that cause the battery to swell and explode, releasing dangerous fumes. Failure of backup power to utility circuit breakers and relays can allow fault currents to wreak enormous damage. VRLA batteries can emit hydrogen as part of their normal operation. If left unattended in a poorly ventilated, poorly temperature-regulated battery room, hydrogen gas can accumulate and ignite, producing an explosion and massive structural damage.

And although not physically destructive or threatening, failure of backup power to a computer room can result in a crippling loss of vital data.

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Modern technology has produced instruments that make the seemingly daunting task of testing the readiness and reliability of large, multi-tiered battery banks an integral part of your preventive/predictive maintenance program. This can be accomplished without taking the system off line. Data analysis and storage software enables complete and detailed record keeping for effective continuity of the program and presentation for NERC inspection. A comparatively small investment of time and effort in a maintenance program with a full-quality battery impedance tester can prevent and save the cost of prohibitive damage and outages in the electrical system.

Andrew Sagl is the Power Quality and Battery Testing Product Manager at Megger. He has been with Megger for 20 years and is a specialist in power quality and battery testing technology and application. Andy develops and supports power quality equipment in addition to writing power quality and battery publications and delivering training and seminar courses. He has a degree in electronics and is a member of the IEEE Power Engineering Society and Battery Standards Group. In the past, Andy has specialized in nano-motor technology as well as military sub-systems and weapons guidance systems.

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FEATURE

IMPROVED METHOD FOR SAFE TIMING MEASUREMENT OF

GIS CIRCUIT BREAKERS B Y R A DENK O OST OJ IC, ADNAN SECIC, BUDO M IL OV IC, an d K ERIM OBARCANIN, DV Power

In gas-insulated substations (GIS), the high-voltage elements, including conductors, circuit breaker interrupters, switches, current transformers (CTs), and voltage transformers, are encapsulated in SF6 gas inside grounded metal enclosures.[1] For that reason, direct access to circuit breaker (CB) main circuit terminals for testing purposes is not possible.

The inaccessibility of main circuit terminals requires several actions to be taken before conducting the measurements. One of these actions requires disconnecting the ground connection (detachable shunt that connects the main circuit to the grounded enclosure during testing) from one side of the breaker. This action reduces the safety of the test procedure.

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According to regulations and demands described in IEEE Std. 510-1983[2] and Ostojic and Milovic,[3] all conducting points in the substation must be grounded during testing and maintenance. In the previously published paper by Ostojic and Secic[4] on this topic, we presented a novel method for testing high-voltage (HV) circuit breakers in GIS

IMPROVED METHOD FOR SAFE TIMING MEASUREMENT OF GIS CIRCUIT BREAKERS

FEATURE

PHOTO: © ISTOCKPHOTO.COM/PORTFOLIO/PIXHOUSE

substations without the need to remove the ground connection. This new method is based on injecting high DC current through the parallel connection of the grounding path and main circuit, as well as measuring the response signals on the CT’s secondary.

This method, however, is not applicable for GIS configurations where the CT is not included in the measurement circuit between the maintenance grounding switches. It is also not applicable for single-pole controlled GIS circuit breakers (with three separated enclosures) with very-low grounding path and enclosure resistance (≤ 50–60 µΩ). Consequently, we propose an improved GIS test method based on the test procedure previously described in Ostojic and Secic.[4]

GENERAL PROBLEM I DENTI FI CATI ON

To measure operating times [opening time (O), closing time (C), open-close time (OC), close-open time (C-O), etc.] on the CB main circuit in the GIS substation with the conventional testing method, the CB main contact terminals must be accessed through the maintenance switches (Figure 1). By removing or disconnecting the detachable shunt, one side of the breaker is disconnected from the ground, which enables measurements without removing SF6 gas or opening the enclosure. However, the procedure to remove this shunt is unsafe, timeconsuming, often impractical, and as such, is undesirable for test personnel in the utilities.

[4] Furthermore, some GIS circuit breakers do not have purpose-built detachable shunts and

IMPROVED METHOD FOR SAFE TIMING MEASUREMENT OF GIS CIRCUIT BREAKERS

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FEATURE GIS enclosure

GIS enclosure

CB main contacts Current transformer

Parallel circuit through the GIS enclosure

CB main contacts

Current transformer Maintenance switches Detachable shunts

GIS enclosure

Maintenance switches Detachable shunts

GIS enclosure

Access points for testing

Access points for testing

Parallel circuit through the ground

Parallel circuit through the ground

(a)

(b)

Figure 1: Electric Diagram of GIS CB, CTs Within (a) and Outside (b) Earthing Switches Circuit test terminals that are isolated from the GIS enclosure.[5] If the detachable shunt is not removed or disconnected, a parallel conducting circuit to the one consisting of the tested main circuit path is formed. The resistance of this parallel circuit consists of the resistance of the GIS enclosure and the grounding itself, and it is often comparable to or even lower than the resistance of the main circuit.

To experimentally verify this claim, a highprecision micrometer with a test current of 500 A was used to measure GIS enclosure resistance on several GIS substations. The lowest measured value reached was 20 µΩ.

This prevents a conventional CB timing measuring system from being able to deliver reliable results.

E X IS T ING M E T H OD SH OR T C OM ING S

The test method proposed in Ostojic and Secic[4] is based on the injection of the high DC current in parallel through the main circuit and GIS enclosure of all three poles and the simultaneous measurement of the response

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signals on the secondary of the CT during the circuit breaker operation. One power source must be connected between two marked access points for testing (Figure 1) where the main circuit is accessed through the maintenance grounding switches. This power source is a voltage-controlled DC current source with a high current output (up to 500 A), based on state-of-the-art power electronics converters.

Current transformers are an essential part of the HV GIS substation. One (primary) terminal of these elements is located in the pressurized gas area, while the secondary terminal is accessible in the auxiliary circuits.[6]-[8] These accessible CT secondary terminals can be used for measuring operation time in HV GIS circuit breakers. The measuring instrument should record either voltage or current on the CT secondary; based on this, the instant of the CB contacts touch or separation can be detected.

This method is successfully applied to GIS circuit breakers where the CT is available between test access points (grounding switch terminals) as shown in Figure 1a, even if the GIS switchgear does not have detachable shunts and test terminals. Another approach to this problem, described in Renaudin and

IMPROVED METHOD FOR SAFE TIMING MEASUREMENT OF GIS CIRCUIT BREAKERS

FEATURE Nenning,[9] is based on the usage of a Rogowski coil to measure the current variation in the ground conductor or the breaker path over time.

However, the test method described in Renaudin and Nenning[9] is not applicable in the case when the tested circuit breaker does not include the detachable shunts since there is a permanent parallel connection across the enclosure to the main circuit. The Rogowski coil, essential for the current variation measurement for this test method, cannot be installed on such a circuit breaker.

For the method described in Ostojic and Secic,[4] the first limitation is related to the GIS configurations where the current transformer cannot be included in the measurement circuit (as shown in Figure 1b). In this case, there are no response signals on the secondary of CT, based on which a change in the main contact state is detected.

Another challenge for Ostojic and Secic[4] is related to some single-pole operated GIS circuit breakers (each pole has its enclosure) with verylow resistances of the pole’s enclosures (lower than 50–60 µΩ). Our experimental results showed that a total current of 500 A, when divided into three current paths (poles), is not always enough to get a measurable response signal at the secondary of CT. For example, if the resistance

of the GIS enclosure and the grounding path is about 30 µΩ and the resistance of the main arcing contact is about 1 mΩ, only about 5 A of the total 166 A (one-third of 500 A) will initially flow through the main circuit.

For CTs with high transmission ratios, e.g.

4,000:5, the value of the secondary current will be around 5–6 mA, which can be highly affected by external or measurement noise.

This again can make the circuit breaker timing measurement results unreliable. The solution to this problem is to increase the test current by at least twice the value of the required test current per pole, which is about 330 A, or about 1,000 A in total.

I MPROVED TEST METHOD

The improved test method presented is applicable to the most demanding cases for testing, such as a single-pole operated GIS CB that has very-low resistance in its pole enclosures or where CTs cannot be included in the measurement circuit between test access points.

The first improvement to the GIS test method[4] consists of replacing the high-frequency DC/ DC converter as a power source with highpower lithium-polymer (Li-Po) batteries. The reason for this is to eliminate converter noise.

As shown in Figure 2, three isolated batterybased power sources are used to supply each pole of the single-pole controlled CB with

Figure 2: Three Battery-Based Power Sources Used for GIS CB Testing

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FEATURE a high current. Therefore, three such power sources integrated into one box will be needed for testing this GIS configuration. The current will be in the range of 400–500 A per pole, depending on the battery charge levels and the resistance of the tested circuit.

The second improvement is related to the measurements on GIS breakers with the CT placed outside of the grounding switch circuit.

In this case, instead of measuring the signal at the secondary of the CT, the primary current can be monitored within the power source.

Since each pole of the GIS circuit breaker is supplied with a very-high DC current (400– 500 A), the change in the main contact state will cause a change in the total current that is measurable even in the case of the very-low resistance of GIS enclosures and grounding path. For easier detection of the signal transients, it is possible to measure the current signal through the measurement shunt or the time derivative of this signal. This measurement can be realized with a hardware differentiator based on operational amplifiers.[10]

M E T H OD VE R IF ICATI ON

Verification of the improved test method for GIS CB testing was performed on the GIS circuit breaker model Energoinvest SFI 11 (manufactured in 1985), single-pole operated, without purpose-built test terminals. Since there were no purpose-built test terminals (access points), test clamps of the current cables were connected to the conducting points at the

GIS enclosure, placed as close as possible to the earthing switches, as can be seen in Figure 3.

Since CTs were included in the test circuit, response signals were measured at the CT secondary. Besides the fact that the circuit breaker was single-pole operated (with three separate enclosures) and didn’t have purposebuilt test terminals, one more aggravating circumstance was the very-low resistance of the grounding path (around 60 µΩ).

The generated test current was in the range of 420–430 A per current output. The measured current signal at the secondary of the CT during opening and closing operations is shown in Figure 4. As concluded in Ostojic and Secic,[4] the highest or the lowest (depending on the signal direction) turning point at the response signal during the opening operation matches with the instant of the arcing contact separation, while the instant of the first appearance of the current signal during the closing operation matches with the instant of the first contact touch.

With this in mind, and looking at Figure 4, it can be seen that instants of the contacts opening are around 21–22 ms, while the instants of the contacts closing are in a range of 125– 128 ms. These instances can easily be detected automatically with the appropriate software.

The results could not be verified by performing timing measurement with the conventional

Figure 3: Connection of Current Clamps to Points Close to Earthing Switches

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IMPROVED METHOD FOR SAFE TIMING MEASUREMENT OF GIS CIRCUIT BREAKERS

FEATURE

(a)

(b)

Figure 4: Signal Response at CT Secondary During a) Opening and b) Closing Operation timing method since it is not applicable for this case without dismantling the GIS enclosure (a GIS circuit breaker doesn’t have detachable shunts). Instead, specified limit values prescribed by the OEM were considered. According to these specifications, circuit breaker model Energoinvest SFI 11 has an opening time in the range of 18–24 ms and a closing time in the range 120–130 ms, meaning that interpreted values are within the allowed range.

C ON C L U S I ON

Method verification has shown that this improved test method with three isolated highpower current sources (400–500 A per source) is applicable for single-pole operated circuitbreakers without test terminals and with verylow resistance of the grounding path.

Because of the option of direct measurement of the injected current changes as an alternative to measurement of current signal response at the (CT’s) secondary, this can be applied to all configurations of GIS switchgear: three-pole or single-pole controlled circuit breaker with or without CT in the measurement circuit and with or without test terminals.

REFERENCES

[1] Electric Power Substations Engineering.

Electrical Engineering Handbook, Edited

by John D. McDonald, CRC Press Published May 16, 2012. Reference 536 Pages - 271 B/W Illustrations ISBN 9781439856383 - CAT# K12650.

[2] IEEE. IEEE Std. 510-1983, Recommended Practices for Safety in High-Voltage and High-Power Testing.

[3] Radenko Ostojic, Budo Milovic.

“New Requiremens in Circuit Breaker Diagnostics: Integration of New Circuit Breaker Test Methods,“ NETA World, 2014.

[4] Radenko Ostojic, Adnan Secic.

“Improving Safety in Operation Time Measurement Procedure for Circuit Breakers in Gas Insulated Substation,” Research Disclosure, 2019.

[5] Philip Bolin. Mitsubishi Electric Power GasInsulated Substation, 2003 by CRC Press LLC. [6] IEEE. IEEE Std. C37.122.1-1993, Guide for Gas-Insulated Substations.

[7] IEEE. IEEE Std. C37.123-1996, Guide to Specifications for Gas-Insulated, Electric Power Substation Equipment.

[8] IEC. IEC 62271-203:1990, Gas-Insulated Metal-Enclosed Switchgear for Rated Voltages of 72.5 kV and Above (3rd edition).

[9] T. Renaudin, A. Nenning. OMICRON electronics. “On-Site Non-Intrusive Testing of AC Circui Breakers,” CIGRÉ Winnipeg 2017 Colloquium, Study Committees A3, B4, & D1, Winnipeg, Canada, September 30–October 6, 2017.

IMPROVED METHOD FOR SAFE TIMING MEASUREMENT OF GIS CIRCUIT BREAKERS

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FEATURE [10] Radenko Ostojic, Adnan Secic. “Combined Current and Voltage Controlled Source in Arcing Contacts Condition Assessment,“ NETA World, 2015.

Radenko Ostojic is a Test and Diagnosis Engineer at DV Power – Sweden in the field of circuit breaker testing and maintenance. He has been employed at DV Power since 2010 and works on improving circuit breaker testing equipment and developing new methods for circuit breaker testing. Radenko’s area of special interest is testing circuit breakers in enhanced safety conditions, which implies testing of circuit breakers with both terminals grounded. He earned his BSEE at the University of East Sarajevo.

Adnan Secic is an R&D Engineer at DV Power – Sweden. As a project leader, he is responsible for developing the circuit breaker analyzer and timer (CAT) device series. Adnan received his BS in electrical engineering and MS from the University of Sarajevo, and is in the final stage of Ph.D. 4426_HVI_NETA_Summer_2022_PRINT.pdf

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3/1/22

studies at the Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing in Zagreb, Croatia.

Budo Milovic has been employed at DV Power since 2007 and currently works as a Technical Application Engineer for CAT instruments and circuit breaker testing.

His area of interest is improvement of the circuit breaker testing equipment. Budo received his BSEE from the University of East Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Kerim Obarcanin is a Manager of the Software Engineering Department at DV Power – Sweden and an Industry Expert Lecturer at the Sarajevo School of Science and Technology, a collaboration partner of Buckingham University, UK. His primary research focus is on the domain of data acquisition, conditioning, and algorithms for data processing.

Kerim is currently in the final stage of his Ph.D. studies at the Faculty of Electrical Engineering in Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina.

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ACCEPTANCE TESTING COLLABORATION LEADS TO IMPROVED PROJECT DELIVERY B Y E R I C NAT ION, High Voltage Maintenance Corporation

Nearly 70 percent of early equipment failures can be traced to design, installation, or startup deficiencies. That’s why it is so important to protect a data center’s investment in new equipment or systems with acceptance testing. A thorough check of electrical power systems and components before energization can uncover and help correct problems that otherwise would lead to project schedule delays or larger and more costly issues in the future with impacts to data center downtime and consumer dissatisfaction.

W H AT IS A C C E PTANCE T E ST ING A ND IS I T NE C E SSARY ?

Acceptance testing is the physical and electrical inspection and testing of newly installed electrical equipment. This involves thorough visual and mechanical inspections using calibrated test instruments to ensure electrical components and completed systems operate as designed. It occurs before electrical system commissioning and start-up as well as before the new equipment is put into operation.

Taking this initial step verifies that manufactured devices are free from defects, operating as designed and intended, and installed correctly as specified. It is important that acceptance testing be performed by a third-party testing firm that is unbiased and independent in their evaluation and findings.

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COMMON COSTLY I SS UES

A number of issues that can be costly to correct after start-up can be found with acceptance testing: • Failure of cabling damaged during installation • Incorrect wiring • Mechanical operating problems • Nuisance tripping or breakers tripping outside of manufacturer’s curves • Improper relay settings and programming • Compromised insulation dielectric systems • Improper grounding • Wrong transformer taps and/or improper ratios for proper voltage • Instrument transformer and metering circuit ratio and wiring issues • Surge protection device defects

ACCEPTANCE TESTING COLLABORATION LEADS TO IMPROVED PROJECT DELIVERY

INDUSTRY TOPICS

PHOTO: © ISTOCKPHOTO.COM/PORTFOLIO/GORODENKOFF

• Switchgear bus and cable connections not properly assembled • Bus connections improperly torqued Acceptance testing also avoids unnecessary expenses for data centers. Finding system and component anomalies during acceptance testing — while equipment is still under warranty and in a controlled environment — is critical. Determining and correcting deficiencies prior to startup can save an owner capital and maintenance expenses by preventing costly outages, equipment repairs, and potential safety issues.

H Y P E R S C A LE DATA C E NT E R R E QU IR E M E NT S

The hyperscale data center market continues to grow and with the amount of digital information being generated, there’s no end in sight. With this growth comes a need for new data centers and/or expansion of existing facilities at a much greater rate to keep up with

digital demand. The increased demand for data storage drives larger and more complex power system requirements to handle the loading, not only for the servers storing the data, but also for the thermal systems required to cool the data center equipment.

Traditionally, acceptance testing of the critical power distribution infrastructure for these types of facilities would have been performed fully at the data center. The testing agency would work alongside the electrical contractor during or in many cases after installation to complete all acceptance testing activities.

With the increased demand and the need to bring these data centers on line faster, that model has evolved. Collaboration between equipment providers, installers, and the testing agency has improved and enabled off-site testing that shortens the overall construction schedule for these projects. It is important to note, however, that the quality assurance,

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INDUSTRY TOPICS testing, and commissioning aspects of the project must always remain the goal without compromises being made.

upward of 40%. This time savings provides an improvement to the overall construction schedule that benefits all parties involved.

OF F -SIT E T E ST IN G OP P OR T UNIT IE S

It is important to note that acceptance testing will still need to be conducted at the final onsite location to ensure no damage occurred during shipping or final installation. This multi-step approach will help save time overall as the testing firm can uncover any issues and make corrections off-site; this leads to fewer issues being found on-site.

A shift in the use of integrators creates an opportunity for testing to begin off-site.

