Spring 2021 Pull Together

Volume 60, No. 1

Spring 2021

Pull Together

N e w s l e t t er of t h e N ava l Hi s t or i c a l F o un d at i on

Second Saturdays: The Art of the Sea INSIDE: ■ ■ ■

2020 Dunn Prize Essay Winner: George Foster Emmons Part II 2020 Annual Report The Legacy of Dr. J. Phillip London

SAVE THE DATE!

Saturday Evening | November 6, 2021

Our Annual 5-Star Mess Night to commemorate the arrival of the Unknown Soldier from France on board USS Olympia

We look forward to having you join us for a most memorable evening at the National Museum of the United States Navy as we commemorate a solemn occasion honoring those who made the ultimate sacrifice during the First World War.

Ticket Information Forthcoming!

For information on individual and corporate sponsorship opportunities contact executive director Rear Adm. Sonny Masso at emasso@navyhistory.org.

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Naval Historical Foundation

Table of Contents 4 5 6 9

Chairman’s Message

By Adm. William J. Fallon, USN (Ret.)

Mark Your Calendars! Upcoming Events George Foster Emmons (Part 2)

By Midshipman Mahlon Sorensen

The Naval Historical Foundation 2020 Annual Report Executive Overview

By Vice Adm. Frank Pandolfe, USN (Ret.)

Leadership and Staff Annual Meeting Preview

By Rear Adm. Sonny Masso, USN (Ret.)

Thank You for Your 2020 Contributions!

18 Fourth Annual Voices of Maritime History Contest

19 A Notable Passing: Dr. J. Phillip London NHF Establishes Dr. J.P. London Fund

By Vice Adm. Walter E. “Ted” Carter, USN (Ret.)

20 Spring Issue of International Journal of Naval History Posted

Naval Historic Founda The Naval Historical Foundation

preserves and honors the legacy of those who came before us while inspiring the generations who will follow. We focus on educating and creating global public interest about the importance of our rich naval history and linking it to today’s challenges and opportunities in the maritime domain. www.navyhistory.org

By Capt. Charles Chadbourn, USNR (Ret.)

Naval Documents of the American Revolution Online

21 The Director’s Cut

By Rear Adm. Samuel J. Cox, USN (Ret.)

The Naval Historical Foundation acknowledges the loss of one of its staunchest supporters with the passing of Senator John W. Warner on May 25, 2021 and will pay our respects to him in our next edition of Pull Together.

COVER: Backbone of Sea Power U.S. Battleships Maryland and New Mexico.

CREDIT: The Irvine Museum Collection at the University of California at Irvine.

Pull Together • Spring 2021

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Chairman’s Message ★★ ★ ★

I

t is heartening to see that United States Navy. This year, our unique competition, COVID-19 restrictions will which combines written papers and oral presentations, soon be in our wake and that was again conducted virtually and quite admirably under families and friends can plan for the direction of Naval Historical Foundation (NHF) Vice routine travel and summer vacations.

President Marty Bollinger and a panel of distinguished I am excited by the prospect of judges. We have the late Dr. Jack London to thank for the Navy Museum reopening and instigating and underwriting this opportunity for Naval coming opportunities for us to Academy midshipmen. To sustain this competition, we gather to share and celebrate our have established a fund in Jack’s name and welcome contrigreat naval heritage. That said, the butions. As many of you know, with the passing of Dr. pandemic illuminated new ways London in January, we lost a dedicated board member and to interact. In retrospect, our decision to hold last year’s a stalwart supporter of naval history. annual meeting virtually was If the present trend something we should have continues, one of the positive tried years earlier as we were factors we expect to discuss able to engage with many at the annual meeting is the of our members who do not growth of our membership. live in the National Capital While the growth is partly Region. In this issue, our attributable to the Second executive director, Rear Adm, Saturday webinars, we are also Sonny Masso, provides the getting new members thanks rundown of the upcoming to word-of-mouth referrals annual meeting scheduled from our members. With the for June 12 at 1100 EDT, to quality content provided in include profiles of the individThursday Tidings and scholuals nominated to join our arly articles featured in the Admiral Fallon with Dr. London at the Second Annual board of directors, for whom NHF-supported InternaVoices of Maritime History Competition for the Superintenwe ask your concurrence. tional Journal of Naval History dent’s Annual Leadership and Vision Award Dinner.

Sonny also previews the David as well as opportunities for T. Leighton Lecture, which members to review books, this year will be about the origins of the movie Top Gun, write postings, and gain access to naval historical resources, to be presented by retired Capt. Daniel Pedersen, the we believe we offer a good value proposition. Please keep founding leader of the Navy Fighter Weapons School and those referrals coming and consider offering gift memberauthor of the book entitled Top Gun. ships to friends and family members.

The successful execution of the virtual annual meeting We look forward to the day, soon, when we can see you last year inspired the initiation of our Second Saturday in person. As always, thank you for your support, for which webinar series. Though not yet technically flawless, these we are truly appreciative. prerecorded/live question-and-answer programs have addressed a wide range of topics, appealing to a variety of audiences, and have attracted corporate and individual Thank you, sponsorships. Our intent is to continue the Second Saturdays through at least the end of the year.

One of the events that we look forward to resuming in person next year is the Voices of Maritime History Competition for the Superintendent’s Annual Leadership Adm. William J. Fallon, USN (Ret.) and Vision Award dinner at the National Museum of the 4

Naval Historical Foundation

Mark Your Calendars! Upcoming Events Annual Meeting – Second Saturday Webinars With the pending return to “normalcy,” the leadership and staff of the NHF look forward to again meeting and greeting our members in person! That said, we still intend to forge ahead with our “Second Saturday” webinar programming.

Because our annual meeting coincides with the second Saturday of the month, our Leighton Lecture, featuring Captain Daniel Pedersen and the Origins of TOPGUN, will serve a dual purpose.

head of the Navy’s art collection, Gale Munro.

Second Saturdays for the remainder of the year are as follows:

Globalization and Sea Power. NHF Director Dr. John F. Lehman will host a discussion with naval historian Nicholas Lambert, author of The War Lords and the Gallipoli Disaster: How Globalized Trade Led Britain to Its Worst Defeat of the First World War Naval Power, about some of the thought-provoking observations that resulted from his research.

12 JUNE

Navy – Baseball – and the Second World War. With some of the Major League’s top talent serving with the sea services during World War II, some serious ballgames took place in Norfolk that made national headlines and served to boost morale during the global effort to defeat the Fascist powers. NHF intends to team with the Bob Feller Foundation to produce the webinar, which will occur on July 10, three days before the All-Star Game. Both Rear Adm. Sonny Masso and Knox Medal recipient Paul Stillwell are tentatively scheduled to be on hand to field questions.

10 JULY

14 AUG

Art of the Sea – The Works of Arthur Beaumont. The artistry of Arthur Beaumont, one of the Navy’s noted artists who served on active duty before and during World War II, will be shared by his son Geoffrey and discussed by the

20th Anniversary Remembrance. With the Second Saturday of September being the eleventh, it is fitting to dedicate this program to discussing the Navy’s response to the attacks in New York and Washington two decades ago.

NHF Executive Director Rear Adm. Sonny Masso, who was in the Pentagon that day, will lead the discussion.

11 SEPT

9 OCT

13 NOV

Olympia’s Journey and the Arrival of the Unknown Soldier. We will recap the prior week’s history seminar telling the story of the transit of the unknown soldier from the battlefields of France.

11 DEC

Army-Navy Football. NHF will explore “The rivalry” in a historical lookback of over a century of matchups on the gridiron.

In-Person Events 2020 Knox Medal Presentation Luncheon

Last June the Naval Historical Foundation was pleased to announce that former Navy Senior Historian Dr. Michael Crawford and noted analyst Capt. Peter Swartz had been selected to receive the NHF’s prestigious Commo. Dudley W. Knox Medal for Lifetime Achievement in the field of naval history. With COVID 19, plans to present the award in front of a group of their peers, family, and friends had been held in abeyance. Please join us at the Army Navy Country Club to honor Dr. Crawford and Capt. Swartz. Visit www. navyhistory.org for reservations.

12 AUG

Reception for the New Secretary of the Navy

Once the new Secretary of the Navy has been appointed and confirmed, it is the intent of our chairman, Admiral Fallon, to introduce him or her to one of the Navy’s great heritage assets: the National Museum of the United States Navy. Corporations and individuals interested in underwriting this event should reach out to the NHF’s executive director at emasso@navyhistory.org.

TBD

Continued on page 6

Pull Together • Spring 2021

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Upcoming Events

2021 Mess Night Marking the Centennial of the Arrival of the Unknown Soldier

Continued from page 5

The BIG Book Sale!

Over the year that the National Museum of the U.S. Navy has been closed, the NHF-operated Navy Museum Store has maintained a robust online business at www. navymuseumstore.org. The store has accumulated boxes of naval history titles, donated by members of the NHF who have decided to downsize or have lost an avid reader in the family. Pending the anticipated reopening of the museum to the general public this summer, the Navy Museum Store intends to hold a massive book sale on Wednesday and Thursday, September 15–16. NHF members will get further details about head-of-the-line privileges in the weeks prior via Thursday Tidings. If you have some extra naval history books that you would like to offer, please contact us (we do pickups if you live within the National Capital Region) or mail them to our 1306 Dahlgren Ave, Washington Navy Yard, DC 20374 address. All book donations will be screened by the Navy Department Library for potential accession to the collection.

