NHF Pull Together Sumer 2020

Volume 59, No. 2

Summer 2020

Pull Together

N e w s l e t t er of t h e N ava l Hi s t or i c a l F o un d at i on

Hollywood and the Battle of the North Atlantic Annual Report

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Table of Contents 4

Chairman’s Message

5

The Director’s Cut: Victory at Okinawa

6

Na Hi Fo

By Adm. William J. Fallon, USN (Ret.)

By Rear Adm. Samuel J. Cox, USN (Ret.)

Hollywood and History in the Battle of the Atlantic: 1940–1945

By Dr. Craig L. Symonds

11 The Annual Report 15 A Year at the Naval Academy

Interview with Staff Historian Dr. Dave Winkler

18 Recognition

- James D. Hornfischer to receive DSA

- Rear Adm. “Bud” Langston to receive DeMars Award

- Michael Crawford and Peter Swartz to receive Knox Medals - USNA Awards

- National History Day Prizes

21 Other Awards of Note - Forrest Pogue Award

- John Lyman Book Prizes

22 Notable Passings - Capt. David Long - Dabney Holloway

The Naval Historical Foundation preserves and honors the legacy of those who came before us while inspiring the generations who will follow. We focus on educating and creating global public interest about the importance of our rich naval history and linking it to today’s challenges and opportunities in the maritime domain. www.navyhistory.org

COVER PHOTO: Courtesy of Tom Hanks/AppleTV

Pull Together • Summer 2020

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Chairman’s Message ★★ ★ ★

H

opefully you had an Iannacone, and Kelly Alksninis on their prize-winning opportunity to join us for submissions. Also, a tip of the hat to then-Midshipman, this year’s 94th annual now Ensign, Joe Koch who received the Captain Edward meeting of the Naval Historical L. “Ned” Beach Prize for his scholarship in coordinating an Foundation that was held online oral history book project.

June 13. It was the first virtual Also announced at the annual meeting were the two meeting for the organization, and new entrants to our exclusive roster of Commodore Knox in terms of attendance, content, Medal recipients: Dr. Michael Crawford and Capt. Peter execution, and feedback, it seemed Swartz. Joining two more exclusive groups was the 2020 to go very well. We are grateful recipient of our DeMars Award given to recognize direct that our new Secretary of the Navy, support for the NHF—Rear Adm. Bud Langston. The Ambassador Kenneth Braithwaite, and his acting UnderNHF Distinguished Service Award, given to acknowledge secretary, The Honorable Gregory Slavonic, took time to efforts to promote naval history to broader audiences, was talk to us about their commitment to naval history and awarded to accomplished author Jim Hornfischer. All of heritage and to thank each one of you for your interest the awardees are well-deserving, and it is our intention to and support. And how about Tom Hanks joining in to bestow on them their honors when conditions permit. introduce our Leighton lecturer?! Dr. One final announcement—I’m Craig Symonds provided an informapleased that Vice Adm. Frank Pandolfe tive talk on the Battle of the Atlantic as has accepted a nomination to become it related to the C.S. Forester book The the next president of the NHF. I’ve had I’m pleased that Vice Good Shepherd and the movie derivative the pleasure of knowing Frank through Adm. Frank Pandolfe of that book, Greyhound, which features the years as he rose through the ranks the aforementioned Hanks. If you were to cap his career as the Director of has accepted a not able to attend the annual meeting or Strategic Plans and Policy on the Joint nomination to the Leighton Lecture, you can visit the Chiefs of Staff. With his doctorate from become the next foundation’s YouTube page and see firstthe Fletcher School of Law and Diplohand what all of the buzz is about. macy at Tufts University, I anticipate president of the NHF. During the meeting we heard a report he will challenge the organization to from Rear Adm. Sam Cox, director of the produce products with further intellecNaval History and Heritage Command tual rigor. Welcome aboard Frank!

(NHHC), about upgrades to his archival I salute the staff, ably led by Execufacilities at the Navy Yard, the recent successful overhaul tive Director Rear Adm. Sonny Masso, for producing the of Constitution, the near-term overhaul of Nautilus, and annual meeting, which I’m told will serve as a template a pending land-swap deal that could enable the Navy to for further online programming. Almost as impressive as relocate its National Museum from within the depths Dr. Symonds’ talk was the membership interaction, with of the Washington Navy Yard to a location immediately more than 40 questions fielded during the Q&A. The adjacent—a prospect that has generated much support bottom line is that this is exactly the type of thoughtful from our board. We value our strong partnership with the engagement we look forward to and will continue with our NHHC, and we look forward to taking on new projects Thursday Tidings and Second Saturday seminars! So stay together. tuned, continue your support, and invite your friends to Articles in this edition discuss many of the activities join! we were able to conduct despite the pandemic. We pulled off the third Superintendent’s Leadership and Vision Award competition, thanks again to the generosity of Dr. Jack London and the able leadership of Marty Bollinger.

Congratulations to Midshipmen Joseph Bunyard, Anthony Adm. William J. Fallon, USN (Ret.), Chairman 4

Naval Historical Foundation

The Director’s Cut: Victory at Okinawa

By Rear Adm. Sam Cox, USN (Ret.), Director, Naval History and Heritage Command

OFFICIAL U.S. NAVY PHOTOGRAPH

T

he protracted and bloody Battle of Okinawa discovered that she had been steaming for 17 days with reached its final phase at the end of May 1945 an unexploded (but live, “three threads” from detonating) as U.S. Marines captured the strategic point of 550-pound bomb in one of her fuel tanks that had been Shuri Castle. However, the Japanese executed one more released at the last second by the plane that almost hit unexpected, well-ordered retreat to yet one more prepared her. The bomb was successfully dearmed. Harry F. Bauer line of defense at the southern was awarded a Presidential Unit end of Okinawa. The remainder Citation for her numerous actions of Japanese navy personnel on during the Okinawa campaign. the island (from the naval base The destroyer William D. at Naha) retreated to the Oroku Porter (DD 579) was not so lucky.

Peninsula, which the Marines On June 10, 1945, she shot down cut off and then assaulted from a kamikaze that crashed close the sea. U.S. Army units went aboard. Unfortunately, the plane’s head-to-head with the Japanese bomb detonated directly under army, which now had no more the ship, which killed no one but room to retreat except into the inflicted mortal damage. One sea. The Japanese navy units put of the vessels that assisted the up determined resistance, which stricken destroyer was LCS(L)resulted in over 2,600 Marines 122, which was hit and badly dead and wounded, but in the end William D. Porter sinking after she was near-missed damaged on the following day almost all the Japanese personnel by a kamikaze. Her skipper, Lt. by a Kamikaze suicide aircraft off Okinawa, June 10, 1945. USS LCS-86 and another LCS are alongwere killed or committed suicide, Richard McCool, was awarded side, taking off her crew. Though not actually hit by including Rear Admiral Minoru the Medal of Honor for his the enemy plane, the veteran destroyer received fatal Ota, commander of the Japanese actions in saving his ship and is underwater damage from the near-by explosion. naval forces on Okinawa. The the namesake for the latest San weather turned foul, turning the Antonio class amphibious transbattlefield into muck and mire for port, dock (LPD 29). the last three weeks of some of the most vicious fighting Even less lucky than William D. Porter was the destroyer in the entire campaign. With the passage of Typhoon Twiggs (DD 591) on June 16, hit first by a torpedo and Viper, Japanese kamikaze attacks on U.S. and British naval then by the plane that dropped it. Her forward magazine forces resumed with mass kamikaze attack Kikusui No. 9, blew first and then her after magazine, and she went consisting of only 50 kamikaze aircraft, as suitable planes down with heavy loss of life (152 crewmen, including the and pilots became increasingly hard to come by (although commanding officer, Cdr. George Philip, who was awarded part of this was because the Japanese were husbanding and a posthumous Navy Cross). She was the last destroyer to hiding large numbers of aircraft for the anticipated U.S. be sunk before Japanese resistance on Okinawa ended. invasion of Japan). Kikusui No. 9 was strung out from 3 to On June 18, the commander of U.S. forces ashore 7 June 1945 and accomplished relatively little. on Okinawa, U.S. Army Lieutenant General Simon On June 6, 1945, the destroyer minelayers J. William Bolivar Buckner, Jr., was killed by Japanese artillery—only Ditter (DM 31) and Harry F. Bauer (DM 26) came three days before the end of organized Japanese resisunder concerted kamikaze attack but shot down several tance. Although it was obvious that Okinawa was lost, kamikazes before J. William Ditter was badly damaged the Japanese launched one last massed kamikaze attack, and Harry F. Bauer took a near miss, or so they thought.

Kikusui No. 10, consisting of only 45 kamikaze aircraft, on Harry F. Bauer was one of the lucky ships of the Okinawa June 21–22, 1945. These attacks sank LSM 59 and Barry campaign, having shot down 13 Japanese aircraft and (APD 29), a fast transport previously badly damaged by being hit by a torpedo that didn’t explode. As the damage kamikazes, stripped of anything valuable, decommissioned, on Harry F. Bauer was subsequently surveyed, it was Continued on page 17 Pull Together • Summer 2020

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Hollywood and History in the Battle of the Atlantic: 1940-1945

By Dr. Craig L. Symonds, U.S. Naval War College The following is a slightly modified transcript of the David T. Leighton Lecture presented at the 94th annual meeting of the Naval Historical Foundation on Saturday, June 13, 2020.

