Fall 2020 Pull Together

Volume 59, No. 3

Fall 2020

Pull Together

N e w s l e t t er of t h e N ava l Hi s t or i c a l F o un d at i on

THE NHF & THE NAVY MUSEUM

A Near Century-Long Cause Page 5

2020 Vice Adm. Dunn Prize Winning Essay: “George Foster Emmons” Pandemic Outreach: Thriving in Challenging Times

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Table of Contents 4 5

Chairman’s Message

By Adm. William J. Fallon, USN (Ret.)

The NHF and the Navy Museum A Near Century-Long Cause

By David F. Winkler, Ph.D.

7 9

George Foster Emmons (Part 1)

By Midshipman Mahlon Sorensen

The Naval Historical Foundation Prospectus!

19 (Second Saturdays) Offering Quality

Naval History Programming to Broader Audiences

20 Winter Issue International Journal of Naval History Posted

By Capt. Charles Chadbourn, USNR (Ret.)

21 The Director’s Cut: Preparing for the Storm

By Rear Adm. Samuel J. Cox, USN (Ret.)

Naval Historic Founda The Naval Historical Foundation

preserves and honors the legacy of those who came before us while inspiring the generations who will follow. We focus on educating and creating global public interest about the importance of our rich naval history and linking it to today’s challenges and opportunities in the maritime domain. www.navyhistory.org

There is Still Time to Start the New Year Right!

Order your Naval Historical Foundation 2021 Calendars today. NHF Members be sure to use your discount code.

Email sbland@navyhistory.org if you need it. https://museumstore.navyhistory.org/ProductDetails.asp?

Product Code = 202100009919 COVER PHOTO: Interior Rendering of the new Navy Museum, courtesy NHHC

Pull Together • Fall 2020

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Chairman’s Message ★★ ★ ★

I

hope that you are well and by now have received our annual end-of year letter reporting accomplishments during this unprecedented year. I am proud of the staff under the leadership of Executive Director “Sonny” Masso for moving nearly all of our activities online and digitally reaching out to you. I’m also pleased by your willingness to embrace our outreach efforts by participating in various activities, including book reviews and articles for our weekly “Thursday Tidings” e-letter and engaging with our distinguished guests in our “Second Saturday” programming. I also want to offer a shout-out to Chuck Chadbourn of the Naval War College who has revived the NHF-supported International Journal of Naval History. You can find an overview of the offerings of the latest edition of the scholarly journal herein.

On the Navy’s 245th birthday, we heard the announcement of the Navy’s intent to build a new National Museum. Of course, you received a heads-up on this when Secretary Braithwaite chose our annual meeting as his first public forum following his confirmation as Navy Secretary.

The facing article discusses the NHF’s long championship for a viable national museum. With this recent announcement, it is well worth noting that congratulations are due to our counterparts at the Army Historical Foundation, Gen. Gordon R. Sullivan and Lt. Gen. Roger Schultz, whose organization led the fundraising effort to enable the opening of the National Museum of the U.S. Army at Fort Belvoir this past Veterans Day. With a potential major capital campaign on the horizon, we here at NHF will need to broaden our corporate and individual donor base. As always, we seek your help to reach out to new members. Enclosed you will find an eight-page prospectus showing ways that individuals and entities can support us. Please let me single out the Legacy Donor category for your consideration as a way to make a big difference in the future of Naval History. Given the challenges that we faced this year, we would greatly appreciate your stepping up your contribution. If you know of another individual or entity that could help our cause, please pull out the prospectus and share it.

Our NHF continues to preserve, honor, educate, and inspire future leaders regarding the importance of sea 4

Naval Historical Foundation

power and the maritime domain. As we sail forward into 2021, I pray that you can maintain good health. Best wishes for you and your loved ones during this holiday season.

Thank you again for your support. We are truly appreciative.

Adm. William J. Fallon, USN (Ret.), Chairman

NHF and the Navy Museum — a Near Century-Long Cause

By David F. Winkler, Ph.D.

COURTESY NHHC

A

s hinted in his address to the membership of the Naval Historical Foundation during the annual meeting last June, Secretary of the Navy Kenneth J. Braithwaite announced on October 13 — the Navy’s birthday — that the U.S. Navy intends to build a new National Museum of the U.S. Navy.

Braithwaite made the announcement from within the current museum, located inside the Washington Navy Yard. As the graphics placed on display behind the secretary illustrated, the leadership team at the Naval History and Heritage Command have a location in mind in the vicinity of the historic Washington Navy Yard, but that location is not yet finalized due to ongoing negotiations to acquire the required property.

Wherever the new facility is sited, the vision is to create a campus environment designed to give the public unfettered access to U.S. Navy history and heritage. Joining Braithwaite on a stage that featured a former mast from USS Constitution as a backdrop, the Director of Naval History, retired Rear Adm. Samuel J. Cox, took the opportunity on the Navy’s 245th birthday to remark on the importance of celebrating the Navy’s service. He noted that the “Naval History and Heritage Command’s mission of preserving and presenting an accurate history of the U.S. Navy to the American public is essential to honoring those who have served and are serving the Navy today.”

Cox’s command plans to coordinate the building of the new museum. His team envisions an advanced campus design that will bring to life the human experiences of serving in the U.S. Navy, deliver leading-edge engagement to amplify Navy priorities and operations, showcase the

Rendition of the exterior space of the proposed new facility.

history and heritage of all Navy communities, and create a memorial to our heritage and the service and sacrifice of American Sailors.

Adding his support, Master Chief Petty Officer of the U.S. Navy Russell Smith provided video remarks. “Giving the public better accessibility allows us to share a deeper understanding of our rich history and heritage with the American people,” said Smith. “This is important, because our history is America’s history.”

Cox’s staff projects the total estimated funds required for the construction of the state-of-the-art facility is $204 million for phase one of the project with opportunities for spiral development of additional phases totaling $450 million. In its announcement, the Navy anticipated raising the funding for the museum through contributions from the private sector and noted its intent to partner “with a registered 501(c)(3) organization that seeks to preserve, commemorate, and share the history of the U.S. Navy.”