15-16 SEPT

2021 Knox Medal Presentations

With the U.S. Naval Academy History Department hosting its McMullen Naval History Symposium on September 23–24, the NHF will once again host a closing banquet at the Annapolis Doubletree Hotel for the recipients who will be announced at our 2021 virtual annual meeting on June 12. Links to the dinner reservation website will be made available via the McMullen Conference website or www.navyhistory.org.

24 SEPT

In the continuing tradition of our Five-Star Mess Night, the NHF intends to host a Mess Night on Saturday, November 6, to mark the forthcoming commemoration of the arrival of the Unknown Soldier, who was killed in France during the First World War. Mark your calendars to join with DoD civilian and military leadership, foreign embassy representatives, and other dignitaries for a memorable evening at the National Museum of the United States Navy. Corporations and individuals interested in underwriting this event should reach out to the NHF’s executive director at emasso@navyhistory.org.

6 NOV

Centennial of the Arrival of the Unknown Soldier Seminar

On November 9, 1921, the USS Olympia arrived at the Washington Navy Yard to deliver the unknown soldier who was killed during the Great War and was to be entombed at Arlington Cemetery. To mark the centennial of this event, the Naval History and Heritage Command, with NHF support, will host an afternoon seminar to cover the history of the arrival and conclude with a plaque dedication at the site of the arrival.

9 NOV

The 80th Anniversary of the Day of Infamy

Early December TBD: Join with Award-winning oral historian Paul Stillwell who will recount the numerous conversations he has had with Pearl Harbor survivors as NHF also looks at recent scholarship about the Japanese attack on our Pacific Fleet at Pearl Harbor.

TBD

Other Organization Events we commend: North American Society for Oceanic History – The annual conference has been rescheduled to July 8–10 to allow for in-person attendance. For details, visit www. nasoh.org.

National Maritime Historical Society – The annual meeting has been moved to July 30–August 1 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. For details visit www.seahistory.org.

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Naval Historical Foundation

Navy League of the United States – The Sea-Air-Space Exposition is now scheduled for August 1–4 at the Gaylord National Harbor & Convention Center in Maryland.

For details, visit https://seaairspace. org.

Navy Memorial Foundation – The NMF has reserved the National Building Museum in Washington, D.C., for its annual Navy Memorial Lone Sailor Awards Dinner on September 16. For details, visit https://www.navymemorial.org/ lone-sailor-awards-dinner.

2020 Vice Adm. Robert F. Dunn NROTC Midshipman Essay Contest Winner

George Foster Emmons: The Life of a Midshipman, 1828-1834 (Part II)

By Midshipman Mahlon Sorensen, Yale College Class of 2022

The Mediterranean Station In the year after the Fulton explosion, Emmons’ life was uneventful. He was still in Brooklyn at the Naval School, but having completed the curriculum, there was little to do. In order to continue his training, Emmons Midshipman Mahlon needed to find a Captain who Sorensen hails from had space for a Midshipman on New York City and is his next cruise. The Naval School majoring in History at introduced Emmons to the Yale University. He is technical skills he would need as scheduled to graduate an officer, but the Midshipman and commission into the Navy in May 2022; cruise was where these skills he hopes to serve as a were honed. The cruise was the Naval Aviator. first time Emmons would sail on the open ocean, making it the first true test of his seamanship. In the stressful environment of a warship, Midshipmen would demonstrate their competency, or they would falter as their weaknesses were exposed. The worst would be given the title of “Jonah.”

Named after the biblical character who was swallowed by a whale, a Jonah was a sailor who did not belong at sea, someone who brought bad luck to himself and his entire ship. Sailors are a superstitious bunch, and a Midshipman who was cursed with this title would quickly find that he had no place in the Navy. Emmons and his peers feared becoming a Jonah, and although they may have believed they were competent Midshipmen, each knew that they could only consider themselves sailors after their cruise.

The cruise, then, was a trial, but it was also a turning point. After completing the cruise and six years of service, Midshipmen could sit for the Lieutenant’s Exam, a daunting oral examination administered by a board of senior officers. Passing the exam would increase Emmons’ pay, but more importantly, it would make him eligible for promotion to Lieutenant.

In early 1830, Emmons received good news:

Capt. Edmund P. Kennedy had space for him on the USS Brandywine. Considering the high demand for Midshipman cruises, it is possible that Sawyer wrote to Kennedy asking him to take Emmons. Such a request would not have been out of the ordinary, and Sawyer could not be blamed for wanting his cousin’s career to progress as quickly as possible. However, there is no note of this transaction in the archives, so Emmons may have just gotten lucky. Either way, by mid-summer, Emmons had left Brooklyn to meet Kennedy and the Brandywine in Norfolk, Virginia.

The Brandywine had just completed a short deployment to the Gulf of Mexico, returning to Norfolk on July 7. The Brandywine amazed Emmons as she pulled into Hampton Roads, her sleek black-and-white hull cutting through the calm water and her three towering masts outlined against Fort Monroe in the background.

For the next few months, Emmons prepared the Brandywine for her next mission, a three-year diplomatic cruise around Europe as part of the Navy’s Mediterranean Squadron. For the 19-year-old Emmons, this was the best cruise he could have asked for. Not only would he sail on one of the Navy’s finest ships (a useful thing to have on a service record), he would visit the great ports of the Mediterranean. Long, lonely bouts at sea were rare for diplomatic missions, and during peacetime the Mediterranean — known for its calm seas and warm weather — was relatively safe.

But before the Brandywine set sail, there was much to accomplish. The Brandywine required a complement of 480 officers and men, and finding enough gunners, boatswains, quartermasters, helmsmen, and carpenters was not an easy task. In the weeks that preceded the Brandywine’s departure, the crew gathered supplies, made repairs, and completed dozens of checks on board. Emmons played a role in this process, but it was not an exciting one. He spent the summer as a middle manager, overseeing sailors as they inspected the sails and armed the magazine.

Emmons’ role was not essential (senior enlisted sailors did not need a Midshipman to supervise them as they counted

Continued on page 8

Pull Together • Spring 2021

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George Foster Emmons cannonballs), but it allowed him to get to know the ship Kennedy’s order required a course correction, in which and crew before they stood to sea. case the Sailing Master would give an order to the master’s After weeks of preparation, the Brandywine departed mate and the helmsman, who steered the ship. This process, Norfolk on September 13 on a course to Port Mahon, then, was complex, and perfecting it with a new crew Minorca, with a stop at Gibraltar. Every day on the cruise, required practice. A crew’s ability to handle its ship was a while at sea or in port, Emmons recorded the weather, visible indication of its seamanship, and Kennedy wanted position, direction, wind, distance travelled, and sail the Brandywine to embody American naval excellence configuration of the Brandywine. Keeping this logbook — before it reached the Mediterranean, where it would inevia tedious duty on a cruise that lasted three years — was tably cross paths with its European counterparts. a significant part of Emmons’ training, requiring him to As a Midshipman, there was little for Emmons to do perform a series of during sail drill calculations and except watch. observations that Nevertheless, were routine to by observing naval operations. the sequence of Ten days into commands, actions, the journey, while and movements, Emmons was Emmons saw how halfway through his the sailing princisextant observations, ples he had learned the ship’s drum at the Naval School beat to general were applied in quarters. Used to the fleet. And ever signal a coming mindful that sail engagement or the drill would be on beginning of a drill, the Lieutenant’s general quarters Exam, Emmons was the drop-evtook everything in. erything-and-move After a while, command, sending Emmons became A 44-gun frigate built at Washington Navy Yard Brandywine was launched on June 17, 1825. sailors and officers comfortable at sea. scrambling to get to By the time the their duty stations.

Brandywine passed For the inexperienced Emmons, this meant reporting to Bermuda, Emmons was no longer getting lost, and soon the quarterdeck, a raised area near the stern of the ship. thereafter he discovered that the constant rocking did not The quarterdeck was the heart of the ship, and from there, make him sick. The uneven schedule of drills, class, and the skipper and his senior officers directed the crew’s every watch was tiring and disorienting, but it kept him busy. move, from cannon fire to sail trimming.

As was the custom, every few nights Emmons would For the next three hours, Kennedy put the Brandywine be invited to the wardroom to dine with Kennedy and the through a demanding session of sail drill and ship maneuother officers. He looked forward to these dinners, as they vering. Kennedy gave command after command — speed provided a welcome reprieve from the fast pace of life (the up, slow down, change sails — to the Sailing Master, the food was also better in the wardroom than it was on the officer responsible for the ship’s navigation and handling. rest of the ship). At these occasions, Emmons mostly sat Following the command, the Sailing Master decided the in silence, laughing and nodding when appropriate, but he best way to heed the skipper’s direction and issued an order enjoyed embracing the role of officer and gentleman that to his senior enlisted counterpart (the Sailing Master’s Sawyer had spoken so much about. mate, or simply the Master’s mate). The Master’s mate then The crossing was almost completed without a hitch, blew the matching call through a whistle for the crew to but when the Brandywine was a few days away from hear. The crew then rushed to trim the sails to the desired Gibraltar, a disease broke out among the crew. By the time specifications and awaited the next command. Sometimes, Continued on page 17 8

Naval Historical Foundation

NAVAL HISTORY AND HERITAGE COMMAND

Continued from page 7

NHF 2020 Annual Report Executive Overview

By Vice Adm. Frank Pandolfe, USN (Ret.) President, Naval Historical Foundation 2020 was a tremendously challenging year for us all due to the COVID pandemic, and it was no different for the Naval Historical Foundation (NHF). If one was to choose a single word to describe NHF’s work last year, “adaptability” would be it. Kudos go out to the entire NHF staff for swiftly adapting to changing circumstances and seamlessly transitioning to a telework environment.