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he Naval Historical Foundation asked me to talk to you a bit about Tom Hanks’ new movie, Greyhound, and tie it into the history of the events it depicts.

My small part in this project began about three years ago when Tom called me, pretty much out of the blue, to ask if he could talk to me about a movie script based on the Battle of the Atlantic. It was actually based on a novel The Good Shepherd by C. S. Forester, one of my all-time favorite authors.

C. S. Forester was the pen name of Cecil Louis Troughton Smith. Often described as being a British author, he was actually born in Cairo, Egypt, though he grew up in London. After World War II he moved to Berkeley, California, and became an American citizen, though he never lost his British accent. He is best known, of course, as the author of the acclaimed Hornblower novels, of which there are a total of 11. When I was a boy, my parents had a 1945 edition of Commodore Hornblower on the shelf in the living room next to the fireplace.

I picked it up and opened it. It is not too much of an exaggeration to say that my life was never the same again.

After reading Commodore Hornblower—twice—I then sought out and read all the rest of the books in the series and have revisited them several times since. When I am occasionally asked how I became a naval historian, the answer I give—which is entirely accurate—is that it is C. S. Forester’s fault.

If you have never read these books, let me urge you to do so. It doesn’t really matter what order you read them in.

As I have already confessed, I did not read them in order, and in fact, Forester did not write them in chronological order.

These first three novels that make up the trilogy of Captain Horatio Hornblower were all written and published before the Second World War, in 1937 and 1938. It was not until after the war, in 1951, that they were turned into a film with Gregory Peck in the starring role as Hornblower and Virginia Mayo as his love interest, Lady Barbara Wellesley, the sister of Lord Wellington.

Forester wrote the screen play for the movie version, and he discovered that he had a knack for it. He was soon 6

Naval Historical Foundation

very much in demand as a screenplay writer, penning eight of them, including The African Queen and The Pride and the Passion, both based on his novels, though the producers changed the name of one of them. The Pride and the Passion was originally called The Gun. I guess C.S. Forester Hollywood decided that The Gun was too prosaic.

Perhaps that is also why The Good Shepherd got retitled for the movie version. Also, though Forester did write the novel, he did not write the screenplay for this new movie.

Forester died in 1966 so it would have been pretty difficult for him to do so.

It was Tom Hanks who read the book, liked it, thought it would make a good movie, bought the rights to it, and then wrote the screenplay. But he wanted to be sure he got the details right, and I presume that’s why he called me, then came down to Annapolis by train where Tom Cutler and I met him at the New Carrollton Metro station. It says a lot about his seriousness of purpose that he wanted to get all the small things right. He had sent us the script in advance, and he was fully receptive to all the suggestions we made. The only thing we had to argue with him about was how his character—George Krause in the book, and Ernest Krause in the movie—would address the messman who brought his coffee up to the bridge. Tom Hanks wanted to imply a friendly, jocular relationship between his character, the captain of the ship, and the Black messman named Cleveland. So in the script, Krause addressed him as “Mr. Cleveland.” Tom Cutler and I told him that would never happen in 1943—or in 2017 for that matter; that he would call him simply “Cleveland.” Hanks resisted that. He suggested that maybe the captain would call him Mr. Cleveland in a teasing, friendly sort of way. Nope.

That simply wouldn’t be historically accurate. Tom Hanks grumbled a bit but agreed.

Of course, Tom Hanks also wanted to get the big things right, that is, he wanted to make sure the history was correct.

He had a big head start in that goal because Forester was also a man who wanted to get the big things right,

and he nearly always did. Just named John Hodapp. as the Hornblower novels Hodapp and Forester are impeccably accurate in actually became pretty depicting the working of a good friends—years sailing ship in the 18th century, later, Hodapp would Forester was just as careful write the foreword to Tom Hanks introduced the David T. Leighton Lecture with Dr. Craig about his depiction of a U.S. the Naval Institute Symonds - “Hollywood and History”. destroyer in the 20th century. edition of The Good Indeed, because of his Shepherd. careful attention to nautical detail, it is often assumed In several of their many conversations, Hodapp told that Forester was a Royal Navy veteran. He was not. He Forester about a previous CO—not the one on the Abner actually failed the physical when he tried to enlist. He did, Read—who had been prone to quoting Bible verses. however, spend some significant time at sea, including a Forester was intrigued and asked Hodapp to describe him lengthy cruise on a tramp steamer from South America in detail. That officer’s name was Cdr. George Hunter, to Britain in the 1930s. He learned about World War II and it was George Hunter who became the inspiration destroyers by serving on the USS Abner Read on which he for George Krause in The Good Shepherd, and now Ernest took a Pacific cruise in 1943. That, in itself, was noteworthy Krause in the movie.

Forester left the Abner Read in June of 1943. Two months later, in August, the ship hit a Japanese mine and 85 feet of its stern was blown off, though, rather miraculously, the rest of the ship somehow managed to stay afloat.

Seventy-one members of her crew were killed, and had it happened two months earlier, Forester might well have been one of them. If so, more than half of the Hornblower novels would never have been written. Nor, of course, would The Good Shepherd. The ship in the book—and in the film—is a Mahan class destroyer, which is curious because the Abner Read, which is really the model Forester used for the book, was a Fletcher class. So, too, was the ship Hanks used for the film, the USS Kidd (DD 661), which is now a museum ship in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. Of the four Fletcher class DDs still afloat, all of them museum ships, the Kidd is the only one that retains her World War II configuration.

USS Abner Read (DD-526) They couldn’t film the bridge scenes on the Kidd because Forester was not yet an American citizen. In 1942 because the small bridge wouldn’t accommodate the and 1943, he was still a British citizen and employed by camera and film crew. So the outdoor scenes were filmed— the British government to write public articles that would with the help of some rather amazing GCI computer help cement the Anglo-American partnership. The U.S. graphics—on a replica bridge that had open sides.

Navy’s PR department was fully on board in that ambition, So did they get the big things right? Let me try to so Secretary of the Navy Frank Knox wrote Forester a set answer that by spending a few minutes talking about the of orders—stamped SECRET—for him to join the ship’s Battle of the Atlantic itself. This talk is called “Hollywood company of a U.S. Navy destroyer and write a puff piece and History.” Let’s look at the history part. about Anglo-American unity.

The Battle of the Atlantic was made up of three phases, His escort officer on the Abner Read was a lieutenant Continued on page 8 Pull Together • Summer 2020

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Hollywood and History Continued from page 7

though I have heard others break it down into even smaller units. The first phase, from the British declaration of war in September 1939 to the entry of the United States into the war in December 1941, was the most precarious. The British knew, from their experience in the First World War, that convoys were the best counterstrategy to the U-boat threat. And so they instituted a convoy system right from the start. Initially, however, because the United States was not yet a belligerent, they had to rely on their own navy and the very tiny Canadian navy for escort duty, and they were desperately short of escorts—especially destroyers.

The British had lost nine destroyers in the evacuation from Dunkirk, and a half dozen more during the Norway campaign. Destroyers, of course, were—and are—the workhorses of the Navy, and they were needed for all sorts of duties. The result was a crippling shortage in 1940 and ’41. So they improvised. They found help wherever they could. Some came from foreign navies. In both The Good Shepherd and Greyhound, one of the convoy escorts that Tom Hanks’ character commands is a Polish destroyer, the Viktor, and both Polish and Norwegian destroyers did serve on convoy escort duty in the war.

But there were few of them as well, and most of the escorts in this first phase were necessarily British ships. To make up for the shortage of destroyers, the British relied heavily on a smaller vessel called a corvette. They were small—some as small as 500 tons, though 900 tons was more typical. They were also weakly armed with only one 3-inch gun on the foredeck. Finally, they were slow, with a maximum speed of only about 16 knots, which is actually slower than many surfaced German U-boats.

They were known as Flower class corvettes because each of them was named for a flower. Thus there were Royal Navy warships in World War II called Bluebell, Buttercup, Honeysuckle, and Zinnia. We might giggle at that today, but without these ships, the trans-Atlantic sea lanes may have been cut altogether. Because they were so small, they were very uncomfortable to serve in.

The novelist Nicholas Monsarrat, author of The Cruel Sea, served in a Flower class corvette during the war and wrote about it afterward. Here’s a passage. Maybe this will sound familiar to some of you.

Every night for seventeen nights on end, you’re woken up at ten to four by the bosun’s mate, and you stare at the deck-head and think: My God, I can’t go up there again in the dark and filthy rain, and stand another four hours of it.

But you can of course.”

Small, slow, weak, and uncomfortable as they were, they 8

Naval Historical Foundation

had ASDIC—the British name for sonar—and depth charges, and they were cheap to build. So the British built a lot of them. Eventually they and the Canadians built 269 of them, but relatively few of them were available in 1940 or even 1941, so until 1942, the British made do with whatever they could cobble together.

A measure of their desperation for escorts was the decision to rely on what were called Armed Merchant Cruisers (AMC). These were essentially civilian transport ships with a few guns bolted to the deck that were manned

by Royal Navy volunteers. They had only a few such guns and virtually no armor. With typical caustic humor, the sailors who served on them claimed that AMC actually stood for “Admiralty Made Coffins.” Unprepossessing as they were, they were better than nothing—though just barely. During this first phase of the Battle of the Atlantic, some British convoys put out from Halifax with only one AMC as an escort.