Acceptance testing at an integrator’s facility or an equipment provider is becoming more common and offers notable efficiencies.

Collaboration with a system integrator at their location while the equipment is being built allows the integrator and electrical contractor to follow parallel paths with regard to all data center assets.

The electrical contractor can be installing system components while the integrator is assembling the remaining portions of the power system distribution equipment.

These components can be tested as they are connected offsite, reducing time on-site by

Acceptance testing is best performed by the same independent firm working with the integrator at their location as well as with the electrical contractor during installation on-site. Keeping a consistent partner makes for smoother transitions, increased efficiencies, standard processes and procedures, communication improvements, etc.

While integrators are providing a customized solution involving numerous components

INDUSTRY TOPICS from various OEMs, the testing agency conducting the acceptance testing must be familiar with a wide range of manufacturers’ equipment. Utilizing qualified technicians who can implement industry-recognized testing methods and procedures will help ensure the quality and consistency of testing at the data center and off-site.

Equipment tested at the integrator site can include skid-mounted systems in outdoor enclosures. Each skid includes medium- and low-voltage equipment such as circuit breakers, trip units, protective relays, wiring, metering, instrument transformers, panelboards, batteries, etc. The integtrator also includes their own system for power, lighting, and HVAC controls.

The electrical contractor can be wiring the loads at the data center and be ready and waiting for the skids of low- and medium-voltage switchboard and/or switchgear assemblies to arrive. Testing at the data center includes electrical contractor-installed equipment fed from the skids, such as busways, circuit breakers, bus plugs, disconnects, grounding, etc. Tests are often conducted concurrently at the site while integrator testing is under way.

Testing on equipment from the skids that cannot be performed at the integrator includes items such as interconnect wiring, grounding, and complete system functional testing. These are completed at the data center to close out the onsite testing.

C H O O S E T HE RIGH T PA R T N E R

Due to the importance of conducting proper acceptance testing, selecting a good acceptance testing firm whose experience and knowledge you can trust is crucial. Consider the following criteria when selecting a suitable acceptance testing firm: • Independence from the manufacturer to ensure an unbiased, thorough assessment of equipment • Ability to accurately interpret test results to determine the best course of action for each unique customer environment

• Previous work experience on similar projects to determine the value added • Technician certification and experience to ensure thorough testing by a trained professional • Size of the firm and ability to staff with qualified professionals to deliver the project on time and within budget • Awareness of all safety standards to ensure safe work practices and require less supervision • Test equipment calibration program to ensure accurate test results. You cannot properly assess equipment if you are unable to confirm the test equipment you are using is in proper working order.

• Affiliations with reputable organizations such as NETA, NICET, and NFPA to confirm knowledge of testing standards • Ability to perform new and innovative testing services to ensure a complete evaluation and comprehensive recommendations • Ability for the same company to be utilized at the integrator as well as the physical site • Strong financial standing and the ability to be a long-term provider

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INDUSTRY TOPICS The above criteria are important when identifying an independent testing company that can become a trusted advisor to help to extend system life, reduce downtime, and improve the safety surrounding your equipment.

C ONC LUSION

Electrical systems are among a data center’s most critical assets, and they can have a big impact on the bottom line. In data centers that power the online economy 24x7, even a brief disruption can cost millions of dollars. Their production and management cost is high, and failures almost always lead to catastrophic losses.

Hyperscale data centers are experiencing substantial growth, requiring collaboration and an integrated project delivery to improve consistency and shorten the overall construction schedule. Investing in thorough

acceptance testing by utilizing a trusted, independent testing firm can save your organization money during construction and throughout the equipment life cycle.

Eric Nation is the General Manager of High Voltage Maintenance Corporation and has been with the company since 2001. He has over 20 years of experience in the electrical services industry helping customers increase the reliability of their electrical systems. Eric is a member of several professional organizations including the International Electrical Testing Association (NETA) and the National Electrical Contractors Association (NECA). He holds a BS from Wright State university and an MBA from Miami University.

This article was first published in 7x24 Exchange International, Spring 2021. Published by Data Center and Mission Critical Association.

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INDUSTRY TOPICS

POWER FACTOR:

UNDERSTANDING THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN DPF AND TPF

BY K EN K IOUS, PowerSight

People often refer to power factor without understanding that there are two types of power factor measurement, and it is important to understand the difference between them. If you have a power factor problem, it could mean you have: • A power factor correction problem that requires adding (or taking away) capacitors • A combination of a power factor correction problem and harmonics that make it look worse than it is

factor. For those comfortable with the math, it is the cosine of the angle between a driving voltage and the resulting current. For the rest of us, it is a measure of how much the driven current waveform trails the driving voltage waveform in an inductive circuit.

But how do you know which problem you have? And how do you measure it?

A few degrees of current phase lag makes very little difference in the circuit, but as that lag increases, it has an increasing effect on lowering the efficiency of the system. The relationship between increasing phase lag and the resulting lowered efficiency is expressed by the cosine of the lag angle. Therefore, rather than reporting the lag angle, we usually

W H AT IS DISP LACEMENT P OW E R FAC T OR?

Displacement power factor (DPF) is what most people think of when they talk of power

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POWER FACTOR: UNDERSTANDING THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN DPF AND TPF

INDUSTRY TOPICS 120.00

True Power (KW)

Phase Lag Angle

True Power (KW)

Phase Lag Angle

100.00 120.00 80.00 100.00 60.00 80.00 40.00 60.00 20.00 40.00 0.00 20.00

Figure 1: True Power Relative to Apparent Power 0.00 Cos(Lag Angle) 1.20

Cos(Lag Angle)

1.00 1.20 0.80 1.00 0.60 0.80 0.40 0.60 0.20 0.40 0.00 0.20 0.00 PHOTO: © ISTOCKPHOTO.COM/PORTFOLIO/POBYTOV

report the cosine of the lag angle. That provides a more meaningful understanding of whether you have a displacement problem or not.

The downward bending curve seen in Figure 1 for true power relative to apparent power is exactly the same as the downward bending curve of the cosine math function. Therefore, the cosine of the lag angle is an exact measure of how the true power component of apparent power (V x A) decreases as phase lag increases.

For this reason, rather than reporting the lag angle, we usually report the cosine of the lag angle (Figure 2), which provides a more meaningful understanding of whether you have a phase angle displacement problem or not. In a system where no harmonics are present, true power will be equal to the apparent power times the DPF: W = Vrms x Arms x DPF (when no harmonics are present)

Figure 2: Cosine of Lag Angle

WHAT I S TRUE POWER FACTOR?

True power factor (TPF) is what most people actually measure. It is simply the ratio of true power (KW) to the apparent power (KVA).

TPF = W / VA (whether harmonics are present or not) It’s easy to measure and, traditionally, it is equal to the DPF (the cosine of the phase angle). If your TPF is low, you have a problem. The only question is whether the problem is due to current displacement or due to a combination of harmonic distortion and displacement.

WHY YOU CARE ABOUT DPF

If DPF is low, it takes more current to supply the same amount of power to a load. We typically see this with motors, which are traditionally highly inductive loads. Inductance causes the current to lag the voltage.

POWER FACTOR: UNDERSTANDING THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN DPF AND TPF

NETAWORLD

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83

INDUSTRY TOPICS Here is an example of how this plays out.

Suppose a single-phase motor that is running off 120 V needs 1,200 W to run efficiently. If there is no phase lag, then the lag angle equals 0 degrees. The cosine of 0 degrees is 1, and the required current draw will be:

The required current for the same amount of work has doubled because of the increased phase lag.

Figure 3 and Figure 4 are waveform captures that illustrate what was just described. The circuits in Figure 3 and Figure 4 consume nearly the same power, but the circuit in Figure 3 has a large phase lag of 60 degrees, resulting in a drop in DPF:

1,200 W/120 V/1= 10 A Now, suppose the motor has very large inductance and, as a result, the phase lag angle is 60 degrees. The cosine of 60 degrees is 0.5, resulting in a current draw of:

DPF = cos(60) = 0.50

1,200 W/120 V/0.5 = 20 A

DPF = cos(0) = 1.00 PS4550_DPF_0.50_1214W_20A PS4550_DPF_0.50_1214W_20A

I1 I1 20.0 20.0

200.0 200.0

W1 = 1.214KW W1 = 0.80 1.214KW PF1 PF1 = 0.80

W2 = 0.0 W2 = NA 0.0 PF2 PF2 = NA

W3 = 0.0 W3 = NA 0.0 PF3 PF3 = NA

Wt = 1.214KW Wt = 0.50 1.214KW PFt PFt = 0.50

Voltage Voltage (V)(V)

100.0 100.0

0.0 0.0

-100.0 -100.0

-200.0 -200.00.0 5.0 0.0 5.0 Fundamental Frequency: 60.0Hz

10.0 10.0

15.0 15.0

20.0 20.0

Fundamental Frequency: 60.0Hz

25.0

Time25.0 (msec) Time (msec)

30.0 30.0

35.0 35.0

40.0 40.0

50.00 50.00 40.00 40.00 30.00 30.00 20.00 20.00 10.00 10.00 0.00 0.00 -10.00 -10.00 -20.00 -20.00 -30.00 -30.00 -40.00 -40.00 -50.00 -50.00 45.0 50.0 45.0 50.0 Captured on 02/10/21 at 13.58.51

Current Current (A)(A)

V1n V1n 120.4 120.4

The circuit in Figure 4 has no phase lag, resulting in:

Captured on 02/10/21 at 13.58.51

Figure 3: Large Phase Lag

200.0 200.0

Voltage Voltage (V)(V)

PS4550_DPF_1.00_1339W_11A PS4550_DPF_1.00_1339W_11A

I1 I11.1 1 11.1 W1 = 1.339KW W1 = 1.00 1.339KW PF1 PF1 = 1.00

W2 = 0.0 W2 = NA 0.0 PF2 PF2 = NA

W3 = 0.0 W3 = NA 0.0 PF3 PF3 = NA

20.00 20.00

Wt = 1.339KW Wt = 1.00 1.339KW PFt PFt = 1.00

100.0 100.0

10.00 10.00

0.0 0.0

0.00 0.00

-100.0 -100.0

-10.00 -10.00

-200.0 -200.00.0 5.0 0.0 5.0 Fundamental Frequency: 60.0Hz

10.0 10.0

Fundamental Frequency: 60.0Hz

15.0 15.0

20.0 20.0

25.0 Time25.0 (msec)

Time (msec)

30.0 30.0

35.0 35.0

40.0 40.0

Current Current (A)(A)

V1n V1n 120.4 120.4

-20.00 -20.00 45.0 50.0 45.0 50.0 Captured on 02/10/21 at 13.56.27 Captured on 02/10/21 at 13.56.27

Figure 4: No Phase Lag

84

• SUMMER 2022 V1n

V1n 120.4 120.4

200.0

I1 I1 12.0 12.0

PS4550_PF_0.93_due_to_Harmonics POWER FACTOR: UNDERSTANDING THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN DPF AND TPF PS4550_PF_0.93_due_to_Harmonics 20.00

INDUSTRY TOPICS The circuit with large phase lag (Figure 3) requires about twice the amount of current (I1 = 20 A) to supply similar power compared to the circuit with no phase lag (I1 = 10A) in Figure 4.

A single load with low DPF is usually not an important thing, but what if there are 1,000 such motors? Now the utility must supply twice the current to accomplish the same amount of work as if there were no phase lag. The user doesn’t mind, because in most cases, they are paying for true power (KW) not apparent power (KVA). But the utility is unhappy because now their distribution system is carrying twice the current that is actually needed to perform the work for the customer. That extra current results in twice the resistive power loss in their distribution system, which benefits no one.

A similar problem arises for the end user if: • Larger gauge conductors are required to supply the required amperage.

• The facility is remote and the owner must supply an oversized distribution system of considerable length.

• The facility is geographically dispersed (such as for oil-well pump jacks or distributed fluid pumps).

Since they do not want to absorb the cost of inefficiency, the utility fights back with a power factor surcharge on your bill so you will share their pain. This surcharge can be pretty steep, so power factor correction circuitry to lower the required current and eliminate power factor correction surcharges (or lower the cable gauge requirements in your dispersed or remote facility) may be a moneysaving investment.

WHY YOU CARE ABOUT TPF

TPF is often nearly equal to DPF, so if you care about DPF, you probably care about TPF. The two measurements deviate from each other when harmonics are present. In the modern

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INDUSTRY TOPICS V1n 120.4

PS4550_DPF_1.00_1339W_11A I1 11.1

Current (A)

Voltage (V)

20.00 era 200.0 of non-linear loads and electronic power high harmonics, there is a good chance that W1 = 1.339KW W2 = 0.0 W3 = 0.0 Wt = 1.339KW supplies, significant PF1harmonics = 1.00 PF2 =can NA be present.PF3 = NAthe DPF PFt = 1.00 (the phase lag of the fundamental If the harmonic currents are not in phase with frequency) is close to 1.00, even if the TPF is 10.00 100.0 their harmonic driving voltages, then the true much lower. Therefore, you should know your power (the KW) will be less than the apparent load before you make assumptions about what power0.0(the KVA), and the resulting TPF will be the TPF means.

0.00 lower than 1.00.

To illustrate, Figure 5 and Figure 6 show -10.00 -100.0 If you are monitoring a conventional motor waveform captures from two different singlewithout a variable speed drive (VSD), you will phase simulations. Both circuits have a TPF of find-200.0 that TPF is a pretty good measurement 0.93 with 12 A. However, they are completely -20.00 0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0 40.0 45.0 50.0 of DPF, so talking simply of power factor different situations that Captured require completely Fundamental Frequency: 60.0Hz Time (msec) on 02/10/21 at 13.56.27 (PF) is usually accurate and explanatory. But different mitigation methods if you want to raise if you are monitoring an electronic load with the TPF.

PS4550_PF_0.93_due_to_Harmonics V1n 120.4

I1 12.0 20.00

200.0

PF2 = NA

PF3 = NA

PFt = 0.93

100.0

10.00

0.0

0.00

-100.0

-10.00

-200.0 0.0

5.0

10.0

15.0

20.0

Fundamental Frequency: 60.0Hz

25.0

Time (msec)

30.0

35.0

40.0

45.0

Current (A)

Voltage (V)

PF1 = 0.93

-20.00 50.0

Captured on 02/10/21 at 13.50.15

Figure 5: No Phase Lag; High Current-Waveform Distortion PS4550_PF_0.93_due_to_Phase_Lag V1n 120.3

I1 12.0 20.00

200.0

PF2 = NA

PF3 = NA

PFt = 0.93

100.0

10.00

0.0

0.00

-100.0

-10.00

-200.0 0.0

5.0

Fundamental Frequency: 60.0Hz

10.0

15.0

20.0

25.0

Time (msec)

30.0

35.0

40.0

45.0

Current (A)

Voltage (V)

PF1 = 0.93

-20.00 50.0

Captured on 02/10/21 at 13.54.15

Figure 6: No Harmonic Distortion; 22 Degrees of Phase Lag

86

• SUMMER 2022 V1n

120.4 0.33%

PS4550_PF_0.93_due_to_Harmonics

I1 12.0 38.91%

POWER FACTOR: UNDERSTANDING THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN DPF AND TPF

V1n V1n 120.3 120.3

INDUSTRY TOPICS

PS4550_PF_0.93_due_to_Phase_Lag PS4550_PF_0.93_due_to_Phase_Lag

I1 I1 12.0 12.0

Current Current(A) (A)

Voltage Voltage(V) (V)

20.00 20.00 the 200.0 The200.0 circuit in FigurePF15= 0.93 has no phase lag, but it hasPF3 = NATo complete this analysis, we can see PF2 = NA PFt = 0.93 PF1 = 0.93 PF2 = NA PF3 = NA PFt = 0.93 high current-waveform distortion that results in phasor diagrams for the two single-phase W/VA = 0.93.

The circuit in Figure 6 has no simulations. Figure 9 shows no displacement 10.00 100.0 10.00 100.0 harmonic distortion, but it has 22 degrees of phase (DPF = 1.00). Figure 10 has 22 degrees of lag, resulting in W/VA = 0.93. The voltage and displacement (DPF = 0.93).

0.00 0.0 current 0.00 0.0 RMS values are the same in both circuits.

The W and VA are also the same, but they represent Does it Matter? completely different challenges for mitigation.

If you have high harmonic content, it may not -10.00 -100.0 -10.00 -100.0 matter. A desktop computer with a low TPF Looking closer, we can see the harmonic due to harmonics probably makes no difference -20.00 -200.0 distortion content of the two circuits.

We can you have desktop -20.00 -200.00.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 to your 30.0 facility.

