Pull Together Winter 2022 Issue (Vol. 61, No. 1)

Volume 61, No. 1

Winter 2022

Pull Together

N e w s l e t t er o f t h e N ava l H i s t o r i c a l Fo u n d at i o n

USS Langley 100 Year Anniversary

Clayton M. Simmers: The Unknown Father of American Aircraft Carriers

SAVE THE DATE!

Saturday Evening | November 5, 2022

Our Annual 5-Star Mess Night

to commemorate the first launchings and landings of aircraft from USS Langley, marking the dawn of US carrier aviation.

We look forward to having you join us for a most memorable evening at the Army-Navy Country Club as we celebrate a century of Navy carrier aviation.

Ticket Information Forthcoming!

For information on individual and corporate sponsorship opportunities contact executive director Rear Adm. Sonny Masso at emasso@navyhistory.org.

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Naval Historical Foundation

Table of Contents 4 5 8

Chairman’s Message

By Adm. William J. Fallon, USN (Ret.)

2022 Plan of the Year

By Rear Adm. Edward S. “Sonny” Masso, USN (Ret.)

Clayton M. Simmers: Father of the American Aircraft Carrier

By David F. Winkler, Ph.D.

10 NHF Historian to Receive Recognition

By Wendy Paggiotta

11 Entering the Third Decade of the IJNH

By Charles C. Chadbourn, III, Ph.D.

12 Diableta: The Navy’s Forgotten Pirate Boat

By Jeremiah D. Foster

14 Solving the Mystery of USS Oklahoma’s Unidentified MIAs

By Guy J. Nasuti

16 Remembering the 21st CNO

By Rear Adm. Samuel J. Cox, USN (Ret.)

19 From the Deckplate:

- NHHC Announces 2022 Navy History and Heritage Awards Season - Philadelphia to Celebrate USN/USMC Birthdates!

Naval Historica Foundati The Naval Historical Foundation

preserves and honors the legacy of those who came before us while inspiring the generations who will follow. We focus on educating and creating global public interest about the importance of our rich naval history and linking it to today’s challenges and opportunities in the maritime domain. www.navyhistory.org

19 Upcoming Conferences 21 Father/Daughter Duo Impress at DAR 22 Thank You for Your Support in 2021!

COVER: USS Langley (CV 1) circa 1923 and Clayton M. Simmers.

CREDIT: Naval History and Heritage Command

Pull Together • Winter 2022

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Chairman’s Message ★★ ★ ★

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Naval Historical Foundation

NAVAL HISTORY AND HERITAGE COMMAND

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s this edition goes to press, the Navy Museum, we hope to be able to host a seminar to we are appalled by the review events that occurred 40 years ago in the Falklands.

Russian invasion of Ukraine We also hope to return to that venue a month later for our and a return to a Cold War-like annual meeting, announcement of Knox Medal recipients, confrontation between NATO and and the Leighton Lecture. In late August, we will honor a Putin-led Russia. We are also those Knox Medal recipients with a luncheon. Then in saddened by the loss of former CNO October, we are looking forward to capping the year with Admiral Tom Hayward, a man who a Mess Night gala to celebrate a century of naval carrier played a key role in the formulation aviation. and implementation of the Maritime Another edition of the International Journal of Naval Strategy which helped end the Cold History is now available online. We are delighted that the War with the USSR. Admiral Hayward was a stalwart Naval Historical Foundation has facilitated the publicasupporter of NHF. We mourn his loss but are tion of this scholarly journal for the past thankful for his many decades of service and two decades. A Bravo Zulu to Dr. Charles leadership to the Navy and the nation.

Chadbourn of the Naval War College and Welcome to 2022, the centennial year of his distinguished editorial board. Speaking the Washington Naval Arms Conference and of scholarship, this edition of Pull Together the commissioning of the Navy’s first aircraft debuts work of two of the Naval History carrier USS Langley. As you will note in the and Heritage Command recent historian Plan of the Year, these two historical milestones additions, Jeremiah D. Foster and Guy J. are just a few that we will commemorate this Nasuti. year. Motivated by the pandemic, we self-taught On the subject of naval aviation, we ourselves to conduct online webinars, which welcome back our staff historian Dave we have titled “Second Saturdays,” offering a Winkler, who spent 2020 and 2021 with the remarkable mixture of subject matter. Among Smithsonian Air and Space Museum as their Remembering Admiral those sharing their personal naval experiences Lindbergh Chair in Aerospace History. A Thomas B. Hayward: 21st Chief of Naval Operations have been former Secretary of the Navy John sample of his research is provided herein as Lehman, former Chief of Naval Operations he wrote a treatise on the Navy’s first aircraft Adm. Vern Clark, current Royal Navy Fleet Commander carrier, USS Langley (CV 1). We are pleased that Dave Jeremy Kyd, and former Master Chief Petty Officer of the will also be honored by the National Maritime HistorNavy Mike Stevens. Some of our noted naval historian ical Society at an April event at the National Press Club. participants have included Dr. John Hattendorf, Dr. Andrew We also welcome back Matt Eng, who will be retaking Lambert, Dr. Michael Crawford, and Dr. David Rosenberg. the digital content reins from Tyler Robinson, who is Director of the Naval History and Heritage Command Rear departing after a year of outstanding work in making our Adm. Sam Cox, former head of the Office of Naval IntelThursday Tiding e-letter an informative publication. Thanks ligence and a historical scholar in his own right, has made and smooth sailing, Tyler. welcome contributions to many of our programs, as have We very much appreciate your financial support this several of the historians on his staff. We intend to continue past year. With expectations of finally seeing Covid-19 in producing online programming and posting to YouTube. It the rearview mirror, I hope to soon have opportunities to is a gift that keeps giving as our online audience continues share my thanks in person. to grow.

Warm regards, That said, we look forward to meeting again in person.

We have a dinner scheduled in Annapolis on 29 March to salute the midshipman winners of the Voices of Maritime History Competition for the USNA Superintendent’s Annual Leadership and Vision Award. In early May, in Adm. William J. Fallon, USN (Ret.)

The 2022 PLAN OF THE YEAR!

By Rear Adm. Edward S. “Sonny” Masso, USN (Ret.)

Upcoming Second Saturdays

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he centennial month of the Washington Naval Arms Conference is followed by the centennial of the commissioning of the Navy’s first aircraft carrier, USS Langley. Having just spent a year as the Lindbergh Chair in Aerospace History at the Smithsonian Air and Space Museum to draft a manuscript on the history of this ship, our staff historian Dr. Dave Winkler recently shared his findings during our March 12 webinar title “Centennial of USS Langley.”

On April 9, author of the recently published Admirals Under Fire and retired Senior Historian of the Navy Dr. Ed Marolda will discuss the 50th anniversary of the North Vietnamese Easter Offensive with a specific focus on the leadership of Admirals Zumwalt and Holloway. Eventually, the United States would react by conducting a very effective mining campaign against Haiphong and other ports.

Our May 14 Second Saturday presentation will occur in the wake of the 80th anniversary of the Battle of the Coral Sea. With the loss of Lexington and damage to Yorktown, compared to Japan’s loss of “Scratch One Flattop” Shoho, Japan could claim a tactical victory. However, with the planned landings at Port Moresby deterred and the carriers Shokaku and Zuikaku, rendered non-available for the forthcoming Midway operation due to damage and loss of aircrews, the United States could claim strategic victory— especially after the crippled Yorktown was repaired in time for the Battle of Midway, thanks to the herculean efforts of the Pearl Harbor Naval Shipyard. That repair effort and ship maintenance will be the focus of this program.

Our June Second Saturday presentation will coincide with our annual meeting and the Cdr. David T. Leighton Lecture, featuring Patrick K. O’Donnell, who will discuss his book The Indispensables: The Diverse Soldier-Mariners Who Shaped the Country, Formed the Navy, and Rowed Washington Across the Delaware, highlighting the critical role mariners played as America struggled for its independence. The June 11 presentation will include prominent naval historians of the American Revolution to offer critique and commentary.

As the Navy celebrates the centennial of naval carrier aviation, for our July 16 program, we will look at Operation Desert Fox, the four-day air campaign against Iraq in

December 1998 that was initiated by air strikes launched from USS Enterprise (CVN 65) and complemented by Tomahawk missiles fired by other surface and subsurface combatants in the region. Director of the Naval History and Heritage Command Rear Adm. Sam Cox will brief the mission, and veterans of the campaign will recall their roles.

On August 13, we will virtually travel to the Navy Recruit Training Station at Great Lakes to discuss the Battle Stations training regimen and the enlisted heroes who provide our future bluejackets inspiration. Former Master Chief Petty Officer of the Navy Mike Stevens will be our guide.