Churchill, of course, was desperate for more escorts, and he all but begged Roosevelt for some of the old World War I-era mothballed destroyers—which, because they had four smokestacks, were known as four-stackers. One notable four-stacker, the USS Reuben James, was the first U.S. Navy ship sunk in World War II, torpedoed by a U-boat in October 1941, still two months before Pearl Harbor, while she was accompanying (FDR refused to call it escorting) a British convoy in the North Atlantic. This was part of what amounted to an undeclared naval war between a handful of U.S. Navy warships and German U-boats. Though the shooting and the dying was real enough, neither the U.S. nor Germany was willing to declare war: FDR because he knew the public—and Congress—would not support it, and Hitler because he wanted to finish off the Soviet Union first. But FDR was willing to go as far as he could short of war to support the British, in particular the British trans-Atlantic convoys. That included Lend–Lease, of course, and what is known as the destroyer deal. In a famous arrangement in September 1940, the U.S. gave the British 50 of these old four-stackers in exchange for 99-year leases on naval bases in the western hemisphere.

FDR would almost certainly have been happy to give them away, but a suspicious Congress forced him to get compensation, and in the end he struck a pretty good deal: 50 old destroyers out of mothballs for a century’s worth of new bases. It may well have saved the British from defeat in the Battle of the Atlantic during this crucial first phase before the U.S. became an active belligerent.

Phase II, from Pearl Harbor to the spring of 1943, is when the tide turned in the Battle of the Atlantic, and this is also when the action in the movie Greyhound takes place. With the U.S. now fully in the war, American destroyers, like the fictional Greyhound, beefed up the size

and strength of the convoy escorts. Now, instead of a single escort to protect a 40-ship convoy, it might have four or five destroyers, plus one or two corvettes. The senior naval officer was called the escort commander and coordinated the defense when the convoy came under attack. There was also a convoy commander who was a civilian, though he was also most often a retired naval officer and sometimes a former flag officer. He rode one of the merchant ships and was responsible for maintaining the cohesion of the convoys and executing maneuvers orders by the escort commander. Tom Hanks’ character is the commander of the escort force, which in the book—and the movie, too— is made up of four destroyers including the Polish Viktor.

For historical completeness, it is important to acknowledge that the most important aspect of this second phase takes place off-screen: that is, the unprecedented and even astonishing shipbuilding that took place in the United States from 1942 onward. In part, of course, this consisted of building new escorts, and in 1942 destroyers were the single highest production priority of U.S. industry.

In addition, however, U.S. shipyards also built the transports and cargo ships that replaced the vessels lost to the U-boats. It is a rather coldblooded calculation, but, in effect, by 1943, the United States was able to build ships faster than the Germans could sink them.

So, in addition to the furious combat depicted so vividly in Forester’s book and in Hanks’ movie, the Battle of the Atlantic is also a story about the construction of replacement ships for those ships that were lost. Both were essential to eventual Allied victory.

Ships Lost vs. Built 1939-1945

This chart shows the number of Allied ships sunk (in black), which, as you see, went upward dramatically from 1939 to 1942, then dropped off dramatically in 1943. This drop was due to the kind of activity we see depicted in the movie Greyhound. But in addition to that, and not depicted in Greyhound, the bars in red show the construction of new shipping, which starts out very low in 1939 and 1940, begins to rise in 1942, and then takes off in 1943. Note those numbers on the left. That red bar in 1943 nearly reaches the 2,000 level—that represents the construction

of 2,000 new deep-draft ships in a single year.

I said that the action in Greyhound takes place in Phase II. But when exactly? Forester did not peg his story to a particular month or even a particular year. He meant for it to represent the kind of combat that took place in the North Atlantic and the toll it took on those charged with getting the convoys safely across. But given the circumstances, we can probably place it in those pivotal months between March and May 1943 when the balance of power in the Atlantic was tipping but had not yet fully tipped.

Nor did Forester put the action he depicts in a particular place. But, again, the evidence suggests that it happened in the critical air gap in midocean, where the convoys could not be covered by planes from Newfoundland, Iceland, or Scotland. In fact, it is possible that the convoy Forester had in mind when he put this story together was Convoy HX 229 that sailed on March 8, 1943. The HX designation indicates it originated in Halifax, though in fact it started in New York. It consisted of 40 merchant ships, a pretty typical number, escorted by four destroyers and a corvette—about the size of the force Krause commands in the book and in the movie.

Adm. Karl Dönitz, the German commander of the U-boat force, found out about it and, determined to annihilate it altogether, sent not one but three Wolfpacks to intercept it. Consequently, a total of 37 U-boats closed in on the convoy. A scene in the movie shows Hanks—that is, Krause—watching the radar scope and seeing the number of blips multiply. It is a chilling moment.

A week out, Convoy HX-229 overtook a larger and slower convoy, SC-122, in midocean—that is, in the air gap. Forester does not include SC-122 in his storyline, and it is not in the movie, I suspect because it would simply have complicated the sea duel that Forester—and Hanks— wanted to depict.

But the kind of battle that is depicted, with the U-boats attacking on the surface at night over a period of several nights and with the outnumbered and harried escorts attempting to fend them off—was pretty much what played out over three consecutive nights from March 16 to 19 of 1943.

Hanks, by the way, does a little better in the film than the Allied escorts of HX-229 did. In the actual battle Dönitz’s U-boats sank 22 ships and lost only one sub. But this battle in March marked the last real success of the U-boats. Two months later, in May 1943, in another duel between escorts and Wolfpacks, the defenders of convoy SC-130 were far more successful. Over two days (May 19–20), the escorts sank three U-boats and damaged a fourth without losing a single merchant ship.

The difference between these two convoys—one in

Continued on page 10

Pull Together • Summer 2020

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Hollywood and History Continued from page 9

March and one in May—marked the tipping point of the Battle of the Atlantic and, arguably at least, of the war. Forester’s book—and Hanks’ film—is set at just the moment when the balance tipped. From this point on, we can label combat in the Atlantic as Phase III, from May 1943 to the end of the war. One thing that characterized this third phase that helped tip the balance of power in the Battle of the Atlantic was the employment of several new antisubmarine weapons systems.

First there was the Hedgehog. In Phases I and II, destroyers and other escorts attacked U-boats by rolling barrel-shaped depth charges off the stern after passing over the target. A Hedgehog, however, allowed the escort ship to fire charges out ahead of the destroyer in an elliptical pattern. In effect, instead of Hedgehog

defending the convoy, the escorts could now take on the role of the attacker. And they did.

Another important weapon system that changed the dynamic of the Battle of the Atlantic was the ability to deploy small escort aircraft carriers. The USS Bogue was the first such auxiliary carrier to be deployed on convoy escort duty, and the existence of these ships virtually erased the air gap in midocean, allowing the convoys to bring their air cover with them. It was, in a phrase, a game changer.

A third new weapon the Allies deployed in this phase of the war was a new kind of escort: essentially a bulked-up version of the British corvette called, appropriately enough, a “destroyer escort.”

These innovations, combined with the explosion of American shipbuilding and of course the dedication and commitment of men like George Krause and all those he represents, are what allowed the Allies to win the Battle of the Atlantic.

Second Saturday Series & Thursday Tidings

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Leighton Talk Kicks Off Second Saturday Series

Thursday Tidings Now Features Author Chats

With the positive feedback received from the annul meeting’s Leighton Lecture, the NHF has launched a “Second Saturday” interactive program, with the first segment, on July 11, bringing back Dr. Symonds to speak further on C. S. Forester and Horatio Hornblower. Symonds was joined by former Navy Secretary John Lehman, who extolled Patrick O’Brian and his main character Capt. Jack Aubrey. Knox Medal recipient Dr. John Hattendorf moderated. If you missed the live presentation, you can see a recorded version at the NHF’s YouTube site. The NHF thanks William H. White for his sponsorship of July’s Second Saturday program and we encourage everyone to visit his website www.seafiction.net to view his writings on naval operations in the age of sail. For August, the second Saturday (the 8th) will feature a dual look back on the legacy of the Mustin family and the Naval Reserve during the 20th century.

​ eginning in June our weekly Thursday Tidings e-letter B has featured interviews by Dr. Winkler with recent naval history book authors. So far Keven Miller (The Silver Waterfall), Scott Mobley (Progressives in Navy Blue), Jason Wirth Smith (To Master The Boundless Sea), Ryan Wadle (Selling Seapower), and Christopher McKee (Ungentle Goodnights) have had the opportunity to discuss their works. If you have a recently published book you would like to discuss contact Dr. Winkler at dwinkler@navyhistory.org.

Naval Historical Foundation

NHF 2019 Annual Report Overview The year 2019 marked the 75th anniversary of the momentous events of 1944 as the United States pushed toward final victory in Europe and the Pacific during the ongoing Second World War. To commemorate that critical year, in June the NHF commemorated the D-Day landings at Normandy through its annual Leighton lecture and Mess Night at the Navy Museum. During October, we hosted a televised symposium on the Battle of Leyte Gulf.

Commemoration is but one aspect of the NHF’s mission. Through public education and outreach, the NHF continues to demonstrate the value proposition of understanding and appreciating our naval history.