The likely candidate for that nonprofit partner is the Naval Historical Foundation. One of its initial priorities upon its founding in 1926 was to lobby the Smithsonian Board of Regents for a Maritime Museum on the National Mall, modeled on the recently opened National Royal Maritime Museum at Greenwich. Failing that, the NHF worked closely with President Roosevelt and developed plans for a 90,000-square-foot facility along the Potomac River and an additional tidal basin that would host the Constellation, Hartford, Olympia, and a World War I vintage flush-deck destroyer. Unfortunately, with FDR’s passing, the NHF had to settle on a less grandiose alterna-

Continued on page 6

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Naval Museum

Gallery provided a cautionary tale. Approximately $2 million invested to initiate the capital campaign was never tive of converting the carriage house at the Truxton-Derecovered due to the abrupt suspension of the fundraising catur House near the White House into a naval history effort. Before making a formal commitment to this huge display center that it operated for three decades between undertaking, the NHF leadership has been engaged 1950 and 1980. with their counterparts at the Marine Corps Heritage Upon its closing, many of the prized artifacts in the Foundation and Army Historical Foundation that led to NHF’s collections went on display at the Washington Navy the construction of new museums at Quantico and Fort Yard museum that opened in 1963 at the initiative of Adm. Belvoir. Former Senator John W. Warner has weighed Arleigh Burke. Besides serving as a source of artifacts, the in, noting that he had introduced special legislation that NHF took on the role of active partner for the museum by helped to make those fundraising campaigns viable. opening and maintaining a museum store, underwriting Given the current economic situation, a changing political numerous temporary environment, and other cautionary tales of failed museums exhibits, supporting a in the nation’s capital, the latest being the Newseum, there docent program, funding a are concerns about the NHHC plan. Ironically, it was the once vibrant home-school British who brilliantly executed FDR’s vision by bringing program, creating the together the Mary Rose, Victory, Warrior, Monitor M-33, usnavymuseum.org website, and submarine Alliance at their National Museum of and initiating a teacher the Royal Navy at Portsmouth. The collection of historic fellowship program to warships has led to Portsmouth becoming the second most bring educators to the desired city destination in the United Kingdom. Unformuseum to develop lesson tunately, the construction of a new Frederick Douglass plans centered around the Bridge over the Anacostia River and the landlocked The Decatur House once hosted exhibits.

With surveys proposed site of the new American museum will preclude the NHF’s Truxtun-Decatur acclaiming the Navy the historic ship element, which is not unprecedented, as Museum Museum and adjacent the Musee de National de la Marine in Paris — currently display ship Barry as one of the most popular destinations undergoing a multiyear multimillion-Euro renovation — in the nation’s capital with over 400,000 annual visitors and also lacks a historic display ship. Following recent trends upwards of 50 busloads of students arriving daily during in museum design, exhibit designers for the American spring tourist season, the NHF expanded its commitment museum will be pressed to create immersive environments by agreeing to conduct a $15 million capital campaign to that will enable visitors to appreciate the experience of build out a Cold War Gallery for the museum. Unfortushipboard life. nately, heavy access restrictions put in place after the tragic As the NHF moves forward in doing the necessary Navy Yard shootings in 2013 made it difficult to complete homework to confidently proceed with a major capital fundraising. With campaign, a collegial half the funds dialog continues raised, the Cold War between the NHF Gallery was partially staff with Rear completed with Admiral Masso some impressive meeting weekly exhibits including with the NHHC a ready room from leadership team. the John F. Kennedy, As always, the the conning space NHF values input of a nuclear attack from its members submarine, and as it is anticipated the bridge from that NHF and the the Newport News National Museum of in combat within the U.S. Navy will be Haiphong Harbor. a top agenda item at The National Museum of the U.S. Navy was established in 1961 and opened to the For the NHF, the June 2021 annual public in 1963. As one of 14 Navy museums throughout the country, it is the only one the Cold War meeting. that presents an overview of U.S. naval history.

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Naval Historical Foundation

BING

Continued from page 5

2020 Vice Adm. Robert F. Dunn NROTC Midshipman Essay Contest Winner

George Foster Emmons: The Life of a Midshipman, 1828-1834 (Part I)

By Midshipman Mahlon Sorensen, Yale College Class of 2022

Becoming a Midshipman George Foster Emmons joined the U.S. Navy on April 1, 1828, at the age of 17. For the next six years, Emmons served his country as Midshipman, beginning with training in New York and ending after a diplomatic cruise to the Midshipman Mahlon Mediterranean. During this Sorensen hails from time, Emmons’ service was that New York City and is of a typical 19th-century naval majoring in History at officer, and his experience was Yale University. He is accordingly two-sided. He knew scheduled to graduate the excitement of sailing and the and commission into the Navy in May 2022; terror of being trapped in a storm; he hopes to serve as a the joys of completing a mission Naval Aviator. and the disappointment of failure; the hope of promotion and the frustration of delay; the pride at serving among a fine corps of officers and the grief of seeing his shipmates die.

But while he did not know what lay ahead, in all likelihood, Emmons would have planned on becoming a career officer. For someone like Emmons, who came from an unimportant Vermont family of comfortable wealth, the permanent status of the officer corps was enticing. However, this security had its costs, as a career in the Navy was more unpredictable than staying at home. Midshipmen had little control over the orders they received, and Emmons was surrendering his individual freedom by joining the Navy. The decision to volunteer, then, was a significant one, and it must have weighed on Emmons in the months before he joined.

In 1828, commissioning was a game of connections.

The process of becoming an officer was ill defined, and any leverage a family had to get their son a commission would be ruthlessly exploited. To be appointed a Midshipman, young men would first need to be recommended to Congress. There was no specific way to do this, but connections to the Navy would all but ensure that an application

was considered. Emmons, therefore, started at an advantage, as endorsements from his relatives in the Navy would have given his application instant credibility. Emmons’ older cousin, Lieutenant H.B. Sawyer, provided one of these endorsements, noting later, “I shall always take great pride and pleasure in furthering your advancement in the service.”

In spring 1828, Emmons received official notice of his commission. Accompanying some papers from the Secretary of the Navy was an order from President John Quincy Adams that directed Emmons “carefully and diligently to discharge the duties of a Midshipman.” This certificate was ceremonial; it was nothing more than a mass-produced letter on which an executive aide had printed Emmons’ name.