Starting with last year’s Voices of Maritime History competition, NHF greatly expanded our presence on the web. By sailing deeper into the digital realm and teaming with like-minded organizations, NHF expanded its outreach to audiences sharing our interest in naval history. In addition to conducting our Second Saturday webinars, we published our weekly Thursday Tidings e-letters and resumed publication of the International Journal of Naval History (IJNH). Our naval history recognition program also continued apace, although we deferred some award presentations until large gatherings can resume.

Moving further into the digital realm also has led to a modest increase in membership. Yet we have further work to do in that area and ask for your help. Financially, 2020 was a very difficult time. The Navy Museum store – a major source of our income – was closed, along with the museum itself. On the positive side, the federal government’s Paycheck Protection Program allowed us to weather the worst of 2020. Even more important was your generosity. Personal contributions from our members and corporate sponsorship for our activities carried us through the storm. We are most grateful for your continuing support.

In the following paragraphs, I will provide an overview of four areas of NHF engagement: Recognition, Outreach, Membership, and Finance. You can learn more about each area by contacting our staff and attending the NHF Annual Meeting in

June. Like last year, it will be a virtual event due to the impact of COVID.

Recognition

One of NHF’s primary missions is to recognize individuals who have broadened public understanding about our rich naval heritage. Whether it be a book review published in Thursday Tidings or new scholarship offered in IJNH, NHF aims to encourage innovative studies. Additionally, where we can, we single out individuals for acknowledgment. Examples in 2020 included the following: • Mr. James D. Hornfischer was selected to receive the NHF’s Distinguished Service Award for his accomplishments as an author and promoter of noteworthy books on naval history.

• Dr. Michael Crawford and Capt. Peter Swartz were chosen to receive the 2020 Commodore Dudley W. Knox Medal for Lifetime Achievement in the field of naval history.

• Midshipman Joseph Bunyard, USNA, won the “Voices of Maritime History” competition for the USNA Superintendent’s Annual Leadership Award with his essay on the importance of networks in an age of great power competition.

• Midshipman Joseph Koch, USNA, earned the annual Captain Edward L. Beach Prize for organizing interviews with members of the USNA Class of ’57 on the Vietnam War and, subsequently, documenting the impact of COVID-19 at the U.S. Naval Academy.

• Midshipman Mahlon Sorensen, Yale University, earned the Vice Admiral Robert F. Dunn Grand Prize for his essay “George Foster Emmons: The Life of a Midshipman.”

• Ms. Jesse Henderson, Bradley Central High School, in Cleveland, Tennessee, (Senior Level) and Ms. Kathryn Lucente, Red Maple Academy, in Milford, Connecticut, (Junior Level) each received Captain Ken Coskey National History Day Prizes for their research covering pioneering women in naval aviation history.

• The NHF continued its “Teachers of Distinction Award” program to recognize teachers who supported the prepartion of student naval history projects for National History Day.

Pull Together • Spring 2021

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NHF 2020 Annual Report Outreach

NHF’s 2020 Annual Meeting was conducted virtually for the first time. This proved very successful, drawing over two hundred viewers.

This great turnout was largely due to a spirited kickoff by then-Secretary of the Navy Kenneth Braithwaite, a video appearance by actor Tom Hanks, and a stellar David T. Leighton Annual Lecture delivered by Dr. Craig Symonds, who spoke on the movie Greyhound’s depiction of the Battle of the Atlantic during the Second World War.

Tom Hanks introduced the David T. Leighton Lecture with Dr. Craig Symonds - “Hollywood and History”.

Since that annual meeting was conducted on the second Saturday of June, we decided to continue producing monthly webinars under the title Second Saturday. Our July Second Saturday program brought back Dr. Symonds, as well as former Secretary of the Navy Dr. John Lehman, to discuss the relative merits of C.S. Forester’s fictional Horatio Hornblower and Patrick O’Brian’s Jack Aubrey. That panel was most capably moderated by Dr. John Hattendorf.

For August, we teamed with the Navy Reserve and welcomed Vice Adm. John Mustin, its new commander, with a program that was simulcast to Navy Operational Readiness Centers across the nation. That Second Saturday featured presentations by our staff historian Dr. Dave Winkler and author John Morton about the history of the Navy Reserve.

Run Silent, Run Deep by Capt. Edward “Ned”

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Naval Historical Foundation

Beach was the subject of September’s webinar, with a presentation about submarine warfare in World War II given by Capt. Jim Bryant, Dr. David A. Rosenberg, and Captain Beach’s widow, Ingrid. That session also featured fascinating commentary by Adm. Tom Fargo, Vice Adm. Al Konetzni, and Rear Adm. John Padgett.

In October, we honored the legacy of naval officer and author Herman Wouk by discussing his classic study of men under stress: The Caine Mutiny. That superb panel featured retired Captains Kevin Miller and David Kennedy, who brought their unique expertise as fiction and screenplay writers to the program.

Dr. John Lehman again pitched in by opening November’s Second Saturday webinar, which focused on Theodore Roosevelt and his book, The Naval War of 1812. That panel included commentary from four noted naval historians: 2020 Knox Medal selectee Dr. Michael Crawford, Dr. Scott Mobley, Dr. James C. Renfrow, and Dr. William Leeman.

Finally, in December 2020, NHF teamed Dr. Seth Cropsey and Dr. Henry J. “Jerry” Hendrix to discuss Rear Admiral A.T. Mahan’s The Influence of Sea Power upon History within the context of today’s complex international relations.

Throughout 2020, NHF continued to publish our Thursday Tidings e-letter – assembled by former NHF staff editor Ens. Sean Bland - which shared a variety of naval history items submitted by our members. Among many rich offerings, Thursday Tidings featured book reviews and “author chats” with recently published maritime writers such as Capt. Kevin Miller, author of a fictional account of the Battle of Midway, The Silver Waterfall; Dr. Jason W. Smith, creator of To Master the Boundless Sea: The U.S. Navy, The Marine Environment, and the Cartography of Empire; Dr. Scott Mobley, crafter of Progressives in Navy Blue: Maritime Strategy, American Empire, and the Transformation of U.S. Naval Identity, 1873-1898; and Dr. Ryan D. Wadle, who wrote Selling Sea Power: Public Relations and the U.S. Navy, 1917-1941.

Additionally, we continued to issue our quarterly

NHF 2020 Annual Report NHF magazine, Pull Together, in both printed and electronic form. February’s edition was a tribute to long-time NHF president and chairman, Admiral James L. Holloway III. We are very grateful at NHF for his many years of leadership and service to our organization, our Navy, and our nation.

Pull Together also published a mid-year edition featuring Tom Hanks on the cover, portraying Capt.

Ernest Krause as commanding officer of USS Keeling in the movie Greyhound.

As noted, in 2020 IJNH went back into digital production under the stewardship of Capt. Charles Chadbourn of the Naval War College. That journal published eight peer-reviewed articles over the course of the year, including Joseph Bunyard’s “Voices of Maritime History” prize-winning essay, “Network Survivability in the Age of Great Power Competition.” To see those articles and the current edition of INJH visit www.ijnhonline.org. Of note, we were pleased to honor Capt. Chadbourn as NHF’s 2020 Volunteer of the Year in recognition of his services as editor-in-chief of IJNH and for his work in coordinating the NHF Teachers of Distinction awards program.

NHF also support the Naval History and Heritage Command in many ways last year, including digitizing the 13-volume series Naval Documents of the American Revolution; responding to historical inquiries made by senior officials; and serving as a clearinghouse for books, artifacts, and historical papers offered b the general public for donation.

Finally, throughout 2020, the NHF staff answered hundreds of phone calls and e-mail queries on naval history, accepted book donations, and found homes for various naval artifacts and Dr. Chadbourn (right in this image) here representing NHF at National History Day is the NHF 2020 Volunteer of the Year

personal paper collections. They stand ready to help you, as well, if you have something to preserve regarding naval history.

Membership

As of December 31, 2020, NHF had 1,005 members. We have been at nearly this same level for several years now and we need to bring in fresh members, including students, active duty servicemembers, retirees, and members of the general public who are interested in naval history.

Therefore, we are renewing our emphasis on growing membership in 2021, aiming to expand our base of supporters. Capt. Jim Noone is leading this effort, which is critical to our future success.

A Membership Plan of Action for 2021 is in place, with a goal of increasing our rolls to at least 1,200 members by the end of the year. This plan includes renewed outreach to USNA and NROTC students, Navy Reserve members, viewers of Second Saturdays, and friends of current members.