In the wake of a study conducted by Rear Adm. Phillip Balisle that harshly criticized fleet upkeep, we intend to take a historical overview of this ongoing challenge to keep not only ships combatready but also their crews. Recently, former Assistant Secretary of Defense Robert Work pointed at the Navy’s insistence of forward presence being a mission area in itself as part of the problem. Consequently, our September 10 Second Saturday should engender constructive debate.

On October 8, Dr. Ryan Wadle of the Naval War College, author of Selling Sea Power: Public Relations and the U.S. Navy, 1917–1941, will mark the centennial of Navy Day with a discussion of how the Office of Naval Intelligence engineered the advent of this annual holiday to generate public support for the Navy and how the October 27 event that coincided with Theodore Roosevelt’s birthday gained in popularity until the 1950s.

The Second Saturday in November falls on the 12th, the 80th anniversary of the opening of the Naval Battle for Guadalcanal. We will welcome Trent Hone and Paul Stillwell, both of whom authored outstanding narrations of these surface actions, with Stillwell’s most recent being Battleship Commander: The Life of Vice Admiral Willis A. Lee, Jr. On December 10, we close out the year on the gridiron to discuss the significance of the Army–Navy game over the decades. To liven up the discussion, don’t be surprised if we bring in some alums from that school up on the Hudson!

All our Second Saturdays will be pre-announced on our Thursday Tidings e-letters, and you can preregister and forward questions beforehand, or you can just join us on the day of the program at www.navyhistory.org.

2022

Continued on page 6

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2022 PLAN OF THE YEAR Continued from page 5

USNA Dinner: Barring yet another COVID variant, plans charge ahead for a series of in-person events, beginning with a dinner at the Doubletree Hotel in Annapolis on Wednesday March 30 to celebrate the winners of our annual Voices of Maritime History Competition for the Superintendent’s Leadership and Vision Award. Last December, nearly 60 midshipmen indicated interest in participating in this unique competition that features written and oral components. Besides the finalists, the March 30 dinner will welcome senior leadership and faculty from the U.S. Naval Academy, members from our distinguished panel of judges, NHF Knox Medal recipients, and individuals who have expressed interest in sustaining the program in the wake of the passing of the competition’s initiator, Dr. Jack London. If you have an interest in counting yourself in with this latter group and would like to join us for this festive occasion, please contact our executive director Rear Adm. Masso at emasso@ navyhistory.org.

29 MAR

Falklands Seminar: The Navy Museum will serve as the backdrop for an afternoon seminar followed by a reception as the NHF commemorates the 40th anniversary largest naval combat confrontation in the post–World War II era.

With the Argentine cruiser General Belgrano (ex USS Phoenix) torpedoed on May 2, 1982, and the HMS Sheffield crippled two days later, this is an appropriate time to mark the occasion with presentations capturing various aspects of the fight for sea control around this South Atlantic island group.

3 MAY

Yorktown aflame following an air attack from Hiryu in the Naval Historical Foundation image that has been donated to the photo archives of the Naval History and Heritage Command.

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Naval Historical Foundation

Midway Dinner: For two decades, the NHF has played a lead role in coordinating with a consortium of Navy support organizations to commemorate what this year will be the 80th anniversary of the Battle of Midway. Join us at the Army Navy Country Club in Arlington, Virginia, as we celebrate a victory that many have referred to as the U.S. Navy’s Trafalgar.

3 JUN

Annual Meeting, Leighton Lecture, and Reception: After a two-year hiatus, we intend to go back live for a Saturday 11 a.m. start time at the Navy Museum for our annual meeting. After a discussion of the accomplishments and future initiatives of your foundation, Patrick K. O’Donnell will give our annual Cdr. David T. Leighton Lecture. With the 250th anniversary of the founding of the U.S. Navy a mere three years away, he will discuss the colonial maritime community’s role in contributing to revolution against the British Crown.

11 JUN

Commodore Dudley W. Knox Medal Luncheon: After last year’s inaugural luncheon to recognize Capt. Peter Swartz and Dr. Michael Crawford for their lifetime work within the naval history profession, we have tentatively scheduled this date at the Decatur House Carriage House, site of the former NHF Truxtun–Decatur House Museum, pending the availability of the 2022 recipients who will be announced at our annual meeting. The deadline for the submission of nominee packages once again is April 30. Visit www.navyhistory.org for submission details!

25 AUG

NHF Annual Five-Star Gala to Celebrate a Century of Naval Carrier Aviation: Though USS Langley was commissioned in March 2022, the converted former collier did not get under way for sea trials until the fall, and this October marks the centennial of the aircraft carrier’s first flight operations. NHF Chairman Admiral Fallon looks forward to welcoming a large gathering of senior naval leaders from the naval aviation community, past and present, as well as others who cherish the history of naval aviation and support naval air power’s continuing contributions to the nation’s defense.

5 NOV

NAVAL HISTORY AND HERITAGE COMMAND

Returning to Live Events!

2022 PLAN OF THE YEAR Continued from page 6

Second Saturday Recaps!

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belated Happy New Year as we leave the first two months of 2022 in our wake as this newsletter goes to press. Though it was a colder than normal winter in the nation’s capital, we have not been hibernating.

If you missed out on our recent Second Saturday webinars, I would urge you to visit the Naval Historical Foundation on YouTube and click on some of our recent productions.

In October, we reintroduced a presentation that was produced a decade ago by NHF content developer Matt Eng featuring our late former chairman Adm. James L. Holloway III, discussing his participation as the destroyer Bennion’s gunnery officer in a clash with the Imperial Japanese Navy at Surigao Strait—a critical component of the Battle of Leyte Gulf. The video, which accumulated over a million views in the past decade, was enhanced with a new introduction by Navy Museum Director Dr. Chris Rentfrow and commentary by Trent Hone, author of Learning War: The Evolution of Fighting Doctrine in the U.S. Navy, 1898–1945, and Paul Stillwell, who recently published Battleship Commander: The Life of Vice Admiral Willis A. Lee, Jr. In November we commemorated the centennial of the arrival of the Unknown Soldier with a presentation by best-selling author Patrick K. O’Donnell, author of The Unknowns: The Untold Story of America’s Unknown Soldier and WWI’s Most Decorated Heroes Who Patrick K. O’Donnell, Brought Him Home. Our staff featured in last Novemhistorian Dr. Dave Winkler and ber’s Second Saturday, Marine Corps historian Kara will present the Leighton Newcomer offered their observaLecture at the June 11 tions of the cross-Atlantic mission Annual meeting. of Olympia as that famed ship steamed head-on through a hurricane before arriving at the Washington Navy Yard.

Our December 7, 1999, the symposium to address an ongoing debate to posthumously restore the rank of full admiral to Husband E. Kimmel brought out passionate discussion by the participants. To mark the 80th anniversary of that Day of Infamy, we posted the transcripts of those proceedings in the oral history section of our webpage and invited NHF director Steven Honigman to offer our December Second Saturday presentation on the

issues presented to him a quarter century ago when he served as the Navy’s General Counsel. Two veterans of the 1999 symposium, historians Randy Papadopoulos and David Rosenberg, then offered commentary and provided additional context about recent historiography on the attack on Pearl Harbor, broadening our understanding of failures that led to the deaths of over 2,400 servicemen that fateful day.

For a New Year’s resolution, the NHF committed to offer more deckplate historical perspectives, and the inaugural Second Saturday welcomed retired Master Chief Jim Leuci, author of The Initiation of Chief Petty Officers: A Tradition of Change, who addressed the evolution of a unique naval tradition. For commentary, retired Master Chief Petty Officer of the Navy Mike Stevens and Fleet Master Chief April Beldo provided additional context on preparing mid-grade petty officers for senior enlisted leadership and the role CPOs play in the fleet.

February marked the centennial of the conclusion of the Washington Naval Arms Conference. Dr. John Kuehn of the U.S. Army Command and General Staff College provided an overview of this historic gathering of naval leaders. Dr. Kuehn was subsequently joined by Dr. Ryan Wadle of the Naval War College and 2021 NHF Knox Medal recipient Dr. Thomas C. Hone to discuss the ramifications of the treaty that placed a moratorium on new battleship construction, assigned tonnage limitations, and forbade the United States from further fortifying its western Pacific possessions.

Wadle and Hone weighed in on the domestic impact and technological consequences of the restrictions.

In addition to uploading these Second Saturday webinars onto YouTube, we have been extracting 2- to 3-minute snippets from these productions for weekly release to social media platforms. For example, in one snippet from our Age of Sail fiction program, Dr. Craig Symonds answers the question: “Who would you rather have a beer with: Jack Aubrey or Horatio Hornblower?” In the inaugural production titled “Six Bells,” Stillwell is joined by NHHC’s Dr. Regina Akers in a discussion of then Capt. Sam Gravely’s reaction to being bonged aboard his ship USS Jouett with the customary six bells rendered to flag officers—much to his surprise.