35.0 But if 40.0 45.0 1,00050.0 0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0 40.0 45.0 50.0 Time (msec) Fundamental Frequency: 60.0Hz Captured on 02/10/21 at 13.54.15 see that the simulation in Figure 7 has current computers with low TPF due to harmonics, Time (msec) Fundamental Frequency: 60.0Hz Captured on 02/10/21 at 13.54.15 total harmonic distortion (THD) of 39%. The you likely have substantial harmonic currents simulation in Figure 8 has THD of 0%. flowing through your facility wiring and

Voltage Voltage(V) (V)

200.0 200.0

PS4550_PF_0.93_due_to_Harmonics PS4550_PF_0.93_due_to_Harmonics

I1 I1 12.0 12.0 38.91% 38.91%

PF1 = 0.93 PF1 = 0.93

PF2 = NA PF2 = NA

PF3 = NA PF3 = NA

20.00 20.00

PFt = 0.93 PFt = 0.93

150.0 150.0

15.00 15.00

100.0 100.0

10.00 10.00

50.0 50.0

5.00 5.00

0.0 0.0

1 1

3 3

5 5

7 7

Fundamental Frequency: 60.0Hz Fundamental Frequency: 60.0Hz

9 9

11 11

13 13

15 15

17 17

19 19

21 21

23 23

25 25

27 27

Harmonics (#) Harmonics (#)

29 29

31 31

33 33

35 35

37 37

39 39

41 41

43 43

45 45

47 47

49 49

Current Current(A) (A)

V1n V1n 120.4 120.4 0.33% 0.33%

0.00 0.00

Captured on 02/10/21 at 13.50.15 Captured on 02/10/21 at 13.50.15

Figure 7: Total Harmonic Distortion of 39%

Voltage Voltage(V) (V)

200.0 200.0

PS4550_PF_0.93_due_to_Phase_Lag PS4550_PF_0.93_due_to_Phase_Lag

I1 I1 12.0 12.0 0.42% 0.42%

PF1 = 0.93 PF1 = 0.93

PF2 = NA PF2 = NA

PF3 = NA PF3 = NA

20.00 20.00

PFt = 0.93 PFt = 0.93

150.0 150.0

15.00 15.00

100.0 100.0

10.00 10.00

50.0 50.0

5.00 5.00

0.0 0.0

1 1

3 3

5 5

7 7

Fundamental Frequency: 60.0Hz Fundamental Frequency: 60.0Hz

9 9

11 11

13 13

15 15

17 17

19 19

21 21

23 23

25 25

27 27

Harmonics (#) Harmonics (#)

29 29

31 31

33 33

35 35

37 37

39 39

41 41

43 43

45 45

47 47

49 49

Current Current(A) (A)

V1n V1n 120.3 120.3 0.33% 0.33%

0.00 0.00

Captured on 02/10/21 at 13.54.15 Captured on 02/10/21 at 13.54.15

Figure 8: Zero Total Harmonic Distortion PS4550_PF_0.93_due_to_Harmonics PS4550_PF_0.93_due_to_Harmonics

POWER FACTOR: DPF AND TPF VoltageUNDERSTANDING THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN 90° Voltage V

90°

Phase Lag Phase Lag

V

V1n: 120.4V, 0.0° V1n: 120.4V, 0.0°

V1,I1: -0.2° V1,I1: -0.2°

NETAWORLD

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87

INDUSTRY TOPICS V1n V1n 120.3 120.3 0.33% 0.33%

PS4550_PF_0.93_due_to_Phase_Lag PS4550_PF_0.93_due_to_Phase_Lag

I1 I1 12.0 12.0 0.42% 0.42%

HOW TO MEASURE POWER FACTOR

through the distribution and step-down 200.0 200.0 transformers at your site. PF3 = NA PF1 = 0.93 PF2 = NA PFt = 0.93 PF1 = 0.93

PF2 = NA

PF3 = NA

PFt = 0.93

20.00 20.00

Current Current(A) (A)

Voltage Voltage(V) (V)

A standard power analyzer has all the You150.0 care about this because harmonic currents measurements you need to allow you to15.00 assess 150.0 15.00 have a heating effect that is far greater than your problems and verify your solutions with currents of the same magnitude at the regards to power factor.

100.0 10.00 100.0 10.00 fundamental frequency. So you may measure an overall current of 200 A and feel safe, but Most power analyzers will measure and log TPF 50.0 5.00 50.0 5.00 the wiring in the cable trays and walls may — true power factor. If you are monitoring be dangerously heated. Your distribution an inductive load, this gives you a good 0.0 transformers, if not properly K-rated, may measurement for DPF — displacement 0.00 power 0.0 0.00 1 3 5 7 9 1 13 15 17 19 21 23 31 33 41 1 3 5 7 9 11 1 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 25 27 27 29 29 31 33 35 35 37 37 39 39 41 43 43 45 45 47 47 49 49 be overheating and in a dangerous condition, factor — so you can take proper mitigating Harmonics (#) (#) Fundamental Frequency: Frequency: 60.0Hz 60.0Hz Captured on on 02/10/21 02/10/21 at at 13.54.15 13.54.15 Harmonics Fundamental Captured and there may be hot spots on contacts and measures. If you are monitoring an electronic connection points. load, branch circuit, or service entrance, you PS4550_PF_0.93_due_to_Harmonics PS4550_PF_0.93_due_to_Harmonics Voltage Voltage

Phase Phase Lag Lag

90° 90°

V

V

V1n: 120.4V, 120.4V, 0.0° 0.0° V1n: V2n: V2n: Too Too small small V3n: V3n: Too Too small small V V Unbalance: Unbalance: NA NA

Current Current

V1,I1: -0.2° -0.2° V1,I1: V2,I2: V2,I2: NA NA V3,I3: V3,I3: NA NA

I1 I1

±180° ±180°

V1n V1n

I1: 120.4V, 120.4V, 0.0° 0.0° I1: I2: Too Too small small I2: I3: I3: Too Too small small II Unbalance: Unbalance: NA NA

Fundamental Frequency: Frequency: 60.0Hz 60.0Hz Fundamental

0° 0°

Power Power Factor Factor PF1: 0.93 0.93 PF1: PF2: NA NA PF2: PF3: PF3: NA NA PFt:NA PFt:NA

Captured on on 02/10/21 02/10/21 at at 13.50.15 13.50.15 Captured

-90° -90°

Figure 9: No Displacement PS4550_PF_0.93_due_to_Phase_Lag PS4550_PF_0.93_due_to_Phase_Lag Voltage Voltage

Phase Lag Lag Phase

90° 90°

V1n: V1n: 120.4V, 120.4V, 0.0° 0.0° V2n: Too Too small small V2n: V3n: Too Too small small V3n: V V Unbalance: Unbalance: NA NA

Current Current I1: I1: 12.0A, 12.0A, -22.1° -22.1° I2: I2: Too Too small small I3: Too Too small small I3: Unbalance: NA NA II Unbalance:

V1,I1: V1,I1: 22.1° 22.1° V2,I2: NA NA V2,I2: V3,I3: NA NA V3,I3:

V1n V1n

±180° ±180°

I1 I1

Fundamental Fundamental Frequency: Frequency: 60.0Hz 60.0Hz

-90° -90°

0° 0°

Power Factor Factor Power PF1: PF1: 0.93 0.93 PF2: PF2: NA NA PF3: NA NA PF3: PFt:NA PFt:NA

Captured Captured on on 02/10/21 02/10/21 at at 13.54.15 13.54.15

Figure 10: 22 Degrees of Displacement

88

• SUMMER 2022

POWER FACTOR: UNDERSTANDING THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN DPF AND TPF

INDUSTRY TOPICS can get a sense of whether a displacement and/ or harmonic problem is present.

reports where the before and after are compared directly, with percent improvement shown.

Simple calculations can guide you to make the proper choice of power factor correction equipment and verify that such equipment is performing correctly. A good power analyzer will log the true power (KW), the apparent power (KVA), the average reactive power (KVAR), and the true power factor (TPF). An analyzer that will also log the signed (+/-) DPF so you can verify the actual phase lag (or phase lead) of current in each phase over time is ideal.

CONCLUSI ON

Most analyzers measure DPF and display readings either on the analyzer itself (so you can take a direct measurement while wearing PPE with the analyzer in your hand) or on PC software. Analyzers with waveform capture, phasor diagrams, and harmonic bar charts allow you to directly see the components of displacement and harmonics. Most analyzers also measure and log the THD of each voltage and each current so it is clear whether there is a harmonics issue or not.

Most analyzers will log the THD of each voltage and current so you can recognize and size the scale of your harmonic problems. Some analyzers allow you to capture waveforms at any time and then transform the waveform into a harmonic breakdown of the magnitude of each harmonic frequency, so you can decide whether you wish to trap specific frequencies or filter the full range of frequencies. Logging individual harmonics can be beneficial in designing a harmonic trap for a specific harmonic.

When you mitigate, you will be able to verify the effectiveness of the mitigation by examining the log or waveforms. Of course, if low TPF is the result of both harmonics and current lag, your power analysis software will need to separate the two causes so you can select the correct mitigation action.

A solid report-creation wizard can provide summary reports of before and after mitigation. It can also provide comparison

POWER FACTOR: UNDERSTANDING THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN DPF AND TPF

Power factor is often referred to without understanding that there are two types of power factor measurement, and it is important to understand the differences. It is equally important to know how to measure and analyze power factor effectively and accurately.

Choosing the right power analyzer to meet your needs will allow you to assess your problems and verify your solutions.

Ken Kious is Founder and President of Summit Technology, Inc. He has a BSEE from UC Davis and an MS in Management from MIT. Ken has spent 30 years worrying about customers’ success in doing power measurements and has created numerous unique solutions for monitoring and analyzing electric power.

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Licenced in New York and New Jersey

INDUSTRY TOPICS

MEDIUM-VOLTAGE CIRCUIT BREAKER CONDITION ASSESSMENT B Y S I E GF R I E D BERNH AUSER an d ARI T IRRONIEM I, OMICRON electronics

Circuit breakers are indispensable in any electrical power system. They are the only piece of equipment that can switch not only under normal load, but also under fault conditions. They must be able to reliably disconnect a faulty section from the grid as quickly as possible. Circuit breakers must be able to meet this requirement even after they have been in service for a long time. Their reliability is essential for the prevention of consequential power system failures and the safety of the electrical power supply.

Typical tests include measuring operating times and static contact resistance. A more extensive condition assessment is possible when further measurements, such as motion/ contact travel measurements or measurement of the motor current signature, are performed.

For circuit breakers that are equipped with an under-voltage release or an over-current release, testing these features further increases the available information that can be used during the condition assessment of the circuit breaker.

M E DIUM -VOLTAGE CI RCUI T B R E AKE R S

While old medium-voltage circuit breakers often used oil as the interrupting medium, in modern times, vacuum is the preferred medium and is thus used almost exclusively.

Essential elements of a breaker include the interrupter unit, the mechanical linkage, and

90

• SUMMER 2022

the operating mechanism with an energy storage system. The energy that is needed to operate a circuit breaker is high, and it must be made available within a few milliseconds — almost instantaneously. Springs are used in most cases because they are simple in comparison and very reliable at the same time.

Two separate springs allow the energy for the opening and the closing operation to be stored.

In order to release the energy that is stored in the springs, two coils are needed to control the springs remotely. The opening spring is charged during the closing operation of the breaker, and the closing spring is charged by a motor.

TESTI NG MEDI UM-VO LTA GE CI RCUI T BREAKERS

Following is a brief overview of the most important medium-voltage circuit breaker measurement methods.

MEDIUM-VOLTAGE CIRCUIT BREAKER CONDITION ASSESSMENT

INDUSTRY TOPICS

PHOTO: © ISTOCKPHOTO.COM/PORTFOLIO/GURUXOOX

Off-Service Measurement Methods • Timing. Timing measurements according to IEC 62271-100[1] are used to determine operation time and are part of the most common tests. The timing test uses a resistance or voltage threshold to determine the state of the main contacts.

• Static contact resistance. Verifies whether the resistance of the main contacts allows the current to flow with low losses.

• Dynamic contact resistance. Records the contact resistance during the operation of the breaker and delivers information about wear-related problems with main and arcing contacts, while also determining timing results.

• Motion/contact travel. Verifies operating mechanism and mechanical linkage and indicates potential mechanical wear.

• Coil current. Records the current signature curve of the command coils during breaker operation during a timing test. Deviations show possible electrical or mechanical defects of the trip or close control components. According to the IEC, the trip coil shall work between 70% and 110% of nominal voltage, and the close coil shall work between 85% and 110% of nominal voltage.

• Motor current. The motor current analysis records the inrush and steadystate currents as well as the spring charging time. According to the IEC, the motor shall work between 85% and 110% of nominal voltage.

• Minimum pick-up. Determines the minimum voltage necessary to trip and close the breaker and verifies whether it can reliably operate in the event of a low DC supply.

• Under-voltage release test. Determines the trip voltage of the under-voltage coil.

• Over-current release test. Used to determine the current that trips the breaker. Over-current releases are commonly used together with selfpowered over-current protection relays.

In-Service Measurement Methods • First-trip test. The first trip test is carried out while the breaker is still in service and has been in service for a long time.

Connections are made at the trip coil and at the CT’s secondary side. The opening times are measured by monitoring secondary current of the CTs. • Voltage-based timing measurement (VTM). VTM is the only measurement method available to measure the timing of a medium-voltage GIS, since the

MEDIUM-VOLTAGE CIRCUIT BREAKER CONDITION ASSESSMENT

NETAWORLD

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91

INDUSTRY TOPICS main contacts are sealed and cannot be accessed. It can be applied to all circuit breakers with a voltage detection system (VDS) that makes the main voltages accessible.

UNDE R -VOLTA GE RELEASE Purpose of Under-Voltage Release Circuit breakers are equipped with an undervoltage release if the related protection system has no supply voltage backup, for example, if a protection relay is powered by a battery, but Main Contacts

the battery voltage is not monitored. If the battery voltage falls below 70% of its nominal voltage (see IEC 62271-1:2017[2] for details) so it is no longer able to operate the protection relay, any failure (e.g., an over-current) would no longer be discovered. The under-voltage release is often found in industry grids, as it is a relatively cheap solution to make sure the breaker is opened when a battery failure occurs.

An under-voltage release may operate when supply voltage is between 35% and 70% of the nominal voltage and must operate when the supply voltage drops below 35%. In addition, the under-voltage release prevents closing when the release has operated, such as after opening the circuit breaker.

Voltage

Under-Voltage Release Test The under-voltage coil is supplied, after which the breaker is closed. Then the voltage is ramped down in steps from the nominal voltage until the under-voltage release trips (Figure 1). This is the trip voltage.

Nominal Trip voltage

OVER-CURRENT RELEA SE Breaker closed Supply Under-voltage coil

Breaker trips Start Ramping

Time

Purpose of Over-Current Releases Current transformer releases are used on circuit breakers in substations where no gridindependent supply voltage is available. These are low-cost stations with basic functionality.

Quite often, they do not have any remotecontrol features, and the breakers do not have a close coil. Such substations are common in distribution grids where the downstream infrastructure is not critical, such as in residential areas.

End Ramping

Figure 1: Under-Voltage Release Test Signal

Main Contacts Current

Trip current

Start Ramping

Breaker trips

Time

End ramping

Figure 2: Over-Current Release Test Signal

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Over-current releases are activated by a current. The current comes from the tripping transformer, which usually has a nominal value of 0.5, 1.0, or 5 A AC. An over-current relay feeds the current flow from the tripping transformer to the circuit breaker. The tripping transformer and the over-current relay (selfpowered over-current relay) are usually powered by the secondary side of the CTs. In the event of an over-current, the relay switches the current of the tripping transformer to the

MEDIUM-VOLTAGE CIRCUIT BREAKER CONDITION ASSESSMENT

INDUSTRY TOPICS

Main Contacts

circuit breaker; this causes it to open the main contacts and isolate the faulty grid part.

Over-Current Release Test With the breaker in closed position, a current is ramped up in steps until the breaker trips (Figure 2). This is the trip current.

Other Designations • IEC 62271-100: Indirect current release • ABB: Transformer operated release • Siemens: Current transformer operated release • Also in use: Indirect over-current release

C L O S IN G TIM E C A L C U L AT ION F OR C IR C U I T B RE AKE R S W I T H O U T A C LOS E C OIL

All breakers should have at least a trip coil so that faults can be isolated. Some old breakers or breakers with over-current release do not have a close coil. These breakers are closed manually.

According to IEC 62271-100,[1] closing time is the elapsed time from the moment the close coil is energized until the contacts touch all poles (Figure 3).

For circuit breakers without a close coil, the closing time calculation according to the IEC standard cannot be applied. Therefore, an alternative approach must be used. The closing time can be the time when the circuit breaker main contacts begin to move until the contacts touch all poles (Figure 4).

Main End Pos. Contacts Main Contact End Pos. Motion Main Start Pos. Contact Motion Coil Current Start Pos. Coil Current Coil energized

Siegfried Bernhauser has worked for OMICRON electronics in Klaus, Austria, for more than 25 years. After starting as a Technical Writer, he worked as a Marketing Communications Engineer with a focus on business-tobusiness communication for power system testing products such as the CMC 356, the CPC 100, the CT Analyzer, the TESTRANO 600, the MPD 800, and

Closing Time

Coil energized

Time Main contacts close

Time

Main contacts close

Figure 3: Closing Time Calculation According to IEC 62271-100[1]

Main Contacts Main End Pos. Contacts Main Contact End Pos. Motion Main Start Pos. Contact Motion Coil Current Start Pos. Coil Current

Closing Time Motion Start

Closing Time

Time Main contacts close

Time

Figure 4: Closing Time Travel as Start Reference Motion Startwith Motion/Contact Main contacts close

REFERENCES

[1] IEC 62271-100 [2] IEC 62271-1:2017

Closing Time

the CIBANO 500. Most recently, he focused on producing switchgear testing videos. Siegfried studied TV and film production at the Danube University Krems, Austria.

Ari Tirroniemi has worked for OMICRON electronics in Klaus, Austria, for more than 15 years as a firmware developer and later as Project Manager for products such as DIRANA and CIBANO 500. He is currently an Application Engineer focusing on circuit breaker testing.

Ari studied applied physics and electrical engineering at the Linköping University of Technology, Sweden.

MEDIUM-VOLTAGE CIRCUIT BREAKER CONDITION ASSESSMENT

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ADVANCEMENTS IN INDUSTRY

THE KEY TO RELAY PROTECTION SUCCESS:

COOPERATION The objective of protective relays and protective schemes is to protect electrical equipment such as transformers, lines, cables, bus bars, etc. during abnormal system conditions. Hence, protective relaying demands the utmost attention and diligence. However, when dealing with relay protection, protection engineers may inadvertently focus only on the relays. Engineers talk about selecting appropriate relays, applying correct settings, checking out the wiring, ensuring correct interconnections, and performing effective tests.

However, we must realize that relay protection does not exist on an island. In addition to protective relays, substations contain other critical equipment including circuit breakers, current transformers (CTs), potential transformers (PTs), battery systems, and transformers.

In many large utilities, there is often a barrier between the relay department and the substation

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equipment department. Substation equipment, along with relays and relay protection schemes, is tested at regular intervals by the respective departments.

There is little realization regarding the critical dependency of relay protection on CTs, circuit breakers, etc. Hence, we should avoid isolating relay protection from CTs, PTs,

THE KEY TO RELAY PROTECTION SUCCESS: COOPERATION

PHOTO: © ISTOCKPHOTO.COM/PORTFOLIO/INDYSYSTEM

BY ED K H AN, Doble Engineering

ADVANCEMENTS IN INDUSTRY

Relay Protection Scheme

CTs

Communication Links

PTs

Breakers

Batteries

Figure 1: Building Blocks of a Relay Protection Scheme breakers, and batteries. These are intertwined.

Figure 1 illustrates the building blocks of the relay protection system: relays, current and voltage transformers, breakers, batteries, and communication links.

leading to forensic analysis. The team responsible for maintaining relay settings should be kept updated with these test results since access to this knowledge can impact the assumptions used to develop relay settings.

Failure in any one of these blocks will disrupt the relay protection scheme.

