FREE 4 ALL Senior & FET Phase Newspaper – March 2024

SOUTH AFRICAN HIGH SCHOOLS’ NEWSPAPER

& FET PHASE

SENIOR

P

When Albert Einstein died in 1955 his brain was removed during the auto p sy. It was dissected and s t udied to understand the source of hisTheregenius.are parts of his brain still preserved in j ars toda y in the National Museum of Health and Medicine in Maryland, USA.

The most absurd war in history was in 1325 between the two Italian cities of Bologna and Modena.

They went to war over a stolen wooden bucket. The bucket was in a well in Bologna and taken as a trophy. The conflict resulted in thousands of casualties and is now remembered as The War of the Bucket.

Now YOUknow.#History

Cook Book

Contrary to all depictions of Vikings, there is no historical proof that Vikings wore horned helmets. In fact, archaeological evidence shows that the Norse warriors wore helmets that were simple and functional without horns.

MARIE CURIE, the pioneering physicist and chemist on radioactivity kept a cookbook that is still supposedly radioactive to this day! All her notes, plus the cookbook, are stored in lead-lined boxes due to their high levels of radiation.

Both Nelson Mandela and Archbishop Desmond Tutu were awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for their efforts to promote peace and j ustice in South Africa ( Mandela in 1993 , and Tutu in 1984 ).

NOBEL PEACE PRIZE

THE STRANGEST STREET COINCIDENCE

Vilakazi Street in Soweto is the only street in the world that has been home to two Nobel winners.

It’s a remarkable coincidence that two SOUTH AFRICAN Nobel Peace Prize winners at some stage lived on the same street.

Neil Armstrong was the first person to set foot on the moon in 1969. He got his pilot’s license at the age of 16 before he learnt to drive a car!

THE SHOSHOLOZA SONG

Shosholoza is a traditional miners’ song, originally sung by groups of men that travelled by steam train from their homes in Zimbabwe to work in South Africa’s mines.

Shosholoza became an inspirational song of protest during the struggle against apartheid in the 20th century. It is now often referred to as the second national anthem.

The French military leader, NAPOLEON BONAPARTE, was terrified of cats. It is believed a black cat crossed his path the night before the Battle of Waterloo. He believed that led to his defeat.

digitalEYES

Most teens are on their thephonesandcomputersfrom eyesmomenttheyopentheir untiltheyclosethem atnight!Thiscancauseeye fatigueandstrain.

DIGITALEYESTRAIN

This is more common than youthinkandcandecreasea learner’sperformance. timeWhenyouspendsomuch onthephone,theblinkrateisreducedupto 65% on average.

eyesThisresultsindry,burning damagedandcouldresultin vision.Eye tofatiguehinderstheability concentrate.

COMPUTER EYEWEAR

Some eye specialists eyewearrecommend with an anti-reflective lens that absorbs blue light.

TAKE STEPS TO PROTECT YOUR EYES NOW

1 DISTANCE FROM SCREEN

Make sure your computer or phone is always a good distance away. NOT TOO CLOSE!

2 20/20/20 RULE

Apply this rule. Take a 20-second break every 20 minutes and look at something 20 feet away (3 metres).

3 BRIGHTNESS

Change the background to pale grey rather than bright white. Opt for Dark Mode setting when it is available.

4 OVERHEAD LIGHT

Don’t have other lights competing with your screen light.

5 TEXT SIZE

Increase the size to make it easier to read.

6 BLINK

Remember to blink – it lubricates the eyes.

EYE colour

Eye colour is determined by genetics. The amount of melanin in the iris determines how dark or light an eye colour appears. More melanin results in darker eyes, while less melanin leads to lighter eyes.

BROWN EYES are the most common globally.

BLUE EYES are generally considered a genetic mutation. They have an absence of melanin in the front layer of the iris.

GREEN EYES are less common and are thought to be the result of a combination of blue scattering and the presence of yellowish pigments called lipochrome.

HAZEL EYES are a mix of colours, often combining brown, green, and blue tones.