Please visit our YouTube portal to check out our growing collection of presentations. After viewing, click the “like” and “subscribe” buttons to show your support for our efforts. A large following opens the potential for another revenue stream for your foundation!

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Shipbuilder for the Navy Clayton M. Simmers: Father of the American Aircraft Carrier

By David F. Winkler, Ph.D.

8 Naval Historical Foundation

the requirements” because the large holds could allow for storage of up to 40 aircraft.

Recognizing that the fleet still maintained a requirement for colliers, Winterhalter and his colleagues pressed Simmers on converting an obsolescent pre-dreadnaught battleship or armored cruiser. Simmers noted that removal of gun turrets and supporting armored barbettes would be costly and, even if accomplished, could not approach the amount of stowage that the colliers offered. Asked what it would take to convert a collier, Simmers offered an itemized list:

1) Remove the current coaling gear and towers and erect a flying platform.

2) Install the necessary gear for handling and stowing airplanes.

3) Install an elevator and booms or derricks for handling planes over the side.

4) Rearrange quarters and provide additional quarters for the accommodation of the officers and enlisted personnel of the aviation forces.

5) Rebuild the navigating bridge.

6) Remodel main deck hatches to allow for the striking down of fuselages.

7) Install machine tools and fit out repair shops necessary in connection to the repair of airplanes.

8) Provide additional ventilation to additional quarters and possibly to the holds in case it is necessary for the preservation of the airplanes.

9) Extend fuel oil piping system to allow for the use of fuel-burning boilers, 10) Rearrange wireless and signaling arrangements.

11) Make alterations to the structure of the ship so as to provide for changing the smokestacks.

Of the proposed changes, Simmers noted the last would be the most challenging. Rear Admiral Winterhalter was

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U.S. NAVAL ACADEMY LUCKY BAG.

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ith the cessation of hostilities ending World War I occurring a few months earlier, the General Board of the Navy met in the spring of 1918 to consider the path ahead for U.S. naval aviation.

With budgetary constraints inhibiting earlier proposed recommendations of building aircraft carriers from the keel up, the Bureau of Construction and Repair (BuC&R) had assigned Cdr. Clayton M. “Pop” Simmers to conduct preliminary investigations on converting the troopship Mount Vernon into the Navy’s first flattop. Such a transformation of a ship that started her career Clayton M. Simmers as the German liner Kronprinzessen Cecilie would not have been unprecedented given the British had converted a hull intended to be placed in service as the Italian liner Conte Rosso and commissioned it in late 1918 as the world’s first true aircraft carrier.

Learning of Simmers’ work, the General Board called in the constructor corps officer to discuss the conversion of a ship to a carrier with a panel of seasoned flag officers led by Rear Adm. Charles J. Badger and Rear Adm. Albert G. Winterhalter. Simmers’ career was likely facilitated through his upbringing in the industrial town of Phoenixville, Pennsylvania, where Phoenix Iron Works produced cannon for the Union Army, rail for the Pennsylvania Railroad, and bridges that still span many creeks and rivers across the nation. From that industrial upbringing, Simmers attended the U.S. Naval Academy where he sang in the choir and had a reputation for virtue. Graduating with the class of 1902, Simmers served with the fleet before earning a master’s degree in naval architecture and marine engineering from MIT and orders to BuC&R as a naval constructor.

Simmers informed the board that BuC&R had started to develop plans for converting Mount Vernon, but once the requirement for high speed was dropped, it had become evident that “the vessels of the Neptune (collier) class are possibly the ones which are most suited to fill

NAVAL HISTORY AND HERITAGE COMMAND

With plans drafted by Commander Simmers who would serve as the BuC&R lead on the project, the job to convert the collier Jupiter into the experimental aircraft carrier Langley would be assigned to the Norfolk Navy Yard. sold on the concept, but he asked his colleagues to press potential showstopper. In contrast, if the conversion Simmers: “I would like the gentlemen here to convince occurred in the Navy Yard, the funds would be obligated themselves this is the best plan.” Admiral Badger asked if the year the work was done. the speed of colliers concerned the aviators. Capt. Noble With plans drafted by Commander Simmers who E. Irwin, who had served as the Director of the Office of would serve as the BuC&R lead on the project, the job to Naval Aviation since May 1917, injected that the 14-knot convert the collier Jupiter into the experimental aircraft specification that had been provided to C&R combined carrier Langley would be assigned to the Norfolk Navy with steaming into the wind would suffice. Irwin then Yard. Langley would be commissioned a century ago on asked if a converted collier, lacking its normal cargo, March 20, 1922. would be subjected to hogging issues, given the weight of Following his successful effort to convert Jupiter to the the navigation bridge forward and the engineering plant Navy’s first aircraft carrier, Simmers drew another assignaft. Simmers responded that heavy midships ballasting ment that gained him notoriety. As manager of the Boston would solve that problem. Readdressing the speed issue, Navy Yard, Simmers oversaw the restoration of the frigate Simmers noted that Constitution. Following Neptune, with its steam Simmers’ time in turbine driving a single Boston, he received shaft, could muster shipbuilding oversight only 13 knots, whereas assignments at the Jupiter, with its General Puget Sound Navy Electric turbo-electric Yard at Bremerton, plant, drove two shafts Washington; New enabling the ship to York Shipbuilding at attain a maximum speed Camden, New Jersey; of nearly 16 knots.

Bethlehem Steel’s After asking Fore River Shipyard at Simmers to generate Quincy, Massachusetts; Jupiter to Langley conversion at the Norfolk Navy Yard a cost estimate to and the New York Navy convert a collier into Yard in Brooklyn, New an aircraft carrier, Winterhalter turned to his colleagues York. With the outbreak of World War II, he took on and stated: “Jupiter is the best ship we can get. I tried to one of his greater challenges with the liner SS Normandie. have Commander Simmers say she is the only thing but With the internment of the great French passenger ship he would not say that. What is the next suitable?” The and subsequent seizure into U.S. service, Simmers, as members of the board reviewed the characteristics of other the Third Naval District Material Officer, had responsiships brought up only to circle back to Jupiter. The General bility for her conversion to the troopship USS Lafayette.

Board then took time to review the following year’s Unfortunately, the ship caught fire on February 9, 1942, estimated appropriation for naval aviation which tallied and capsized after fireboats poured tens of thousands of over $83 million. gallons into the smoldering hull. Now Simmers had the Simmers returned with a cost estimate of $355,000. unenviable task of salvaging the wreck. Stripped of her Winterhalter turned to Captain Irwin: “That cost — superstructure, the hull would be righted a year and a half $355,000 doesn’t appear to you prohibitory, having in view later to be eventually scrapped after the war. Following the state of your appropriations.” Irwin concurred. Winterhis subsequent tour in Washington, Simmers retired to halter needed no further convincing. Asking Irwin about Alexandria, Virginia. He passed away on Christmas Eve seeking immediate Navy Department approval to fund the in 1965. Appropriately, the Washington Post banner head work, Irwin warned that if the work was to be done in a for his death announcement read “SHIPBUILDER FOR private yard, funds would need immediate obligation—a NAVY.” Pull Together • Winter 2022 9

NHF Historian to Receive Recognition

By Wendy Paggiotta

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t gives us great pleasure to share with you Washington University, and a B.A. from Penn State. that retired Navy commander Dr. David F. A retired Surface Warfare Officer, having served a Winkler, the Naval Historical Foundation’s total of 28 years on active duty and in the reserves, Dr. historian for the past quarter century, will be Winkler has authored several significant books and honored with a Distinguished Service Award at has lectured internationally. For over two decades, his the 11th annual National “Historical Perspective” column Maritime Awards has been a popular feature in Dinner on Wednesday, April the Navy League’s Sea Power 27, 2022, at the historic National magazine, and he has published in Press Club in Washington, numerous other journals including DC. Vice Adm. Sean Buck, Sea History. He has served as the USN, Superintendent, U.S. program chair for three Maritime Naval Academy, has been invited Heritage Conferences, encourto present the award. The dinner aging maritime professionals is sponsored by the National who work in every discipline in Maritime Historical Society the field to join together to learn (NMHS). NMHS has been from and inspire each other. He the voice of America’s maritime has also performed committee heritage for almost 60 years. work with the North American The Society will also recogSociety for Oceanic History, Naval nize the contributions made Order of the United States, and to our maritime heritage by Surface Navy Association and is “I’m deeply humbled by this honoring Lonnie G. Bunch past president of Oral History III, secretary of the SmithsoMid-Atlantic Region (OHMAR). recognition and proud of the nian Institution, and Kristen L. Gary Jobson, America’s Naval Historical Foundation’s Greenaway, president and CEO Cup winner and America’s long-standing partnerships with of the Chesapeake Bay Maritime “Ambassador of Sailing,” will Museum. be the master of ceremonies. organizations such as the National Dr. Winkler is a leader in NMHS vice chairman Richardo Maritime Historical Society, the the naval and maritime heritage Lopes and Voyage Digital U.S. Naval Institute, the U.S. Navy communities. He served as the Media will provide the video 2020–2021 Smithsonian Air introductions. Please join Rear Memorial Foundation, Navy League and Space Museum Charles Adm. Edward Sonny Masso, of the U.S., Historic Naval Ships Lindbergh Fellow in Aerospace USN (Ret.), Executive Director Association and other maritime History following a year as the of NHF, along with dinner U.S. Naval Academy Class of co-chairs Amy Lent and Samuel heritage organizations. Together we 1957 Chair of Naval Heritage.