Former Secretary of the Navy John F. Lehman introduced November’s Second Saturday installment on Theodore Roosevelt and the Naval War of 1812. Second Saturdays have helped to recruit membership.

You can assist by recruiting new members or gifting memberships to your friends, relatives, former shipmates, business associates, etc. We had 21 gift memberships awarded in the first quarter of 2021 and hope for even more later in the year.

Please pitch in to help this critical effort. Contact NHF Membership Director Tyler Robinson (trobinson@navyhistory.org) with any questions you may have.

Pull Together • Spring 2021

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NHF 2020 Annual Report 2020 portfolio

Finances

2020 was an especially challenging year for revenue generation, as our in-person fundraising events all were canceled due to COVID. And, as mentioned, the pandemic shut down the Navy Museum store, resulting in a major loss of NHF revenue. On the brighter side, we did receive an exceptionally generous donation form the estate of Cdr. Edward Andrew Wilde, a former NHF life member who was very involved in our activities.

Another important source of revenue was the Paycheck Protection Program, which greatly helped us meet payroll. Additionally, our Investment Account grew approximately 10% due to a strong stock market. Of special note, donations from our members constituted a major part of our revenue in 2020, as they do every year. These revenue streams helped to mitigate our losses for the year.

On the expenses side of the ledger, our largest obligations were programs such as generating book reviews and other postings of naval historical interest; publishing Pull Together; maintaining websites to promote NHF, the Navy Museum Store, and IJNH; administering our recognition programs to acknowledge scholarship; maintaining NHF’s oral history and memoir collections; and responding to inquiries regarding naval history. Our second largest expense involved administrative support to maintain our computer networks and office infrastructure as well as our annual audit. COVID 2020 Income

2020 Asset Portfolio

$1,339,576

Total Assets as of December 31, 2020: $1,518,265 Investment Account Cash Accounts Store Inventory & Other Assets

Note 1. Received $62,600 of Paycheck Protection Program loan funding in April of 2020. The loan was forgiven in April of 2021.

Note 2. The Investment Account increased by $130,045.00 in 2020.

has prevented in-person events thus far in 2021, thus continuing to impact our ability to generate revenue. We do have in-person events scheduled for the second half of 2021.We strongly encourage you to contribute to our mid-year and end-of-year appeals, donate online, and participate in our webinars and live programming scheduled for the Summer and Fall months. In closing, please let me say that NHF exists because of you and your support. We are deeply grateful to all our donors and volunteers who support the important mission of ensuring that naval history continues to live in the mind of America and the world. Thank you all.

2020 Expenses

2020 Income

$26,812 $37,116

$10,991

$19,926 $64,874

$70,250

$254,880

$419,873

Total Income as of December 31, 2020: $389,058

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2020 Expenses

2020 Expenditures

2020 Income

Contributions

$62,460

$116,229

Events

Naval Historical Foundation

Membership

Store/Other Income

Total Expenditures as of December 31, 2020: $515,664 Programs/Admin Professional Services Outside Contractors Event Expenses

2020 portfolio

2020 portfolio

NHF 2020 Annual Report Annual Meeting Preview

By Rear Adm. Sonny Masso, USN (Ret.) First, let me say it has been a continuing joy to serve for the past two years as your executive director. One of the great benefits of this job has been the pleasure to work with a stellar staff. Retired GySgt. Harold Bryant keeps the correspondence moving and the bills paid, our staff historian Dave Winkler helps get these Pull Togethers out and handles historical programs and inquiries, retired Lt. Cdr. Jacqueline Natter has ably coordinated a number of events, and John Royal has kept the Navy Museum Store in operation throughout the pandemic. We recently bid farewell to our membership coordinator, Ens. Sean Bland, to enable him to complete his seminary studies as part of his education for the Chaplain Corps. A history major at Yale, Sean was responsible for the creation of our ongoing weekly Thursday Tidings e-letters. We wish him well in what we predict will be a wonderful career serving God, the Navy, and the nation. For his replacement, we recruited Tyler Robinson, who came to us interested in volunteering while he sought employment up on the Hill after having attained an M.A. at St. Andrews in Scotland. We hope to retain Tyler for some time to come!

We have a great annual meeting planned for you. Admiral Fallon will start the 11 a.m. virtual gathering with opening observations about the state of the Foundation, and Vice Adm. Frank Pandolfe will give the president’s report. Then you will hear the customary reports from our executive committee with Rear Adm. Vince Griffiths covering finances, Capt. Jim Noone reporting on membership, and Dr. David Rosenberg covering recognitions, to include announcing the 2021 recipients for the Commo. Dudley W. Knox Medal for Lifetime Achievement in the field of naval history. Admiral Fallon will rejoin us to invite you to confirm the following individuals who have been appointed to the board over the past year in accordance with the by-laws of the NHF.

• The Honorable Kenneth J. Braithwaite II: As Secretary of the Navy, Braithwaite announced plans to move the Navy Museum outside of the boundaries of the Navy Yard, and that process is forging ahead. Prior to serving as the 77th Secretary of the Navy, the retired Navy Reserve rear admiral served as the U.S. Ambassador to Norway. A native of Michigan, Braithwaite graduated from the U.S. Naval Academy in 1984 and subsequently earned designation as a naval aviator.

He transitioned into the public affairs community before leaving active duty in 1993. Having completed coursework with both the Naval War College and the Air Command and Staff College at Maxwell Air Force Base, he earned a master’s degree in government administration from the University of Pennsylvania.

Before his appointment to represent the United States in Norway, Braithwaite served as a top advisor to Senator Arlen Specter and held government affairs positions with several corporations during a period in which he often returned to active duty to serve in Iraq, Pakistan, and Norfolk. His final Navy Reserve billet was Vice Chief of Information.

• Adm. James G. Foggo: Having retired from the U.S. Navy during 2020 after a successful tour as Commander, United States Naval Forces Europe-Africa and Commander, Allied Joint Force Command, Naples, Foggo gained a strong appreciation for the Navy’s historical assets in his previous tour as the Director of Navy Staff. A native of Virginia, Foggo graduated from the U.S. Naval Academy in 1981 and served much of his career with the submarine force, attaining command in Oklahoma City (SSN-723). In addition to his Annapolis education, Foggo was named an Olmsted Scholar and Moreau Scholar, earning a master’s degree in public administration at Harvard University and a Diplome d’Etudes Approfondies in Defense and Strategic Studies from the University of Strasbourg, France. Subsequent senior-level tours had a Eurocentric focus to include command of the United States Sixth Fleet. He was a NATO Task Force commander in Joint Task Force Unified Protector (Libya). During his time in service, he developed his strong passion for

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NHF 2020 Annual Report history within the context of contemporary operations.

• Rear Adm. Sinclair Harris: Currently the client relations executive for LMI, Harris was a witness to much history as a surface warfare officer who earned his commission through Officer Candidate School following graduation from James Madison University in 1981.

A native of the nation’s capital, he had numerous sea assignments culminating with command in Comstock (LSD 45) and Amphibious Squadron 4/Iwo Jima Strike Group. Harris earned a master of science in operations analysis from the Naval Postgraduate School in 1989 and is a graduate of the Armed Forces Staff College in Norfolk, Virginia. He also earned an M.A. in defense and strategic studies from the University of Madras, India’s Defence Services Staff College in Tamil Nadu, India. Ashore he drew numerous strategic-related assignments. Final tours included that of Commander of U.S. Naval Forces Southern Command and United States 4th Fleet and then as vice director for operations on the Joint Chiefs of Staff. As president of the National Naval Officers Association, Harris has been in the forefront of recognizing the achievements of minorities serving in the sea services.

• Mr. Roger A. Krone: The current chief executive officer for Leidos, Krone has served as a judge in the NHF’s Voices of Maritime History Competition. Having obtained his bachelor’s degree in aerospace engineering from the Georgia Institute of Technology in 1978, Krone first worked for General Dynamics before joining McDonnell Douglas in 1992, which merged with Boeing five years later. Along the way he earned a master’s degree in aerospace engineering at the University of Texas in Arlington and a master of business degree from the Harvard Business School. Before coming to Leidos in 2014 as the CEO, he served as the president of Network and Space Systems at Boeing, leading approximately 15,000 employees in 35 states. In addition to his interest in history, Krone is a licensed pilot and marathon runner.

Following the confirmation vote for our nominated board members, we will provide a brief of our past and forthcoming programs and field

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queries from the membership on issues related to the Foundation’s mission. We will then introduce our Cdr, David T. Leighton Lecturer — Capt.

Daniel Pedersen — who will discuss the founding of the Navy Fighter Weapons School — TOPGUN. Following the presentation, he will be joined by fellow TOPGUN veteran Darrell “Condor” Gary to take your questions.

We look forward to seeing you on June 12!

About our Leighton Lecturer: About our Leighton Lecturer: Capt. Daniel Pedersen entered the Navy as an enlisted man in the Naval Reserve in 1954. After receiving orders to flight training, he was commissioned and designated a Naval Aviator in 1957. Captain Pedersen’s initial tours were with squadrons VFAW-3 and VF-92.

In January 1960, he joined VF-213 via VF-121.