A HOLI STI C APPROACH TO RELAY PROTECTI ON

As mentioned above, utilities perform tests on CTs, PTs, the battery system, and circuit breakers. However, the results of periodic maintenance testing typically are not shared with relay protection engineers. As an example, protection staff may not be aware of newly developed sluggishness in breaker opening time or that the age of a CT may have led to deterioration of the saturation characteristics level. In some cases, we do notice an exchange of CT, PT, and circuit breaker testing data especially in the event of relay mis-operation

THE KEY TO RELAY PROTECTION SUCCESS: COOPERATION

The relay protection scheme is the nucleus with all necessary logic built in; the other elements support relay protection schemes. CTs and PTs provide current and voltage inputs to the relays.

The relays in turn provide input to energize the trip circuit resulting in opening of the breaker to isolate the faulted section of the power system.

Station batteries, another building block of relay protection, energize the trip circuit with a DC supply. Understanding how each of these components contributes to proper operation of the relay protection scheme is essential to smooth operation of your protection system.

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ADVANCEMENTS IN INDUSTRY Relays Engineers must select appropriate relays and provide appropriate settings. The relays and protection schemes must be tested at the time of commissioning, and subsequent maintenance must be performed at predefined intervals.

For relay testing, a software program that provides a comprehensive test environment flexible enough to accommodate technical and operational requirements — including for networks based on IEC 61850 standards — is ideal. The right software can help standardize elements of the relay testing program, reduce complexity, provide consistency, and capture and store important maintenance information and test records. This automation enables increased efficiency, accuracy, and productivity.

needs than conventional substations. Testing in digital stations involves extensive verification of communication between the relays. There is a need to test the entire system as an entity, and system simulators can provide a solution for testing IEC 61850-based protection devices and schemes.

Current Transformers The role of a CT is much simpler than the role of a relay. CTs simply provide current to the relays. The primary winding of the CT sees the actual current in the circuit while its secondary winding provides reduced current levels based on the ratio of the CT. Under normal load current, CTs reproduce currents correctly.

Any shortcomings in selection, setting, wiring, or testing can lead to mis-operation of the relay protection scheme during abnormal system conditions. Some schemes include communication links between the relays at the two ends of a transmission line. Endto-end testing must be performed to ensure correct operation of the protective relay scheme including receivers and transmitters.

However, during short-circuit conditions when fault current is high, CTs may not reproduce the current accurately. Under such conditions, the current provided to the relay is normally lower than what it is expected. The degree of inaccuracy will depend on the magnitude of the short circuit current, X/R ratio, etc. This behavior of the CT is due to saturation of the CT core, which impacts the performance of simple overcurrent, distance, and differential relays.

Furthermore, digital substations built around the IEC 61850 standard have different testing

It is very important to perform the following tests on CTs: • • • • • • •

CT excitation Current ratio Polarity Ratio and phase angle error Insulation resistance Winding resistance Burden check

Each utility determines the maintenance interval for testing based on its internal procedures.

Bushing CTs

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Instruments designed specifically for testing CTs can help increase productivity and save time during commissioning. The ideal test set can verify CT excitation curve, polarity, and ratio. It can also perform phase angle and burden tests and measure insulation level and winding resistance.

THE KEY TO RELAY PROTECTION SUCCESS: COOPERATION

ADVANCEMENTS IN INDUSTRY

PHOTO: © WWW.SHUTTERSTOCK.COM/G/SOMSIT

In digital substations that implement process bus, the analog values of CT outputs are fed into a merging unit. The merging units provide equivalent digitized samples that are fed into IEC 61850-ready intelligent electronic devices (IEDs). IEDs are essentially microprocessor relays with significant built-in protection and communication logic. The IEC 61850-ready IEDs cannot accept analog signals from CTs and PTs, hence digitized samples must be provided.

In this case, in addition to testing the CTs, the merging units must be tested as well.

Some merging units have built-in optical CTs and do not require input from conventional inductive CTs. These merging units require special testing tools and techniques.

Circuit Breakers Circuit breakers must trip (open) when called upon by the protective relaying. If the dedicated breaker does not open, back-up protection will

Stand-Alone CTs

ADVANCEMENTS IN INDUSTRY are operational within published parameters including the contact opening times.

The following tests must be run to ensure the integrity of circuit breakers: 1. Breaker timing 2. Static contact resistance 3. Dynamic contact resistance 4. Trip and close coil currents 5. Minimum pickup voltage 6. Travel time 7. Power factor test

Circuit Breaker cause other related breakers to open in order to isolate the faulty equipment. However, the fault clearance by backup relaying will cause an outage of a larger part of the system; although this is not desirable, it is necessary. For this reason, it is essential for breakers to be maintained and tested appropriately to perform this function.

In addition to a breaker failing to open, issues can also be created if it takes longer than necessary to open the contacts. In protective schemes, breaker opening time is taken into consideration when setting a relay scheme. An actual contact opening time that exceeds the time that was used in the relay settings can cause unnecessary outage of a larger part of the system.

For example, when we set up a breaker failure scheme, we use the breaker opening time in the calculations. If the actual time turns out to be greater, several breakers will trip as part of a back-up scheme. This is an undesirable situation leading to the tripping of the entire bus. Similarly, when coordinating two overcurrent relays, miscoordination will occur if a breaker takes much longer to open. Hence, testing breakers is critical to ensure that they

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In addition, specific tests are conducted on SF6, vacuum, and air-blast breakers. A state-of-theart circuit breaker analyzer can provide efficient and accurate performance measures for all types of circuit breakers. Digital circuit breaker analyzers can perform dynamic resistance tests and measure main contact and resistor contact time, stroke, velocity, over-travel, bounce-back, and contact wipes.

Battery System The battery system plays a vital role in completing the sequence of tripping circuit breakers when called upon by the protective relaying scheme.

The trip coil that is responsible for tripping the circuit breakers is energized when DC voltage is provided to it, and the protective relays provide the permissive. If relays provide the permissive but no DC power is available, the trip coil will not energize, and the breaker will not trip. Batteries are a crucial link in the chain of events and must be tested at regular intervals to ensure integrity.

To ensure the battery system is operational and will comply within specified parameters, the following tests are recommended: 1. Impedance 2. Intercell resistance 3. Voltage (battery float and cell float) 4. Specific gravity 5. Current 6. Temperature 7. Discharge testing 8. Infrared scanning 9. Capacity testing

THE KEY TO RELAY PROTECTION SUCCESS: COOPERATION

ADVANCEMENTS IN INDUSTRY Potential Transformers/CCVTs The impact of inductive and capacitive potential transformers on relay performance is important.

However, PTs/CCVTs do not undergo the type of duty that CTs undergo, and the performance of CTs has a much greater impact than those of PTs/CCVTs. During short circuit faults, the high current imposes extreme pressure on CTs. On the other hand, the voltage during short-circuit faults is depressed; therefore, the PTs do not experience any stress and continue performing as usual.

Even with less stress imposed on PTs/CCVTs during short circuit, these devices are prone to damage due to other external and internal system conditions. Hence, they may not perform at the expected level of performance. PTs/CCVTs are as critical as CTs in ensuring correct operation of the relay protection scheme.

The recommended tests include: • Voltage ratio • Polarity

Battery System • • • • •

Ratio and phase angle error Insulation resistance Winding resistance Burden check Power factor test

The tests to be conducted and the related maintenance interval are listed in the maintenance procedures. In general, the

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ADVANCEMENTS IN INDUSTRY maintenance interval for PTs/CCVTs is much longer than those for CTs. Communication Links Communication is a critical link in several protection schemes. In high-speed communication-assisted protection schemes, communications between the two substations are connected by a transmission line. The relaying at each end depends on information received from the other end to operate correctly.

The medium used for communication can be fiber optic, power line carrier, microwave, etc., with transmitters and receivers installed at each end. To test such relay schemes, utilities conduct end-to-end testing to ensure the scheme works appropriately, and this testing includes both the transmitters and receivers. in a digital substation designed per the IEC 61850 standard, the IEDs communicate with each other using GOOSE (generic objectoriented substation event) and SV (sampled value) protocols. GOOSE/SV is a layer-2 protocol for messages transported over Ethernet.

In a conventional station, communication between IEDs is accomplished via point-topoint wiring. Hence, communication assumes a much bigger role in a digital substation, and

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the relay protection scheme relies heavily on proper communication. Testing such protection schemes involves extensive debugging of the communication network.

CONCLUSI ON

Relay protection is a multifaceted scheme comprised of relays, breakers, CTs/PTs/CCVTs, batteries, and communication links. Effective relay protection is achieved only if all constituent components work together and perform within an acceptable level of performance.

Ed Khan has been with Doble Engineering Company for 14 years working in various capacities including Product Manager for protection testing-related instruments.

He is currently the Director of Protection R&D and Protection Training at Doble.

In this capacity, he manages and conducts the relay protection training program. Prior to Doble, Ed worked for GE, ABB, SEL, KEMA, and others in various capacities. He has 38 years of experience in system studies, protection applications, relay design, power plant design, teaching, and product management. He has thorough knowledge about product development, protection, harmonic analysis, harmonic filter design, stability studies, real-time digital simulations, generator protection, and more. Ed has written several articles and has made presentations at several venues. He holds an MS in electrical engineering from Texas A&M University.

THE KEY TO RELAY PROTECTION SUCCESS: COOPERATION

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SPECIFICATIONS AND STANDARDS ACTIVITY

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REVISION COMPLETE

ANSI / NETA ETT–2 0 2 2 REVI SI ON COMPLETED

ANSI/NETA ETT, Standard for Certification of Electrical Testing Technicians, has completed an American National Standard revision process. ANSI administrative approval was granted January 7, 2022. The new edition was released at PowerTest in March 2022 and supersedes the 2018 edition.

ANSI/NETA ETT establishes minimum requirements for qualifications, certification, training, and experience for the electrical testing technician. It provides criteria for documenting qualifications for certification and details the minimum qualifications for an independent and impartial certifying body to certify electrical testing technicians.

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ANSI/NETA STANDARDS UPDATE

022

SPECIFICATIONS AND STANDARDS ACTIVITY A N S I/ N E TA M T S –2019 R E VIS I ON S C H E DULE D F OR 2022

A project intent notification was published in ANSI’s Standards Action on October 26, 2021, announcing the opening of a 45-day public comment period. The initial ballot is expected to begin in June of 2022. A second ballot is scheduled for issue in November of 2022. The revised edition of NETA MTS is scheduled to debut at PowerTest 2023.

ANSI/NETA MTS contains specifications for suggested field tests and inspections to assess the suitability for continued service and reliability of electrical power equipment and systems. The purpose of these specifications is to assure that tested electrical equipment and systems are operational and within applicable standards and manufacturers’ tolerances, and that the equipment and systems are suitable for continued service. ANSI/NETA MTS–2019 revisions include online partial discharge survey for switchgear, frequency of power systems studies, frequency of maintenance matrix, and more. ANSI/NETA MTS–2019 is available for purchase at the NETA Bookstore at www.netaworld.org.

A N S I/ N E TA E C S–2020 L AT E S T E D I T ION

ANSI/NETA ECS, Standard for Electrical Commissioning of Electrical Power Equipment & Systems, 2020 Edition, completed the American National Standard revision process.

ANSI administrative approval was received on September 9, 2019. ANSI/NETA ECS–2020 supersedes the 2015 Edition.

ANSI/NETA ECS describes the systematic process of documenting and placing into service newly installed or retrofitted electrical power equipment and systems. This document shall be used in conjunction with the most recent

PA R T I C IPAT ION

Comments and suggestions on any of the standards are always welcome and should be directed to NETA. To learn more about the NETA standards review and revision process, to purchase these standards, or to get involved, please visit www.netaworld.org or contact the NETA office at 888-300-6382.

ANSI/NETA STANDARDS UPDATE

edition of ANSI/NETA ATS, Standard for Acceptance Testing Specifications for Electrical Power Equipment & Systems.

The individual electrical components shall be subjected to factory and field tests, as required, to validate the individual components. It is not the intent of these specifications to provide comprehensive details on the commissioning of mechanical equipment, mechanical instrumentation systems, and related components.

The ANSI/NETA ECS–2020 Edition includes updates to the commissioning process, as well as inspection and commissioning procedures as it relates to low- and mediumvoltage systems.

Voltage classes addressed include: • Low-voltage systems (less than 1,000 volts) • Medium-voltage systems (greater than 1,000 volts and less than 100,000 volts) • High-voltage and extra-high-voltage systems (greater than 100 kV and less than 1,000 kV) References: • ASHRAE, ANSI/NETA ATS, NECA, NFPA 70E, OSHA, GSA Building Commissioning Guide

ANSI / NETA ATS–2021 LATEST EDI TI ON

ANSI/NETA ATS, Standard for Acceptance Testing Specifications for Electrical Power Equipment & Systems, 2021 Edition, has completed an American National Standard revision process. ANSI administrative approval was granted September 18, 2020. The new edition was released in March 2021 and supersedes the 2017 edition.

ANSI/NETA ATS covers suggested field tests and inspections for assessing the suitability for initial energization of electrical power equipment and systems.

The purpose of these specifications is to assure that tested electrical equipment and systems are operational, are within applicable standards and manufacturers’ tolerances, and are installed in accordance with design specifications. ANSI/ NETA ATS-2021 new content includes arc energy reduction system testing and an update to the partial discharge survey for switchgear. ANSI/NETA ATS-2021 is available for purchase at the NETA Bookstore at www.netaworld.org.

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PHOTO: © ISTOCKPHOTO.COM/PORTFOLIO/BARTCO

NETA WELCOMES CFM SERVICES AS NETA ACCREDITED COMPANY CFM Services, Inc. is an electrotechnical and engineering service firm formed by Christian Comtois, Stéphane Forgues, and Frédéric Morin to offer quality services at competitive prices. The young and dynamic company specializes in electrical services and electrical power. CFM offers maintenance services, testing, installation, repair and engineering in the areas of production, processing and distribution of low-, medium- and high-voltage electricity.

Since its debut, CFM Services has quickly earned a standout spot on the electrical and electrotechnical market with technicians and engineers who are qualified to test, diagnose,

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and repair your equipment with high-quality service. CFM’s instruments are at the cutting edge of technology and are calibrated annually.

CFM’s team of engineers provides a wide range of engineering services and is available to complete the simplest projects to the most complex ones.

“CFM Services is excited to achieve NETA accreditation because our existing and future customers require the structure, expertise, training, and documentation that NETA provides,” says Frédéric Morin, Vice President of Engineering. “While we believe we have these qualities as a company and as highly

NETA WELCOMES CFM SERVICES AS NETA ACCREDITED COMPANY

experienced field technicians, this is our opportunity to show that more concisely through NETA accreditation.”

“NETA recognizes the hard work NETA Accredited Companies like CFM Services have to put in to achieve this important milestone,” says Eric Beckman, PE, President of National Field Services, Inc. and current NETA President. “NETA Accredited Companies play a critical role in securing electrical power system safety and reliability for all, and NETA is a stronger organization due to the dedication of these companies to our industry.”

CFM Services Inc. 845 St-Jacques Local 600 St-Jean-sur-Richelieu Québec J3B 2N2 514-316-8512 info@cfmservices.ca

Ken Bassett Accepting the Outstanding Achievement Award.

OUTSTANDING ACHIEVEMENT AWARD RECIPIENT KEN BASSETT: ‘NETA INSPIRED ME TO BE A FORCE FOR GOOD’ In NETA circles, Ken Bassett winning his third Outstanding Achievement Award is business as usual. The Washington Commanders fan with a sense of adventure was honored again for the third time at PowerTest 2022. A family-focused individual whose company includes many of his family members, his influence in NETA is far-reaching.

“Ken is and has been one of the most dedicated individuals within NETA. He’s done so much for the organization, from strategic initiatives to growing membership,” says Eric Beckman, President of National Field Services and NETA President. “He holds a passion for the industry, and there’s no doubt NETA would not be

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where it is today without Ken’s contributions to the organization.”

Bassett, President of Potomac Testing, Inc., should have been the least surprised person when the winner was announced, but humor and humility are core features of his life.

OUTSTANDING ACHIEVEMENT AWARD RECIPIENT KEN BASSETT: ‘NETA INSPIRED ME TO BE A FORCE FOR GOOD’

“My first reaction was ‘I’m going to have one hell of a bar tab,’” Bassett laughed. “But seriously, I was very surprised and caught off guard. Every year, we have many deserving individuals who support our association. To be recognized this year, or any year, is surely an honor.”

Ron Widup, Vice Chairman of NETA’s Board of Directors and Senior Advisor for Technical Services for Shermco Industries says Bassett’s reputation for being one of the hardestworking members of NETA as well as one of the hardest-working members of the electrical testing industry makes him a leading candidate for the award every year.

Widup points to a favorite quote by Amy Poehler — actress, comedian, writer, producer, and director: Find a group of people who challenge and inspire you, spend a lot of time with them, and it will change your life. “Ken’s work with NETA has inspired and changed us — and that’s a good thing,” Widup says.

Ironically, Bassett says NETA inspired him to be a force for good.

Ken with Ron Widup and John White after another successful Member Review Committee meeting.

“Early on in my NETA career, I was fortunate enough to interact with some amazing folks,” Bassett says. “Those individuals represented the Association in a truly inspiring way. The

Ken with his daughters Crystal and Michelle, wife Jayne, and son Marshall hopping a plane to see Denali Mountain.

OUTSTANDING ACHIEVEMENT AWARD RECIPIENT KEN BASSETT: ‘NETA INSPIRED ME TO BE A FORCE FOR GOOD’

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M E E T KEN B A SSE T T Bassett is President of Potomac Testing has a NETA Accredited Company with service centers located throughout the Mid-Atlantic region. Established in 1985, Potomac Testing, Inc. has earned its position as the Mid-Atlantic leader in comprehensive low- and mediumvoltage electrical equipment services including NETA acceptance and maintenance testing, planned and emergency field services, power quality and engineering studies, and retrofitting and refurbishing electrical equipment. Potomac Testing joined the TechPro Power Group family of companies in 2020.

Bassett has served on NETA’s Board of Directors since 1998. A past-President, he currently chairs the Membership Committee, co-chairs the Association Development Committee, and serves on the Nominating Committee, NAMO Committee, Promotions & Marketing Committee, Conference Committee, CTD Review Committee, and Finance Committee.

Bassett is a NETA Certified Test Technician with over 25 years of experience in the operation and maintenance of electrical power distribution systems.

meaningful work and accomplishments I have experienced with the Association are things they instilled in me as business-as-usual — the NETA way of thinking.