As we review the impact of NHF’s work over the past year, there is much we can take pride in. The historical knowledge provided by our programs has found its way into school classrooms, into award-winning narratives, and up onto Capitol Hill. With an enthusiastic new executive director, retired Rear Rear Admiral Masso came to the NHF with Adm. Edward “Sonny” Masso, a deep appreciation for coming on board in March, Navy history. we are reenergizing efforts to increase our membership through new initiatives and benefits.

Education

During March 2019 the NHF hosted the second Voices of Maritime History Competition for the Superintendent’s Annual Leadership and Vision Award at the U.S. Naval Academy, which culminated in a presentation by Midn. Anthony Perry of his paper titled “Quelling Lawless Seas – 21st Century Barbary War: Lessons Learned From 1801 and Application to Current Cyber War” at an award dinner hosted at the Navy Museum on March 26.

Also on March 14, the NHF joined with the Center for Strategic and International Studies for a sequel to the Nuclear Energy, Naval Propulsion, and National

Security symposium held the previous October.

Opened by Michael Wallace and our chairman, Adm. William J. Fallon, the program featured presentations from Dr. David Rosenberg of the NHF Board of Directors, John Kotek of the Nuclear Energy Institute, Congressman Donald Norcross of New Jersey, Hon. William C. Ostendorff (former NRC commissioner), Dr. C.S. Eliot Kang (deputy assistant secretary of state), and Dr. Michael D. Griffin (undersecretary of defense for R&E), Congresswoman Elaine Lauria of Virginia, and former Senator John W. Warner of Virginia. The gathering achieved its objective, as shared insights provided by panels of historians and contemporary experts on the precarious status of the current state of the nuclear industry were subsequently brought to the attention of national leaders.

In May the NHF presented Midn. Hannah Hirzel with its Capt. Edward L. Ned Beach Naval History Prize for her scholarship as a history major at the U.S. Naval Academy.

Throughout the spring, the NHF again sponsored the Vice Adm. Robert F. Dunn History Essay Competition, soliciting scholarly papers from NROTC units located on campuses across the country. The overall winner was Midn. John Cesarz of the University of San Diego for his essay titled “The Evaluation of the Six Cornerstones of Fleet Combat.” Regional Rosemary Coskey and Dr. Charles Chadbourn on right present the 2019 Coskey prize to Armaan Needles and recognized his teacher Amy Boehning with a Teachers of Distinction Award.

winners included Midn. Jack Swords of Holy Cross, Midn. Vaughn Allen of Iowa State, and Midn. Mason Hussong of the University of Kansas. Regional runner-up awards went to Midn. Aiden Perry of the University of San Diego, Midn. Kyle Daly of San Diego State University, Midn. Morgan La Sala of Notre Dame, and Midn. Jonathan Halter of Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute.

Continued on next page

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NHF 2019 Annual Report To win the Capt. Ken Coskey prize at National History Day, Ben Kvale and Ella Ratliffe of Edison Middle School in Sioux Falls, South Dakota, collaborated on a winning website project entitled, “The Art of Confusion: The Triumph of Dazzle Camouflage after Tragedy.” Armaan Needles of Mililani High School in Hawaii was honored for a performance titled “Hawaii’s Workers Assist US Triumph after Tragic Pearl Harbor Bombing.” In addition, NHF continued a Teachers of Distinction recognition program to salute those teachers who encouraged their students to research topics with naval history themes for National History Day.

Commemoration With a Purpose

As noted in the introductory paragraph, the NHF commemorated the 75th anniversary of the landings at Normandy by hosting Dr. Brooke Blades for the annual David T. Leighton Lecture following the June 8 annual meeting. Brooke spoke on naval photography at D-Day. Later that day, Royal Navy Commodore Andrew Betton spoke of the Royal Navy’s role during D-Day during the NHF’s annual Mess Night.

Later in October, the NHF organized the “Leyte Gulf at 75” symposium at Decatur House. The October 24 event featured Lt. Cdr. Tom Cutler, Dr. David Rosenberg, Mr. Trent Hone, Mr. Andrew Taylor, and Capt. David Kennedy with closing remarks by Adm. James “Sandy” Winnefeld, Jr. The program was covered by C-SPAN.

The Leyte Gulf Symposium

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Naval Historical Foundation

New Navy Secretary Kenneth J. Braithwaite addresses NHF membership at the 2020 annual meeting.

Outreach

During the year the NHF completed the Naval Documents of the American Revolution digitization project that was made possible by a National Maritime Heritage Grant and a matching grant by Mr. Andrew Taylor of Enterprise Holdings. Researchers now have digital access to the 13-volume series containing thousands of documents pertaining to the birth of the American navy.

The NHF recognized Cdr. Tyrone Martin, Dr. David Skaggs, and Mr. Norman Polmar with the Commo. Dudley Knox Medal for lifetime achievement in naval history at a banquet following the September McMullen Naval History Symposium in Annapolis. SEARCH, Inc, and History Associates assisted in underwriting the dinner.

The NHF again joined with other Navy-support organizations to cohost the annual Midway Night Dinner at the Army Navy Country Club featuring author Ms. Liza Mundy, who wrote Code Girls, which told the story of the women who contributed to breaking Japanese codes.

The NHF once again joined with the National Maritime Historical Society as a partner in the National Maritime Awards Dinner held in April.

With the help of our members, we reviewed 55 naval history books, many written by our members, in our now weekly Naval History Book Reviews.

In September the NHF hosted a reception for Navy Secretary Richard Spencer in the Navy Museum for friends of naval history at the Navy Museum prior to his departure from the administration.

NHF 2019 Annual Report Summary of Financial and Organizational Information 2019 Income

2019 Expenses

2019 Income

2019 Expenses

125,783

$

71,892

$

79,692

$

166

39,227

$

$780,134

$

$359,555 $623,833

Annual Revenue $1,299,724

r Dues: 232,798

Contributed Income Events and Rent 2018 Income Earned Income/Royalties (vs.

Contributions 452,895 in the and Member Investment

Annual Expenditures $1,289,980

Dues: 232,798 (vs.

Programs/Administration Professional Services Outside Contractors 452,895 in the Event Expenses

current pie chart) 73,250 (this is mislabeled Museum as Store events Gross in Profit: 73,250 (this is mislabeled as events inmaintaining Membership publishing Pull Together quarterly; As of December thechart) NHF had 1,006 three websites to promote the NHF, the Navy the current31,pie members, having recruited 221 Income: new members Museum Store,in and the International Journal of 247,435 (mislabeled Events in current and Rental pie 247,435 (mislabeled current pie during the year.

Naval History; administering recognition programs Thechart) Naval Historical Foundation exists because to acknowledge scholarship; maintaining the oral Other: 2,794 (OK) of you and your support. We are most thankful history and memoir collections; and responding to all our donors and volunteers as you make our daily pie to naval inquiries made by those on active in the current pie Total: chart) 556, 277 (vs. 776, 376 in the current chart) work possible. We are especially pleased to honor Tatiana Puschnigg as the NHF 2019 Volunteer of the Year for her work in enhancing our website.

Funds were raised through six primary sources: donations, membership dues, project grants, event sponsorships, the museum store, and other revenues such as royalties and museum rentals.

NHF’s biggest expense is program services.

This includes producing knowledge content through the dissemination of book reviews and other postings of naval historical interest;

duty and within the general public.

In addition, the NHF supports the Navy and its Naval History and Heritage Command in myriad ways, including the digitization of the 13-volume series Naval Documents of the American Revolution, providing technical expertise in response to historical inquiries made by senior officials; and serving as a clearinghouse for books, artifacts, and historical papers offered by the general public for donation.

Pull Together • Summer 2020

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NHF 2019 Annual Report Naval Historical Foundation

Directors Emeritus Vice Adm. Robert F. Dunn The Hon. J. William Middendorf Vice Adm. William H. Rowden

Foundation Staff (as of April 30, 2020) Admiral William J. Fallon, USN (Ret.)

Board Members (as of April 30, 2020)

Leadership (No directors are presently serving on active duty.)

Chairman: Adm. William J. Fallon Vice President:Mr. Martin J. Bollinger Acting Treasurert: RADM Larry R. Marsh, USN (Ret.) Other Directors Mr. Matthew P. Bergman VADM Walter E. Carter, Jr., USN (Ret.) Dr. Kate C. Epstein RADM Vincent L. Griffith, USN (Ret.) The Honorable Steven S. Honigman Mr. James D. Hornfischer The Honorable John F. Lehman, Jr. Dr. J. Phillip London, CAPT, USN (Ret.) CAPT James A. Noone, USNR (Ret.) VADM Frank C. Pandolfe, USN (Ret.) The Honorable B.J. Penn Dr. David A. Rosenberg, CAPT, USN (Ret.) Mr. Michael J. Wallace Chairmen Emeritus Adm. Bruce DeMars

Executive Director: Rear Adm. Edward “Sonny” Masso, USN (Ret.) Special Assistant to the Executive Director: Lt. Cdr. Jacqueline Natter Executive Asst./Office Operations: Gunnery Sergeant Harold L. Bryant Staff Historian and Director of Programs: Dr. David F. Winkler Director of Membership: Ens. Sean Bland Museum Store Clerk: John R. Royal

Holloway Society

The Admiral James L. Holloway Society strongly supports the goals and mission of the Naval Historical Foundation through a pledge of support of at least $100,000 over five years: Admiral James L. Mrs. Connie Allard, Jr. Holloway III Mr. Robert C., Jr., & Mrs. Terrye Bellas Mr. Martin J. Bollinger Mr. John K. Castle Dr. J. Phillip & Dr. Jennifer London Mr. Corbin A. McNeill Amb. J. William Middendorf Rear Adm. John T. Mitchell Mr. Michael J. & Mrs. Victoria Wallace Mr. Edward Andrew Wilde, Jr.