Byers, in this gala in celebration all work to raise public awareness He continues to serve as the of Dr. Winkler’s remarkable of the seas vital importance to the NHF’s staff historian and is contributions. To register please an adjunct professor with the visit www.seahistory.org/ nation’s commence and security. I Naval War College’s College of washington2022 or contact me at hope to see you on April 27th. “ Distance Education. Winkler vicepresident@seahistory.org for Dr. David Winkler holds a Ph.D. from American more information.

University, an M.A. from

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Naval Historical Foundation

Entering the Third Decade of the IJNH

By Charles C. Chadbourn, III, Ph.D., U.S. Naval War College

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ith the advent of 2022, the International Journal of Naval History begins its third decade. Dr. Gary Weir, founding editor emeritus, recognized the importance of digital scholarship ahead of many contemporaries. The IJNH remains as he conceived it: a digital journal intended to be a naval history forum to stimulate historical research and foster communication among historians. The current issue features articles from American, British, and Danish scholars.

In our lead story for the winter issue, Dr. Samantha Cavell offers fascinating insight into the interweaving of events in Europe and America as a context for understanding the Battle of New Orleans in the War of 1812. In 1959 Billboard ranked Johnny Horton’s “The Battle of New Orleans” as the year’s top song. Reading Dr. Cavell’s authoritative account, one quickly discerns this battle was about much more than a catchy tune popular with American teenagers and country music fans. She examines the campaign to take the city primarily from the British perspective, showing how events in Europe and America came together and how severe the threat of invasion was to the new American nation. The naval implications become clear. She also offers an interpretation of the wider intent of the invasion on the southern coast, which she describes as being little more than a “half-baked invasion force” doomed to failure. Readers will enjoy the freshness of her writing and interpretation of the meaning of the battle for the conclusion of the War of 1812.

In “Admiral Zumwalt and Changing OPNAV,” Dr. Tom Hone describes succinctly in refreshingly crisp language the dramatic changes Adm. Elmo Zumwalt brought to the Navy during his time as CNO, 1970 to 1974. These reforms would shake the Navy to its core.

Anyone who served in the Navy during those years remembers the Z-Grams, popular among sailors. But not everyone is quite so widely aware of the extent to which changes within OPNAV and at the Naval War College proved equally profound as instruments of long-lasting reform. Hone is a master at telling this story.

Dr. Chuck Steele, in “Admiral David Beatty: The Royal Navy Incarnate,” addresses connections between

the admiral and ethos in the Royal Navy during World War I. The issue considered is the degree to which Beatty conflated his fortunes with those of the organization he served and how this blurring of identities played an outsized role in coloring expectations for the Royal Navy in war and peace. Steele convincingly demonstrates that Beatty’s career in the Royal Navy is an instructive warning to those in naval service who would sacrifice competence in core proficiencies for the sake of a peculiar sense of fighting spirit.

Viktor Stoll of the University of Cambridge writes about British imperialism in China in the late 19th century.

Stoll explains the vagaries of British strategy in the period. His article offers a fascinating picture of policy complexity during European powers’ struggle for concessions in China in 1898.

Danish historian Hans Christian Bjerg provides context to the purchase of the Virgin Islands by the United States from Denmark in 1917. Many have forgotten that American Secretary of State W. H. Seward initiated an attempt to purchase the islands in 1865 as part of the United States’ examination of strategic expansion in the Caribbean following the American Civil War. The sale languished at the time, but concerns over the implications of German navalism for the Western Hemisphere by the early 20th century reawakened interest in the acquisition. Using Danish sources with which many Americans would be unfamiliar, Bjerg shows how events in Europe more so than in America influenced the purchase.

As an archivist, Renae Rapp shares her knowledge of the richness of the collections at the SUNY Maritime College. Some may be surprised at the role played by RADM Stephen B. Luce, father of the Naval War College.

Maritime historians can find at the college a treasure trove of holdings about the merchant marine. Many of these items are available online. Rapp provides hyperlinks for direct access to many things in the SUNY Maritime College Archives.

Finally, of course, we have book reviews as well. We are appreciative to the Naval Historical Foundation for underwriting our www.ijnhonline.org platform, and we look forward to continuing our relationship with the NHF. Pull Together • Winter 2022

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Diableta: The Navy’s Forgotten Pirate Boat

By Jeremiah D. Foster, Historian, NHHC

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A map of the West Indies. From Stanford’s 1898 Map of the United States (Eastern Part) and Cuba with the Central and South American Republics Bordering on the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea Showing the Dependencies of the West Indies. (Located in the War Department Map Collection, 1939 – 1942; Record Group 77: Records of the Office of the Chief of Engineers, 1789 – 1999; National Archives Identifier 77452261, National Archives and Records Administration, Washington, D.C.)

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Naval Historical Foundation

NAVAL HISTORY AND HERITAGE COMMAND

iscussions of piracy, particularly in Fleet were then deployed to various patrol the Atlantic world, are generally zones—scouring the shores, harbors, and relegated to the legendary Golden rivers of Cuba—hunting pirates in the Age of Piracy, a period that lasted from shallows and destroying their encampments approximately 1650 to 1730. While certainly on shore. iconic, this period was actually just one As the Mosquito Fleet set about its work of several episodes of piracy that plagued in early April 1823, one of these patrols, Atlantic waters well into the first quarter of consisting of the shallow draft schooners the 19th century. Generally, the appearance Fox and Jackal and the (noncommissioned) of these maritime marauders coincided with cutters Gallinipper and Mosquito, set out to the evolving landscape of empire in the examine part of Cuba’s northern coastline.

Although no illustrations of Diableta are known to exist, Americas.

On the morning of the 16th, this division this artistic representation In the early 1820s, the Gulf of Mexico of ships, sailing under the overall command of a 19th-century felucca is and Caribbean Sea experienced a particuof Master Commandant Stephen Cassin, likely similar in appearance. larly acute episode of piratical depredations, arrived in an unnamed harbor, which was This drawing is extracted which attended the unraveling of Spanish reportedly frequented by pirates. from a depiction of various hegemony in the region. Consequently, Just minutes after the division’s arrival, naval vessels contained in in 1822, the United States—then only an the lateen sails of a felucca appeared on the Iconographic Encyclopedia, emergent power in the area—established a horizon, seemingly standing out for the Vol. III. (U.S. Naval History naval squadron to combat the issue. However, and Heritage Command Gallinipper. Perhaps spotting the other larger Photograph NH 71069). after a year of diplomatic endeavors and a warships, the crew of the felucca frantically display of high seas dominance, the U.S. hauled down the boat’s sails and pulled Navy’s efforts met with only limited success. around the point of a nearby islet. Meanwhile, the U.S. After acquiring additional funding from Congress, the boats jumped into action with both the Gallinipper and Navy Department placed Commodore David Porter in Mosquito setting off in pursuit. command of the West Indies Squadron and charged him Master Cmdt. Cassin personally inspected the captured with organizing a select flotilla of shallow draft schoofelucca and later reported to Commodore Porter that ners and small boats that could provide a strategic and “she is a fine boat, coppered, pulls sixteen sweeps, and is tactical advantage in rooting out the pirates at their source. in every respect, equal to any of our barges.” Cassin’s force Porter got under way for the Caribbean with this so-called brought off the boat, commandeering her for service with Mosquito Fleet in February 1823 and shortly thereafter the squadron’s Mosquito Fleet cutters, and eventually established a naval depot at Allenton, Thompson’s Island bestowed on her the name Diableta. Of course, like the [Key West]. The ships and small boats of the Mosquito cutters, she too was never formally commissioned. While

Diableta Continued from page 12

NAVAL HISTORY AND HERITAGE COMMAND

A watercolor drawing titled “USS Gallinipper and USS Mosquito Destroy Pirates, April 1823.” The work is an artistic interpretation of Gallinipper and Mosquito painted by naval historian and artist Irwin John Bevan (1852–1940). The original is in the Bailey Collection of watercolor views of U.S. Naval Actions (1740– 1850) at The Mariners’ Museum in Newport News, Virginia.

the exact reasons for her being named the Diableta are not entirely known, it is possible that she was named for a rather infamous pirate in the region named “Diableto” whom the West Indies Squadron spent some considerable time attempting to capture. In Spanish the word diablita translates to “little she-devil.”