“Mary Jordan, Charlie Blizard, Rod Hageman, and Al Peterson are some of the early relationships that influenced me extensively,” Bassett continues. “At that time, NETA was a smaller, scrappier association, and we had to fight hard for everything we created and accomplished. These folks helped inspire and create the work-hard/play-hard culture that still lives within NETA now. My continued belief in our organization stems from the people I have been fortunate enough to spend time with since we joined NETA in 1993. These past leaders had great vision and represented our association well.”

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Bassett says that can-do attitude will be one of the most important things for NETA to hold onto in the coming years. “NETA has always been very mindful of its succession of leadership, which has provided the ability to maintain a high level of success over the years. Proper planning has enabled NETA to accomplish many goals over a long period of time,” he notes.

Like any organization or association, NETA must continue being mindful of what led to its successes and, at the same time, adapt and react to the industry it serves, Bassett says.

“During my tenure, acceptance of the NETA standard has grown immensely, specifically

by A&E firms and end users. Additionally, safety continues to be at the forefront of our industry. And as the industries we serve

OUTSTANDING ACHIEVEMENT AWARD RECIPIENT KEN BASSETT: ‘NETA INSPIRED ME TO BE A FORCE FOR GOOD’

Ken and family getting ready to launch at a hot-air balloon festival in Albuquerque. continue to expand, where NETA mainly supported industrial and commercial end users, NETA now has a very large presence within the utilities market, assisting them with their required maintenance and system upgrades.”

The strategic plan developed in 2019 was dedicated to supporting the Association’s growth, and Bassett’s focus on growing membership has allowed NETA to stay ahead of the ever-changing electrical testing industry.

“There is no argument that it takes many people with passion and a desire to succeed for an industry association like NETA to thrive, and Ken has been an inspiration to all of us as we work beside him,” says Ron Widup.

“Having a business in the Washington, DC, metro area has also given Ken the unique ability to listen first and speak second. This allows him to get things done without weakening his — or NETA’s — position. That’s a special leadership talent that NETA has benefitted from many times through the years.”

Ken and Jayne cruising the strip during a NETA site visit in Dubai.

“My belief in our organization stems from the people I have been fortunate enough to have spent time with,” says Bassett. “These past leaders had great vision and represented our association well.”

OUTSTANDING ACHIEVEMENT AWARD RECIPIENT KEN BASSETT: ‘NETA INSPIRED ME TO BE A FORCE FOR GOOD’

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CONGRATULATIONS POWERTEST 2022 AWARD RECIPIENTS S TA N D O U T S ESS IO N S TH E JA MES R. WH ITE SAFET Y AWARD

The James White Family

JAMES R. WHITE ELECTRICAL SAFETY TRACK

Safety Performance and Corporate Profitability as a Contractor in the High Voltage Utility Sector Ken Peterson

OUTS TA N DIN G ACH IE VEMENT AWARD

HAMPTON TEDDER TECHNICAL SERVICES

Ken Bassett

EQUIPMENT TRACK

Battery Health and Assessment through Electrical Testing Volney Naranjo & Sanket Bolar

P OTO M AC T E ST I N G

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Drew Welton

RELIABILITY TRACK

Challenges and Opportunities: How the Focus on Reliability Impacts the NETA Practitioner Alan Ross

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Drew Welton Accepting Alliance Recognition Award

ALLIANCE RECOGNITION

AWARD HONOREE KNOWN FOR EXPERTISE AND TRAINING

If the name Drew Welton sounds familiar, it’s most likely because his technical presentations, including those at PowerTest, are some of the most well-regarded and well-attended.

That accolade combined with his renown for knowledge of substation maintenance testing made him the obvious choice for this year’s Alliance Recognition Award. The award honors an individual who has been a dedicated supporter of NETA and has also furthered the industry and inspired others.

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Welton, Vice President of Sales and Business for intellirent, credits his success over the years to the incredible support of his family, friends, and colleagues.

“None of it would have been possible had I not had great support from my family, especially

ALLIANCE RECOGNITION AWARD HONOREE KNOWN FOR EXPERTISE AND TRAINING

Stacey, my wife of 26 years,” he says. “This industry we work in can be very demanding in terms of time away from home and a commitment to often working long hours.

My passion for the industry has always been a driving force, especially because of all the great people I’ve worked with.”

Among those treasured colleagues is Wayne Hartmann, who has known Welton for more than 30 years, worked with him in multiple capacities, and considers him a friend.

“I have seen Drew grow in the industry and transcend the roles of student, practitioner, and now teacher,” says Hartmann, Solutions Growth Leader, North America, for GE Grid Automation. “He has embraced the power of education as a philosophy with his numerous papers, presentations, and training materials that address testing and commissioning of system protection and primary infrastructure.”

“We tag-teamed at Western Electric Institute’s Relay School for years, and it was enjoyable and a highlight of each year we taught there,” he says.

“I was there with an in-depth professional in Drew, and the students, facilitators, and steering committee could all see that.”

Neil McCaw, President of intellirent, says Welton continues to exude that air of expertise combined with a willingness to help and share his knowledge.

“Drew’s passion and commitment to this industry is unparalleled. He is deeply respected by his colleagues and customers and is someone who takes on challenges with optimism and a commitment to solving the problem,” McCaw says. “He is an amazing resource to customers and his fellow employees and a huge contributor in knowledge sharing in our field. The entire intellirent team is thrilled to congratulate him on this honor and achievement.”

Known for doing the work for work’s sake — not for recognition or praise — Welton was

Drew and Stacey Welton understandably surprised to hear his name announced at the presentation.

“It took me a while to realize what was happening, and I was wondering why my boss was videotaping the presentation,” he says. “These are all wonderful people, and the emotion of the moment was quite overwhelming.”

Much as the award was a surprise, Welton admits that his career in electrical testing was unexpected as well.

“I really didn’t intend on working in this particular industry. I have a bachelor’s degree in business administration from a small college in Colorado and sold radio advertising as my first job,” he says.

ALLIANCE RECOGNITION AWARD HONOREE KNOWN FOR EXPERTISE AND TRAINING

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M E E T D RE W W E LT O N Welton is the Vice President of Sales and Business at intellirent, providing leadership to the sales teams and developing business opportunities. He has more than 25 years of experience in power system engineering focused mainly on sales and sales management for relays, controls, and primary and secondary test equipment.

He got his start in the industry with Beckwith Electric, then AREVA T&D before working almost 20 years with OMICRON. Drew is a 20-year Senior Member of IEEE-PES/IAS and an active member of the IEEE Transformers Committee. He has authored technical papers that have appeared in various technical journals, including NETA World.

Welton received a bachelor’s degree in business administration and management from Fort Lewis College in Colorado. Today, he is highly regarded for his knowledge of substation maintenance testing and has conducted training sessions for substation technicians and engineers across North America. His technical sessions at PowerTest are highly regarded and some of the most well-attended.

“When I finally took to materials management, I accepted a job with Beckwith Electric in inventory control. Then Vice President of Sales and Marketing Lew Roberson recognized I had a gift for learning quickly and a strong sales aptitude, so he provided me with the opportunity to move into inside sales,” Welton says.

“It was then I had the fortunate opportunity to work for Charles ‘Chuck’ Mozina, who was instrumental in teaching me so much about protective relaying. What really helped me turn the corner was an opportunity to join OMICRON electronics in 1997, and over the next 20 years or so, I came to love this industry even more. There was so much to learn and

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experience and so many great people to learn from that I never stopped having fun.”

What Welton calls fun, intellirent’s Director of Inside Sales Jason Creese calls a true passion for and understanding of the industry as well as a drive to invest in it.

“Drew’s commitment over his many years has contributed to so many great opportunities to learn, speak, and apply across the various avenues within our industry,” Creese says.

“Drew is instrumental in our support of the industry. In addition to equipment knowledge, testing standards, and field application awareness, he provides necessary insight into up and coming technologies and training to

ALLIANCE RECOGNITION AWARD HONOREE KNOWN FOR EXPERTISE AND TRAINING

not only the team here at intellirent, but also to our customers.”

Indeed, whether it was his own career or in the training he provides, Welton says he always advises others in the industry — especially new or emerging professionals — to constantly push to learn and grow.

“What was always important to me was helping others and being able to share what I have learned and experienced over the years. We often become so complacent in our day-to-day routines that new technologies designed to make our lives better get overlooked. Sometimes people are

afraid to make changes or try new technologies — especially in the field of electrical testing,” he says. “Organizations such as NETA, IEEEPES/IAS, and others are continuously rewriting standards and providing expert knowledge, and we should be taking advantage of this. There is always something new to improve upon.”

It’s that drive for education, improvement, and growth that makes Welton special, Hartmann says.

“Drew’s passion to pass on his knowledge and experience to others truly makes him an industry guy,” Hartmann says. “He’s the real deal.”

JET Electrical Testing, LLC is a 24/7 full service testing company founded upon the premise of providing exceptional customer service and the most highly skilled technicians in the industry. The team of project managers, engineers, support staff, and field technicians form the cohesive team in which customers have relied on year after year. JET specializes in commissioning, preventative maintenance, equipment repair, apparatus testing, and emergency response/troubleshooting.

Electrical system reliability is JET’s goal.

24/7/365 Emergency Services:

609.285.2800

100 Lenox Drive, Lawrenceville NJ 08648 www.JETElectricalTesting.com

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REAL WORLD LEARNING AT YOUR FINGERTIPS. Introducing NETA Series III Handbooks

We’ve got answers.

Discover page after page of comprehensive, component-specific, technical resources for training and reference purposes. Over 200 of the very best articles from NETA World Journal and technical presentations from NETA’s PowerTest conferences.

To order, please visit netaworld.org or call 888.300.6382

GENERATING POWERFUL CONNECTIONS FOR THE FUTURE Focused on generating powerful connections for the future, NETA’s PowerTest Conference returned on February 28–March 4, 2022, with more all-new content, attendee options, and networking opportunities than ever.

The PowerTest Conference is the premier electrical maintenance and safety conference.

It is the largest annual gathering of NETA Accredited Company representatives and industry professionals and is supported by companies committed to safety, reliability, and quality across the electrical power systems industry.

The PowerTest 2022 agenda featured five days of educational and interactive sessions with an emphasis on shaping the future of the electrical power systems industry and recreating connections lost due to COVID. Electrical testing technicians, engineers, and managers from a crosssection of industries were represented and actively engaged in making PowerTest 2022 a success.

POWERTEST 2022: GENERATING POWERFUL CONNECTIONS FOR THE FUTURE

Luncheons Offered Opportunities for Networking

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“As organizations gradually open up their employee travel permissions in a post-pandemic world, we were proud to welcome our loyal and committed community to PowerTest 2022,” says NETA Executive Director Missy Richard. “Attendees told us that the PowerTest participants this year were the right people in the right place at the right time. Connections were made that will advance careers and lead to new business.”

• 18 companies delivered presentations on the latest products and services at the New Product Forum Attendees were excited to be back in person after an all-virtual event in 2021, and exhibitors appreciated the meaningful, focused conversations and strong leads.

H IGH LIGH T S

2022 marked the first fully hybrid PowerTest, featuring expert sessions and seminars available in person at the Hyatt Regency Denver as well as via PowerTest TV, a virtual conference experience. And with on-demand content available through June 30, PowerTest 2022 is still more accessible than ever before: • 332 full conference attendees • 29 detailed, 45-minute technical presentations by industry leaders • 16 in-depth, 4-hour seminars covering current topics and industry issues • 65 Trade Show exhibitors • More than 150 social passes for networking events

50 Years of NETA 2022 marks NETA’s 50-year anniversary, and PowerTest attendees joined in the celebration of how far the association and the industry have come and explored the possibilities of the next 50 years. Special events included a commemorative President’s Wall, all-new contests, giveaways, and more for in-person as well as virtual attendees.

Keynote Speaker Acclaimed author Robert Bryce kicked off PowerTest week with his keynote address. A

Keynote Speaker Robert Bryce

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POWERTEST 2022: GENERATING POWERFUL CONNECTIONS FOR THE FUTURE

Reliability Track Presentation by Ross Ignall of Dranetz passionate and engaging speaker, he is also a leading thinker on global energy, power systems, and innovation. Bryce’s sixth and latest book, A Question of Power: Electricity and the Wealth of Nations, was recently published, and he is the producer of a feature-length documentary, Juice: How Electricity Explains the World. Attendees applauded his presentation on energy’s impact around the world.

Monday Tracks Monday’s sessions in six tracks were carefully selected and presented by leading experts in the field. Two new tracks, Sales & Management and Renewable Energy, focused on navigating today’s challenges and identifying tomorrow’s industry trends.

Trade Show Tuesday afternoon’s PowerTest Trade Show, an industry favorite, featured 65 top-tier vendors dedicated to providing PowerTest attendees with actionable, real-world solutions to everyday challenges. With door prize giveaways, a complimentary lunch buffet, and over five hours to explore the latest and greatest products and services, the always-popular Trade Show had something for everyone.

PowerTest TV featured access to exclusive ondemand online content tailored to the needs of electrical testing professionals as well as opportunities to earn CEUs and NETA CTD credits.

Attendees used PowerTest TV as a supplement to in-person attendance or chose to participate completely virtually with 2022’s robust, easy-to-use platform. PowerTest TV’s virtual registration provided access to approximately 30 hours (30 CTDs/3. 0 CEUs) worth of ondemand content, and an addition bundle was available for access to an extra 18 hours (18 CTDs/1.8 CEUs) of material.

NETA Exam Prep The NETA Exam Prep Seminar at PowerTest was back by popular demand. Open to NETA Certified Technicians, this two-part seminar offered a review of exam materials and the ability to participate in the new NETA Practice Exam. Attendees developed their knowledge and boosted their exam confidence levels.

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NE TA M E E T INGS FEATURE P E E R DISC USSIO N AND LAT E ST NE TA UPDATES

More than 120 NETA Accredited Company representatives, Alliance Partners, and Corporate Alliance participants gathered

2023

S AV E T H E D AT E : P O W E RT EST 2 0 2 3 I N O RL A ND O Join NETA and leading electrical power systems professionals at the next premier industry conference March 8–12, 2023, at Rosen Shingle Creek in Orlando, Florida. This year’s conference will look and feel a little different with an all-new date pattern (Wednesday– Sunday), but attendees will still find the tailored content and valuable networking opportunities they’ve come to expect. Both in-person and virtual attendance options will be offered, and early bird registration is set to open September 1, 2022. Sponsorship and exhibitor opportunities are available for companies seeking leadership visibility at the event. NETA’s industry partners are encouraged to reserve exhibit space and confirm sponsorships as soon as possible. Inquiries should be directed to Laura McDonald at 269-488-6382 or lmcdonald@netaworld.org.

on Sunday, February 28, 2022, at the Hyatt Regency Denver for NETA’s 2022 Annual Member and Alliance Meetings. The annual meetings are held on the Sunday before PowerTest and are the traditional kickoff to the conference each year.

NETA Member Meeting A gathering especially for representatives and technicians from NETA Accredited Companies, the NETA Member Meeting brought reports from all sides of the association.

From updates on membership and strategic initiatives to a review of program plans for the coming year and recognition of volunteers and committee chairs, the meeting also included the nomination and election of officers. Newly elected officers include 1st Vice President Bob Shepard, Premier Power Maintenance; 2nd Vice President Dan Hook, CBS Field Services; and Secretary Chasen Tedder, Hampton Tedder Technical Services; Eric Beckman, National Field Services, continues as President for another year. Leif Hoegberg, Electrical Reliability Services, was elected to a three-year Board of Directors term, while Dan Hook, Eric Beckman, Chasen Tedder, and Dave Huffman, Power Systems Testing, were re-elected.

NETA Member and Alliance Meeting NETA Corporate Alliance and Alliance Partners were invited to join NETA Accredited Companies for the second half of the Member Meeting. Among other updates, participants heard reports on industry activity from NETA technical representatives.

Throughout PowerTest week, a series of special events delivered opportunities for attendees to network and lay the groundwork for future collaborations. For upcoming Alliance Partner events, watch your inbox for emails from NETA and look for notices in NETA World Journal. For additional information about the NETA Alliance Program or to enroll, visit www.netaworld.org/allianceprogram.

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TECH QUIZ ANSWERS

No. 137

A N S W E R S ANSWERS 1. a. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). OSHA’s mission is to ensure a safe and healthful environment by setting and enforcing standards and by providing training, outreach, education, and assistance.

2. c. NFPA 70E. NFPA 70E, Standard for Electrical Safety in the Workplace helps companies and employees avoid workplace injuries and fatalities due to shock, electrocution, arc flash, and arc blast and assists in complying with OSHA 1910 Subpart S and OSHA 1926 Subpart K. 3. b. Safety briefing. A safety briefing is a tool to increase safety awareness among workers. It is used to discuss and share information regarding potential hazards and concerns.

4. c. Failure to identify or recognize hazards. OSHA states that one root cause of workplace injuries, illnesses, and incidents is the failure to identify or recognize hazards that are present or that could have been anticipated. A critical element of any effective health and safety program is a proactive, ongoing process to identify and assess hazards.

TECH QUIZ

5. d. All of the above. Electric shock, arc flash, and arc blast are all hazards associated with the use of electrical energy. Each one must be identified and then analyzed using a risk assessment.

6. b. Electrically safe working condition.

All other answers detail hazard control methods, but only creating an electrically safe working condition eliminates the electrical hazards. An electrically safe condition is a state in which an electrical conductor or circuit part has been disconnected from energized parts, locked/tagged in accordance with established standards, tested to verify the absence of voltage and, if necessary, temporarily grounded for personnel protection.

Virginia Balitski, CET, Manager – Training and Development has worked for Magna IV Engineering since 2006.

Virginia started her career as a Field Service Technologist and achieved NETA Level 4 Senior Technician Certification.

She has since dedicated her time to the advancement of training and safety in the electrical industry.

Virginia is a Certified Engineering Technologist through ASET – The Association of Science & Engineering Technology Professionals of Alberta. Virginia is current Vice-Chair of the CSA Z462, Workplace Electrical Safety Technical Committee and is a member of the NFPA 70E, Electrical Safety in the Workplace Technical Committee. She was recently appointed to the NETA Board of Directors.