HOW YOU CAN HELP It is your support that helps us preserve and honor the legacy of those who came before us and educate future generations on the important role our nation’s naval history plays in the maritime domain. Please consider sustaining us through one or more of the following options: Gifts of stock Planned giving

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Naval Historical Foundation

• • •

Sustained giving Annual cash donations Workplace or matching employee donations

You can also help us by volunteering. In the Washington, D.C., region we always need a set of extra hands in the office. We also welcome subject matter experts across the nation to assist with Naval History Book Reviews.

Staff Historian Completes Tour as the Class of ’57 Chair of Naval Heritage

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ong-time NHF staff historian Dr. Dave Winkler recently completed a year teaching at the U.S. Naval Academy as a member of the history department faculty. He had this opportunity thanks to the generosity of the Class of 1957, which, for their 50th anniversary gift to the academy, endowed a Chair of Naval Heritage. Dr. Williamson Murray served as the first chair during the 2007–2008 academic year. Subsequent chairs have included Gilbert Andrew, Hugh Gordon, Ronald Spector, Craig L. Symonds, James Bradford, Gene Alan Smith, William F. Trimble, David Alan Rosenberg, Nicolas A. Lambert, and Kathleen Broome Williams. Over the summer, Dr. Winkler will be leaving this chair to fill the Charles Lindbergh Chair of Aerospace History at the Smithsonian.

For Pull Together, we asked Dr. Winkler to share some thoughts about his time in Annapolis.

PT: So what were your teaching responsibilities at the Naval Academy?

Winkler: I had a two-course load during each semester:

the basic HH104 Introduction to Naval History class that all plebes take and an upper-level course. For the fall upper-level class I leveraged my experience with the NHHC’s Combat Documentation Detachment 206. I turned a report I wrote for Commander Fifth Fleet on the history of the U.S. Navy’s presence in Bahrain into a course on U.S. naval operations in the Middle East post–World War II. In the spring I drew upon my quarter century of experience doing oral history with the NHF to teach a course on oral history methodology, assigning the class to interview members of the Class of ’57 on their experiences during the Vietnam War.

PT: Please talk about the intro course— any surprises?

COURTESY CAPTAIN RINN

Winkler: What surprised me about the introduction

course was that you were encouraged to approach it with a clean slate—there were no lesson-plan templates to follow.

I did use the current text America, Sea Power, and the World, compiled by Knox Medal recipient James Bradford, as well

as the naval atlas and concise history produced by another Knox awardee, Craig Symonds. To augment the textbooks, I used many of the 200 historical perspective articles I have written for the Navy League’s Sea Power magazine for the past two decades. I broke the class into Fire Teams, and each Fire Team would present an article as a case study.

Sadly, another thing I discovered was that general knowledge of American history, let alone American naval history, is lacking with many of these incoming midshipmen. Thus at times I had to scale back on discussing specifics in favor of providing broader overviews of the state of the nation during various timeframes between armed confrontations.

PT: Did your experience with the Naval Historical Foundation help with the upperlevel classes?

Winkler: I taught 75-minute

classes on Tuesday and Thursday mornings over 15 weeks, which meant I had to deliver over 37 hours of quality content to upper-class midshipmen who were mostly history majors. Whereas my predecessors, having taught naval history courses at other universities, could recycle curricula, I was starting from scratch. To compensate, I leaned on many members of the NHF who were subject Dr. Winkler with Capt. matter experts to come in and Paul Rinn in front of the share their experiences. Capt.

Tecumseh statue facing Andrew A.C. Jampoler, who Bancroft Hall wrote Sailors in the Holy Land, kicked off my Middle East Ops class with an engaging talk about the 1840s Lynch expedition to the Dead Sea. We used a new text published by Naval Institute Press, Middle East 101, and the coauthors Cdr. Youseff Aboul-Enein

Continued on page 16

Pull Together • Summer 2020

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Staff Historian Continued from page 15

and Joseph Stanik both came in to discuss their book.

Dr. Sal Mercogliano discussed logistics. We had Master Chief Mark Hacala, a corpsman in Lebanon when the Marine barracks was bombed, discuss that grim episode.

Steve Phillips, a Ph.D. candidate at King’s College, discussed the 1980s Tanker Wars. The commanding officers of Samuel B. Roberts and Cole, Capt. Paul Rinn and Cdr. Kirk Lippold, respectively, discussed the damage that was inflicted on their respective commands. Dr. Ed Marolda gave an overview of Sword and Shield, the book he coauthored on the First Gulf War. Director of Naval History Rear Adm. Sam Cox briefed the situation in the Middle East post–9/11. I also leaned on USNA faculty with regional experience to include Dr. Mark Folse, who served in Fallujah with the Marines; Lt. Kai Compton, who operated small craft on the Tigress; and the superintendent, Vice Adm. Sean Buck, who had commanded the maritime patrol assets in the region. My Rolodex helped in other ways. When I tasked the class to give country briefs, I told them to present them to me as if I were a flag officer.

Then I thought: “Heck, let me bring in real Flag Officers to receive the briefs.” The class appreciated the feedback that former 5th Fleet commander Vice Adm. Doug Katz and NHF Executive Director Rear Adm. Sonny Masso had to offer.

For the spring oral history class I followed that same script, except I increased the number of guests by hosting roundtables. Basically, there were three groupings. The first was practitioners. Cdr. Paul Stillwell from USNI; Drs. Richard Hulver and Regina Akers from NHHC; Jan Herman, retired from BUMED; and Charles Melson and Dr. Fred Allison, retired from the Marine Corps History Division, discussed their collection efforts. In addition, Laura Orr from the Hampton Roads Naval Museum gave a well-crafted presentation on how she used oral history in the museum’s new Vietnam exhibition. The second grouping included visiting historians who have written scholarly works on the conflict, such as riverine and coastal warfare expert Dr. John Sherwood from NHHC and Air Force historian Dr. Darrel Whitcomb. Finally, I brought in groups of veterans such as brown water veteran Lt. Cdr. Tom Cutler and Capt. Dick Kroulis, who flew with HA(L)-3—the Seawolves. Vice Adm. Robert F. Dunn and Capt. Todd Creekman—names familiar to the NHF membership—brought in colleagues who were veterans of the air campaign and naval gunfire support.

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Naval Historical Foundation

PT: For the oral history class, was there a class project?

Winkler: As I noted earlier, because the Class of ’57 was

generous enough to endow my one-year stint in Annapolis, I thought we could do payback by having the class of 15 midshipmen interview 15 members of the Class of ’57 about their Vietnam experience. What is fascinating about the Class of ’57 is that a quarter of the class went into the Air Force, and some opted for the Marine Corps, so we had representatives from three services in the interview pool. So once the interviews were transcribed, the class was assigned 15 periodic segments, and they meshed the 15 transcriptions with other historical sources to write a narrative on “The Class of 1957.” The goal is to publish copies for each of the students and participants for presentation this fall.

PT: Of course, with COVID-19 you were thrown a curveball.

Winkler: Correct. We all departed on spring break

expecting to come back. What we ended up doing was to transition to online teaching. Because the oral history class had focused on subject matter experts making themselves available to meet with the class to talk about their experiences, we did not miss a beat when it came to carrying on the conversations. In fact, the online format enabled me to bring on Joe Galloway, the UPI reporter who coauthored We Were Soldiers Once… and Young, to talk about a new book, They Were Soldiers, that focused on oral histories completed with Vietnam veterans in various professions. Another great presentation was given by the team that produced the 2 Sides Project, a PBS documentary that united the now adult children of men who were killed on both sides in the war. The class also enrolled and participated in an online symposium hosted by Columbia University on oral history and pandemics.

With the plebe class I decided to use the online format to expose these future officers to some great lecturers, so our mole at the Air Force Academy, Dr. Chuck Steele, came to discuss Vice Adm. William Sims; Dr. Craig Symonds at the Naval War College covered the Pacific campaign; Dr. Sal Mercogliano discussed logistics in the Korean War; Dr. John Sherwood discussed Vietnam; and for the Maritime Strategy of the 1980s former Navy Secretary John Lehman was delighted to spend an hour with the class.

Dr. John Sherwood posed with Dr. Winkler’s oral history class before classroom instruction ended following the onset of COVID-19.

PT: Any other thoughts about the impact of COVID-19?