After commissioning, Emmons arrived at the Naval School in the Brooklyn Navy Yard for the first part of his Midshipman training. The Naval Academy had not yet been established (that would come in 1845); instead, Midshipmen like Emmons were sent to the Naval School to learn the basics of seamanship. During the first months of his career, however, much of Emmons’ training would take place outside of the classroom. Life in the officer corps was an exercise in social navigation as much as it was about leadership or sailing, and to be a respected officer, Emmons would have to master the customs, courtesies, and traditions of the Navy.

As a Lieutenant, Sawyer knew this, and he wanted to make sure his cousin did not destroy his career before it started. So, in August 1828, Sawyer wrote Emmons a letter on how to properly conduct himself as a Midshipman.

Jumping the chain of command was the first cardinal sin Sawyer instructed his cousin to avoid: “you should not like to trouble Lieutenant Brackenridge for you must always recall that this Gentlemen is your superior officer.” Even though Brackenridge was Emmons’ supervisor, Sawyer made it clear that Emmons should make every effort to solve his problems at the lowest possible level, consulting older Midshipmen “whenever you should feel at a loss.”

The Navy was not the first time Emmons was exposed

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George Foster Emmons

to a rigid hierarchy, but Sawyer reiterated the importance of knowing one’s place.

Badgering Brackenridge with petty concerns may not have been against the explicit rules for Midshipmen, but it violated the unspoken boundary between Midshipmen and senior officers.

Sawyer then affirmed the value of a good reputation, warning Emmons “if you fail in conduct to gain the approbation of your teacher, and your superior officers, you will not obtain your Warrant.” The officer corps was a close-knit community, and rumors of an impolite Midshipman would spread quickly, giving Emmons all the more reason Named Demologos by Robert Fulton, this steam catamaran was designed to attack to protect his image. Sawyer was also tied to becalmed Royal Navy ships blockading New York during the War of 1812. The war ended before this innovative ship could be completed.

Emmons’ success; he had recommended him, and their familial connection would have been well known. To this point, Sawyer closed his letter with a double-edged vote of confidence: “I hope your trade, and supporting diplomacy. All of them lacked the diligence and good conduct at school will save you this sophisticated naval action that the officers and men longed disgrace, and your friends the mortification of knowing for. As a result, low morale plagued the service, reflecting that they have recommended an idle, and unworthy person, and magnifying the Navy’s existing institutional issues. to the honor of a ‘Midshipman Warrant’ in the Navy.”

To make matters worse, the lull in activity was juxtaWhile Sawyer’s advice was patronizing and not particposed by the grand expectations that had been set for the ularly groundbreaking, Emmons took it seriously. He, too, Navy earlier in the century. After the War of 1812, the knew what was at stake, and he wanted to start his career United States was primed to become a maritime power. off well. Besides the personal reasons for wanting to be a In 1816, Congress appropriated $8 million to build nine successful officer, Emmons felt it was his duty to service sloops-of-war, massive warships each with three masts his country to the best of his ability. This patriotism guided and 74 guns arranged on two decks. In addition to these Emmons throughout his career. And so, for his first few modern capital ships, the construction bill included months at the Navy Yard, Emmons was hyper-aware of funding for 12 frigates, moderately sized men of war with the expectations that had been set for him; he rarely spoke 44 guns each. When sponsoring this expansion, Congress unless he was addressed, his uniform was immaculate, envisioned a fleet that would solidify America’s claim to and his salutes were crisp and timely. Emmons was never the Western Hemisphere under the Monroe Doctrine. praised for flawlessly adhering to these standards, but he Going a step further, some navalists believed that the fleet liked to believe that his efforts did not go unnoticed. should be used to project power around the globe. These 21 ships would have accomplished both goals, and many hoped they would establish the U.S. Navy as one of the Disaster in the Harbor preeminent fleets of the 19th century.

While Emmons was busy training in Brooklyn, the Navy But only a few years later, the future of the Navy struggled with its own problems. Whether he knew it seemed less promising. In 1821, Congress slashed the or not, Emmons had joined the service during one of Navy’s budget and cancelled the building projects. Only a the most uneventful periods in its history. The Navy had few ships were completed before the cuts, and they were three key missions in the first half of the 19th century: ineffective for the Navy’s limited missions in the 1820s. protecting commerce from piracy, fighting the illegal slave Continued on page 17 8

Naval Historical Foundation

U.S. NAVAL HISTORY AND HERITAGE COMMAND

Continued from page 7

The Naval Historical Foundation Preserving and Honoring our Naval Legacy: Study the Past to Master the Future

NHF 8-Page Info Booklet.indd 1

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Preserve and Honor

Remembering the Legacy of Those Who Came Before Us

Our Mission

To preserve and commemorate America’s naval heritage and to educate and inspire current and future leaders in understanding the importance of the maritime domain and sea power.

Our Vision

As the preeminent, globally connected, innovative organization, we are dedicated to the preservation, commemoration, education, and use of naval history in understanding the importance of sea power and the maritime domain.

The Naval Historical Foundation (NHF) is dedicated to preserving and honoring the legacy of those who came before us. Working closely with the U.S. Navy, the Foundation ensures that naval history and the maritime domain remain in the forefront of American thought and education. NHF honors Sailors of past, present and future generations.

Of utmost importance is the Navy’s flagship museum, the National Museum of the United States Navy, located in the Washington Navy Yard. The Naval Historical Foundation raises funds and facilitates the construction of new exhibits for the Museum, such as the Cold War Gallery, a facility dedicated to remembering the service and sacrifice of our Cold War veterans.

NHF promotes educational programs and lectures across the nation, assists the Navy through the acquisition of important historical artifacts, sponsors commemorative events such as celebrating the Navy Birthday, the Battle of Midway, and the Battle of Leyte Gulf, etc. In our new virtual reality we engage audiences around the world through online museum tours, educational online lesson plans, regular blog and social media updates, and virtual programming. We work to ensure that America’s great naval history is proudly remembered, honored and celebrated.

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Board of Directors Chairman

President

ADM William J. Fallon, USN (Ret.)

VADM Frank C. Pandolfe, USN (Ret.)

Vice President

Treasurer

Mr. Martin J. Bollinger

RADM Larry R. Marsh, USN (Ret.)