The Diableta arrived at Thompson’s Island on April 28, 1823, with the rest of Master Cmdt. Cassin’s division, and the boat was subsequently fitted out for service. Next to the Gallinipper and Mosquito, Diableta came to be one of the squadron’s most heavily utilized small boats, and during the course of the next two years she participated in monthly patrols, scouring the coasts of Cuba in search of pirates.

These patrols, which were conducted by all the Mosquito Fleet boats, were exceedingly perilous. Their crews navigated dangerous waters and experienced long periods of exposure with only limited supplies—all the while standing ready to do battle at a moment’s notice. Despite such challenges, these small boat patrols were enormously successful and contributed to the near total suppression of piracy in the waters off Cuba.

On January 17, 1825, Commodore Porter dispatched Lt. George F. Pearson (commanding the Diableta) and Lt. Benjamin S. Grimke (commanding the Gallinipper) to conduct a patrol inside the Colorados Reef for a cruise of between 15 and 28 days. The patrol concluded without incident off Cape San Antonio, Cuba, on February 9, and both boats then shaped a course for Thompson’s Island.

Despite enjoying good weather for most of the first day,

at approximately 9 p.m. on the night of the 9th, the seas became increasingly heavy, and both boats were nearly swamped. At Lt. Grimke’s prompting (via lantern signal), the two boats hove to and continued on in that position into the early morning hours. Just after 1 a.m., the two boats lost sight of each other’s lanterns and became permanently separated.

The Gallinipper eventually made it back to Thompson’s Island, but the Diableta was pushed further out to sea.

At daybreak on the 10th, she stood to the northeast but then began battling increasingly high seas, which significantly damaged her sails. Lt. Pearson did his best to keep the Diableta by the wind and pressed on with the hope of making it to the Marquesas Keys or the Dry Tortugas.

As of the morning of the 11th, Lt. Pearson and his crew of 15 remained out of sight of land. Convinced that they were somewhere north of the Keys, Pearson hauled the Diableta to the east. Unfavorable winds, however, continued to impede the boat’s progress, and after several days the weather began showing signs of a looming gale.

With their provisions exhausted and facing the prospect of a gale, Pearson took advantage of a fair wind and proceeded along the coast of Florida. The Diableta and her crew then took shelter among some islets off the coast and procured some birds and a few fish, which sustained them for several days. Recognizing that supplies and new sails would be needed to return to Allenton, Pearson continued along the coast hoping to locate Pensacola, Florida.

On the 19th, after having been three days without food, the crew of the Diableta encountered a bout of heavy rain and howling winds, which destroyed the boat’s sails. With few options left for navigating her, Lt. Pearson and his

Continued on page 20

Pull Together • Winter 2022

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Solving the Mystery of USS Oklahoma’s Unidentified MIAs

By Guy J. Nasuti, Historian, NHHC

J

ust before the call to colors aboard USS Oklahoma (BB-37) on 7 December 1941, two Navy officers belowdecks engaged in a seemingly banal debate over whether they should go swimming before or after breakfast, when the sound of roaring aircraft and loud explosions topside brought their deliberations to an abrupt halt. Realizing they were under attack, Ensigns Edward E. Vezey, Jr., and his good friend, Francis C. Flaherty, immediately ran to their battle stations, located at separate gun turrets aboard ship. Moored in the now infamous “Battleship Row,” Oklahoma, a prime target of the Japanese torpedo bomber pilots, shook violently as she took three torpedoes in just the first few minutes of the attack.

Twenty minutes after the attack began, six more torpedoes struck “Okie,” which lurched over until her masts touched the bottom of the harbor. Trapped sailors inside the ship, disoriented when their world literally turned upside down, were unable to escape the already chaotic situation.

Ensign Flaherty, who would later receive the Medal of Honor posthumously for his heroism that day, held a flashlight to illuminate an escape route for the men trapped in his gun turret. Ensign Vezey escaped the overturned Oklahoma relatively uninjured before swimming through flaming, oil-thick water to the inboard battleship Maryland (BB 46).

After the attack ended, several men trapped beneath the waterline banged away on the hull for three more days until eventually all went silent. The sounds made by his trapped shipmates haunted Edward Vezey, who returned two days later to assist rescue efforts, said the sounds made by his trapped shipmates haunted him for the rest of his life.

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Underscoring the obvious ferocity of the torpedo blasts and the destruction they caused, only 35 of the 429 men killed aboard Oklahoma were initially identified. Amongst the 1,100 crew members aboard, approximately 40 were Marines, and of those, 13 died during the attack. The unidentified remains were all buried in mass graves in the Nu’uanu and Halawa cemeteries in Honolulu with markers listing the number of bodies placed within each grave and topped with a headstone bearing the word “Unknown” to mark their final resting place. In 1947, all unknown remains were disinterred in an attempt to identify them, but the technology to do so had not advanced at all beyond what officials had available during the war, and these attempts failed. By 1950, all of the unidentified remains were reburied in 61 caskets that were then reinterred in 45 graves at the National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific, also known as the “Punchbowl.”

At Joint Base Pearl Harbor–Hickam, Honolulu, Hawaii, not far from the USS Arizona Memorial, stands the Senator Daniel K. Inouye laboratory and office building that houses the talented team of the Hawaiian contingent for the Defense POW/MIA Accounting Agency (DPAA). Formerly known as Joint POW/MIA Accounting Command ( JPAC), DPAA is a continuation of that agency and the Life Sciences Equipment Laboratory. DPAA’s mission is to “provide the fullest possible accounting for our missing personnel from our nation’s past conflicts to their families and our nation.” In April 2015, Deputy Secretary of Defense Robert Work issued a policy memorandum directing the disinterment of

NAVAL HISTORY AND HERITAGE COMMAND

Oklahoma prior to the attack on Pearl Harbor.

USS Oklahoma

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Continued from page 14

unknowns associated with Oklahoma. Exactly two months next-of-kin, his uncle’s remains were finally identified. later, DPAA personnel began exhuming the remains of up Gary said despite the nearly eight decades that had passed, to 338 unaccounted-for Sailors and Marines for analysis. the “closure for himself and the rest of the family was Work pledged that he and the DPAA team would labor incredible.” tirelessly to identify and return all remains as “expeditiously

By February 2017, only 30 of the Oklahoma unknowns as possible.” had been identified using DNA analysis. Slightly less The personnel at DPAA (including those at another than four years later, on January 28, 2021, the team at location at Offutt Air Force Base, Nebraska, and its the DPAA Laboratory, Offutt Air Force Base, Nebraska, main office in Arlington, reached a momentous Virginia) began working milestone when they methodically. The agency announced the 300th includes 600 highly skilled positive identification of an and motivated civilians Oklahoma MIA—Marine and military personnel Pfc John F. Middleswart. from each branch of the “When his identification armed forces. Its team came through, it was really of historians, forensic exciting because I knew anthropologists, scientists, this was number 300,” said and numerous additional Carrie LeGarde, the USS support personnel perform Oklahoma Project lead. “It painstaking research, shows everyone’s hard work investigations, and recovery Oklahoma capsized due to the effective employment of torpedoes by and I knew everyone would efforts that help identify be really excited about it, attacking Japanese naval aircraft. the recovered remains of because this is a really huge American MIAs from milestone for the project.”

World War II, Korea, Vietnam, the Cold War, and Iraq/ This most recent push from the Department of Defense Afghanistan. The Central Identification Laboratory and DPAA to have the remains from Pearl Harbor’s in Hawaii is the largest and most scientifically diverse mass graves identified is finally paying off for the families forensic skeletal laboratory in the world whose staff uses of those missing and unaccounted for from battleship DNA provided by the relatives of missing service members Oklahoma. Despite the eight decades that have passed to identify the remains of recovered unknowns. since the attack that drew the United States into World One of the hundreds of cases relating to unidentifiable War II, many of those lost from that dark day finally have remains from Oklahoma was that of Fireman 3rd Class their identities and due honor fully restored.

Glaydon Iverson of Emmons, Minnesota. Iverson was only The views and conclusions expressed in this work are 24 years old when he was killed aboard Oklahoma; Iverson’s solely those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the parents, Edwin and Anna, received a telegram just before views of the Department of Defense or the Department of Christmas on December 20, 1941 informing them their the Navy. son was missing in action. Notified they would receive his personal effects, but that his remains had been nonrecoverGuy J. Nasuti joined the Naval History and Heritage able, Glaydon’s family grieved his loss for decades.