During this tour he made several cruises aboard Hancock (CVA 19). His next two years were spent at Fleet Anti-Air Warfare Center, Fleet Programming Center Pacific. In January 1966, Captain Pedersen returned to VF-121 and subsequently to VF-92. During his next tour he helped establish the Navy Fighter Weapons School [TOPGUN] and was its first director. After a year, he then served as Operations Officer of VF-21. In August 1971, Captain Pedersen attended Naval War College and obtained a bachelor of arts degree. On July 1, 1973, he assumed command of VF-143 and flew in direct support of the recovery of the SS Mayaguez. He later served as Commander CVW-15, Assistant Chief of Staff to Commander Task Force 77/Commander CarGru 5, and commanded Wichita (AOR 1). During this time Wichita was awarded the Battle “E” for 1979. Captain Pedersen took command of the Ranger on October 20, 1980.

NHF 2020 Annual Report Leadership and Staff Board Members (as of April 30, 2021) Leadership (no directors are currently serving on active duty) Chairman: Adm. William J. Fallon President: Vice Adm. Frank Pandolfe Vice President: Mr. Martin J. Bollinger Treasurer: Rear Adm. Vince Griffiths Other Directors Mr. Matthew P. Bergman The Hon. Kenneth J. Braithwaite II * Vice Adm. Walter E. Carter Jr. Vice Adm. John N. Christenson Dr. Kate C. Epstein Adm. James G. Foggo * Rear Adm. Sinclair Harris * Capt. Henry J. Hendrix The Hon. Steven S. Honigman Mr. James D. Hornfischer Mr. Roger A. Krone * The Hon. John F. Lehman Rear Adm. Larry R. Marsh Capt. James A. Noone The Hon. B.J. Penn Dr. David A. Rosenberg Mr. Michael J. Wallace (*pending membership approval)

The Hon. J. William Middendorf Vice Adm. William H. Rowden Foundation Staff (As of April 30, 2021) Executive Director: Rear Adm. Edward “Sonny” Masso Special Asst. to the Executive Director: Lt. Cdr. Jacqueline Natter Brand Staff Historian and Director of Programs: Dr. David F. Winkler Director of Membership and Digital Outreach: Mr. Tyler Robison Museum Store Clerk: Mr. John R. Royal Holloway Society The Admiral James L. Holloway III Society strongly supports the goals and mission of the Naval Historical Foundation through a pledge of support of at least $100,000 over five years:

Chairman Emeritus: Adm. Bruce DeMars Directors Emeritus Vice Adm. Robert F. Dunn

Dr. Dean C.* & Mrs. Connie Allard Jr. Mr. Robert C. Jr. & Mrs. Terrye Bellas Mr. Martin J. Bollinger Mr. John K. Castle Adm. & Mrs. Bruce DeMars, USN (Ret.) Adm. Thomas B. Hayward, USN (Ret.) Adm.* & Mrs. James L. Holloway III, USN (Ret.) Mr. David T. Leighton* Dr. J. Phillip* & Dr. Jennifer London Mr. Corbin A. McNeill Amb. J. William Middendorf II RAdm. John T. Mitchell Jr. USN (Ret.) Mr. Mandell J. Ourisman* Mr. Michael J. & Mrs. Victoria Wallace Mr. Edward Andrew Wilde, Jr.* (*indicates Society member is deceased)

HOW YOU CAN HELP It is your support that helps us preserve and honor the legacy of those who came before us and educate future generations on the important role our nation’s naval history plays in the maritime domain. Please consider sustaining us through one or more of the following options: • Gifts of stock • Planned giving

• Sustained giving • Annual cash donations • Workplace or matching employee donations You can also help us by volunteering. In the Washington, D.C., region we always need a set of extra hands in the office. We also welcome subject matter experts across the nation to assist with Naval History Book Reviews.

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NHF 2020 Annual Report Thank You to Our Donors!

The Naval Historical Foundation is grateful to all our donors. We thank you for your ongoing support.

This list reflects contributions of $250 and above received during the 2020 calendar year

$20,000+ CACI Leidos

$10,000+ Mr. Matthew Bergman Mr. Andrew Taylor Dr. J. Phillip London

$5,000+

$2,000+

Capital Bank General Dynamics Electric Boat VADM Robert F. Dunn, USN (Ret.) ADM James O. Ellis Jr., USN (Ret.) ADM William J. Fallon, USN (Ret.) The Honorable John F. Lehman

CAPT Charles C. Chadbourn III, USNR (Ret.) RADM Vincent Griffiths, USN (Ret.) RADM Larry R. Marsh, USN (Ret.) The Honorable J. William Middendorf III RADM John T. Mitchell Jr., USN (Ret.) CAPT Jim Noone, USNR (Ret.) VADM Frank Pandolfe, USN (Ret.) The Honorable B.J. Penn

$1,000+

$500+

RADM & Mrs. Craig E. Dorman

James McManamon

BGEN Nawaf Al-Thani

James & Patricia Giblin

RADM John and Nancy Natter

Mr. Thomas Arrasmith

Dr. Manly E. Marshall

GEN Alfred M. Gray, USMC (Ret.)

Ms. Pam Ribbey

The Honorable William L. Ball III

ADM John B. Nathman, USN (Ret.)

Mr. Walter Haskins

CAPT David A. Rosenberg, USN (Ret.)

RADM George J. Billy, USN (Ret.)

John and Carol O’Neil Family Fund

Mr. Michael Little, USN (Ret.)

Society of Sponsors

VADM Daniel L. Cooper, USN (Ret.)

Mr. Joerg Schimmelpfennig

RDML Brian Luther, USN (Ret.)

Mr. William H. White

VADM Alexander J. Krekich USN (Ret.)

VADM Dirk Debbink, USN (Ret.)

John V. Scholes, MD

ADM Harold W. Gehman Jr., USN (Ret.)

LCDR Joseph T. Stanik, USN (Ret.)

VADM Albert & Shirley Konetzni

VADM George R. Sterner, USN (Ret.)

CAPT Sally McElwreath, USNR (Ret.)

$250+ Mrs. Ingrid Beach

CAPT William Erickson, USN (Ret.)

RADM Charles Harr, USN (Ret.)

CAPT Vance H. Morrison, USN (Ret.)

CPO Frank G. Rhodes, USN (Ret.)

RADM John W. Bitoff, USN (Ret.)

ADM Thomas B. Fargo, USN (Ret.)

RADM Paul T. Kayye, MC, USN (Ret.)

Mr. Steve Oswald

Mr. James Rife

ADM Frank Bowman, USN (Ret.)

RADM Paul L. Foster, USN (Ret.)

CDR Robert E. Kenyon III USN (Ret.)

Mr. Harold E. Old Jr.

Dr. John Sherwood

The Honorable Charles A. Bowsher

Mr. Robert M. Gray

RADM Joseph J. Krol, USN (Ret.)

CAPT Andrew Griffith, USN (Ret.)

CAPT Adrian Lorentson, USN (Ret.)

CAPT William H. Peerenboom, USN (Ret.)

VADM Richard & Colsen Truly

CAPT Edward F. Bronson, USN (Ret.)

Dr. Edward J. Marolda

RADM John Reracchio, USN (Ret.)

RADM Henry F. White, USN (Ret.)

Mr. Franklin C. Miller

Mrs. Barbara Pilling

RADM Louise C. Wilmot, USN (Ret.)

Mr. David G. Miller

Senior Chief Benny Reeves Jr., USN (Ret.)

CAPT Ralph E. Wilson Jr., USN (Ret.)

CDR Christian C. Decker, USN (Ret.) Dr. William S. Dudley

RADM Howard Habermeyer, USN (Ret.)

Tam & Nora Etheridge

CAPT Dr. Theodore W. Hack, USN (Ret.) CAPT Kenneth Hagan, USNR (Ret.)

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Naval Historical Foundation

LCDR Francita Ulmer, USN (Ret.)

George Foster Emmons

NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC AND ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION

Continued from page 8

refused to pay reparations for the American merchant ships the Brandywine approached Gibraltar on November 21, his predecessor had captured during the Napoleonic Wars.

23 sailors had fallen ill. Perhaps because of the illness, the President Andrew Jackson was furious with the delay, stop at Gibraltar was quick; the Brandywine took on 560 and to pressure Ferdinand, he ordered the Mediterranean gallons of water and departed the next day en route to Squadron to Naples. Setting off a day after receiving the Port Mahon. The sickness continued to spread, and when orders, the Brandywine was tense on the short journey to the Brandywine arrived at Port Mahon on December 9, Naples. There was no indication that the ship would be met 30 sailors were ill. Emmons’ logbook notes the number of with hostile fire, and in many ways this gunboat diplomacy infected men, which peaked at 36 on December 15, but was another port visit. But Emmons could not be sure, and he does not describe the symptoms of the disease. Because he was anxious as they sailed north. The Brandywine and there were no recorded fatalities, it is safe to assume that Constellation rendezvoused off the coast of Italy, sailing into the disease was not deadly.