Other Directors Mr. Matthew P. Bergman VADM Walter E. Carter, Jr., USN (Ret.) VADM John N. Christenson, USN (Ret.) Dr. Kate C. Epstein ADM James G. Foggo, USN (Ret.) RADM Vincent L. Griffith, USN (Ret.) The Honorable Steven S. Honigman

Mr. James D. Hornfischer The Honorable John F. Lehman, Jr. Dr. J. Phillip London, CAPT, USN (Ret.) CAPT James A. Noone, USNR (Ret.) The Honorable BJ Penn Dr. David A. Rosenberg, CAPT, USNR (Ret.) Mr. Michael J. Wallace

Chairmen Emeritus

Directors Emeritus

ADM Bruce DeMars, USN (Ret.)

VADM Robert F. Dunn, USN (Ret.) Amb. J. William Middendorf II VADM William H. Rowden, USN (Ret.)

Past Presidents ADM Austin M. Knight, USN (Ret.) 1926-1927 ADM William L. Rodgers, USN (Ret.) 1927-1943 ADM Joseph Strauss, USN (Ret.) 1943-1946 FADM Ernest J. King, USN (Ret.) 1946-1949 FADM William D. Leahy, USN (Ret.) 1949-1959 COMO Dudley W. Knox, USN (Ret.) 1959-1961

VADM John F. Shafroth, USN (Ret.) 1961-1967 VADM Walter S. DeLany, USN (Ret.) 1967-1980 ADM James L. Holloway III, USN (Ret.) 1980-1998 VADM Robert F. Dunn, USN (Ret.) 1998-2012 RADM John T. Mitchell, Jr., USN (Ret.) 2012- 2016 RDML Arthur N. Langston, III, USN (Ret.) 2016-2019

Past Chairmen ADM Robert B. Carney, USN (Ret.) 1961-1981 ADM Arleigh A. Burke, USN (Ret.) 1981-1985 RADM Elliott B. Strauss, USN (Ret.) 1985-1998

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ADM James L. Holloway III, USN (Ret.) 1998-2008 ADM Bruce DeMars, USN (Ret.) 2008-2015

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Recognition The Naval Historical Foundation is proud to recognize outstanding work in the field of history. These programs encourage and inspire those who will bring our United States Navy’s heritage forward to the future.

Commodore Dudley W. Knox Naval History Lifetime Achievement Medal Recognizes an individual for a lifetime body of work in the field of U.S. naval history.

Captain Kenneth Coskey National History Day Prizes Recognizes the best naval and maritime scholarship from middle and high school students.

Captain Edward L. Beach, Jr. Naval History Award Given to United States Naval Academy midshipmen who demonstrate exceptional naval history scholarship.

Voices of Maritime History Competition for the Superintendent’s Annual Vision and Leadership Award Vice Admiral Robert F. Dunn Award for Exceptional Naval History Scholarship Offered to midshipmen from Naval Reserve Officer Training Corps programs around the country.

Teacher of Distinction Awards Presented to teachers whose students (i) win NHF’s annual Coskey Prizes for Naval History or (ii) are ranked first, second or third in their categories in the National History Day national competition.

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Naval Historical Foundation

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Programming The Naval Historical Foundation sponsors and participates in numerous events throughout the year commemorating the history of the Navy. We have a wide range of naval history outreach programs to bring our Navy’s history to the men and women in uniform, Navy veterans, and the American public, such as hosting symposia and conferences about the American and allied navies, coalition partners and adversaries. We’ve developed a database of experts through our Directory of Naval Historians, which allows us to connect researchers to each other – and to the public — in order to foster ongoing dialogue about important topics in naval history.

To further the NHF mission we publish the following historical content commemorating event anniversaries and special celebrations: Pull Together - The flagship publication of the Naval Historical Foundation.

Thursday Tidings - Our weekly blog of current and past events.

Author Chats - Featuring interviews with authors who have recently published books centered on the Navy and naval history.

Second Saturdays - A monthly webinar featuring “off the beaten path” content that all Navy veterans and students of history would find interesting, entertaining, and educational.

Book Reviews - Where our Foundation Members review current books centered on naval History.

Oral Histories - Captures our naval heroes’ personal stories.

Donating Historic Items - Clearinghouse for maritime artifacts.

Used Books - Sold in the Navy Museum Store.

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Pull Together • Fall 2020

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Leadership Team

and the Heroes Whose Portraits Surround Us in Our Office

How many do you recognize?

Answers below Executive Director Edward “Sonny” Masso Rear Admiral, U.S. Navy (Ret.) Staff Historian/ Editor, Pull Together David F. Winkler PhD Commander, USNR (Ret.) Director of Finance/ Office Manager Harold Bryant Gunnery Sergeant, USMC (Ret.) Director of Events/ Special Assistant Jacqueline Natter Lieutenant Commander, U.S. Navy (Ret.) Director of Membership Sean Bland Ensign, US.. Navy Reserve Director of IT Quang Pho Director of Sales John Royal

1.VADM Sam Gravely, 2. Admiral Arleigh Burke, 3. LT Vincent Capodanno, 4. HM2 David R. Ray, 5..Mess Attendant 1st Class Doris Miller, 6. CDR Theodore Ellyson, 7. FADM Chester Nimitz, 8. RADM Grace Hopper, 9. BM1 James Williams, 10. CDR Dudley Morton, 11. Admiral Hyman G. Rickover. 12. VADM Richard H. Cruzen NHF 8-Page Info Booklet.indd 6

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Ways to Support our Foundation Our Foundation relies on the support of its members and friends.

•

NHF Corporate Partner o o o o

$25,000

Exclusive Events Advertising on our website, Four Pull Together Periodicals, Thursday Tidings and each 2nd Saturday Webinar Recognition at all Naval Historical Foundation events One elegant, historic Truxtun Bowl for your Corporate Display Case

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NHF Event Sponsor Various and Flexible Donation Levels from

•

2nd Saturday Sponsorship

$3,500

•

Rental of the National Museum of the U.S. Navy/Cold War Museum

$5,000

•

Navy Museum Store o

•

Obtain quality souvenirs of your Museum experience both in store and online.

Mid-Year and End-of Year Giving o

•

$10,000 to $2,500

Support our Foundation by donating to our fundraising outreach.