Command as a historian in 2014. The author of several On December 22, 2016, Glaydon’s nephew Gary Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships histories, Iverson unexpectedly received a phone call from DPAA, Mr. Nasuti has published more than a dozen essays and short only a few short weeks after some family members articles on naval and military topics about World War II. A attended several events commemorating the 75th veteran of the U.S. Navy, he served as a Photographer’s Mate Anniversary of Pearl Harbor. The caller was a represenduring OIF/OEF. Source materials for this article available tative of DPAA, informing Gary that, as the eldest living upon request.

Pull Together • Winter 2022

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A Notable Passing: ADM Thomas B. Hayward, USN (Ret.) – 21st CNO It is with deep regret to report the passing of Adm. a wheels-up crash landing in South Korea due to flak Thomas Bibb Hayward, USN (Ret.) on March 3 at age 97. damage. Of note, Hayward’s squadron mate was future Born on May 3, 1924, Tom Hayward attended Glendale first man-on-the moon Neil Armstrong, and they became Junior College and Occidental College in Los Angeles. life-long friends. In addition, journalist James MichenHe enlisted in the U.S. Naval Reserve on May 17, 1943, er was allowed to observe VF-51 and Air Group FIVE and reported for active duty on October 26, 1943 in the (CVG-5) for an extended period, which became the basis V5 Aviation Cadet program. His goal was to become a for Michener’s best-selling book and movie, The Bridges at fighter pilot in the Pacific, but part way through training, Toko-ri. he applied and received an appointment to the U.S. Naval Essex returned to the West Coast in March 1952. VFAcademy. He reported to the USNA on June 51 then upgraded to the F9F-5 Panther and 14, 1944, with the class of 1948. His class cross-decked to Valley Forge (CVA 45) which “Lucky Bag” noted Midshipman Hayward’s then deployed for the fourth time to Korea in “abundant sense of humor” while his classNovember 1952, returning home just before mate William Crowe (future Chairman of the Korean War Armistice came into effect. the Joint Chiefs of Staff ) later stated, “even During Hayward’s two Korean War deploythen he possessed the marks of an exceptional ments, he flew 146 combat missions, and was individual.” With his class being acceleratawarded a Distinguished Flying Cross, ten ed due to the war, Hayward graduated and Air Medals and two Navy Commendation earned his commission on June 6, 1947.

Medals with Combat “V.” Following graduation, Ensign Hayward Promoted to lieutenant in July 1953, reported to the aircraft carrier Antietam (CV Hayward earned selection for Test Pilot 36,) during her three-year deployment to the School and reported to Naval Air Test CenThomas B. Hayward: 21st Far East, operating out of Tsingtao, China as ter (NATC), Patuxent River, MD in January Chief of Naval Operations the Chinese Communists continued their ad1954. After six months in training, Lieutenant vances during the Chinese Civil War. While Hayward assumed duty as a test pilot which on Antietam, Hayward served “R Division” Officer, Engi— in the 1950’s — was statistically more dangerous than neering Officer of the Watch and Officer of the Deck. combat. In July 1956, he reported to the NROTC unit at Selected for aviation training, Hayward detached from the University of Southern California for the Aviation Safety the carrier in November 1948 and proceeded to Naval Air Officer Course. In October 1956, Hayward received orders Station (NAS) Pensacola. In November 1949, he continued was assigned as Safety Officer and F8U Training Officer aviation training at NAS Corpus Christi and then Naval to All-Weather Fighter Squadron THREE (VF(AW)-3,) Auxiliary Air Station (NAAS) Cabaniss Field, Corpus which was responsible for training fleet squadrons transiChristi. In June 1950, Lieutenant (junior grade) Hayward tioning to new types of aircraft, including the F9F-6 Cougar, returned to Pensacola for continued training. Designated F-7U Cutlass, FJ Fury, F3H Demon, F4D Skyray, A4D a Naval Aviator on July 26, 1950, Hayward then proceedSkyhawk, and F8U Crusader. Some of these aircraft, such as ed to NAAS Whiting Field, Milton, FL for jet training. the Cutlass and Demon, had the highest operational loss rate With training accelerated due to the outbreak of the of any Navy aircraft since World War II. Korean War, he received orders to Commander Air Force Promoted to lieutenant commander in September 1957, Pacific Fleet in September 1950 before reporting to Fleet Hayward received assignment in April 1958 as the Safety Aircraft Service Squadron SEVEN (FASRON 7) at NAS Officer for Fighter Squadron ONE TWO FOUR (VFSan Diego (now NAS North Island) in pool status await124), the Fleet Replacement Squadron at NAS Moffett ing squadron assignment.

Field, flying the F8U-1 Crusader and F9F-8 Cougar. He In December 1950, Hayward reported to Fighter detached three months later to attend the Naval War ColSquadron FIVE ONE (VF-51) “Screaming Eagles” flying lege in Newport, Rhode Island. Upon graduating in June the F9F-2 Panther straight-wing jet fighter. VF-51 em1959, he returned to VF-124. In December 1959, Hayward barked on Essex (CV 9) for her first Korean War deployassumed duty as Executive Officer in VF-211 “Flying ment, arriving in the combat zone in August 1951. Flying Checkmates,” flying the F8U-1 and embarking on Lexinginterdiction missions into North Korea, VF-51 lost four ton (CVA 16) for a Western Pacific deployment including pilots to enemy ground fire. Hayward was forced to make reaction to a crisis in Laos. In July 1961, Hayward reported 16 Naval Historical Foundation

NAVAL HISTORY AND HERITAGE COMMAND

By Rear Adm. Samuel J. Cox, USN (Ret. Director, Naval History and Heritage Command

to the Pentagon as Administrative Assistant to Secretary of the Navy John B. Connally, and then Fred Korth.

Promoted to commander in June 1962, he joined VF-174 as a replacement pilot. In December 1963, Commander Hayward assumed duty as Executive Officer of VF-103, initially flying the F-8C (formerly F8U-2) Crusader. VF-103 embarked on Forrestal for a Mediterranean deployment in 1964-65, unusual in that VF-103 flew both the F-8E and the new F-4B Phantom II. Hayward became Commanding Officer mid-deployment.

In June 1965, Hayward assumed command of Carrier Air Group TEN (CVG-10,) deploying to the Mediterranean embarked on Shangri-La (CVA 38.) All CVG’s were redesignated as Carrier Air Wings (CVW,) with some designated as Attack Carrier Air Wings. So redesignated, CVW-10 then cross-decked to Intrepid (CVS 11.) Although designated as an Anti-Submarine Carrier, Intrepid was reconfigured as an “Auxiliary Attack Carrier” to bolster the attack carrier force, which was being overstretched

by Vietnam War commitments. As part of the transition, CVW-10 was reconfigured to an “all attack” wing of A-4 Skyhawks and A-1 Skyraiders.

Intrepid and CVW-10 then deployed to Vietnam, initially operating at “Dixie Station” for strikes against Viet Cong and North Vietnamese troops in South Vietnam, before shifting to “Yankee Station” in the Gulf of Tonkin where Hayward and his pilots flew into the densest air defense network in the world over Hanoi and Haiphong augmented by North Vietnamese MiG-17 and MiG-21 fighters. As the Wing Commander, Hayward flew 36 combat missions and was awarded a Legion of Merit with Combat “V” and three Air Medals.

In June 1966, Hayward detached from CVW-10 to attend the National War College, and shortly thereafter earned his fourth stripe. While attending the National War College, he concurrently earned a Master of Science degree in International Relations from George Washington University. Upon graduation from the War College, Captain Hayward assumed command of stores ship Graffias (AF 29) in July 1967 for a Western Pacific/Vietnam deployment. In June 1968, Hayward was assigned as the Executive Assistant and Naval Aide to the Under Secretary of the Navy, initially Charles F. Baird and then John W. Warner.

In October 1969, Hayward assumed command of attack carrier America (CVA 66.) In November 1969, America conducted launch and recovery trials with a CIA U-2R spy-plane. America then deployed to the Western Pacific for Vietnam operations, including the first combat flights by the new A-7E Corsair II light attack bomber. After four line periods in the Gulf of Tonkin, America transited to the Sea of Japan for a series of exercises before returning to Vietnam for a fifth line period, for a total of 100 days on

station and 2,626 combat sorties without a loss, and only one flight deck crash, with no fatalities. America also hosted a visit by the President of the Philippines, Ferdinand Marcos. For this tour Hayward earned a Legion of Merit.

On November 2, 1970, Hayward was designated a rear admiral for duty in a billet commensurate with that rank.

The same month he assumed command of the Hawaiian Sea Frontier and concurrently as Commandant FOURTEENTH Naval District, with additional duty as Commander Naval Base Pearl Harbor and Commander Fleet Air Hawaii. Five months following his official promotion to rear admiral on July 1, 1971, Rear Admiral Hayward reported to the Office of the Secretary of the Navy as Director, Office of Program Appraisal. Among other duties, he was involved in negotiations with the Soviet Union leading to the Incidents at Sea Agreement, intended to lessen the chance of inadvertent conflict between the U.S. and Soviet Union at sea.