Naples together on July 23. In the next This deployment was likely the first few weeks, the United States, John Adams, time Emmons had travelled outside the and Boston — all frigates larger than the United States, and he was excited to Brandywine — arrived in support. With spend some time exploring. The Brandyfive warships in his harbor, Ferdinand wine must have looked immaculate as quickly capitulated, paying the United she glided into Port Mahon — newly States 2.1 million ducats for his predepainted, decks scrubbed clean, sails just cessor’s actions. The Brandywine had so — and in that moment, Emmons successfully projected American power, struggled to keep a smile from creeping and despite the lack of gunfire, Emmons across his face. Most of all, Emmons was viewed this as a victory. As the Brandyrelieved to be in port. After nearly three wine left Naples, Emmons — ever the straight months at sea, Emmons looked patriot — was proud to have accomforward to a slower pace of life, and plished something meaningful after four Christmas, which was a few weeks away. years of training.

Over the next 18 months, the The Brandywine’s remaining months Emmons in his later years.

Brandywine sailed around the Mediterin the Mediterranean were less dramatic, ranean, showing the flag and demonand by spring 1833, she was preparing strating the professionalism of the U.S. Navy. For Emmons, to sail back to the United States. She made one last stop this diplomatic mission was hardly a change. Drills in Gibraltar to resupply before the crossing, and on April resumed (though only when the Brandywine was out of 1, she left the Rock on her way home. Instead of sailing sight of watchful ships) and Midshipmen classes picked to Hampton Roads, however, the Brandywine was bound back up, all while Emmons continued to record the cruise for New York, where she would be decommissioned once in his dreaded logbook. After Marseille, the Brandywine again. visited Genoa and then Palermo on similar missions. The Emmons was back on deck in his dress uniform when Brandywine stayed a few months at each port, long enough the Brandywine sailed into New York Harbor on July 9. to project American power, but not too long to become To his surprise, the Brandywine did not continue up the imposing. Within a few days of arriving, local diplomats East River to Brooklyn. Instead, she moored off Staten and politicians invited Kennedy and the senior officers to Island. There had been rumors of a yellow-fever outbreak, official receptions as a sign of goodwill. Midshipmen were and for the next two days, the crew was quarantined on the not included in these formal occasions, but Emmons did ship. Emmons left the Brandywine on July 11, three years not mind; there was plenty to do in each port. and four days after he watched her sail past Fort Monroe In July 1832, however, there was a sense of urgency in wonder. Since then, Emmons had sailed close to 8,000 on the Brandywine. While in Palermo, Commodore miles, and he was now a proven seaman who no longer Biddle, the commanding officer of the Navy’s Mediterfeared the title of Jonah. He was also accustomed to life in ranean Squadron, ordered the Brandywine to abandon the Navy. Emmons now thought of himself as an officer, its flag-waving missions and sail to Naples as quickly and he was confident in his ability to lead sailors. As a as possible. There, former Maryland Congressman John memory of his Midshipman cruise and to mark the end of Continued on page 18 Nelson was negotiating with King Ferdinand II, who Pull Together • Spring 2021

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The Fourth Annual Voices of Maritime History Contest

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n April 15, 2021, the Naval Historical Foundation took pleasure in hosting the final round of the Voices of Maritime History Competition for the Superintendent’s Annual Leadership and Vision Award in a virtual format due to gathering restrictions imposed by the COVID-19 pandemic. An initiative undertaken in 2017 thanks to the generous support of the late Dr. J. Phillip London, the award was designed to encourage midshipmen to use history as a tool to promote new naval perspectives, narratives, tactics, investments, and the adaptation of innovative technologies and capabilities.

Unlike other competitions, this program seeks to promote two skill sets: the study and interpretation of the lessons of naval history as they apply to today’s maritime challenges in a written easy format and the ability to inspire, advocate, and educate in public venues through oral presentations.

The winner of this year’s competition, Midn. 3/C Jennifer Sun, did that with a spirited virtual presentation of her paper “Simulation Integrity in Fleet Problem IX.” Digging into rolls of microfilm at Nimitz Library, Sun studied the postexercise critiques of a battle problem that focused on the defense of the Panama Canal to determine the impacts of operational restrictions and other factors on the true lessons learned and how those considerations might affect current RIMPAC (Rim of the Pacific) naval exercises. Midshipman Sun came to the Naval Academy from the Fleet where she was an enlisted aircrewman.

A history major, she intends to become a surface warfare officer.

George Foster Emmons Continued from page 17

the daily entries, Emmons included a newspaper clipping of the Brandywine’s return in his logbook.

Spring 1834 eventually came, and Emmons returned to Brooklyn for the Lieutenant’s Exam. As he entered the examination room, Emmons had every reason to be confident; he had spent almost six years studying: at the Naval School, on the Fulton, at sea with the Brandywine, and on his own. Yet, as Emmons greeted the Commodore who chaired the Board of Examiners, he could not help but feel nervous. Over the next two hours, the examiners asked Emmons a series of questions about sailing, gunnery, navigation, naval law, and discipline. The exam flew by, and it seemed to Emmons that it was over before it began. The Commodore dismissed Emmons, and Emmons thanked the officers for their time. He would be notified of their decision within a few days.

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The second-place winner, Midn. 3/c Nels Waaraniemi, presented his paper “Sea Control: How the Battle of the Atlantic Illuminates Today’s Naval Challenges,” which compared what the United States faced in World War II in the battle of the Atlantic with a potential 21st-century battle for the Pacific in which the potential foe has a sea denial objective. Finally, Midn. 3/c Brett Brady, in “The Speed of Information and the Future of Autonomous Warfare,” reached back to the operation of Greek triremes and covered the evolution of communications and control to argue that technological solutions could be applied to enable the Navy to operate more safely during periods of greater op-tempo.

A Note from Midshipman Sun

Good morning RADM Masso, Sir, my sincerest thanks to you and the Naval Historical Foundation for sponsoring this competition and providing a forum for me to submit my work. Writing this essay has broadened my understanding of the Navy as a whole as well as naval history’s role in informing future decisions.

It was an honor to present and receive questions from the panel yesterday. Once again, thank you very much for this amazing opportunity.

Very respectfully, Jen Sun, MIDN USN

To his relief, Emmons passed. Emmons looked forward to his raise and promotion, which he figured would happen within a year. To Emmons’ frustration, he was not promoted until almost four years later. Passing the Lieutenant’s Exam should have encouraged Emmons’ career, but instead it introduced him to the disorganized and inefficient naval bureaucracy, a foe he would fight for the rest of his career as a junior officer.

Emmons’ career as a Midshipman had been tumultuous; the accident in New York and the diplomatic mission to Naples were two particularly tense moments in a stressful six years. However, despite these challenges, Emmons was prepared for a lengthy career. Over the next thirty-eight years, Emmons served his country with distinction. He explored the dangerous Antarctic, fought treason in the Civil War, and commanded ships in the U.S. Navy’s Pacific Squadron.

For source materials and citations, please contact Dr. Winkler at dwinkler@navyhistory.org.

A Notable Passing: Dr. J. Phillip “Jack” London

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r. J. Phillip “Jack” London, who had served on the NHF’s board of directors for over a decade, passed away on January 18 at age 83. The descendant of colonial pioneers and prairie framers, London was born in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, on April 30, 1937, to Harry R. and Evalyn P. London. His childhood was bookended by war—World War II and Korea. With his family having a legacy of military service going back to the Revolutionary War to include Samuel Nicholson, the first commanding officer of the Constitution, a friend’s brother influenced him to attend the U.S. Naval Academy. Subsequently, seeing the U.S. Navy’s Blue Angels flight demonstration team in action sealed his intent to pursue a career in naval aviation. Graduating from Annapolis with the class of 1959, London became an antisubmarine warfare helicopter pilot, serving on active duty for 12 years. In doing so he helped make naval history, participating in the naval blockade during the Cuban Missile Crisis and with the recovery team aboard the aircraft carrier Randolph (CVS 15) for John Glenn’s space flight on Freedom 7. After earning a master’s degree at the Naval Postgraduate School in Monterey, California, London served as aide to Adm. Jackson D. Arnold at the Navy Materiel Command. He joined the Navy Reserve in 1971 and would eventually retire from the service at the rank of captain.

Having earned a doctorate in business administration from George Washington University, London joined CACI in 1972 and rose through the ranks to become the president and chief executive officer, positions he held for more than 20 years. Given his accomplishments on active duty and in the private sector and his support for nonprofit organizations that supported veterans and military heritage, honors that London received included the Naval Historical Foundation’s Distinguished Service Award in 2018,

the Distinguished Graduate Award from the U.S. Naval Academy in 2019, and the Navy Memorial Foundation’s Lone Sailor Award in 2019.

Dr. London was a prolific author of industry and historical articles and books, including two manuscripts that will be published this year: a memoir, Ever Vigilant, and Profiles in Character: Sixteen Americans and The Traits That Defined Them. However, he is best known for his work, Character: The Ultimate Success Factor.

Besides the Naval Historical Foundation, Dr. London held leadership roles in numerous associations, including the Society of the Cincinnati, National Society of the Sons of the American Revolution, U.S. Navy Memorial Foundation, and Friends of the National World War II Memorial. He was a founding board member of CAUSE (Comfort for America’s Uniformed Services), which provides rehabilitation and recreation programs for wounded warriors. Dr. London established a number of programs and awards for students and Navy aspirants at the organizations he loved. At the U.S. Naval Academy, he hosted the CACI midshipmen internship program in cyber security, national security, and information technology, the Capt. J. Phillip London USN (Ret.) ’59 Cyber Security Studies Award, and the Capt. Samuel Nicholson Naval and Marine Corps History and Leadership Award. With the Naval Academy and the Sons of the American Revolution, he backed the American History Award. With the U.S. Naval Institute, he underwrote the essay contest on the topic of “Leadership in the Sea Services: A Junior Officer’s Perspective.” And finally, with the Naval Academy and the Naval Historical Foundation, he sponsored the Superintendent’s Annual Leadership and Vision Awards competition, Voices of Maritime History.