Legacy Donations o

Consider the Naval Historical Foundation in your will as a way to connect your own life of Naval Service to the Foundation’s future.

o

Visit our website to learn more about including us in your will, or how to give through stocks or bonds: www.navyhistory.org/contribute/donation-of-stocks-or-bonds/

The Naval Historical Foundation is an IRS-approved 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization incorporated in the District of Columbia with a mission to preserve and promote U.S. naval history. As required by federal law, we acknowledge your tax-deductible contribution and confirm that no goods or services were provided in exchange for your gift.

Naval Historical Foundation Washington Navy Yard - P.O. Box 15304 • Washington, DC 20003 • (202) 678-4333 NHF 8-Page Info Booklet.indd 7

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George Foster Emmons

sible to escape them. Naval news, good and bad, was discussed across the base, and engaging with the current events of the fleet was an important part of wardroom They were too large and slow to capture pirate ships, and etiquette. Senior officers took care not to slander the with dozens of guns each, they were over-armed for even service — such conduct was improper — but they did the most powerful slavers. Moreover, the United States was seem concerned about the Navy and its leaders. In some not interested in projecting power, and it found no need to cases, Emmons could see how the Navy was suffering. maintain a fleet for its defense. European powers did not The Navy Yard was one of the service’s largest installachallenge the Monroe Doctrine (at least not yet), and the tions and one of its primary shipbuilding facilities. Yet, United States, with its historic isolationism, abandoned its as Emmons walked around the base, he saw more ships plans to be a balancing force in Europe. being decommissioned than were being built or prepared

As Congress for deployments. The sight scaled back the size of of once-mighty men-of-war the fleet, failed reforms being pulled apart saddened and poor leaders left the Emmons, but with budget Navy disorganized and cuts and limited missions, directionless. In 1815, there was no other option.

Congress established Training can be stressful, the Board of Navy but on Thursday, June 4, Commissioners, a group 1829, Emmons was relaxed. of three captains who His supervisor, Lieutenant were tasked with “the Brackenridge, had given procurement of naval him the day off “to go on stores and materials, shore on some business.” and the construction, Emmons completed his armament equipment tasks by midday, and after and employment, of a few hours of walking vessels of war, as well around, he decided to head as all other matters back to the Fulton, which connected with the naval was moored in the harbor establishment of the about two hundred yards United States.” off shore. While Emmons With this broad was on a pier at the Navy mandate, the Board Yard, waiting for a skiff to attempted to seize power bring him back to his ship, from the Secretary of the a thunderclap echoed across Navy. In response, the the harbor. Fear gripped Secretary exercised direct Emmons as he turned control over low-level towards the noise; the Fulton Steam Battery Demologos (later Fulton) (1814) Drawing by her designer, Robert Fulton, November 1813, showing the ship’s general naval operations to limit had just exploded and was arrangement. the power of the Board. burning violently.

In the midst of these The explosion had ripped fights, long-term planning was disregarded, and bureauthe Fulton “from stem to stern,” and she was sinking fast. cratic micromanaging hampered officers’ autonomy and Officers and sailors in the Navy Yard scrambled to help, ability to lead. The system was reformed again in 1842, rushing to rowboats and barges to rescue any survivors. when five bureaus — Navy Yards and Docks; ConstrucWhile all this happened, Emmons remained on the pier, tion, Equipment, and Repairs; Provisions and Clothing; shocked by what he had just witnessed. Over the next few Ordnance and Hydrography; Medicine and Surgery — hours, Emmons watched as sailors pulled bodies from the replaced the Board. But for the 27 years that the Board harbor. He would later describe the dead and injured as so existed, the Navy suffered from a lack of leadership. “burned and bloody in that situation I could hardly distin Before joining the Navy, Emmons was not aware guish one from another.” of these problems. But at the Naval School it was imposContinued on page 18

U.S. NAVAL HISTORY AND HERITAGE COMMAND

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George Foster Emmons

were wounded or killed, but Sawyer had heard conflicting accounts of the carnage, and he wanted to know if his cousin was “in the land of the living or not.”

Unexpectedly, an accident in the magazine caused To Sawyer’s relief, Emmons was unharmed. While his the blast, not an issue with the Fulton’s volatile steam belongings on the ship — and two dollars of savings — engine. At 2:30 pm, a gunner had gone below decks “to were destroyed, he was fortunate to not have been hurt. In procure powder to fire the evening gun,” and the explosion many ways, Emmons’ safety was entirely due to chance; occurred while he was in the powder hold. There was no without asking for the morning off, Emmons would have evidence of a plot, and carelessness was likely the cause of been on board during the explosion. The officers’ party the accident. The gunner had “just been appointed to that included Midshipmen, and if he had not been on shore office,” and this was the first time Emmons would have been in the he had gone to the magazine wardroom with Brackenridge alone. Just before the gunner left, when the magazine exploded.

Lieutenant Brackenridge warned This fact was not lost on him to be careful, especially Emmons, who noted later, “I feel with his candle. Evidently, the very thankful to get off as I have, gunner did not heed the warning. without losing my life.”

A single spark set the entire The explosion of the Fulton magazine alight, triggering the was the first time Emmons explosion that destroyed the experienced death during his Fulton. By one account, the blast naval career. Battle, disease, and was so powerful that it ripped accidents at sea killed sailors and both masts from the deck and officers almost every year, and “filled [the air] with fragments Emmons knew this. He must of the vessel.” Of the 143 officers have believed that he would and men attached to the Fulton, see some of his fellow sailors roughly 60 were estimated to die during his service; to think be on board when she exploded. otherwise would have been naïve.

Thirty of them died.

Despite acknowledging these Lieutenant Brackenridge was dangers, the explosion troubled among them. A few officers were Emmons. He would not have hosting a party on the Fulton that expected a catastrophe so early in afternoon, and Brackenridge was his career, or in a place as peaceful eating in the officer’s wardroom and safe as the New York Harbor. with his wife when the magazine Mass casualty events were only exploded. The wardroom was supposed to happen in war, and some distance from the magazine, Emmons struggled to compreLATER IN HIS CAREER: Captain Emmons but the force of the explosion hend how 30 sailors were killed served with the Union Navy and would be promoted to Rear Admiral in 1872. threw Brackenridge against the because of carelessness. And bulkhead and knocked others whether he recognized it or not, to their knees. Brackenridge survived the explosion, but Emmons probably felt guilty that he had been spared by he was badly injured and was rushed to the hospital at nothing more than luck. the Navy Yard. By the next morning, he had died from As is the case with any tragedy, Emmons eventually his wounds. His wife, whom he had married only two moved on from the explosion. Yet the image of a burning months before, escaped with a few minor burns. Emmons ship — his first ship — was etched in Emmons’ mind for was understandably upset at Brackenridge’s death, and he the rest of his life, a reminder of the ever-present risks of confessed his grief in a letter to his brother. “I regret his naval service. death very much. He was a very fine young officer, and his death is regretted by all that knew him.”