On April 26, 1973, he was designated a vice admiral for duty in a billet commensurate with that rank, and became Director of Navy Program Planning in the Officer of the Chief of Naval Operations. In CNO Hayward conversing June 1975, Vice Admiral with Cdr. Bob Wittenburg,. CO Hayward assumed command VA-115 onboard USS Midway of U.S. SEVENTH Fleet, ca. 1981. embarked in Oklahoma City (CG 5) in the immediate aftermath of the tumultuous fall of South Vietnam and Cambodia.

On August 12, 1976, he was designated a full admiral, and assumed duty as Commander-in-Chief, U.S. Pacific Fleet, with additional duty as the naval component commander for U.S. Pacific Command. In July 1978, Admiral Hayward assumed duty as the 21st Chief of Naval Operations.

CNO Hayward was dealt a tough hand in 1978. With the nation still in a “malaise” after the fall of Vietnam and Cambodia, the OPEC oil embargo, and “stagflation,” all the indicators for the Navy - recruiting, retention, funding, readiness, shipbuilding, drug use, pay and benefits, morale, pride and professionalism – all were going in the wrong direction. It would get even worse with the continued rapid build up of the Soviet Navy, the Iranian Revolution, and the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. Navy retention rates had fallen from 65% to 45% when Admiral Hayward assumed the watch. The Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Continued on page 18

Pull Together • Winter 2022 17

A Notable Passing: CNO Hayward Continued from page 17

Staff said the military, including the Navy, was becoming a “hollow force.” In a highly publicized event, the oiler Canisteo could not get underway because she lacked enough crew. Even before the 1979 strategic document “The Future of U.S. Seapower” or the subsequent enunciation of the “Carter Doctrine,” Hayward beefed up U.S. Navy presence in the Indian Ocean/ Arabian Gulf, but it came at a cost. The new CNO assessed the Navy as “undermanned and overworked.” He testified that the Navy was trying to meet a “three ocean commitment, with a one and a half ocean force.”

And yet, Hayward turned it around. His “Pride in the Navy” campaign made significant imAt the rank of captain, provement in morale. His “Not Hayward commanded the aircraft carrier America in my Navy” campaign turned (CV 66) around the growth in illegal drug use, eventually leading to “zero tolerance.” His arguments before Congress eventually resonated, and he was significantly instrumental in obtaining the two proportionately largest military pay raises, one in the last year of the Carter Administration and another in the first year of the Reagan Administration. He obtained the funding to kickstart key Navy surface, aviation and submarine programs that had been treading water. Readiness began a climb out of the doldrums. When the Reagan Administration came in, Admiral Hayward was all-in on the development of the new, more proactive, Maritime Strategy vis a vis the Soviets, as well as Secretary John F. Lehman’s 600-ship goal.

The Navy was on a vastly better trajectory when Admiral Hayward left office than when he came in. His end of career award stated he was “singularly effective in facilitating just pay and compensation for military personnel and in initiating critical building programs to enhance essential naval warfare capabilities.” That’s an understatement. The Navy and nation owe him an immense debt of gratitude.

NAVY MUSEUM STORE BOOK SALE

Nomination Deadline: April 30, 2022

April 19-20, 2022

Contact navymuseumstore@navyhistory.org for details and potential book donations.

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Naval Historical Foundation

Admiral Hayward retired on 1 July 1982.

Following retirement, Admiral Hayward devoted himself to helping at-risk students as Chairman of Ethics Resource Center of America. He co-founded the Voyager Expanded Learning Company in 1994 that served well over one million disadvantaged public school children. He helped found several other companies that focus on reading and math solutions for K-12, masters and doctorates in education, both domestic and international distance learning for college and higher education. He served on the Board of Advisors of the Code of Support Foundation, a non-profit military services organization. He also helped establish several navy related museums, including the USS Missouri Foundation, and the Military Aviation Museum in Virginia Beach. In 2007, the U.S. Naval Academy Foundation named him a distinguished graduate.

Rest in Peace Admiral Hayward Author Note: In May 1980, CNO Hayward handed Midshipman Sam Cox his commission. I had the privilege to speak with him when he called me a couple times over the last few years regarding some of my previous passing notes. I am grateful I had the opportunity to thank him for his kind words, as well as thank him for his extraordinary service to our Navy and Nation.

COMMODORE DUDLEY W. KNOX NAVAL HISTORY LIFETIME ACHIEVEMENT MEDAL See www.navyhistory.org for candidate criteria

News from the

DECKPLATE

NHHC Announces 2022 Navy History and Heritage Awards Season

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he Naval History and Heritage Command (NHHC) has announced the 2022 Navy History and Heritage Awards (NHHA) to recognize the work of organizations, museums, and individuals who use NHHC publications, documents, and artifacts in exhibits, published research, preservation, or lectures to publicly share the story of the U.S. Navy.

“These awards are for those museums that serve as force multipliers in informing the public of our Navy’s history and the importance of sea power to the security of the nation,” said NHHC Director Rear Adm. Samuel J. Cox. The objective of the NHHA program is to encourage and publicize scholarship about Navy history. This will mark the second year museums have been recognized through the new program. The program honors well-researched and accurate history work in three categories: • The Navy History and Heritage Excellence Pennant (History “E”) for large, medium, small, or other-sized organizations recognizes overall excellence in telling compelling and accurate stories of service at sea; • The Maintenance Excellence Pennant (Maintenance “E”) for large, medium, small, or other-sized organizations recognizes excellence in preservation of macro artifacts such as ships and aircraft; and • The Curatorial Excellence Pennant (Curatorial “C”) award will have one winner and recognizes those who go the

extra mile to interpret and curate historical navy artifacts to accurately relay the history of Sailors and ships at sea during peace and war.

Amplifying information such as eligibility requirements and submission forms and guidelines can be found online on the NHHC website at https://www.history.navy.mil/ get-involved/nhhc-awardsprogram.html. Submissions can be made starting March 1, 2022. The deadline for submission for awards covering calendar year 2021 is June 1, 2022.

Last year’s inaugural NHHA Museum Excellence Award winners were as follows: • Museum Overall Excellence ❍ Homeport Alliance for Battleship New Jersey (Large Category) ❍ Pacific Fleet Submarine Memorial Association/USS BOWFIN Submarine Museum and Park (Small Category) • Curatorial Excellence Award ❍ Battleship Missouri Memorial (Large Category) • Maintenance Excellence Award ❍ USS Alabama Battleship Commission and USS Midway Museum (Large Category) ❍ Destroyer Escort Historical Museum USS SLATER DE766 (Small Category) ❍ The Mariners’ Museum and Park (Other Category)

UPCOMING 2022 CONFERENCES • Navy League of the United States (NLUS) Sea Air Space Exposition, National Harbor, MD. 3–6 April, https://airseaspace.org

• Council of American Maritime Museums (CAMM) Annual Conference, St. Michaels, MD. 26–30 April, https://councilofamericanmaritimemuseums.org • The Society for Military History (SMH) Annual Meeting, Ft. Worth, TX. 28 April–1 May, https://smh-hq.org

• National Maritime Historical Society (NMHS) Annual Meeting, Staten Island, NY. 3–5 June, www.seahistory.org

• Navy League of the United States (NLUS) National Convention, Orlando, FL. 8–12 June, www.navyleague.org

• Naval Historical Foundation (NHF) Annual Meeting and Leighton Lecture, Navy Museum, DC. 11 June, www.navyhistory.org • North American Society for Oceanic History (NASOH) Annual Conference, Wilmington, NC. 22–25 June, www.nasoh.org

• 8th International Maritime History Association (IMHA) Conference, Porto, Portugal. 28 June–July 2, https://imha2020.com • Historic Naval Ships Association (HNSA) Annual Meeting, Honolulu, HI. 13–16 September, www.hnsa.org

Pull Together • Winter 2022

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Philadelphia Planning to Hold USN/USMC Semiquincentennial Events

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s the United States prepares to celebrate the 250th anniversary of its Declaration of Independence in 2026, a small cadre of civic leaders and organizations in Philadelphia have organized the nonprofit Homecoming 250 Navy Marine Corps to foster and coordinate 250th celebrations of the birth of both the Navy and the Marine Corps in the City of Brotherly Love as a component of a forthcoming nationwide effort to celebrate the origins of these two sea services. With historians tracing the Continental Congressional authorization for warships to October 13, 1775, as a birthdate for the U.S. Navy and subsequent meetings at Tun Tavern on November 10, 1775, as the impetus for the Marine Corps, Homecoming 250 Navy Marine Corps envisions celebrating the Navy’s October anniversary milestone by assembling for touring on both banks of the Delaware historical, replica, and active-duty ships representing every major war that the Navy has fought: the American Revolution, the War of 1812, the Civil War, the Spanish–American War, World War I, World War II, the Korean War, the Vietnam

War, the Cold War, and subsequent conflicts in the Middle East. This unique exhibition of Navy history is only possible on the Delaware, where Philadelphia hosts the historic USS Olympia and Camden hosts the Battleship New Jersey. They will be joined by historic and replica ships from the age of sail to the most advanced Navy vessels of today, producing a visual and historical spectacular to honor the Navy.