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NETA ACCREDITED COMPANIES Setting the Standard 249th Engineer Battalion 249th EN BN S3 NCOIC 9450 Jackson Loop. Bldg. 1418 Fort Belvoir, VA 22060 (703) 805-9981 james.e.phillips180.mil@mail.mil www.usace.army.mil/Home.aspx 249th Engineer Battalion, Alpha Company 1251 Pirowski Rd, Bldg 1407 Schofield Barracks, HI 96857 (808) 787-4604 ali.n.abubekr.mil@mail.mil SFC Aldher Maldonado Serrano 249th Engineer Battalion, Bravo Company Bldg 3-2631 Butner Rd Fort Bragg, NC 28310-0001 (703) 853-3958 john.w.crosby.mil@mail.mil SFC John Crosby 249th Engineer Battalion, Charlie Company 9410 Jackson Loop Bldg 1416 Fort Belvoir, VA 22060-5116 (703) 806-1078 william.s.maddox13.mil@mail.mil SSG William Maddox 249th Engineer Battalion, HHC 9450 Jackson Loop Bldg 1416 Fort Belvoir, VA 22060-5147 (571) 515-0173 SSG Michael Hamilton ABM Electrical Power Services, LLC 720 S Rochester Ste A Ontario, CA 91761-8177 (301) 397-3500 abm.com/Electrical ABM Electrical Power Services, LLC 6541 Meridien Dr Suite 113 Raleigh, NC 27616 (919) 877-1008 brandon.davis@abm.com abm.com/Electrical Brandon Davis ABM Electrical Power Services, LLC 2631 S. Roosevelt St Tempe, AZ 85282 (602) 722-2423 ABM Electrical Power Services, LLC 3600 Woodpark Blvd Ste G Charlotte, NC 28206-4210 (704) 273-6257 ABM Electrical Power Services, LLC 6940 Koll Center Pkwy Suite# 100 Pleasanton, CA 94566 (408) 466-6920 ABM Electrical Power Services, LLC 9800 E Geddes Ave Unit A-150 Englewood, CO 80112-9306 (303) 524-6560

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ABM Electrical Power Services, LLC 3585 Corporate Court San Diego, CA 92123-1844 (858) 754-7963 ABM Electrical Power Services, LLC 1005 Windward Ridge Pkwy Alpharetta, GA 30005 (770) 521-7550 abm.com/Electrical ABM Electrical Power Services, LLC 4221 Freidrich Lane Suite 170 Austin, TX 78744 (210) 347-9481 ABM Electrical Power Services, LLC 11719 NE 95th St. Ste H Vancouver, WA 98682 (360) 713-9513 Paul.McKinley@abm.com www.ABM.com/Electrical Paul McKinley ABM Electrical Power Solutions 4390 Parliament Place Suite S Lanham, MD 20706 (240) 487-1900 ABM Electrical Power Solutions 3700 Commerce Dr # 901-903 Baltimore, MD 21227-1642 (410) 247-3300 www.abm.com ABM Electrical Power Solutions 317 Commerce Park Drive Cranberry Township, PA 160666407 (724) 772-4638 christopher.smith@abm.com Chris Smith - General Manager ABM Electrical Power Solutions 814 Greenbrier Cir Ste E Chesapeake, VA 23320-2643 (757) 364-6145 keone.castleberry@abm.com www.abm.com Keone Castleberry ABM Electrical Power Solutions 1817 O’Brien Road Columbus, OH 43228 (724) 772-4638 www.abm.com www.abm.com Absolute Testing Services, Inc. 8100 West Little York Houston, TX 77040 (832) 467-4446 ap@absolutetesting.com www.absolutetesting.com Accessible Consulting Engineers, Inc. 1269 Pomona Rd Ste 111 Corona, CA 92882-7158 (951) 808-1040 info@acetesting.com www.acetesting.com

SUMMER 2022

Advanced Electrical Services 4999 - 43rd St. NE Unit 143 Calgary, AB T2B 3N4 (403) 697-3747 accounting@aes-ab.com Advanced Electrical Services Ltd. 9958 - 67 Ave Edmonton, AB T6E 0P5 (403) 697-3747 www.aes-ab.com www.aes-ab.com Advanced Testing Systems 15 Trowbridge Dr Bethel, CT 06801-2858 (203) 743-2001 pmaccarthy@advtest.com www.advtest.com Pat McCarthy A&F Electrical Testing, Inc. 80 Lake Ave S Ste 10 Nesconset, NY 11767-1017 (631) 584-5625 kchilton@afelectricaltesting.com www.afelectricaltesting.com

American Electrical Testing Co., LLC 76 Cain Dr Brentwood, NY 11717-1265 (631) 617-5330 bfernandez@aetco.us www.aetco.us Billy Fernandez American Electrical Testing Co., LLC 91 Fulton St., Unit 4 Boonton, NJ 07005-1060 (973) 316-1180 jsomol@aetco.us www.aetco.us Jeff Somol AMP Quality Energy Services, LLC 352 Turney Ridge Rd Somerville, AL 35670 (256) 513-8255 brian@ampqes.com Brian Rodgers AMP Quality Energy Services, LLC 41 Peabody Street Nashville, TN 37210 (629) 213-4855 Nick Tunstill

A&F Electrical Testing, Inc. 80 Broad St Fl 5 New York, NY 10004-2257 (631) 584-5625 afelectricaltesting@afelectricaltesting.com www.afelectricaltesting.com Florence Chilton

Apparatus Testing and Engineering 11300 Sanders Dr Ste 29 Rancho Cordova, CA 95742-6822 (916) 853-6280 jcarr@apparatustesting.com www.apparatustesting.com Jerry Carr

Alpha Relay and Protection Testing, LLC 2625 Overland Ave Unit A Billings, MT 59102 (406) 671-7227 zfettig@arptco.com www.arptco.com Zeb Fettig

Apparatus Testing and Engineering 7083 Commerce Cir Ste H Pleasanton, CA 94588-8017 (916) 853-6280 jcarr@apparatustesting.com www.apparatustesting.com Jerry Carr

American Electrical Testing Co., LLC 25 Forbes Boulevard Suite 1 Foxboro, MA 02035 (781) 821-0121 www.aetco.us Jason Briggs

Applied Engineering Concepts 894 N Fair Oaks Ave. Pasadena, CA 91103 (626) 389-2108 michel.c@aec-us.com www.aec-us.com Michel Castonguay

American Electrical Testing Co., LLC 5540 Memorial Rd Allentown, PA 18104 (484) 538-2272 jmunley@aetco.us www.aetco.us

Applied Engineering Concepts 8160 Miramar Road San Diego, CA 92126 (619) 822-1106 michel.c@aec-us.com www.aec-us.com Michel Castonguay

American Electrical Testing Co., LLC 34 Clover Dr South Windsor, CT 06074-2931 (860) 648-1013 jpoulin@aetco.us www.aetco.us Gerald Poulin

ARM CAMCO, LLC 667 Industrial Park Road Ebensburg, PA 15931 (814) 472-7980 acct@armcamco.net Sam Morello

NETA ACCREDITED COMPANIES

NETA ACCREDITED COMPANIES Setting the Standard BEC Testing 50 Gazza Blvd Farmingdale, NY 11735-1402 (631) 393-6800 ddevlin@banaelectric.com www.bectesting.com Blue Runner Switchgear Testing, LLC 924 Highway 98 East Suite C-200 Destin, FL 32541 (270) 590-4974 cneitzel@bluerunnerswitchgear.com www.bluerunnerswitchgear.com Chris Neitzel Burlington Electrical Testing Co., LLC 300 Cedar Ave Croydon, PA 19021-6051 (215) 826-9400 waltc@betest.com www.betest.com Walter P. Cleary Burlington Electrical Testing Co., LLC 846 Waterford Drive Delran, NJ 08075 (609) 267-4126 Capitol Area Testing, Inc. P.O. Box 259 Suite 614 Crownsville, MD 21032 (757) 650-0740 carl@capitolareatesting.com www.capitolareatesting.com Carl VanHooijdonk CBS Field Services 14311 29th St E Sumner, WA 98390-9690 (253) 891-1995 dhook@westernelectricalservices.com www.westernelectricalservices.com Dan Hook CBS Field Services 12794 Currie Court Livonia, MI 48150 (810) 720-2280 mramieh@powertechservices.com www.powertechservices.com CBS Field Services 5680 S 32nd St Phoenix, AZ 85040-3832 (602) 426-1667 www.westernelectricalservices.com www.westernelectricalservices.com CBS Field Services 3676 W California Ave Ste C106 Salt Lake City, UT 84104-6533 (888) 395-2021 www.westernelectricalservices.com www.westernelectricalservices.com CBS Field Services 4510 NE 68th Dr Unit 122 Vancouver, WA 98661-1261 (888) 395-2021 www.westernelectricalservices.com Jason Carlson

NETA ACCREDITED COMPANIES

CBS Field Services 5505 Daniels St. Chino, CA 91710 (602) 426-1667 Matt Wallace CBS Field Services 620 Meadow Ln. Los Alamos, NM 87547 (505) 469-1661 CBS Field Services 5385 Gateway Boulevard #19-21 Lakeland, FL 33811 (810) 720-2280 CE Power Engineered Services, LLC 4040 Rev Drive Cincinnati, OH 45232 (800) 434-0415 info@cepower.net Jim Cialdea CE Power Engineered Services, LLC 11620 Crossroads Cir Middle River, MD 21220-2874 (410) 344-0300 Peter Earlston CE Power Engineered Services, LLC 480 Cave Rd Nashville, TN 37210-2302 (615) 882-9455 dave.mitchell@cepower.net www.cepower.net Dave Mitchell CE Power Engineered Services, LLC 4089 Landisville Rd. Doylestown, PA 18902 (215) 364-5333 CE Power Engineered Services, LLC 40 Washington St Westborough, MA 01581-1088 (508) 881-3911 jim.cialdea@cepower.net www.cepower.net Jim Cialdea CE Power Engineered Services, LLC 9200 75th Avenue N Brooklyn Park, MN 55428 (877) 968-0281 jason.thompson@cepower.net www.cepower.net Cameron Dooley CE Power Engineered Services, LLC 72 Sanford Drive Gorham, ME 04038 (800) 649-6314 mike.roach@cepower.net www.cepower.net Michael Roach CE Power Engineered Services, LLC 8490 Seward Rd. Fairfield, OH 45011 (800) 434-0415 info@cepower.net www.cepower.net Jerry Daugherty

CE Power Engineered Services, LLC 1803 Taylor Ave. Louisville, KY 40213 (800) 434-0415 Eric.croner@cepower.net www.cepower.net Eric Croner

Dude Electrical Testing, LLC 145 Tower Drive, Unit 9 Burr Ridge, IL 60527-7840 (815) 293-3388 scott.dude@dudetesting.com www.dudetesting.com Scott Dude

CE Power Engineered Services, LLC 1200 W. West Maple Rd. Walled Lake, MI 48390 (810) 229-6628 www.cepower.net Ryan Wiegand

Eastern High Voltage, Inc. 11A S Gold Dr Robbinsville, NJ 08691-1685 (609) 890-8300 bobwilson@easternhighvoltage.com www.easternhighvoltage.com Robert Wilson

CE Power Engineered Services, LLC 10840 Murdock Drive Knoxville, TN 37932 (800) 434-0415 don.williams@cepower.net www.cepower.net Don Williams

Electek Power Services, Inc. 870 Confederation Street Sarnia, ON N7T2E5 (519) 383-0333 kgadsby@electek.ca Kathy Gadsby

CE Power Engineered Services, LLC 3496 E. 83rd Place Merrillville, IN 46410 (219) 942-2346 lucas.gallagher@cepower.net www.cepower.net Lucas Gallagher

ELECT, P.C. 375 E. Third Street Wendell, NC 27591 (919) 365-9775 btyndall@elect-pc.com www.elect-pc.com Barry W. Tyndall

CE Power Engineered Services, LLC 1260 Industrial Park Eveleth, MN 55734 (218) 744-4200 Joseph Peterson

Electrical & Electronic Controls 6149 Hunter Rd Ooltewah, TN 37363-8762 (423) 344-7666 eecontrols@comcast.net Michael Hughes

CE Power Engineered Services, LLC 401 Independence Pkwy S La Porte, TX 77571 (361) 443-7714 Dusty Nations CE Power Solutions of Florida, LLC 3502 Riga Blvd., Suite C Tampa, FL 33619 (866) 439-2992 robert.bordas@cepowersol.com www.cepowersol.com Robert Bordas CE Power Solutions of Florida, LLC 3801 SW 47th Avenue Suite 505 Davie, FL 33314 (866) 439-2992 robert.bordas@cepowersol.com www.cepowersol.com Robert Bordas CFM Services, Inc. 845 St-Jaques local 600 St-Jean-sur-Richelieu, QC J3B 2N2 (514) 436-0052 frederic@cfmservices.ca www.cfmservices.ca Frederic Morin Control Power Concepts 141 Quail Run Rd Henderson, NV 89014 (702) 448-7833 jtravis@ctrlpwr.com www.controlpowerconcepts.com

Electrical Energy Experts, LLC W129N10818 Washington Dr Germantown, WI 53022-4446 (262) 255-5222 tim@electricalenergyexperts.com www.electricalenergyexperts.com Tim Casey Electrical Energy Experts, LLC 815 Commerce Dr. Oak Brook, IL 60523 (847) 875-5611 Michael Hanek Electrical Engineering & Service Co., Inc. 289 Centre St. Holbrook, MA 02343 (781) 767-9988 jcipolla@eescousa.com www.eescousa.com Joe Cipolla Electrical Equipment Upgrading, Inc. 21 Telfair Pl Savannah, GA 31415-9518 (912) 232-7402 kmiller@eeu-inc.com www.eeu-inc.com Kevin Miller

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NETA ACCREDITED COMPANIES Setting the Standard Electrical Reliability Services 610 Executive Campus Dr Westerville, OH 43082-8870 (877) 468-6384 info@electricalreliability.com www.electricalreliability.com

Electrical Reliability Services 1380 Greg St. Ste. 216 Sparks, NV 89431-6070 (775) 746-4466 www.electricalreliability.com

Electrical Reliability Services 8983 University Blvd Ste. 104. #158 North Charleston, SC 29406 (843) 797-0514

Electrical Reliability Services 11000 Metro Pkwy Ste 30 Fort Myers, FL 33966-1244 (239) 693-7100 www.electricalreliability.com

Electrical Reliability Services 13720 Old St. Augustine Rd. Ste. 8 #310 Jacksonville, FL 32258 (904) 292-9779

Electrical Reliability Services 1057 Doniphan Park Cir Ste A El Paso, TX 79922-1329 (915) 587-9440 www.electricalreliability.com

Electrical Reliability Services 245 Hood Road Sulphur, LA 70665-8747 (337) 583-2411 wayne.beaver@vertivco.com www.electricalreliability.com

Electrical Reliability Services 4099 SE International Way Ste 201 Milwaukie, OR 97222-8853 (503) 653-6781 www.electricalreliability.com

Electrical Reliability Services 6900 Koll Center Pkwy Ste 415 Pleasanton, CA 94566-3119 (925) 485-3400 www.electricalreliability.com

Electrical Reliability Services 9736 South Sandy Pkwy 500 West Sandy, UT 84070 (801) 561-0987 www.electricalreliability.com

Electrical Reliability Services 8500 Washington St NE Ste A6 Albuquerque, NM 87113-1861 (505) 822-0237 www.electricalreliability.com

Electrical Reliability Services 6351 Hinson Street, Suite A Las Vegas, NV 89118-6851 (702) 597-0020 www.electricalreliability.com

Electrical Reliability Services 2275 Northwest Pkwy SE Ste 180 Marietta, GA 30067-9319 (770) 541-6600 www.electricalreliability.com

Electrical Reliability Services 36572 Luke Drive Geismar, LA 70734 (225) 647-0732 www.electricalreliability.com www.electricalreliability.com

Electrical Reliability Services 5909 Sea Lion Pl Ste C Carlsbad, CA 92010-6634 (858) 695-9551 www.electricalreliability.com

Electrical Reliability Services 12130 Mora Drive Unit 1 Santa Fe Springs, CA 90670 (562) 236-9555 www.electricalreliability.com Electrical Reliability Services 400 NW Capital Dr Lees Summit, MO 64086-4723 (816) 525-7156 www.electricalreliability.com Electrical Reliability Services 7100 Broadway Ste 7E Denver, CO 80221-2900 (303) 427-8809 www.electricalreliability.com Electrical Reliability Services 2222 W Valley Hwy N Ste 160 Auburn, WA 98001-1655 (253) 736-6010 www.electricalreliability.com Electrical Reliability Services 221 E. Willis Road, Suite 3 Chandler, AZ 85286 (480) 966-4568 www.electricalreliability.com

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Electrical Reliability Services 9636 Saint Vincent Ave Unit A Shreveport, LA 71106-7127 (318) 869-4244 Electrical Reliability Services 1426 Sens Rd. Ste. #5 La Porte, TX 77571-9656 (281) 241-2800 www.electricalreliability.com Electrical Reliability Services 9753 S. 140th Street, Suite 109 Omaha, NE 68138 (402) 861-9168 Electrical Reliability Services 190 E. Stacy Road 306 #374 Allen, TX 75002 (972) 788-0979 Electrical Reliability Services 4833 Berewick Town Ctr Drive Ste E-207 Charlotte, NC 28278 (704) 583-4794 Electrical Reliability Services 324 S. Wilmington St. Ste 299 Raleigh, NC 27601 (919) 807-0995

SUMMER 2022

Electrical Testing and Maintenance Corp.