Winkler: Well, since I had a class of novice oral histo-

rians, I designed a final exam where the students simulated being assigned to NHHC’s Naval Combat Documentation Reserve Unit with a mission to document COVID-19 at the Naval Academy. For the final class of the semester, NHHC Director Rear Adm. Sam Cox joined to discuss combat documentation and briefed up the mission. On the day of the final they opened a packet sent by e-mail that revealed their interviewee. Subjects included a plebe living near a meat-packing town in Iowa, a firstie leaving in Queens, members of the USNA staff including the librarian and the head of food services, and numerous members of the faculty. They spent an hour prepping

questions, another 30–40 minutes conducting and recording the interview, and then the rest of the exam period writing the interview abstract. Later in the day we reconvened the class to do a group interview with Coach Ken Niumatalolo, long-time Navy football coach. A theme in the interviews was the sadness surrounding the cancellation of many of the spring activities such as the climbing of the Herndon Monument and the graduation week ceremonies. On the other hand, everyone remarked that overall, the Naval Academy showed remarkable resilience given that it was forced to try something that had never been done in its 175-year history. I’m proud that I was able to play a role in that transition and conclude by saying it was a privilege to teach at what U.S. News & World Report ranks as the #1 public college in the country and build friendships with faculty that will endure for years to come.

The Director’s Cut

COURTESY DR. SHERWOOD

Continued from page 5

and intended for use as a kamikaze decoy. A kamikaze also seriously damaged the Pearl Harbor–veteran seaplane tender Curtiss (AV 4) in the Kerama Retto anchorage. (Of note, famous actor Henry Fonda served aboard Curtiss as a combat intelligence officer, giving up the equivalent of a multimillion-dollar Hollywood income.) On June 22, LST 534 was hit by a kamikaze while she was beached. Technically, she sank, but she didn’t go very far and would be raised, making LSM-59 the last commissioned ship sunk before the end of Japanese resistance on Okinawa.

In the meantime, Japanese frustrations with that

country’s Kaiten submarines continued in late June. I-36 survived multiple close calls, and a sacrificial launch of two Kaiten-manned suicide torpedoes probably saved her, but she achieved no hits on her mission. I-165 was even less lucky and was sunk with all hands by a U.S. Navy PV-2 Harpoon aircraft on June 27, 1945. By June 22, 1945, the commander of Japanese forces on Okinawa, Lt. Gen. Mitsuru Ushijima, had committed suicide, and the enormously costly Battle of Okinawa was officially over.

Kamikaze attacks went into a lull until late July as both sides prepared for the invasion of Japan.

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Recognition James D. Hornfischer to Receive NHF Distinguished Service Award and Rear Adm “Bud” Langston Earns DeMars Honors

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uring the new business portion of the annual meeting, NHF Chairman Admiral Fallon announced that the prize-winning chronicler of the naval war in the Pacific, James D. Hornfischer, would be the recipient of the NHF’s 2020 Distinguished Service Award and that Rear Adm. Arthur N. “Bud” Langston would receive the Adm. Bruce DeMars Award.

Established nearly a decade ago, the NHF Distinguished Service Award recognizes an individual who has worked tirelessly to promote naval history and heritage within the Navy and beyond to the American public. Past recipients have included CNO Adm. Jonathan Greenert, former Vice Chair of the Joint Chiefs Adm. Sandy Winnefeld, Mr. Andrew Taylor of Enterprise Holdings, and Dr. J. Phillip London of CACI.

Hornfischer’s books have led reviewers to rate him as one of the most commanding naval historians writing James D. Hornfischer today. His awards include the 2018 Samuel Eliot Morison Award, given by the board of trustees of the USS Constitution Museum for work that “reflects the best of Admiral Morison: artful scholarship, patriotic pride, an eclectic interest in the sea and things maritime, and a desire to preserve the best of our past for future generations.” His most recent book, The Fleet at Flood Tide: America at Total War in the Pacific, 1944-1945, received the Navy League’s 2017 Commodore John Barry Book Award. Hornfischer’s Neptune’s Inferno: The U.S. Navy at Guadalcanal (2011), a New York Times bestseller, was chosen as a best book of the year by numerous book reviews. Ship of Ghosts (2006) told the story of the cruiser USS Houston (CA 30) and the odyssey of its crew in Japanese captivity. The Last Stand of the Tin Can Sailors (2004), a combat narrative about the battle off Samar, received the Samuel Eliot Morison Award from the Naval Order of the United States and was chosen by the 18

Naval Historical Foundation

Wall Street Journal as one of the five best books on “war as soldiers know it.” All of Hornfischer’s books have been selections of the Chief of Naval Operations professional reading program, managed by the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations and the U.S. Naval War College. He is a regular contributor for the Wall Street Journal and has written for Smithsonian, Naval History, Naval Institute Proceedings, and other periodicals.

He has lectured at the U.S. Naval Academy, Marine Corps University at Quantico, the National World War II Museum, the National Museum of the Pacific War, and other venues.

Hornfischer continues to serve on the board of the Naval Historical Foundation.

In contrast to the NHF Distinguished Service Award, the Admiral DeMars Award recognizes outstanding and dedicated service to the foundation itself. A more recent tribute, the first DeMars award was presented in 2016 to Admiral DeMars himself. Additional DeMars awards were bestowed on Capt.

Charles T. “Todd” Creekman for his two decades of work as the executive director and to Senator John W. Warner, who served as a champion for the foundation during his time in the U.S. Senate and afterward in retirement.

Rear Admiral Langston served twice on the NHF’s board of directors following his retirement Rear Adm “Bud” as director Langston of the Navy staff one of his duties was to oversee the bicentennial sail of the USS Constitution. During his second tour he served as the NHF’s president, bringing with him a determination to utilize resources from the information technology sector to bring the nonprofit NHF into the 21st century.

He obtained SalesForce licenses and recruited “New Vector” volunteers to help the staff to utilize technologies to better serve the NHF membership.

He also oversaw the transition of staff following the retirement of Captain Creekman as executive director and worked to implement more responsive financial reporting protocols.

Though focused on the business side of the NHF operation, he ably helped produce historical content by writing for Pull Together, flying to the West Coast to conduct oral histories, and organizing symposia.

Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, presentation of these awards will await a future date.

Crawford, Swartz Earn Knox Honors

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uring the annual meeting, Dr. David Alan Rosenberg had the pleasurable duty to announce the selection of Dr. Michael J. Crawford and retired Capt.

Peter Swartz to receive the foundation’s prestigious Commo. Dudley W. Knox Medal for lifetime achievement in the naval history profession.

Dr. Crawford, who earned his Ph.D. from Boston University in 1978 and briefly taught Dr. Michael Crawford at Texas Tech, joined the staff of the then Naval Historical Center in 1982 as the assistant branch head of the Research (Early History) Branch. He made significant contributions to the Documents of the American Revolution volume series that was recently digitized by the NHF and subsequently assisted and then succeeded Dr. William S. Dudley as the lead editor of the four-part The Naval War of 1812: A Documentary History. His efforts have made thousands of documents accessible to researchers who collectively have broadened our understanding of our navy during the early years of the republic. He authored or edited 17 books and contributed 30 articles or chapters in books, encyclopedias, and peer-reviewed journals. He wrote 27 book reviews and presented three dozen papers at professional conferences, always finding time to work with interns and fellow scholars working on a myriad of projects.

From 2008 until his retirement from the NHHC in 2017, he held the distinguished title of Senior Historian of the Navy.

Whereas Dr. Crawford earned his recognition for his 18th- and 19th-century work, Capt.

Capt. Peter Swartz Peter Swartz is an expert on 20th- and 21st-century Navy strategy, policy, and operations and on military history, organization, and culture. His recent work at the Center for Naval Analyses examines Navy strategy, the organizational history of the Navy and OPNAV, U.S. Navy international relationships, and U.S. interservice relationships, policies, and doctrine.

He has analyzed alternative Navy global fleet deployment models, lessons learned from past Navy operations in homeland defense, counterpiracy, and irregular warfare; the Navy’s role in the Unified Command Plan; and the relationships between Navy strategy, programming, and budgeting. Prior to joining the Center for Naval Analyses, Swartz served for 26 years as a Navy officer, primarily in the areas of strategy, plans, and policy. He served two tours in South Vietnam during the war, as an advisor to the Republic of Vietnam Navy, and on the staff of Vice Adm. Elmo R. Zumwalt, Jr. He played a leading role in conceptualizing and drafting the Navy’s maritime strategy of the 1980s, serving on the staff of successive chiefs of naval operations and of Secretary of the Navy John Lehman.

He was director of defense operations for the U.S. mission to NATO as the Berlin Wall was coming down and served as special assistant to Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Gen. Colin Powell during the First Gulf War. Captain Swartz was a member of the Secretary of the Navy’s Advisory Committee on Naval History in the 1980s and has served as an advisor to the Naval Historical Center/Naval History and Heritage

Command for more than three and a half decades. He has mentored scores of junior and senior naval officers on the facts and use of naval history in strategic planning and national policy, including dozens of senior flags and civilian senior executives.

Given the current COVID-19 pandemic situation, presentation ceremonies will occur at a place and date to be determined. Again, congratulations to Dr. Crawford and Captain Swartz.

Essay Contest Overcomes Pandemic Midshipman Bunyard Claims Prestigious London-sponsored Prize

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he Naval Historical Foundation congratulates United States Naval Academy Midshipmen Joseph Bunyard, Anthony Iannacone, and Kelly Alksninis, who have been selected as our respective first-, second-, and third-place recipients of the 2020 Naval Academy Superintendent’s Leadership and Vision Award. This award, chartered by our chairman, Admiral William J. Fallon, USN (Ret.), and sponsored by NHF board member and CACI Executive Chairman Dr. J.P. “Jack” London, and his wife, Jennifer, recognizes outstanding scholarship by Naval Academy midshipmen in the field of naval history. With the award operating in its third year, the NHF received many excellent essays as the reputation of the contest has become well-known in Bancroft Hall. Our top three contest winners received $5,000, $3,500, and $1,500, respectively, in recognition of their achievement.