The 250th anniversary of the Marine Corps’ founding on November 10, 1775, will be celebrated in November 2025 by an assembly on the Delaware of ships with a special connection to the Marines, including amphibious and aviation vessels.

Most important, the Marines’ 250th will be celebrated at the recreated Tun Tavern.

The “Launching the Semiquincentennial” plan has earned endorsement by all 14 living Secretaries of the Navy; the entire Congressional delegations of Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and Delaware; the legislatures of those states; the governors of Pennsylvania and New Jersey; and the mayors and councils of Philadelphia and Camden. For more information, visit www. homecoming250.org.

Diableta Continued from page 13

men beached the Diableta on Santa Rosa Island, Florida, approximately five miles east of Pensacola Harbor. Upon further inspection, Pearson found that the boat’s bottom was heavily damaged, her copper appearing to be the only thing keeping her together.

Lt. Pearson and his men managed to find another small boat on the island and then made their way to Fort San Carlos de Barrancas at Pensacola, where they received assistance from the U.S. Army garrison. Pearson subsequently had a survey completed for the Diableta but ultimately found her “not worth repairing.” Consequently, he sold the squadron’s veteran pirate boat “for the benefit of the United States” and thus ended her three-year career with the Mosquito Fleet.

Unaware of the circumstances of Lt. Pearson’s voyage, on March 10, 1825, Commo. Lewis Warrington (Porter’s 20

Naval Historical Foundation

replacement) reported to Secretary of the Navy Samuel Southard that he had become “quite fearful” that the Diableta had been lost at sea. Two days later, however, on the 12th, these fears were allayed when Pearson and his crew arrived safely (via merchant ship) at Thompson’s Island.

For some time, naval scholarship has largely neglected the history of the West Indies Squadron. In fact, only a handful of monographs and articles explore the subject, and among these even fewer offer an in-depth analysis of the squadron’s piracy campaign. As such, it comes as no surprise that the story of the Diableta and even her very existence has long been forgotten. Only through a recent examination of original sources has her story been brought back to life—so that her deeds, and those of the brave sailors and marines that manned her, might yet be remembered.

Father/Daughter Duo Impress at DAR

O

n Friday February 11, details of how and when Truxtun following an introduction presented the “Defender” bowl to by staff historian Dave Washington are lost to history, Winkler, who spoke on progress the bowl was at Mount Vernon made on the Naval Documents of by the time of Washington’s 1799 the American Revolution series, death. Truxtun’s bowl remained in former NHF Executive Director his family through several generCapt. Todd Creekman and his ations, until one of the Commodaughter Amanda Isaac offered an dore’s descendants gifted the encore presentation to the board of “TT” bowl to the Naval Historical directors of the Daughters of the Foundation in the late 1940s. It American Revolution of one held was displayed in the Foundation’s at Mount Vernon last September. downtown Washington, D.C., The subject: two Chinese porcelain Truxtun–Decatur Museum and punch bowls that were commissubsequently the Navy’s national sioned in the late 18th century by museum at the Washington Navy Revolutionary War privateer hero Yard, where it remains today. The and postwar merchant ship captain, “GW” or “Defender” bowl had a Commo. Thomas Truxtun. In the more exciting journey through Amanda Isaac looks on as her father, former midst of overseeing construction history. Bequeathed at her 1802 Naval Historical Foundation Executive Director of Constellation, one of the U.S. death as “the bowl with the ship Capt.

Todd Creekman presents Daughters of the Navy’s first six frigates, in the in it” by Martha Washington to American Revolution President General Denise 1795–1797 timeframe, Truxtun grandson George Washington VanBuren with a replica Truxtun Bowl. ordered two large punch bowls Parke Custis, the bowl passed to featuring a detailed Chinese his daughter Mary at his death in artist’s depiction of a 44-gun frigate rigged for war gracing the late 1850s. Mary had married young U.S. Army officer the bowls’ interiors. The bowls were exact duplicates, except Robert E. Lee in 1831, and their family was living at the for the outside decorative cartouches featuring Truxtun’s Custis estate at the outbreak of the Civil War. When Mrs. stylized initials “TT” on one bowl and our first president Lee and family left for Richmond, Virginia, after Virginia George Washington’s “GW” on the other. In addition, the seceded and her husband resigned his U.S. Army commisWashington Bowl has the word “Defender” added below sion, the bowl remained behind in the Lee residence, the ship image, likely Truxtun’s tribute to Washington’s Arlington House, during the war. It went missing during role as the Revolutionary War’s military victor. While the the property’s occupation by Union Army troops and emerged years later in New England. The Washington bowl returned to Mount Vernon in time for the 1976 Bicentennial.

In 1981 an NHF member and Truxtun descendant happened to visit Mount Vernon and noted the similarity with the bowl in the Navy Museum, and the bowls were briefly reunited for the first time. Close coordination between NHF, the Navy Museum, and Mount Vernon Our Price: $160.00 facilitated a reunion last September at Mount Vernon to Sale Price: $112.00 closely examine and compare the two bowls with the assisSavings: $48.00 tance of modern technology. Captain Creekman and his daughter updated the gathered group at DAR Headquarters downtown on some of the similarities found between https://museumstore.navyhistory.org the two bowls and, of course, noted replicas of the “TT” bowl were available for sale at the Navy Museum gift shop.

Purchase Your Truxtun Bowl at the Navy Museum Store

Pull Together • Winter 2022

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Thank You to Our G The Naval Historical Foundation is grateful to all our donors. We thank you for your ongoing support.

This list reflects contributions of $250 and above received during the 2021 calendar year.

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Pull Together • Winter 2022

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Naval Historical Foundation at the Washington Navy Yard P.O. Box 15304 Washington, DC 20003

The Best Holiday Gift for a Friend Sharing your Passion for our Naval History – A Gift Membership to the Naval Historical Foundation!

Unless otherwise specified below, NHF memberships are open to anyone interested in the history and heritage of the U.S. Navy.

Gift Member Contact Information

Student (Free): Complimentary Individual membership option available to high school and higher education students (USNA/ROTC/ Midshipmen/Cadets). Must use an email ending with “.edu” to register.

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Title (Rate/Rank)

Digital ($40): Benefits include a 10% discount on Navy Museum Store and online purchases, as well as a subscription to our Thursday Tidings newsletter for one year.

Individual ($50): Benefits include a 10% discount on Navy Museum Store purchases, as well as a subscription to our Thursday Tidings and Pull Together newsletters for one year.

Family ($75): Extends Individual benefits to multiple family members (not to exceed two parents and their children).

Supporter ($250): Benefits include a 10% discount on Navy Museum Store purchases and a subscription to our Thursday Tidings and Pull Together newsletters for one year, as well as a special mention in an issue of Pull Together.

Life ($1,000): Benefits include a 20% discount on Navy Museum Store purchases and a subscription to our Thursday Tidings and Pull Together newsletters for life, as well as a special mention in an issue of Pull Together.

Pull Together is published by the Naval Historical Foundation.

EDITORIAL BOARD Chairman: Adm. William J. “Fox” Fallon, USN (Ret.) President: VAdm. Frank Pandolfe, USN (Ret.) Executive Director: RAdm. Edward “Sonny” Masso, USN (Ret.) Historian / Editor: Dr. David Winkler Designer: Marlece Lusk Copy Editor: Catherine S. Malo

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Naval Historical Foundation

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NHF is funded by the amazing gratitude of our members and donors!

Membership & Donation checks can be mailed to:

Naval Historical Foundation, P.O. Box 15304, Washington DC, 20003 If you desire to become a member or donate via credit card, visit us on-line at www.navyhistory.org. The Naval Historical Foundation is an IRS-approved 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization. Incorporated in Washington D.C. with a mission to preserve & promote naval history.

Address submissions and correspondence to Executive Editor, Pull Together, c/o NHF, P.O. Box 15304, Washington, DC 20003. Phone: (202) 678-4333.

E-mail: info@navyhistory.org. Subscription is a benefit of membership in the Naval Historical Foundation. Advertisement inquiries for future issues and digital content are welcomed. Opinions expressed in Pull Together are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Naval Historical Foundation. © 2022