3673 Cherry Rd Ste 101 Memphis, TN 38118-6313 (901) 566-5557 r.gregory@etmcorp.net www.etmcorp.net Ron Gregory Electrical Testing, Inc. 2671 Cedartown Hwy SE Rome, GA 30161-3894 (706) 234-7623 clifton@electricaltestinginc.com www.electricaltestinginc.com Electrical Testing Solutions 2909 Greenhill Ct Oshkosh, WI 54904-9769 (920) 420-2986 tmachado@electricaltestingsolutions.com www.electricaltestingsolutions.com/ Tito Machado Electric Power Systems, Inc. 21 Millpark Ct Maryland Heights, MO 63043-3536 (314) 890-9999 STL@epsii.com www.epsii.com James Vaughn Electric Power Systems, Inc. 11211 E. Arapahoe Rd Ste 108 Centennial, CO 80112 (720) 857-7273 den@epsii.com www.epsii.com Mike Benitez Electric Power Systems, Inc. 120 Turner Road Salem, VA 24153-5120 (540) 375-0084 rnk@epsii.com www.epsii.com Richard Kessler

Electric Power Systems, Inc. 1090 Montour West Ind Park Coraopolis, PA 15108-9307 (412) 276-4559 PIT@epsii.com www.epsii.com Jon Rapuk Electric Power Systems, Inc. 4300 NE 34th Street Kansas City, MO 64117 (816) 241-9990 KAN@epsii.com www.epsii.com Rodrigo Lallana Electric Power Systems, Inc. 1230 N Hobson St. Suite 101 Gilbert, AZ 85233 (480) 633-1490 PHX@epsii.com www.epsii.com Mike Benitez Electric Power Systems, Inc. 915 Holt Ave Unit 9 Manchester, NH 03109-5606 (603) 657-7371 MAN@epsii.com www.epsii.com Sam Bossee Electric Power Systems, Inc. 3806 Caboose Place Sanford, FL 32771 (407) 578-6424 ORL@epsii.com www.epsii.com Justin McGinn Electric Power Systems, Inc. 1129 E Highway 30 Gonzales, LA 70737-4759 (225) 644-0150 BAT@epsii.com www.epsii.com Josh Galaz Electric Power Systems, Inc. 684 Melrose Avenue Nashville, TN 37211-3121 (615) 834-0999 NSH@epsii.com www.epsii.com James Vaughn Electric Power Systems, Inc. 2888 Nationwide Parkway 2nd Floor Brunswick, OH 44212 (330) 460-3706 CLE@epsii.com www.epsii.com Jon Rapuk

NETA ACCREDITED COMPANIES

NETA ACCREDITED COMPANIES Setting the Standard Electric Power Systems, Inc. 54 Eisenhower Lane North Lombard, IL 60148 (815) 577-9515 CHI@epsii.com www.epsii.com George Bratkiv Electric Power Systems, Inc. 1330 Industrial Blvd.

Suite 300 Sugar Land, TX 77478 (713) 644-5400 HOU@epsii.com www.epsii.com Electric Power Systems, Inc. 56 Bibber Pkwy # 1 Brunswick, ME 04011-7357 (207) 837-6527 BRU@epsii.com www.epsii.com Sam Bosse Electric Power Systems, Inc. 1361 Glory Rd Green Bay, WI 54304-5640 (920) 632-7929 info@energisinc.com www.energisinc.com Electric Power Systems, Inc. 11861 Longsdorf St Riverview, MI 48193-4250 (734) 282-3311 DET@epsii.com www.epsii.com Greg Eakins Electric Power Systems, Inc. 4416 Anaheim Ave. NE Albuquerque, NM 87113 (505) 792-7761 ABQ@epsii.com www.epsii.com Mike Benitez Electric Power Systems, Inc. 3209 Gresham Lake Rd. Suite 155 Raleigh, NC 27615 (919) 322-2670 RAL@epsii.com www.epsii.com Yigitcan Unludag Electric Power Systems, Inc. 5850 Polaris Ave., Suite 1600 Las Vegas, NV 89118 (702) 815-1342 LAS@epsii.com www.epsii.com Devin Hopkins Electric Power Systems, Inc. 7925 Dunbrook Rd. Suite G San Diego, CA 92126 (858) 566-6317 SAN@epsii.com www.epsii.com Devin Hopkins

NETA ACCREDITED COMPANIES

Electric Power Systems, Inc. 6679 Peachtree Industrial Dr. Suite H Norcross, GA 30092 (770) 416-0684 ATL@epsii.com www.epsii.com Justin McGinn Electric Power Systems, Inc. 306 Ashcake Road suite A Ashland, VA 23005 (804) 526-6794 RIC@epsii.com www.epsii.com Chris Price Electric Power Systems, Inc. 7169 East 87th St. Indianapolis, IN 46256 (317) 941-7502 IND@epsii.com www.epsii.com Ben Hocking Electric Power Systems, Inc. 7308 Aspen Lane North Suite 160 Brooklyn Park, MN 55428 (763) 315-3520 MIN@epsii.com www.epsii.com Paul Cervantez Electric Power Systems, Inc. 140 Lakefront Drive Cockeysville, MD 21030 (443) 689-2220 WDC@epsii.com www.epsii.com Jon Rapuk Electric Power Systems, Inc. 783 N. Grove Rd Suite 101 Richardson, TX 75081 (214) 821-3311 Thomas Coon Electric Power Systems, Inc. 11912 NE 95th St. Suite 306 Vancouver, WA 98682 (855) 459-4377 VAN@epsii.com www.epsii.com Anthony Asciutto Electric Power Systems, Inc. Padre Mariano 272, Of. 602

Providencia, Santiago, Electro Test, LLC 401 N. Cane Street Unit A-4 Wahiawa, HI 96786 (808) 321-2028 bhelminen@electrotest.pro www.electrotest.pro Brad Helminen

Elemco Services, Inc. 228 Merrick Rd Lynbrook, NY 11563-2622 (631) 589-6343 courtney@elemco.com www.elemco.com Courtney Gallo

Halco Testing Services 5773 Venice Boulevard Los Angeles, CA 90019 (323) 933-9431 www.halcotestingservices.com Don Genutis

EnerG Test, LLC 206 Gale Lane Kennett Square, PA 19348 (484) 731-0200 info@energtest.com www.energtest.com

Hampton Tedder Technical Services 4563 State St Montclair, CA 91763-6129 (909) 628-1256 chasen.tedder@hamptontedder.com www.httstesting.com Chasen Tedder

EPS Technology 37 Ozick Dr. Durham, CT 06422 (203) 679-0145 www.eps-technology.com Sean Miller

Hampton Tedder Technical Services 3747 W Roanoke Ave Phoenix, AZ 85009-1359 (480) 967-7765 www.httstesting.com Linc McNitt

ESR Electrical Services 425 S. 48th Street Suite 114 Tempe, AZ 85281 (661) 644-2430 jacob@esreliability.com Jacob Webb

Hampton Tedder Technical Services 4113 Wagon Trail Ave. Las Vegas, NV 89118 (702) 452-9200 www.httstesting.com Roger Cates

ESR Electrical Services 5009 Pacific Hwy East, Unit 13 Fife, WA 98424 (800) 342-4560 chuck@esreliability.com Charles Duncan III ESR Electrical Services 3204 NE 13th Place Hillsboro, OR 97124 (800) 342-4560 chuck@esreliability.com Charles Duncan III ESR Electrical Services 1737 NE 8th Street Hermiston, OR 97838 (800) 342-4560 chuck@esreliability.com Charles Duncan III ESR Electrical Services 23421 Spicebush Terrace Ashburn, VA 20148 (800) 342-4560 jacob@esreliability.com Jacob Webb Giga Electrical & Technical Services, Inc. 5926 E. Washington Boulevard Commerce, CA 90040 (323) 255-5894 gigaelectrical@gmail.com www.gigaelectrical-ca.com/ Hermin Machacon Grubb Engineering, Inc. 2727 North Saint Mary’s St. San Antonio, TX 78212 (210) 658-7250 rgrubb@grubbengineering.com www.grubbengineering.com Robert Grubb

Harford Electrical Testing Co., Inc. 1108 Clayton Rd Joppa, MD 21085-3409 (410) 679-4477 testing@harfordtesting.com www.harfordtesting.com High Energy Electrical Testing, Inc. 5042 Industrial Road, Unit D Farmingdale, NJ 07727 (732) 938-2275 judylee@highenergyelectric.com www.highenergyelectric.com High Voltage Maintenance Corp.

5100 Energy Dr Dayton, OH 45414-3525 (937) 278-0811 www.hvmcorp.com High Voltage Maintenance Corp.

24 Walpole Park S Walpole, MA 02081-2541 (508) 668-9205 www.hvmcorp.com High Voltage Maintenance Corp.

1052 Greenwood Springs Rd. Suite E Greenwood, IN 46143 (317) 322-2055 www.hvmcorp.com www.hvmcorp.com High Voltage Maintenance Corp.

355 Vista Park Dr Pittsburgh, PA 15205-1206 (412) 747-0550 www.hvmcorp.com

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NETA ACCREDITED COMPANIES Setting the Standard High Voltage Maintenance Corp.

8787 Tyler Blvd.

Mentor, OH 44061 (440) 951-2706 www.hvmcorp.com www.hvmcorp.com Greg Barlett High Voltage Maintenance Corp.

24371 Catherine Industrial Dr Ste 207 Novi, MI 48375-2422 (248) 305-5596 www.hvmcorp.com High Voltage Maintenance Corp.

3000 S Calhoun Rd New Berlin, WI 53151-3549 (262) 784-3660 www.hvmcorp.com High Voltage Maintenance Corp.

1 Penn Plaza Suite 500 New York, NY 10119 (718) 239-0359 www.hvmcorp.com High Voltage Maintenance Corp.

29 Diana Court Cheshire, CT 06410 (203) 949-2650 www.hvmcorp.com www.hvmcorp.com Peter Dobrowolski High Voltage Maintenance Corp.

941 Busse Rd Elk Grove Village, IL 60007-2400 (847) 640-0005 High Voltage Maintenance Corp.

(410) 279-0798 www.hvmcorp.com High Voltage Maintenance Corp.

10704 Electron Drive Louisville, KY 40299 (859) 371-5355 High Voltage Maintenance Corp.

1 Penn Plaza, Suite 1500 New York, NY 10119 (718) 239-0359 New York Area Service Center High Voltage Maintenance Corp.

Cincinnati/Kentucky Area Satellite Office (859) 371-5355 Hood Patterson & Dewar, Inc. 850 Center Way Norcross, GA 30071 (770) 453-1415 info@hoodpd.com https://hoodpd.com/ Brandon Sedgwick

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Hood Patterson & Dewar, Inc. 15924 Midway Road Addison, TX 75001 (214) 461-0760 info@hoodpd.com https://hoodpd.com/ Hood Patterson & Dewar, Inc. 4511 Daly Dr. Suite 1 Chantilly, VA 20151 (571) 299-6773 info@hoodpd.com https://hoodpd.com/ Hood Patterson & Dewar, Inc. 1531 Hunt Club Blvd Ste 200 Gallatin, TN 37066 (615) 527-7084 info@hoodpd.com https://hoodpd.com/ Industrial Electric Testing, Inc. 11321 Distribution Ave W Jacksonville, FL 32256-2746 (904) 260-8378 gbenzenberg@bellsouth.net www.industrialelectrictesting.com Gary Benzenberg Industrial Electric Testing, Inc. 201 NW 1st Ave Hallandale Beach, FL 33009-4029 (954) 456-7020 gbenzenberg@bellsouth.net www.industrialelectrictesting.com Gary Benzenberg Industrial Tests, Inc. 4021 Alvis Ct Ste 1 Rocklin, CA 95677-4031 (916) 296-1200 greg@indtest.com www.industrialtests.com Greg Poole Infra-Red Building and Power Service, Inc. 152 Centre St Holbrook, MA 02343-1011 (781) 767-0888 Tom.McDonald@infraredbps.com www.infraredbps.com Thomas McDonald Sr. JET Electrical Testing, LLC 100 Lenox Drive Suite 100 Lawrenceville, NJ 08648 (609) 285-2800 jvasta@jetelectricaltesting.com jetelectricaltesting.com Joe Vasta J.G. Electrical Testing Corporation 3092 Shafto Road Suite 13 Tinton Falls, NJ 07753 (732) 217-1908 h.trinkowsky@jgelectricaltesting.com www.jgelectricaltesting.com

SUMMER 2022

KT Industries, Inc. 3203 Fletcher Drive Los Angeles, CA 90065 (323) 255-7143 eric@kti.la ktiengineering.com Eric Vaca Magna IV Engineering 1103 Parsons Rd. SW Edmonton, AB T6X 0X2 (780) 462-3111 info@magnaiv.com www.magnaiv.com Virginia Balitski Magna IV Engineering 141 Fox Cresent Fort McMurray, AB T9K 0C1 (780) 791-3122 info@magnaiv.com Ryan Morgan

Magna IV Engineering 10947 92 Ave Grande Prairie, AB T8V 3J3 1.800.462.3157 info.grandeprairie@magnaiv.com Matthew Britton Magna IV Engineering 531 Coster St. Bronx, NY 10474 (800) 462-3157 Info.newyork@magnaiv.com Donald Orbin Midwest Engineering Consultants, Ltd. 2500 36th Ave Moline, IL 61265-6954 (309) 764-1561 m-moorehead@midwestengr.com www.Midwestengr.com Monte Moorehead

Magna IV Engineering 3124 Millar Ave. Saskatoon, SK S7K 5Y2 (306) 713-2167 info.saskatoon@magnaiv.com Adam Jaques

M&L Power Systems, Inc. 109 White Oak Ln Ste 82 Old Bridge, NJ 08857-1980 (732) 679-1800 milind@mlpower.com www.mlpower.com Milind Bagle

Magna IV Engineering 96 Inverness Dr E Ste R Englewood, CO 80112-5311 (303) 799-1273 info.denver@magnaiv.com Kevin Halma

MTA Electrical Engineers 350 Pauma Place Escondido, CA 92029 (760) 658-6098 tim@mtaee.com Timothy G. Shaw

Magna IV Engineering Avenida del Condor sur #590 Oficina 601

MUSE 1000 23rd Ave BLDG 1360 Port Hueneme, CA 93043 (805) 982-1178 waverly.r.holland@navy.mil Waverly Holland

Huechuraba,

8580676 +(56) -2-26552600 info.santiago@magnaiv.com Harvey Mendoza Magna IV Engineering Unit 110, 19188 94th Avenue Surrey, BC V4N 4X8 (604) 421-8020 info.vancouver@magnaiv.com Rob Caya

National Field Services 651 Franklin Lewisville, TX 75057-2301 (972) 420-0157 eric.beckman@natlfield.com www.natlfield.com Eric Beckman

Magna IV Engineering Suite 200, 688 Heritage Dr. SE Calgary, AB T2H 1M6 (403) 723-0575 info.calgary@magnaiv.com Morgan MacDonnell

National Field Services 1760 W. Walker Street Suite 100 League City, TX 77573 (800) 420-0157 don.haas@natlfield.com Donald Haas

Magna IV Engineering 4407 Halik Street Building E Suite 300 Pearland, TX 77581 (346) 221-2165 info.houston@magnaiv.com www.magnaiv.com Aric Proskurniak

National Field Services 1405 United Drive Suite 113-115 San Marcos, TX 78666 (800) 420-0157 matt.lacoss@natlfield.com www.natlfield.com Matthew LaCoss

NETA ACCREDITED COMPANIES

NETA ACCREDITED COMPANIES Setting the Standard National Field Services 3711 Regulus Ave. Las Vegas, NV 89102 (888) 296-0625 www.natlfield.com National Field Services 2900 Vassar St. #114 Reno, NV 89502 (775) 410-0430 tylor.pereza@natlfield.com www.natlfield.com Tylor Pereza National Field Services 21818 S. Wiliminton Ave #409 Carson, CA 90810 (310) 549-5673 Butch Bustamante Nationwide Electrical Testing, Inc. 6515 Bentley Ridge Drive Cumming, GA 30040 (770) 667-1875 Shashi@N-E-T-Inc.com www.n-e-t-inc.com North Central Electric, Inc. 69 Midway Ave Hulmeville, PA 19047-5827 (215) 945-7632 bjmessina@ncetest.com www.ncetest.com Robert Messina Orbis Engineering Field Services Ltd. #300, 9404 - 41st Ave. Edmonton, AB T6E 6G8 (780) 988-1455 accountspayable@orbisengineering.net www.orbisengineering.net Orbis Engineering Field Services Ltd. #228 - 18 Royal Vista Link NW Calgary, AB T3R 0K4 (403) 374-0051 Amin Kassam Orbis Engineering Field Services Ltd. Badajoz #45, Piso 17 Las Condes Santiago, +56 2 29402343 framos@orbisengineering.net Felipe Ramos Pace Technologies, Inc. 9604 - 41 Avenue NW Edmonton, AB T6E 6G9 (780) 450-0404 www.pacetechnologies.com Pace Technologies, Inc. #10, 883 McCurdy Place Kelowna, BC V1X 8C8 (250) 712-0091 Pace Technologies, Inc. 110-7685 56 St. SE Calgary, AB T2C 5S7 (780) 450-0404 mcollins@pacetechologies.com Micah Collins

NETA ACCREDITED COMPANIES

Pacific Powertech Inc. #110, 2071 Kingsway Ave. Port Coquitlam, BC V3C 6N2 (604) 944-6697 okirby@pacificpowertech.ca www.pacificpowertech.ca Owen Kirby Pacific Power Testing, Inc. 14280 Doolittle Dr San Leandro, CA 94577-5542 (510) 351-8811 steve@pacificpowertesting.com www.pacificpowertesting.com Steve Emmert Phasor Engineering Sabaneta Industrial Park #216 Mercedita, PR 00715 (787) 844-9366 rcastro@phasorinc.com www.phasorinc.com Rafael Castro Potomac Testing 1610 Professional Blvd Ste A Crofton, MD 21114-2051 (301) 352-1930 kbassett@potomactesting.com www.potomactesting.com Ken Bassett Potomac Testing 1991 Woodslee Dr Troy, MI 48083-2236 (248) 689-8980 ldetterman@northerntesting.com www.northerntesting.com Lyle Detterman Potomac Testing 12342 Hancock St Carmel, IN 46032-5807 (317) 853-6795 Potomac Testing 1130 MacArthur Rd. Jeffersonville, OH 43128 Power Engineering Services, Inc. 9179 Shadow Creek Ln Converse, TX 78109-2041 (210) 590-6214 pes@pe-svcs.com www.pe-svcs.com Power Engineering Services, Inc. 4041 Ellis Road Suite 100 Friendswood, TX 77546 (210) 590-4936 pes@pe-svcs.com www.pe-svcs.com Power Engineering Services, Inc. 1001 Doris Lane Suite E Cedar Park, TX 78613 (210) 590-4936 pes@pe-svcs.com www.pe-svcs.com