In contrast to the two inaugural competitions that featured in-person presentations before a panel of judges at the U.S. Naval Academy, followed by a celebratory dinner at the Navy

Continued on page 20

Pull Together • Summer 2020

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Recognition Continued from page 19

Museum in Washington a week later, this year’s contest was conducted online as a consequence of the coronavirus pandemic. Thus, on Tuesday, May 5, the finalists virtually presented their papers to the judges from their individual homes.

The three finalists displayed excellent knowledge of their chosen topics and defended their perspectives in front of the judging panel.

All offered valuable insight into current Navy issues through the lens of history. The winning paper, by Midshipman Bunyard, was a review of contemporary challenges on network survivability in an era of great-power competition. As one of the judges commented: “It is intriguing how the author is able to relate experiences of great-power competition—in this case between the Allies and Axis forces in World War II—to shed clarity on the types of issues the U.S. Navy and Marine Corps will confront in the decades ahead.”

Once again, NHF board member Mr. Martin Bollinger organized this year’s contest and led the panel of nine judges, which also included RADM (Ret.) Samuel Cox, director of the Naval History and Heritage Command; Professors Katherine Epstein (Rutgers) and Scott Mobley (University of Wisconsin); industry leaders Roger Krone (Leidos) and Kathleen Purtill (Deloitte); NHF board members VADM (Ret.) Frank Pandolfe and Dr. David Rosenberg; and author and U.S. Naval Institute board member CDR (Ret.) Guy “Bus” Snodgrass.

Thank you, Mr. Bollinger, for your dedication to serving NHF and our Naval Academy midshipmen. We also thank Superintendent Vice Adm. Sean Buck, who warmly welcomed Rear Admiral Masso and Mr. Bollinger last September to the Naval Academy 20

Naval Historical Foundation

and subsequently threw in his wholehearted support and intent to attend the award dinner, and Lt. Cdr. Andrew Cox, USN, his designated action officer, who is currently serving at the United States Naval Academy as an instructor in the history department.

Midshipman Koch Earns Beach Prize

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or some three decades the Naval Historical Foundation Prize at the U.S. Naval Academy has been presented to the graduating midshipman who made a significant contribution to furthering naval history. For many years the award was presented during Commissioning Week Award ceremonies by NHF board member Captain Edward L. “Ned” Beach, Jr. With his passing in 2002, the award was renamed in his honor. Until recent years, his widow, Ingrid Beach, would make the trip to Annapolis to present the “Beach Prize.”

Today, Mrs. Beach continues to help to underwrite the presentation plaque.

This year the winning midshipman, earned a five-year membership to the NHF, thanks to a donation by Capt.

Bill Peerenboom who has pledged to continue this practice in coming years.

This year, Dr. Winkler nominated the section leader for his oral history class: Midshipman First Class Joseph Koch.

“Normally, a section leader’s job is to take attendance,” observed Capt.

Midn. Joseph Koch Peerenboom, who served as a liaison with the class and fellow members of the Class of 1957 who were the subjects of interviews on their experience in Vietnam.

“Joe photocopied the class Lucky Bag and class reunion books, posted source materials, and coordinated the writing of 15 chapters,” Peerenboom observed.

Peerenboom got to know Koch closely because he was the interview subject for the graduating midshipman.

Having been commissioned in May, Ensign Koch is slated to go to nuclear propulsion school and service with the submarine force. Attached to the history department over the summer months, the Winkler-trained oral historian will continue to record and document the impact of COVID-19 at the U.S. Naval Academy as the incoming plebe class arrives.

National History Day Prizes and Teachers of Distinction

By Capt. James A. Noone, USNR (Ret.) he NHF Coskey Prizes are named after the late Capt. Ken Coskey, a Navy pilot, Vietnam prisoner of war, and former NHF executive director. The prizes were established in 1999. Every year since then NHF has awarded two Coskey Prizes to the top ranked National History Day (NHD) projects in naval history. Each prize is a $1,000 student award that has been generously underwritten by Ms. Rosemary Coskey.

Over half a million middle and high school students participate annually in NHD all over the United States. Each year some 3,000 student finalists and several hundred teachers descend on the University of Maryland in College Park, Maryland, in mid-June for the final rounds of the national competition. This year, however, the competition was conducted in a virtual format due to the coronavirus pandemic. NHD has a broad theme for the contest every year. This year’s theme was “Breaking Barriers in History.” Student projects are expected to be consistent with the NHD theme.

Some 600,000 students from the United States, District of Columbia, territories, and international schools in China, Korea, and South Asia participate annually.

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At the NHD awards recognition announcements held online on Saturday, June 20, this year’s Coskey Prize for high school students was awarded to Jesse Henderson of Bradley Central High School in Cleveland, Tennessee. The project was a documentary titled “Unwelcomed Soldiers Invading a Fraternity: Breaking Gender Barriers in the U.S. Military.” The project was about Capt. Rosemary Mariner, one of the first six women to earn their wings as naval aviators. It told how she helped other women be part of naval aviation and what she did in retirement after moving to Tennessee.

The Coskey Prize for middle school students went to Kathryn Lucente of Red Maple Academy in Milford, Connecticut, for an exhibit, “Breaking the Wrong Barriers.” It examined the controversy surrounding the Navy’s first female combat pilot to fly from an aircraft carrier, Lt. Kara Hultgreen. Lieutenant Hultgreen was tragically killed in a crash while attempting to land on the carrier Abraham Lincoln.

Accompanying the Coskey Prizes are NHF “Teacher of Distinction” awards. Seven middle and high school teachers from five states were recognized. It was the third consecutive year for NHF’s Teacher of Distinction awards, inaugurated in 2018.

The awards go to teachers in middle or high schools whose students (i) win NHF’s annual Coskey Prizes for Naval History or (ii) are ranked first, second, or third nationally in their categories for projects with a naval or maritime theme. The awards consist of $200 honorariums, NHF certificates of achievement, one-year NHF memberships, and access to NHF Navy-related research assistance.

Recognized for their support of the two winning projects were Bradley Central teacher Julie Mitchell and Red Maple Academy teacher Laura Lucente. Ms. Lucente is also the mother of Kathryn. The following are the other five Teacher of Distinction winners: • Melissa Spruill, a teacher at Cane Creek Middle School, Fletcher, North Carolina, for mentoring an exhibit, “Brothers Like These and the Barriers They Faced after Vietnam,” which came in third place in the middle school exhibit category. The project described posttraumatic distress syndrome suffered by Marines and prisoners of war, including Navy aviators, during the Vietnam War. The project was done by students Grace Armitstead, Brady Clausen, Trapper Alonso, and Sara Barlowe.

• David Ishii and Colleen Spring, teachers at Laie Elementary School at Laie, Hawaii. Their students’ project was a performance, “Breaking Barriers: How Swimwear Paved the Way to

Women’s Rights.” The project—a third-place winner—told how allowing women to swim in relaxed and appropriate attire contributed to their interest in water sports, including ocean surfing, and hence to consider careers in the maritime area. The performance was the work of students Annika Houghton, Auden Ho, and Eden Smith.

• Irene Soohoo, a teacher at Pleasant Valley Middle School in Vancouver, Washington. She mentored a performance project by student Coltan McCall entitled “Breaking Barriers to Restore 1855 Treaty Fishing Rights.”

The project highlighted the importance of a maritime environment to native Americans of the Pacific northwest coast. The project came in second place in its category.

• Janyce Omura, a teacher at Maui High School, Kahalui, Hawaii. The project was a website and came in second place in that category. “The Military Intelligence Service: Japanese Americans Breaking Barriers to Help End the War” depicted the important role of Japanese Americans serving in the Pacific in World War II and the dilemmas they faced. Students John Andei Balanay, Jaelen Matsuda-Williams, and Sarah Sakakihara produced the project.

In the three years since the award was initiated, NHF has recognized 43 teachers from 27 states and one territory, Guam.

Other Awards of Note Akers, Stillwell Awarded Pogue Award

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ral History in the Mid-Atlantic Region (OHMAR) recognized Dr. Regina T. Akers of the Naval History and Heritage Command (NHHC) and Cdr. Paul Stillwell, long associated with the U.S. Naval Institute (USNI), with the Forrest C. Pogue Award to recognize lifetime accomplishments in the field of oral history.

The award, named for a Marine Corps historian who utilized oral history in combat during World War II, was to have been presented on March 13, 2020, at the joint

annual conferences of OHMAR and the Society for History in the Federal Government in Shepherdstown, West Virginia. The COVID-19 pandemic led to the cancellation of the conference.

At present, Dr. Akers is a senior historian and the oral history team lead in the Histories Branch at the NHHC. She enjoys a national reputation as a subject matter expert on diversity and personnel issues in the United States military, with an emphasis on women and African Ameri-

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Pull Together • Summer 2020

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Notable Passings Captain David A. Long

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apt. David A. Long, the first executive director of NHF, passed away on May 12, 2020, at age 96. It was a big step for NHF to hire an executive director—the first paid staff member in its then-54-year history. NHF president Vice Adm. Walter S. Delany had handled most of the day-to-day administrative functions himself, but with his health on the decline, before he passed away in 1980, Delany agreed to hire an executive director. Fortunately, a great candidate had reached his retirement date from active duty.