Celebrate Jack’s legacy with a gift to the USNA Superintendent’s Annual Leadership and Vision Award Competition: Voices of Maritime History

mater, where I had the great privilege as serving as 62nd superintendent, and the Naval Historical Foundation.

Jack’s advocacy of naval history was infectious. We were thrilled in 2019 to bestow on him our Distinguished Graduate Award (DGA), and our staff was impressed with his sharp grasp of our Navy’s great history. One of the reasons Jack earned our DGA was his long-standing advocacy of our naval heritage through serving on boards of organizations such as the Naval Historical Foundation.

As the superintendent of the U.S. Naval Academy, I was intrigued when Jack and Adm. Fox Fallon approached me

By Vice Admiral Ted Carter, USN, Ret.

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t was with deep sadness that the Naval Historical Foundation learned of the tragic news that Dr. J. Phillip London, a dear friend, shipmate, and director for over a decade, had passed away 18 January 2021. A descendant of the USS Constitution’s first commanding officer, Samuel Nicholson, Jack forged a strong relationship with his alma

Continued on page 20

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Celebrate Jack’s Legacy Continued from page 19

on the idea of finding a mechanism to encourage our future naval leaders to draw on lessons of the past to address contemporary challenges. The resulting Voices of Maritime History Competition for the Superintendent’s Annual Leadership and Vision Award is perhaps one of our most successful initiatives in this realm. During the four years of the competition, numerous midshipmen have submitted papers for consideration, and finalists have orally defended their essays that tie in the themes of maritime history, leadership, and vision.

Thanks to Jack’s support, the competition is funded through the tenures of my successor Vice Adm. Sean Buck and his successor. However, as the superintendent who initiated the competition, I would love for it to continue through the terms of the 65th, 66th, and 67th superintendents and beyond. To ensure this competition is underwritten for many years to come, please join us in supporting the Dr. J. Phillip London Leadership Fund to carry forward the work that meant so much to all of us. I want to thank inaugural donors to the fund: Former Navy Secretary William L. Ball III, former Chief of Navy Reserve Vice Adm. Dirk J.

May 2021 Edition Offering!

By Capt. Charles C. Chadbourn, USNR (Ret.)

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he Honorable Richard J. Danzig, ”Our Insecure Futures: How can We Prepare? How Can we Cope?”

Michael E. Vlahos, “The Might that Failed England: Jutland and the Wages of Ceremonial Battle” Larrie D. Ferreiro, “The Wrong Shup at the Right Time: The Technology of the USS Monitor and its Impact on Naval Warfare” Colin F. Baxter, “Torpex and the Atlantic Victory” W. Matthijs Ooms, “It’s a Navy’s Job, only no Navy Can Do It” Patrick Maier, “British Bureaucra-sea: How Montagu’s Reforms Paved the Way for Nelson’s Victory” Lynne M. O’Hara,”Researching World War I Virtually” Inside the Archives: Karen Johnson, “A Document That Piques Your Interest: “The Story of Norfolk, Virginia’s U.S.District Clerk Seth Foster” See these articles and reviews of recent naval historical scholarship at www.ijnhonline.org.

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Debbink, Adm. William J. Fallon, former American Battle Monuments Commissioner Rolland Kidder, Rear Adm. Larry R. Marsh, Mr. Clay Hoffman, former Navy General Council Steven Honigman, Mr. Daniel D. Thompson, and Rear Adm. (SC) Edward K. Walker. These combined contributions will sustain the competition for yet another season.

Let’s add on a few more years!

Please donate online today at https://donate.givedirect.org/?cid=13966&n=528702 which our www.navyhistory.org website links to and in the comment line note it’s for the Dr. London Leadership Fund. If you would prefer to donate by mail, please send a check payable to “Naval Historical Foundation” to the Naval Historical Foundation, PO Box 15304 Washington DC 20003 and write “Dr. London Leadership Fund” on the memo line. Thank you.

Naval Documents of the American Revolution: Mission Accomplished!

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he Naval Historical Foundation is pleased to announce that a searchable version of the Naval Documents of the American Revolution (NDAR) is now online at http://ndar-history.org. This site can also be found by typing “Naval Documents of the American Revolution” in a search engine or clicking on “Programs” on the Naval Historical Foundation’s www.navyhistory.org website. The creation of a searchable NDAR represents a collaborative effort spearheaded by the NHF in cooperation with the Naval History and Heritage Command (NHHC), Department of the Interior, D.C. government, and Center for Digital Editing at the University of Virginia.

With more than 22,000 documents, NDAR is a rich resource for anyone studying the Navy during this period and the American Revolution in general. Each volume has more than 1,000 documents with annotations and source notes that indicate where the original documents are held.

Introductions to the volumes are searchable and included in full and provide detailed information on the history of the series and the many people who contributed to what President William J. Clinton described as a “monumental publishing project.”

With the assistance of the Center for Digital Editing at the University of Virginia, the long-term vision is to enable NHHC historians to add to the documentary archive as well as incorporate new volumes into the collection. Again, the NHF thanks Mr. Andrew Taylor for his generous match to a Maritime Heritage Grant that the NHF obtained from the Department of the Interior.

The Director’s Cut: Executing the Storm

By Rear Adm. Sam Cox, USN (Ret.), Director, Naval History and Heritage Command

COURTESY NHHC

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esert Storm commenced in the predawn hours of January 17, 1991 (Gulf time) with massive Coalition airstrikes led by U.S. Navy Tomahawk land-attack cruise missiles. Relentless strikes continued in the days afterward, focused on Iraqi “strategic” targets in priorities determined by the Joint Force Air Component Commander ( JFACC). Numerous tactical threat targets (e.g., Mirage F-1s with Exocet missiles, including Soviet-supplied Osa, captured Kuwaiti missile boats, and Silkworm coastal defense missile launchers), many of them fleeting, were not put on the target list by the JFACC and were therefore not struck during this period, which increased the threat to U.S. Navy ships and forced the Navy to hold back aircraft for fleet defense that could have been put to better use bombing Iraqi targets. Numerous Navy sorties were wasted trying to find Iraqi mobile ballistic missile launchers in the western Iraq desert; although the wildly inaccurate “Scuds” had very limited military impact, the political impact was substantial as Iraq kept firing missiles Flight to Baghdad by John C. Roach. at Israel and Saudi Arabia and a couple at Qatar/Bahrain/UAE. U.S. Navy surface ships conducted audacious operations in the northern Gulf, capturing two Kuwaiti islands from their Iraqi garrisons, but were unaware of the true extent of Iraqi minelaying activity (over 1,200 mines) and only by good fortune didn’t hit any, so far. The Iraqi mines put at substantial risk even the amphibious deception plan intended to pin down Iraqi ground divisions on the coast so that the Marines assigned to Marine Forces Central Command (MARCENT) could conduct their attack into southern Kuwait when the Coalition ground offensive commenced. Had the amphibious assault plan actually been executed, Coalition losses, especially U.S. Navy losses, would have been significantly higher.

After the Iraqi air force fled to Iran (mostly successfully) and the Iraqi navy tried to do the same (mostly unsuccessfully), Vice Adm. Stanley R. Arthur (COMUS-

NAVCENT) ordered four carriers into the northern Arabian Gulf, which by the arrival of America (CV 66) from the Red Sea on February 14 dramatically increased bomb tonnage per sortie and doubled sorties per day per carrier, greatly increasing the effectiveness of USN air strikes on Republican Guard and regular Iraqi army units occupying Kuwait. (In the last week before the ground campaign, USN aircraft were dropping more tons of bombs on Iraqi troops and armored vehicles in the “kill-boxes” than were the B-52s.) This contributed substantially to the destruction and demoralization of these Iraqi ground forces in advance of the Coalition ground campaign, anticipated for late February.

On February 2, 1991, a USN A-6 was lost from VA-36 off Theodore Roosevelt (CVN 71), overwater south of Failaka Island, by antiaircraft artillery or shoulder-launched surface-to-air missiles from the island or Iraqi speedboats. The two men aboard, Lt. Cdr. Barry Cooke and Lt. Patrick Connor, were killed.

On February 3, battleship Missouri (BB 63) opened fire with her 16-inch guns for the first time since the Korean War, with eight shells targeted on Iraqi bunkers in southern Kuwait. In addition, a mine (or more likely a stray HARM) exploded near Nicholas (FFG 47), causing light damage by shrapnel.

On February 5, an Air Wing EIGHT (CVW-8) F/A-18, flown by Lt. Robert Dwyer, was returning to Theodore Roosevelt (CVN 71) from a strike mission over Iraq when the plane disappeared over the North Arabian Gulf. Neither plane nor pilot were ever found.