Power Products & Solutions, LLC 6605 W WT Harris Blvd Suite F Charlotte, NC 28269 (704) 573-0420 x12 adis.talovic@powerproducts.biz www.powerproducts.biz Adis Talovic Power Products & Solutions, LLC 13 Jenkins Ct Mauldin, SC 29662-2414 (800) 328-7382 raymond.pesaturo@powerproducts.biz www.powerproducts.biz Raymond Pesaturo Power Products & Solutions, LLC 9481 Industrial Center Dr. Unit 5 Ladson, SC 29456 (844) 383-8617 www.powerproducts.biz www.powerproducts.biz Power Solutions Group, Ltd. 425 W Kerr Rd Tipp City, OH 45371-2843 (937) 506-8444 bwilloughby@powersolutionsgroup.com www.powersolutionsgroup.com Barry Willoughby Power Solutions Group, Ltd. 251 Outerbelt St. Columbus, OH 43213 (614) 310-8018 sspohn@powersolutionsgroup.com www.powersolutionsgroup.com Power Solutions Group, Ltd. 5115 Old Greenville Highway Liberty, SC 29657 (864) 540-8434 fcrawford@powersolutionsgroup.com www.powersolutionsgroup.com Anthony Crawford Power Solutions Group, Ltd. 172 B-Industrial Dr. Clarksville, TN 37040 (931) 572-8591 Chris Brown PowerSouth Testing, LLC 130 W. Porter St. Suite 120 Cartersville, GA 30120 (678) 901-0205 samuel.townsend@powersouthtesting.com www.powersouthtesting.com Power System Professionals, Inc. 429 Clinton Ave Roseville, CA 95678 (866) 642-3129 jburmeister@powerpros.net James Burmeister

Power Systems Testing Co. 4688 W Jennifer Ave Ste 108 Fresno, CA 93722-6418 (559) 275-2171 ext 15 dave@pstcpower.com www.powersystemstesting.com David Huffman Power Systems Testing Co. 600 S Grand Ave Ste 113 Santa Ana, CA 92705-4152 (714) 542-6089 www.powersystemstesting.com Power Systems Testing Co. 6736 Preston Ave Ste E Livermore, CA 94551-8521 (510) 783-5096 www.powersystemstesting.com Power Test, Inc. 2220 Hwy 49 Harrisburg, NC 28075-7506 (704) 200-8311 rich@powertestinc.com www.powertestinc.com Praetorian Power Protection, LLC PO Box 3366 Lynnwood, WA 98046 (206) 612-6367 MChislett@praetorianpower.com Michael Chislett Precision Testing Group 5475 Highway 86 Unit 1 Elizabeth, CO 80107-7451 (303) 621-2776 office@precisiontestinggroup.com www.precisiontestinggroup.com Premier Power Maintenance Corporation 4035 Championship Drive Indianapolis, IN 46268 (317) 879-0660 bob.sheppard@premierpower.us Premier Power Maintenance Corporation 2725 Jason Rd Ashland, KY 41102-7756 (606) 929-5969 jay.milstead@premierpower.us www.premierpowermaintenance.com Jay Milstead Premier Power Maintenance Corporation 3066 Finley Island Cir NW Decatur, AL 35601-8800 (256) 355-1444 johnnie.mcclung@premierpower.us www.premierpowermaintenance.com Johnnie McClung Premier Power Maintenance Corporation 7262 Kensington Rd. Brighton, MI 48116 (517) 715-9997 steve.monte@premierpower.us Steve Monte

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NETA ACCREDITED COMPANIES Setting the Standard Premier Power Maintenance Corporation 1901 Oakcrest Ave., Suite 6 Saint Paul, MN 55113 (612) 430-0209 Zac.mrdgenovich@premierpower.us Zac Mrdjenovich Premier Power Maintenance Corporation 119 Rochester Dr. Louisville, KY 40214 (256) 200-6833 Jeremiah.evans@premierpower.us Jeremiah Evans QP Testing, LLC 15941 S Harlem Suite 222 Tinley Park, IL 60477 (815) 724-2216 spioppo@qp-testing.com Steve Pioppo RESA Power Service 50613 Varsity Ct. Wixom, MI 48393 (248) 313-6868 lester.mcmanaway@resapower.com www.resapower.com RESA Power Service 3890 Pheasant Ridge Dr. NE Suite 170 Blaine, MN 55449 (763) 784-4040 Michael.mavetz@resapower.com www.resapower.com Mike Mavetz RESA Power Service 6148 Tim Crews Rd Macclenny, FL 32063-4036 (904) 653-1900 mark.chapman@resapower.com Mark Chapman RESA Power Service 4540 Boyce Parkway Cleveland, OH 44224 (800) 264-1549 garth.paul@resapower.com www.resapower.com Garth Paul RESA Power Service 19621 Solar Circle, 101 Parker, CO 80134 (303) 781-2560 john.leusink@resapower.com John Leusink RESA Power Service 40 Oliver Terrace Shelton, CT 06484-5336 (800) 272-7711 adam.stevens@resapower.com Adam Stevens RESA Power Service 13837 Bettencourt Street Cerritos, CA 90703 (800) 996-9975 bryan.larkin@resapower.com www.resapower.com Bryan Larkin

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RESA Power Service 2300 Zanker Road Suite D San Jose, CA 95131 (800) 576-7372 bryan.larkin@resapower.com www.resapower.com

Saber Power Field Services, LLC 9841 Saber Power Ln Rosharon, TX 77583-5188 (713) 222-9102 mtummins@saberpower.com www.saberpowerfieldservices.com Mitchell Tummins

RESA Power Service 1401 Mercantile Court Plant City, FL 33563 (813) 752-6550 matt.rice@resapower.com www.resapower.com Matt Rice

Saber Power Field Services, LLC 9006 Western View Helotes, TX 78023 (210) 444-9514 jnorsworthy@saberpower.com www.saberpowerfieldservices.com Jacob Norsworthy

RESA Power Service 6268 Route 31 Cicero, NY 13039 (315) 699-5563 art.mcmanus@resapower.com Art McManus

Saber Power Field Services, LLC 1908 Lone Star Rd. Suite A-D Mansfield, TX 76063 (682) 518-3676 wosborne@saberpower.com www.saberpowerfieldservices.com Wesley Osborne

RESA Power Service #181-1999 Savage Road, Vancouver, BC V6V OA5 (604) 303-9770 ralph.schmoor@resapower.com Ralph Schmoor RESA Power Service 3190 Holmgren Way Green Bay, WI 54304 (920) 639-0742 kevin.carr@resapower.com Kevin Carr RESA Power Service 4552 Happy Valley Rd Cave City, KY 42127 (270) 670-7942 matthew.reynolds@resapower.com Matthew Scott Reynolds RESA Power Service 1010 N. Plaza Drive Visalia, CA 93291 (559) 651-0141 sean.broderick@resapower.com Sean Broderick RESA Power Service 2443 W. 12th St. Suite #3 Tempe, AZ 85281 (480) 730-8871 brandon.carrasco@resapower.com Brandon Carrasco Rondar Inc. 333 Centennial Parkway North Hamilton, ON L8E2X6 (905) 561-2808 rshaikh@rondar.com www.rondar.com Rajeel Shaikh Rondar Inc. 9-160 Konrad Crescent Markham, ON L3R9T9 (905) 943-7640

SUMMER 2022

Saber Power Field Services, LLC 433 Sun Belt Dr. Suite C Corpus Christi, TX 78408 (361) 452-1695 jnorsworthy@saberpower.com www.saberpowerfieldservices.com John Norsworthy Saber Power Field Services, LLC 6097 Old Jefferson Hwy Geismar, LA 70734 (877) 912-9102 colin.bamber@saberpower.com www.saberpowerfieldservices.com Colin Bamber Saber Power Field Services, LLC 9672 IH-10 Orange, TX 77632 (346) 335-7011 wosborne@saberpower.com www.saberpowerfieldservices.com Wesley Osborne Saber Power Field Services, LLC 2611 S. County Road 1206 Midland, TX 79706 (877) 912-9102 jnorsworthy@saberpower.com Jacob Norsworthy Scott Testing, Inc. 245 Whitehead Rd Hamilton, NJ 08619 (609) 689-3400 rsorbello@scotttesting.com www.scotttesting.com Russ Sorbello Sentinel Field Services, LLC 7517 E Pine St Tulsa, OK 74115-5729 (918) 359-0350 vigneshpn@sentfs.com www.sentfs.com Vignesh Palanichamy

Shermco Industries 2425 E Pioneer Dr Irving, TX 75061-8919 (972) 793-5523 info@shermco.com www.shermco.com Shermco Industries 112 Industrial Drive Minooka, IL 60447-9557 (815) 467-5577 info@shermco.com Shermco Industries 233 Faithfull Cr. Saskatoon, SK S7K 8H7 (306) 955-8131 www.shermco.com Shermco Industries 2231 E Jones Ave Ste A Phoenix, AZ 85040-1475 (602) 438-7500 info@shermco.com Shermco Industries 1711 Hawkeye Dr. Hiawatha, IA 52233 (319) 377-3377 info@shermco.com www.shermco.com Shermco Industries 1705 Hur Industrial Blvd Cedar Park, TX 78613-7229 (512) 267-4800 info@shermco.com www.shermco.com Shermco Industries 7015-8 St NE Calgary, AB T2E 8A2 (403) 769-9300 www.shermco.com Shermco Industries 5145 Beaver Dr Johnston, IA 50131 (515) 265-3377 info@shermco.com www.shermco.com Shermco Industries 4510 South 86th East Ave. Tulsa, OK 74145 (918) 234-2300 info@shermco.com www.shermco.com Shermco Industries 1375 Church Avenue Winnipeg, MB R2X 2T7 (204) 925-4022 www.shermco.com Shermco Industries 1033 Kearns Crescent RM of Sherwood, SK S4K 0A2 (306) 949-8131 Shermco Industries 33002 FM 2004 Angleton, TX 77515-8157 (979) 848-1406 info@shermco.com www.shermco.com

NETA ACCREDITED COMPANIES

NETA ACCREDITED COMPANIES Setting the Standard Shermco Industries 1355 Central Parkway S #700 San Antonio, TX 78232 (210) 392-9175 info@shermco.com www.shermco.com

Shermco Industries 7136 Weddington Rd #128 Concord, NC 28027 (910) 568-1053 info@shermco.com www.shermco.com

Shermco Industries 3731 - 98 Street Edmonton, AB T6E 5N2 (780) 436-8831 www.shermco.com

Shermco Industries 9475 Old Hwy 43 Creola, AL 36525 (251) 679-3224 info@shermco.com

Shermco Industries 417 Commerce Street Tallmadge, OH 44278 (614) 836-8556 info@shermco.com

Shermco Industries 5211 Linbar Dr. Suite 507 Nashville, TN 37211 (615) 928-1182 info@shermco.com www.shermco.com

Shermco Industries 3807 S Sam Houston Pkwy W Houston, TX 77053 (281) 835-3633 info@shermco.com Shermco Industries 7050 S.109th Ave La Vista, NE 68128 (402) 933-8988 info@shermco.com Shermco Industries 1301 Hailey St. Sweetwater, TX 79556 (325) 236-9900 info@shermco.com www.shermco.com Shermco Industries 2901 Turtle Creek Dr. Port Arthur, TX 77642 (409) 853-4316 info@shermco.com www.shermco.com Shermco Industries 5145 NW Beaver Dr. Johnston, IA 50131 (515) 265-3377 info@shermco.com www.shermco.com Shermco Industries 998 E. Berwood Ave. Saint Paul, MN 55110 (651) 484-5533 info@shermco.com www.shermco.com Shermco Industries 37666 Amrhein Rd Livonia, MI 48150 (734) 469-4050 Shermco Industries 2080 West Kenny Drive Gonzales, LA 70737 (225) 647-9301 info@shermco.com www.shermco.com

NETA ACCREDITED COMPANIES

Shermco Industries #307-2999 Underhill Ave Burnaby, BC V5A 3C2 (972) 793-5523 Brad Wager Shermco Industries 1411 Twin Oaks Street Wichita Falls, TX 76302 (972) 793-5523 Trey Ingram Shermco Industries 11800 Jordy Rd. Midland, TX 79707 (972) 793-5523 Trey Ingram Shermco Industries 6551 S Revere Parkway Suite 275 Centennial, CO 80111 (877) 456-1342 www.shermco.com www.shermco.com Sigma Six Solutions, Inc. 2200 W Valley Hwy N Ste 100 Auburn, WA 98001-1654 (253) 333-9730 jwhite@sigmasix.com www.sigmasix.com John White Sigma Six Solutions, Inc. www.sigmasix.com Quincy, WA 98848 (253) 333-9730 Chris Morgan Southern New England Electrical Testing, LLC 3 Buel St Ste 4 Wallingford, CT 06492-2395 (203) 269-8778 www.sneet.org www.sneet.org John Stratton

Star Electrical Services & General Supplies, Inc. PO Box 814 Las Piedras, PR 00771 (787) 716-0925 ahernandez@starelectricalpr.com www.starelectricalpr.com Aberlardo Hernandez Taifa Engineering Ltd. 9734-27 Ave NW Edmonton, AB T6N 1B2 (780) 405-4608 fsteyn@taifaengineering.com Taurus Power & Controls, Inc. 9999 SW Avery St Tualatin, OR 97062-9517 (503) 692-9004 powertest@tauruspower.com www.tauruspower.com Rob Bulfinch Taurus Power & Controls, Inc. 8714 South 222nd St. STE A Kent, WA 98031 (425) 656-4170 powertest@tauruspower.com www.taruspower.com TAW Technical Field Services, Inc. 5070 Swindell Rd Lakeland, FL 33810-7804 (863) 686-5667 www.tawinc.com Tidal Power Services, LLC 4211 Chance Ln Rosharon, TX 77583-4384 (281) 710-9150 monty.janak@tidalpowerservices.com www.tidalpowerservices.com Monty Janak Tidal Power Services, LLC 8184 Highway 44 Ste 105 Gonzales, LA 70737-8183 (225) 644-8170 darryn.kimbroug@tpsgse.com www.tidalpowerservices.com Darryn Kimbrough Tidal Power Services, LLC 1056 Mosswood Dr Sulphur, LA 70665-9508 (337) 558-5457 rich.mcbride@tidalpowerservices.com www.tidalpowerservices.com Rich McBride

Titan Quality Power Services, LLC 1501 S Dobson Street Burleson, TX 76028 (866) 918-4826 www.titanqps.com Titan Quality Power Services, LLC 7630 Ikes Tree Drive Spring, TX 77389 (281) 826-3781 Titan Quality Power Services, LLC 7000 Meany Ave. Bakersfield, CA 93308 (661) 589-0400 Tony Demaria Electric, Inc. 131 W F St Wilmington, CA 90744-5533 (310) 816-3130 neno@tdeinc.com www.tdeinc.com Neno Pasic US Army Prime Power School Bldg 12630, Flw 28 Fort Leonard Wood, MO 65473 (253) 380-0194 brandon.s.sheppard.mil@mail.mil SSG Brandon Sheppard Utilities Instrumentation Service, Inc. 2290 Bishop Cir E Dexter, MI 48130-1564 (734) 424-1200 gary.walls@UIScorp.com www.uiscorp.com Gary Walls Utilities Instrumentation Service - Ohio, LLC 998 Dimco Way Centerville, OH 45458 (937) 439-9660 www.uiscorp.com www.uiscorp.com Utility Service Corporation PO Box 1471 Huntsville, AL 35807 (256) 837-8400 apeterson@utilserv.com www.utilserv.com Alan D. Peterson VISTAM, Inc. 2375 Walnut Ave Signal Hill, CA 90755 (562) 912-7779 ulyses@vistam.com

Tidal Power Services, LLC 1806 Delmar Drive Victoria, TX 77901 (281) 710-9150 kelly.grahmann@tps03.com Kelly Grahmann

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ADVERTISERS MANUFACTURERS AND OTHER SERVICE PROVIDERS AEMC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 Aero Tech Laboratories. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 BCS Switchgear. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 Belyea Company. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

INDEPENDENT NETA ACCREDITED COMPANIES

Bullock Breakers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111

Absolute Testing Services Inc.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

e-Hazard. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

American Electrical Testing Co., LLC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

ETI Precision . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

Apparatus Testing and Engineering. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

HV Diagnostics, Inc.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

Burlington Electrical Testing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

High Voltage Electric Service Inc.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

Eastern High Voltage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

High Voltage, Inc.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74

Electrical Energy Experts, Inc.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

HV Technologies Inc.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

Elemco Services Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89

Intellirent. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Inside Front Cover

EnerG Test. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

National Switchgear. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

Industrial Electric Testing, Inc.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85

NETA ANSI/NETA ATS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101

JET Electrical Testing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115

NETA Handbook Series III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116

North Central Electric, Inc.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

NETA PowerTest 2022 Call for Exhibitors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81

Potomac Testing, Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

NETA PowerTest 2023 Call for Sponsors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

Power Products & Solutions, Inc.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54

NETA PowerTest 2023 Save the Date. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

Power Systems Testing Co. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80

OMICRON electronics Corp, USA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Back Cover

Scott Testing Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78

Protec Equipment Resources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Shermco Industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

Raytech USA Inc.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Inside Back Cover

Taurus Power & Controls Inc.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

Sertec Relay Services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

Tony Demaria Electric, Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97

Team UIS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

Doble Engineering Company . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 Doble Engineering Company, Phenix Technologies. . . . . . . . . . . 111

Technitrol, Inc.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 Thyritronics, Inc.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 Utility Relay Company. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75

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ADVERTISERS

RELIABLE SIMPLE TO USE ACCURATE LIVE SUPPORT Known for precision and consistency, our equipment delivers the highest accuracy with repeatable results.

Ready to go right out of the box, Raytech equipment is simple to use – just unpack, set up and start testing. Productivity is increased, saving time and money. Raytech equipment is reliable, specifically made to withstand the harsh environment of the testing industry. This is why 99% of the equipment sold by our company is still in service today, and how we can offer a standard 5-year warranty with every instrument at no additional cost. Free firmware updates are easy to download from our website. Our exceptional 24/7 customer service and support set us apart. You can always expect reliable, professional and personal assistance, and we continue to support all instruments manufactured by Raytech.

Raytech’s

CAPO-12

is the most powerful, accurate, easy-to-use

Capacitance Power Factor Test Set available

To learn more about our product lines, request a quote, schedule a demonstration, for sales or service, contact us 24/7.

888-484-3779

267-404-2676

raytechusa.com

Brandon Dupuis Regional Application Specialist

Transformer Testing made quicker and easier than ever before …

SCAN ME! … was our vision for our new powerful and lightweight test set.

TESTRANO 600 is the world’s first portable, three-phase test system that supports all of the common electrical tests done on power transformers.

With just one set up for multiple tests, TESTRANO 600 significantly reduces the wiring effort and testing time. Its specially designed power amplifiers ensure a new level of accuracy, and the multitouch color display enables smart and comfortable operation.

www.omicronenergy.com/testrano-600