Editors Note: In the next edition of Pull Together, In the aftermath of the accident, Emmons was flooded Midshipman Sorensen follows Emmons service on the with letters, one of which was from his cousin H.B. Mediterranean Station embarked in the Brandywine.

Sawyer. Newspapers detailed the officers and men who Citations available upon request.

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NAVAL HISTORY AND HERITAGE COMMAND

Continued from page 7

Second Saturdays: Offering Quality Naval History Programming to Broader Audiences

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fter contemplating postponing the annual June Peanut Butter Cup” moment in intertwining the history meeting with the hope that the pandemic would of the Navy Reserve and the legacy of four generations of recede later in the year, NHF chairman Admiral Mustins that produced three generations of vice admirals Fallon directed Rear Adm. Masso and his staff to attempt and numerous other family members who served the a virtual annual meeting. As detailed in our previous nation. Reaching an audience of thousands that included edition of Pull Together, at the conclusion of the online reservists tuning in during their drill weekend lunch break, meeting, the NHF hosted its annual David T. Leighton the NHF program offered dueling historians, with staff Lecture featuring Tom Hanks introducing Craig Symonds, historian Dave Winkler providing an overview of his who spoke about the history of the battle of the North 2014 book Ready Then, Ready Now, Ready Always on the Atlantic in the wake of the release of Hanks’ recent film centennial of the Navy Reserve and John Morton outlining Greyhound, based on the C.S. Forester novel The Good his 2004 Mustin, A Naval Family of the 20th Century. Vice Shepherd.

Admiral Mustin then took the opportunity to discuss the The quality of Symonds’ presentations and share presentation, combined with his vision for the Navy the excellent interaction with Reserve in the coming members, led to an instant years. realization that instead of In September and simply hunkering down and October, NHF’s Second riding out the pandemic, Saturday program the NHF could utilize such rebooted the July online forums to continue to formula of looking at engage and build membership works of fiction versus with top-notch naval history reality to draw out content. Given that the annual discussion. Whereas Former Secretary of the Navy John F. Lehman introduced Novemmeeting had fallen on the July looked at historical ber’s Second Saturday installment on Theodore Roosevelt and the second Saturday of June, the fiction during the age Naval War of 1812. staff decided to initiate “Second of sail, the September Saturday Programming.” and October programs looked at two best-selling novels Given Symonds’ well-received talk in June, he became about naval operations in the Pacific during World War II. an obvious choice to return to talk about other C.S. In examining Herman Wouk’s The Caine Mutiny, retired Forester works, this time dealing with the age of sail and Navy captain turned novelist Kevin Miller and retired Horatio Hornblower. Then, upon learning that NHF Navy captain turned filmmaker David Kennedy compared Board member John Lehman had been a voracious Wouk’s classic book and subsequent movie and discussed consumer of Patrick O’Brian novels on the career of Jack leadership and the stress of command. In contrast, Aubrey, it was “game on” with John Hattendorf moderOctober’s overview of Run Silent Run Deep focused more ating/refereeing a lively discussion about the two authors on the technology of U.S. submarines during World War and the subject matter of their successful multivolume II and legacy of the book’s author, Capt. Edward L. “Ned” works.

Beach, with presentations given by retired Captains Jim With several hundred individuals joining and particBryant and David Rosenberg as well as cameo insights ipating in the give-and-take, the challenge for the staff offered by Captain Beach’s widow, Ingrid. For commentary, became “How can we top this in August?” the NHF recruited three former “SubPac” commanders: Fortunately, history and coincidence often partner to Adm. Tom Fargo, Vice Adm. Al Konetzni, and Rear Adm. create opportunity. With the change of command of the John Padgett.

Navy Reserve occurring on the eve of the second Saturday In November the NHF changed course and went of August with Vice Adm. John Mustin taking charge back to the 19th century with an analysis of Theodore Continued on page 20 of the 105-year-old command, the staff saw a “Reese’s Pull Together • Fall 2020

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Second Saturdays Continued from page 19

Winter Issue International Journal of Naval History Posted

By Capt. Charles Chadbourn, USNR (Ret.)

W

hat do the Austro-Hungarian Navy, German U-boats, and Japanese kamikazes have in common?

You can read about them in the winter issue of the International Journal of Naval History (IJNH) Winter issue on the NHF website. Dr. Stanley Carpenter, Naval War College, broadens understanding of European naval history with an article on the Austro-Hungarian Navy. Germany, Great Britain, and the United States were not the only great powers involved in naval arms races during the Dreadnought era. Archduke Franz Ferdinand was a strong proponent of Austro-Hungarian navalism. By 1914 Austria Hungary possessed a nascent blue-water Navy. At the end of World War I, the AustroHungarian Empire and its fleet ceased to exist.

Dr. Ulrich van der Heyden of Berlin further examines The Great War at sea with an account of a British hospital ship sinking by a German U-boat.

This issue includes two articles about World War II, one drawn from an American perspective, the other Japanese. Maj. Michael Anderson writes about Kamikazes. Ms. Heather Haley focuses on the experiences of enlisted personnel from Alabama (BB 60).

Capt. John Rodgaard and Dr. Judy Pearson draw upon the recently published book North Americans in Nelson’s Navy to examine the British Fleet’s international flavor and how the Royal Navy changed world history at Trafalgar. We also include the first-place paper from the NHF’s Voices of Maritime History Competition at the U.S. Naval Academy by Midn. Joseph P. Bunyard. His article, “Britain’s Chain Home Radar in World War II During the Battle of Britain,” reinforces the importance of network survivability in current naval operations.

Dara Baker of the National Archives explains why archivists are rethinking how they practice their professions in the coronavirus pandemic era in her column.