Captain Long had served as deputy director of naval history during an era when the Navy consolidated many of its historical entities, forming the Naval Historical Center (NHC; now the Naval History and Heritage Command) in 1975. Hired as the first NHF executive director, Captain Long served in this position until 1988. With the loss of Delany, the NHF turned again to a former CNO for leadership. Adm. James L. Holloway, III, would become the longest serving president of the Foundation, beginning an 18-year tenure in 1980.

One of the big decisions made by Holloway was to close the NHF’s Truxtun-Decatur House Museum on Lafayette Square in 1982 and align the NHF to help support the NHC and its Navy Museum at the Washington Navy Yard.

Captain Long facilitated the realignment of the NHF’s mission to provide support for the Navy’s history branch and its museum and founded the NHF-operated Navy Museum Store. A signature item he acquired that the store still carries are replicas of the Truxtun Bowl that is on display in the Navy Museum—a bowl whose twin had been presented by Commodore Thomas Truxtun to his friend and Revolutionary War comrade President George Washington.

Besides opening a gift shop, Long and the NHF supported the relocation of the CNO’s home to Tingey House on the grounds of the Washington Navy Yard with the acquisition of period furnishings that would fit the style of the early 19th-century residence. The NHF continues in this support mission today.

Retiring a second time in 1988, Long would be succeeded in turn by two more former deputy directors of naval history—Captains Kenneth Coskey and Charles T. Creekman. Creekman, who held the position for 17 years after relieving Coskey in 1999, remembered meeting up with his two predecessors as well as his former boss, Dr. Dudley, “at Trattoria Alberto’s Italian restaurant up 8th St. SE from the Navy Yard for a monthly luncheon that was full of naval history and sea stories.”

For Long, the stories revolved around his career as a surface warfare officer. Born in Montana and raised in Kansas during the Depression, with the advent of World War II, he applied for the Navy’s V-12 program and served on a destroyer later in the war in the Pacific. Stationed after the war in Charleston, South Carolina, he met his future wife, Ruth Mengedoht. Married on June 24, 1950, the young couple’s honeymoon was disrupted, thanks to North Korean

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Naval Historical Foundation

tanks rolling into South Korea. With orders to get under way, Long arrived off the west coast of Korea in time for the Inchon landings.

Over those pasta lunches, Captain Long recalled his tours as XO of the destroyer Wren, which supported the making of the movie Operation Petticoat; his command of the destroyer Greene; and his time as commodore of a destroyer division that participated in the annual UNITAS exercise with South American navies. He also shared stories about his shore tour converting the old Del Monte Hotel into the Naval Postgraduate School; assignments in Honolulu, Norfolk, and Galveston; a stint at the Naval War College; and serving as a Pol-Mil officer in the Pentagon at the height of the Vietnam War. One of Long’s Pol-Mil accomplishments included negotiations with the British government to create a naval base on Diego Garcia in the Indian Ocean.

Having retired to The Fairfax, a retirement community across from Fort Belvoir, Long would be predeceased by his wife Ruth in 2013. His interest in naval history continued as he attended NHF events throughout the past decade. He will be missed.

Dabney Rawlings Holloway

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he time apart between Admiral Holloway and his bride of 77 years would not be long as Dabney Rawlings Holloway passed away on April 7, 2020. As with the former CNO and chair of the NHF, Mrs. Holloway was born into a Navy family. Her father, Norborne Rawlings, graduated from the U.S. Naval Academy in 1917, two years ahead of her husband’s father.

In his oral history Admiral Holloway fondly remembered meeting Dabney in late February 1942. Though a member of the Class of 1943, Holloway was slated to graduate a year ahead of schedule thanks to World War II. He recalled: I agreed to double date with my roommate Fred Gressard and his One-and-Only (“OAO”) Betty, who was rooming with Dabney Rawlings at the Ogontz School in Abington, Pennsylvania. We had a great time that included my breaking the rules by wearing a tattersall vest under my blue service jacket, and spending Saturday and Sunday afternoons at the cocktail hour in a dive called Annie’s Alley where we drank straight bourbon out of teacups—very much an offense against Academy regulations. The idea of being a First Classman with a very pretty girl in a fashionable dump with my coat unbuttoned displaying a loud checkered vest and being stimulated by Old Grand-Dad: that was my idea of having arrived at maturity.

My first act Monday after the working day and during study hall was to call Dabney for a date the next weekend and the next. I didn’t wait for Fred Gressard or Betty to suggest a double date. From

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Other Awards of Note (Continued) cans in the Navy. She chairs the command’s Senior Historians Advisory Committee. Dr. Akers earned her doctorate in U.S. history and public history at Howard University, where she taught women’s and public history as an adjunct professor. Her publications include her first monograph The Navy’s First Enlisted Women: Patriotic Pioneers (2019), book chapters, articles, encyclopedia entries, and book reviews. Recent assignments have taken her to Norfolk to capture the experiences of women assigned to the submarine USS John W. Warner.

Paul Stillwell is currently a freelance historian with a master’s degree in journalism from the University of Missouri. He served in the U.S. Naval Reserve from 1962 until his retirement in 1992; he was on active duty from 1966 to 1969. In early 1988 the Navy recalled him to active duty for a month and sent him to the Persian Gulf as a historian to document the U.S. Navy’s role during the Iran–Iraq War. In late 2004 he completed a 30-year tenure with the U.S. Naval Institute in Annapolis, Maryland, to include being the director of the Naval Institute’s history division. Stillwell is editor or author of 12 books, including The Golden Thirteen: Recollections of the First Black Naval Officers (1993), Assault on Normandy: First-Person Accounts from the Sea Services (1994), Submarine Stories: Recollections from the Diesel Boats (2007), and Trailblazer: The U.S. Navy’s First Black Admiral (coauthored with Vice Adm. Samuel L. Gravely Jr., 2010). He has also published

numerous articles and book reviews and served as a commentator/historian for multiple news broadcasts.

Notable Passings

As her husband rose in the ranks, she would join him on overseas tours. With Vice Adm. Holloway in command of the 7th Fleet, she had the opportunity to represent the nation as she travelled throughout Japan and the Far East. With her husband’s subsequent two tours as vice chief and then chief of naval operations, she became a strong advocate for Navy families.

Retiring with her husband along the banks of the Severn in Annapolis, she became very involved with the restoration of the William Paca House. Having relocated to Godwin House in Alexandria, Virginia, she suffered a stroke and was cared for by her loving husband. She, in turn, stayed by his side as his health declined in recent years.

As recapped in the last edition of Pull Together, all of the tributes to Admiral Holloway also paid homage to her and the critical role she played in his life. Asked why they had chosen to retire to Godwin House and not a Navy retirement community, Dabney Rawlings Holloway reflected that the days of saluting and honors were behind them and that they needed “to prepare Jim to meet God.” Of course, in doing so, she did much to prepare herself.

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now on I was on my own and Dabney was very good to make the trip by bus down from Philadelphia. It made my spring a wonderful escape from the drudgery of academics and the general despair of the news from our forces in the field in both Europe and the Pacific.

The young couple would be married in the Bethlehem Chapel at the National Cathedral during the following December before he would deploy to the Pacific in the destroyer Ringgold. It would be the first of many separations that came with the territory of being a Navy spouse; Dabney often would be delegated to raise three children alone. Of those three children she was survived by two daughters, Lucy Holloway Lyon of Estero, Florida, and Jane Meredith Holloway of Washington, D.C., as well as grandson Graham Eynon-Holloway. A son, James L. Holloway IV, died in an automobile accident in 1964 while attending the University of Virginia.

John Lyman Prizes

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hough the North American Society for Oceanic History cancelled its May conference in Pensacola, Florida (which will now host the conference in 2021), the organization did announce its John Lyman Prizes for various categories for the year 2019. Of note to naval history audiences, the best naval history book prize went to the current deputy chair of the history department at the U.S. Naval Academy, Cdr. Benjamin Armstrong, for Small Boats and Daring Men: Maritime Raiding, Irregular Warfare, and the Early American Navy.

Honorable mention in this category went to Air University Associate Professor Ryan D. Wadle for Selling Sea Power: Public Relations and the U.S. Navy, 1917–1941. Both books were published by the University of Oklahoma Press. For the category of Naval and Maritime Reference Works and Published Primary Sources, the winner was Ken W. Sayers for his U.S. Navy Auxiliary Vessels: A History and Directory from World War I to Today, printed by McFarland Publishing. Finally, in the category of Naval and Maritime Biography and Autobiography, Phillips Payson O’Brien earned honorable mention for his The Second Most Powerful Man in the World: The Life of Admiral William D. Leahy, Roosevelt’s Chief of Staff, which was published by Dutton.

Pull Together • Summer 2020

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EDITORIAL BOARD Chairman: Adm. William J. “Fox” Fallon, USN (Ret.) President: Vice Adm. Frank Pandolfe Executive Director: Rear Adm. Edward “Sonny” Masso, USN (Ret.) Historian / Editor: Dr. David Winkler Designer: Marlece Lusk Copy Editor: Catherine S. Malo

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