On February 6, battleship Missouri opened up again with 112 16-inch and 12 5-inch rounds in eight fire-support missions in the next 48 hours hitting Iraqi targets in southern Kuwait. Within two hours of relieving Missouri, Continued on page 22

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battleship Wisconsin (BB 64) let loose with 11 16-inch rounds against an Iraqi artillery battery in southern Kuwait.

On February 7, two F-14s of Fighter Squadron VF-1 off Ranger (CV 61) received a vector from an E-3A AWACS to a low-altitude contact, and the lead F-14 shot down an Iraqi Mi-8 helicopter with an AIM-9M sidewinder missile, the first USN air-to-air kill since the first days of the war. The same day, Wisconsin used her Pioneer remotely piloted vehicle (RPV) to target Iraqi artillery and communication sites in southern Kuwait.

On February 13, America transited the Strait of Hormuz, joining Midway (CV 41), Ranger, and Theodore Roosevelt in the North Arabian Gulf targeting Iraqi ground forces in Kuwait in preparation for the Coalition ground offensive. The same day, USN aircraft destroyed an Iraqi Super Frelon (Exocet-capable) on the ground in southern Iraq.

On February 18, U.S. Navy and Coalition units commenced an approach toward the Kuwaiti coast in preparation for executing an amphibious feint in support of the amphibious deception plan. The flagship of the minesweeping force was Tripoli (LPH-10), with six MH-53 minesweeping helicopters embarked. Unknowingly, Tripoli was steaming in a minefield all night. At 0436, Tripoli struck a moored contact mine in the outer Iraqi minefield, which was further from the coast than anticipated. The mine blew a large hole near the bow.

Fortunately, fuel and paint fumes that filled forward compartments did not explode; otherwise, the damage might have been catastrophic. Fortunately, no one was killed, and Tripoli continued operations, although it became apparent the damage was more severe than initially thought, and in a few days Lasalle (AGF 3), commanded by future four-star John Nathman, would take over duties leading the minesweeping force. Chief Damage Controlman Joseph A. Carter and Chief Warrant Officer Van Cavin were each awarded a Silver Star for their actions in the immediate aftermath of the mine strike on Tripoli.

At 0716 February 18, the AEGIS cruiser Princeton (CG 59) was maneuvering into position to provide air defense coverage (having already passed through the outer moored contact minefield without detecting or hitting one) for the minesweeping force when she triggered an Italian-made Manta bottom-influence mine under her stern, which in turn triggered the sympathetic detonation of another Manta about 350 yards away. That no one was killed and casualties were comparatively light belied the severity of damage to the ship. Had the Manta detonated 22

Naval Historical Foundation

directly under the ship, as it was designed, the damage likely would have been fatal with very high casualties. A higher sea state might also have caused loss of the ship, which had to be towed away for repair. (Of note, the current Chief of Naval Operations Adm. Michael Gilday was in the crew of Princeton.)

On February 20, AEGIS cruiser Valley Forge (CG-52) vectored an Antisubmarine Squadron VS-32 S-3 Viking aircraft onto an Iraqi gunboat, which the S-3 destroyed with a 500-pound bomb; the first combat kill by an S-3.

By February 22, it became apparent that Iraqi forces in Kuwait were conducting massive sabotage of Kuwait’s oil infrastructure with well over 100 oil wells being set on fire, covering southern Kuwait in a pall of dense oil-fire smoke. It also became apparent that Saddam Hussein was withdrawing some of his troops and claiming a great victory before the Coalition ground campaign even started.

By this time it was estimated that the Iraqis had already lost 1,685 tanks, 925 armored personnel carriers, and 1,450 artillery pieces to Coalition air strikes. By February 23, over 200 Kuwaiti oil wells were on fire. The same day Missouri bombarded Iraqi targets on Failaka Island (a Kuwaiti Island northeast of Kuwait City).

At 0400 24 February, MARCENT Marines (elements of 1st and 2nd Marine Divisions), under Lt. Gen. Boomer, USMC, commenced an assault into southern Kuwait, into the strongest Iraqi defenses. Intended as a “supporting” attack, the purpose of the Marine attack was to fix Iraqi units in place so that the U.S. Army could advance unimpeded around the Iraqi right flank west of Kuwait, around the extensive Iraqi fortifications, and hit the Iraqis from the west and cut off their retreat to the north. This was described by the Commander, U.S. Central Command, General Norman Schwarzkopf as the famous “Hail Mary” maneuver. Instead, partly due to superior intelligence on the precise locations of Iraqi defenses, but more to superb combat engineering and vastly superior fire and maneuver tactics, the Marines blew through the vaunted Iraqi defenses with surprisingly few casualties. Some Iraqis put up stiff but ineffective resistance, while many others quickly surrendered. The Marines advanced so far so fast that General Schwarzkopf ordered the U.S. Army to advance their timetable; otherwise, the Marines were going to be in Kuwait City before the Army even crossed the line of departure. The Marine advance was conducted under the hellish conditions of over 500 burning oil wells but aided by shelling from battleships Missouri and Wisconsin.

On the morning of February 25, NAVCENT forces were conducting a vastly scaled back amphibious feint on

the coast of Kuwait, with Missouri conducting fire-supconscripts. port operations (133 16-inch rounds) in a small swept The “Highway of Death” was a significant factor in area (because that was all that could be swept in the time Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff General Colin available) only a few miles off the coast when a previously Powell’s recommendation to end the Coalition offenhidden Iraqi Silkworm anti-ship missile battery fired sive and to declare victory after 100 hours. At 2100 EST two Silkworms at Missouri. One Silkworm fell short in February 27, 1991 (0500 February 28, Gulf time), Presithe water. The second missed Missouri (or was possibly dent Bush announced that Kuwait was liberated, and deflected by jamming or chaff ) before it was shot down Coalition offensive operations ceased. by a Sea Dart surface-to-air missile from British destroyer During Desert Storm, the six U.S. aircraft carriers HMS Gloucester, after it passed CPA (closest point of launched 18,117 fixed-wing sorties, of which 16,899 were approach) to Missouri. By the end of the war Missouri and combat or direct support sorties, of about 94,000 total Wisconsin had fired over 1,000 16-inch rounds.

U.S. and Coalition fixed-wing combat sorties. The Navy Also on that day, one of the over 70 Scud ballistic lost seven aircraft in combat (two F/A-18s, four A-6Es, missiles fired by Iraq finally hit one F-14) and four to accidents a military target, killing 27 U.S. (F/A-18, A-6E, SH-60, H-46).

Army personnel and wounding The Navy lost six men killed in more than 100 when it fell on action (all aviators) and eight a barracks in Dhahran, Saudi personnel killed in noncombat Arabia—the most Coalition accidents. Three U.S. Navy casualties in a single incident in the prisoners of war were turned over war. by the Iraqis on March 4. Maritime On February 26, U.S. Navy interception operations continued jets and other Coalition aircraft and by the end of February reached bombed retreating Iraqi troops on 7,500 intercepts, 940 boardings, the road from Kuwait City north and 47 diversions. to Iraq. Blasted vehicles blocked Overall Coalition aircraft A Closer Look by Chip Beck. both ends of the road, resulting losses were 75 aircraft (including in a huge traffic jam of hundreds of trapped vehicles and helicopters). Of those losses, 65 were U.S. aircraft, of which thousands of troops that quickly turned into a slaughter.

28 U.S. fixed-wing aircraft were lost in combat. Overall The carnage was so massive that there was risk of breaking U.S. deaths in Desert Storm were 148 killed in action the fragile Coalition if other Arab member nations and another 145 nonbattle deaths plus 467 wounded in perceived it as a gratuitous massacre of helpless brother action. Most estimates of Iraqi deaths are between 25,000 Arabs. As it was, the road quickly became known as the and 50,000, although some are as high as 100,000. Over “Highway of Death.” Some of the better Iraqi Republican 71,000 Iraqis surrendered. Over 100,000 Iraqis apparently Guard forces managed to escape the massive U.S. Army deserted prior to or during the Coalition ground offensive. armored assault closing in from the west at breakneck Nevertheless, to the great consternation of everyone, when speed (those few Iraqi units that resisted were steamrollit was all over, Saddam Hussein was claiming Iraq won a ered), so those trapped in Kuwait were mostly hapless Iraqi great victory.

Profoundly Grateful

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he Naval Historical Foundation is profoundly grateful to Cdr. Gary Goodmundson, USN (Ret.) (USNA ’69), for his generous donation of more than 100 Lucky Bags for our reference and historical collection. Since 1894, successive classes at the U.S. Naval Academy have published these annual yearbooks that offer detailed snapshots of that institution’s evolving culture and history.

Commander Goodmundson acquired these treasures one at a time and treated them as special art objects, which rendered them to be in exceptional condition. We at the Foundation have already prodigiously used these to augment our historical files in a more personal and thus more professional manner. We cannot thank Commander Goodmundson enough.

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EDITORIAL BOARD Chairman: Adm. William J. “Fox” Fallon, USN (Ret.) President: VAdm. Frank Pandolfe, USN (Ret.) Executive Director: RAdm. Edward “Sonny” Masso, USN (Ret.) Historian / Editor: Dr. David Winkler Designer: Marlece Lusk Copy Editor: Catherine S. Malo

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