IJNH strives to “stimulate and promote research into naval history and foster communication among naval historians at an international level.” IJNH is actively using social media to build a global community of historians and sea power enthusiasts through a lively Facebook page under the leadership of Dr. Chuck Steele, a naval historian at the USAF Academy and IJNH Book Review Editor. Join us in this NHF-supported endeavor.

Visit us at www.ijnhonline.org.

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Roosevelt and his book The Naval War of 1812. For this program the NHF recruited a heavily academic all-star cast led by Bill Leeman of Salve Regina University, who, with John Hattendorf, co-edited the new Naval Institute Press study on TR titled Forging the Trident. Leeman moderated presentations of the young Roosevelt offered by Naval War College professor Kevin McCranie, University of Wisconsin professor Scott Mobley, and retired naval historian Michael Crawford. For the interaction with the membership portion of the program, Dr. James “Chris” Rentfrow joined with McCranie, Crawford, and Leeman to argue that 140 years after it had been written, the book remains most relevant in the histography of the period.

Whereas Theodore Roosevelt was an advocate for sea power earlier in the 20th century, if he were still with us he would find kindred spirits in Seth Cropsey and Henry “Jerry” Hendrix, both authors of recent narratives detailing the national strategic implications of not maintaining strong naval and maritime forces. For December’s Second Saturday, Rear Adm. Masso led an engaging roundtable discussion enabling the two authors to express the historical underpinnings for the respective works during a transitional time in government.

Buoyed with the success of the first six Second Saturday productions, the NHF looks to continue the series in 2021 with programming that looks at the 30th anniversary of the U.S. Navy’s involvement in Desert Storm, the legacy of Vice Adm. Sam Gravely, naval operations “in-country” in Vietnam, doing naval oral history, and discussion of other works of naval fiction. Since Second Saturday programming comes with production costs to incorporate graphics and edit completed programming for posting on YouTube and Vimeo, the NHF has been gratified to accept donations from corporate and individual members. If you would like to assist in underwriting a forthcoming episode or have suggestions for programming, please contact our Executive Director Rear Admiral Masso at emasso@navyhistory.org.

IN MEMORY OF: Navy Dept. Librarian Glenn Helm Rear Adm. Richard C. Gentz, USN Rear Adm Robert Sutton, USN

IN HONOR OF: Mario and Dan Marino

The Director’s Cut: Preparing for the Storm

By Rear Adm. Sam Cox, USN (Ret.), Director, Naval History and Heritage Command

NAVAL HISTORY AND HERITAGE COMMAND; NAVY .MIL

O

n November 8, 1990, Secretary of Defense Amphibious Group THREE, with the 5th Marine Dick Cheney announced that in addition to Expeditionary Brigade embarked, would depart San Diego the 230,000 U.S. forces that had arrived or were on December 1, 1990. already en route to Saudi Arabia, additional U.S. heavy Maritime Interception Operations in support of divisions, Marines, and ships would deploy to the region, UN sanctions continued at an intense pace, aided by a including three more aircraft carriers, another battleship, growing armada of allied and coalition ships, some from another amphibious group, and the maritime pre-posicountries that were not willing to contribute ground tion ship squadron from Norfolk. troops to possible war against The next week, Secretary Cheney Iraq but were perfectly happy to announced the activation of 72,500 contribute ships to a UN effort, an more reservists to support Operaoperation that was greatly aided tion Desert Shield. Additional by the long history of U.S. Navy reserve forces would be called up forward engagement and exercises over the next month, including 30 with these countries. By the end naval reserve units from 13 states of November, 4,217 merchant and Washington, D.C., and reserve ships had been intercepted and call-ups were extended from 90 to challenged, 517 ships boarded, and 180 days.

19 ships diverted due to carrying By the beginning of November, prohibited cargo. On November 26, three U.S. Navy aircraft carriers 1990, the Iraqi-flagged merchant Battleship Wisconsin fires a broadside were operating in the region. ship Khawla Bint Az Zawra was during the 1988-1991 timeframe.

Dwight D. Eisenhower (CVN 69) intercepted by Philippine Sea (CG had returned to the United 58) and Thomas C. Hart (FF States after being relieved in 1092) and two multinational the Red Sea by Saratoga (CV ships but refused repeated 60) and John F. Kennedy (CV orders to stop until Philip67), which were alternating pine Sea fired warning shots. between the Red Sea and After being boarded and the Eastern Mediterranean. found not to be carrying In the Arabian Sea, Midway prohibited cargo, the Iraqi (CV 41) had deployed from ship was allowed to proceed Japan and relieved Indepeninto Aqaba, Jordan. dence (CV 62) on November Between November 15 1 and Independence returned and 21, 16 U.S. ships and to the U.S. West Coast.

1,000 Marines conducted Although not publicly named a highly publicized joint/ in the initial announcement, combined exercise, the carriers America (CV Imminent Thunder, Air exercises continue on into the night on the John 66) and Theodore Roosevelt practicing an amphibious F. Kennedy (CV-67) steaming east towards the (CVN 71) would deploy from assault on the coast of Saudi Mediterranean and Operation Desert Shield.

Norfolk, and Ranger (CV Arabia’s Eastern Province, 61) would deploy from San intended to ratchet up the Diego to arrive in the region by mid-January 1991, giving pressure on Iraq to withdraw from Kuwait. six aircraft carriers to support any offensive operations. The Also in November, Iraqi Mirage F-1 fighters armed battleship Missouri (BB 63) deployed from Long Beach with Exocet anti-ship missiles commenced provocative on November 13 to join the battleship Wisconsin (BB ship attack profiles down the Arabian Gulf, turning around 64), already operating in the Arabian Gulf. The 13-ship Continued on page 22 Pull Together • Fall 2020

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Director’s Cut Continued from page 21

just at an arbitrary line drawn across the Arabian Gulf by U.S. Central Command (CENTCOM), north of which U.S. Navy air and surface forces were forbidden to cross.

The line was completely ineffective in reducing the possibility of an inadvertent clash between the U.S. Navy and Iraq (before the rest of CENTCOM’s forces were ready for war) but did provide Iraq a sanctuary to lay large numbers of mines and conduct other unobserved operations in

international waters in violation of international law, which would have potentially severe consequences later. On November 29, 1990, the United Nations Security Council approved a resolution authorizing the use of force unless Iraqi forces vacated Kuwait by 15 January 1991.

Note: Rear Adm. Cox will join with other naval veterans of Desert Storm for our January 2021 Second Saturday to commemorate the 30th anniversary of the initiation of the campaign to liberate Kuwait.

The Admiral James L. Holloway III Society

The Admiral James L. Holloway III Society is a group of benefactors who strongly support the goals and mission of the Naval Historical Foundation through a pledge of support of at least $100,000 over five years. The Society mourns the loss of Admiral Holloway and desires to welcome new members to its ranks in honor of the former Chief of Naval Operations and his passion for naval history.

Dr. Dean C.* & Mrs. Connie Allard Jr. Mr. Robert C. Jr. & Mrs. Terrye Bellas Mr. Martin J. Bollinger Mr. John K. Castle ADM & Mrs. Bruce DeMars, USN (Ret.) ADM Thomas B. Hayward, USN (Ret.) ADM* & Mrs. James L. Holloway III, USN (Ret.)

Mr. David T. Leighton* Dr. J. Phillip & Dr. Jennifer London Mr. Corbin A. McNeill Amb. J. William Middendorf II RADM John T. Mitchell Jr. USN (Ret.) Mr. Mandell J. Ourisman* Mr. Michael J. & Mrs. Victoria Wallace Mr. Edward Andrew Wilde, Jr.*

Members of the Society receive invitations to special events and other opportunities to engage in naval history. If you are interested in honoring Admiral Holloway with a membership please contact NHF Executive Director RADM Sonny Masso at emasso@navyhistory.org. * indicates deceased members 22

Naval Historical Foundation

LCS 102: A HISTORIC AMPHIBIOUS GUNBOAT FROM THE PACIFIC WAR In 1944 and 1945, 10,000 American sailors stepped forward and manned a fleet of small ships that provided much needed close-in gunfire support as Marines and Army troops assaulted island after island moving westward across the Pacific towards Japan. These ships were designated as Landing Craft Support ships or LCSs and 130 of them were built in a hurry in 1944 and early 1945. They had more firepower per ton than a battleship but were designed specifically to protect the landing forces all the way to the beach and remain in-close providing sustained gunfire support to the forces ashore.

These ships played a crucial role at Iwo Jima, Okinawa, the Philippines and other Pacific battles and many of those ships were also instrumental in defeating the desperate Japanese strategy of “Kamikaze” where suicide aircraft attacked our Navy ships relentlessly during the battle for Okinawa.

In just the first seven weeks of the Battle of Okinawa, LCS ships had the impressive total for planes shot down of 80 definite, 6 probable’s and 38 assists. Twenty-six of the LCSs were either sunk or damaged beyond repair in late stages of the war. The LCS sailors distinguished themselves in battle with three ships earning the Presidential Unit Citation and eight other ships receiving the Navy Unit Citation with many individual awards for bravery. Lt. Richard M. McCool, the skipper of LCS 122, received the Congressional Medal of Honor for his heroic actions as his LCS was hit by a kamikaze. To learn more about these ships and the brave crews who manned them see www.usslcs102.org or one of the several books written in the years since then.

When these sailors went home after the war, they resumed their lives and helped to make America the modern successful country it remains today. They stepped up when their nation needed them and, decades later, they stepped up again when they discovered that there was only one LCS ship left in the world. They determined to save that ship and bring it home to America from Thailand and make it a floating naval history museum. That proud and historic ship, the LCS 102, has been fully restored and is afloat today at the former Mare Island Naval Base in Vallejo, California.

The ranks of those 10,000 sailors from World War II, however, have declined to roughly 200 sailors and it is now time for a new generation of Americans to step up and take over the important mission of maintaining this historic ship and to teach new generations of Americans about the Pacific War and the duty, honor and commitment of those members of the greatest generation who fought in the Pacific.

We need your help so please contribute generously.

Send tax-deductible donations to: The Landing Craft Support Museum c/o Secretary, Dennis A. Steenbergen 7345 W. Lakeside Dr., Littleton, CO 80125

The Landing Craft Support Museum The Landing Craft Support Museum Foundation was established for the purpose of honoring the World War II Navy veterans of the Pacific War and preserving the history of a class of small U.S. Navy ships that were designed to provide close-in gunfire support to American troops assaulting the islands in the Pacific leading to Japan. The Foundation is the successor to the LCS 1-130 Association that was founded in the mid-1980’s to support reunions of the LCS veterans of World War II and to focus attention on the important contribution of this class of amphibious gunboats in achieving victory in the Pacific War.

Naval Historical Foundation at the Washington Navy Yard P.O. Box 15304 Washington, DC 20003

The Best Holiday Gift for a Friend Sharing your Passion for our Naval History – A Gift Membership to the Naval Historical Foundation!

Membership in NHF is open to all who are interested in the history and heritage of the U.S. Navy.

Membership dues: Student (Free): High School, or USNA/ ROTC, Midn./Cadets. Must use @.edu email to register.

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15 % discounts on Navy photograph & art collection reproductions & Navy Museum Store & on-line purchases.

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20% discount on Navy Museum Store & on-line purchases.

Pull Together is published by the Naval Historical Foundation.

EDITORIAL BOARD Chairman: Adm. William J. “Fox” Fallon, USN (Ret.) President: VADM Frank Pandolfe Executive Director: RADM Edward “Sonny” Masso, USN (Ret.) Historian / Editor: Dr. David Winkler Designer: Marlece Lusk Copy Editor: Catherine S. Malo

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Naval Historical Foundation

_________________________________________________________________ Phone

NHF is funded by the amazing gratitude of our members and donors!

Membership & Donation checks can be mailed to:

Naval Historical Foundation, P.O. Box 15304, Washington DC, 20003 If you desire to become a member or donate via credit card, visit us on-line at www.navyhistory.org.

The Naval Historical Foundation is an IRS-approved 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization. incorporated in Washington D.C. with a mission to preserve & promote naval history.

Address submissions and correspondence to Executive Editor, Pull Together, c/o NHF, P.O. Box 15304, Washington, DC 20003. Phone: (202) 678-4333.

E-mail: info@navyhistory.org. Subscription is a benefit of membership in the Naval Historical Foundation. Advertisement inquiries for future issues and digital content are welcomed. Opinions expressed in Pull Together are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Naval Historical Foundation. © 2020