GREY EYES are rare and are thought to result from a combination of reduced melanin and the scattering of light.

Apart from the obvious physical gain of being fit, regular exercise releases endorphins which improve one’s overall feeling of well-being.

HOW FIT ARE YOU?

Physical activity promotes better sleep patterns, and energy levels are heightened. This improves your concentration and your school results.

ACCEPT THE CHALLENGE.

1 How many days a week do you do any sport or physical activity that gets your heart pumping?

A Every day

B 4-6 days a week

C 1-3 days a week

D Very rarely or never

2 Which of these do you enjoy the most?

A Running or jogging

B Dancing

C Playing sports

D Yoga or stretching

3 Which best describes your level of energy during the day?

A High energy, rarely feel tired

B Moderate energy, sometimes feel tired

C Low energy, often feel tired

D Very low energy, frequently feel tired

4 How motivated are you to be physically fit?

A Very motivated - I think it is very important

B Slightly motivated - I want to improve but lack the energy

C Interested - but don’t have time

D Not motivated at all – happy as I am

5 Describe your current diet?

A GOOD - mostly healthy, with plenty of fruits, vegetables, and lean proteins

B BALANCED but I occasionally snack on fast food

C POOR - a lot of processed and sugary foods

D VERY POOR - I rarely eat nutritious foods

CALCULATE YOUR SCORE:

For every A - 3 points

For every B - 2 points

For every C - 1 point

For every D - 0 points

ADD UP YOUR POINTS

18 - 24 points: EXCELLENT FITNESS LEVEL

13 - 17 points: GOOD FITNESS LEVEL

5 - 12 points: FAIR FITNESS LEVEL

6 How do you sleep at night?

A I wake up rested

B Okay - but I sometimes have trouble sleeping

C I often have trouble falling asleep or staying asleep

D I struggle with sleep almost every night

7 How do you feel after you have engaged in some physical activity?

A Energised and refreshed

B Tired but satisfied

C Exhausted and drained

D I don’t notice any difference

8 Rate your ability to move.

A Excellent, I’m very flexible

B Good, but there’s room for improvement

C Average, I struggle with flexibility

D Poor, I’m not flexible at all

RESULTS

If you scored below 15 points it is time to GET PHYSICAL AND FEEL BETTER! THINK BETTER AND PERFORM BETTER! Go slow on the sugary snacks, take time for yourself and join a sports team or take up walking or jogging.

5Minute ICE-CREAM IN A BAG!

Make icecream without freezing it!

EXPERIMENT

WHAT YOU NEED:

• 125 ml Milk

• 125 ml Cream

• 45 ml Castor Sugar

• 5 ml Vanilla Essence

• 12 Tsp Salt

• 1 small Zip-seal Bag

• 1 large Zip-seal Bag

• A large jug of Ice Cubes

2

WHAT YOU DO:

Fill the large zip-seal bag with ice cubes and salt.

Place the milk, cream, sugar and vanilla essence in the small zip-seal bag.

Place the small milk-filled bag into the large ice-filled bag. Seal it well, with as much air out of the bag as possible.

Making sure there are no holes in the bag, shake both bags for five minutes. Carefully remove the small bag of icecream and rinse quickly to remove all the salty water.

5

Spoon it into your bowl, top it with your favourite ice-cream topping & enjoy!

WHY THE EXPERIMENT WORKS!

When you add a substance like salt to the water, it adjusts the water’s ability to freeze. Normally, water freezes into ice at 0o Celsius (32o Fahrenheit), but when you mix in salt, the freezing point drops below 0o Celsius.

When making the ice-cream, you are creating an environment where the ice is even colder than usual. This makes the ice-cream mixture freeze, even though it’s not as cold as your freezer. This is known as Freezing Point Depression.

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3

Become a mathlete! A+

SUDOKUSuper

There is nothing more satisfying than solving a Sudoku puzzle. If you have never accepted the challenge of a SUDOKU – you should give it a try. It’s a great mathematical workout!

SUDOKUS ARE WAY MORE THAN JUST A SIMPLE NUMBER TEST. THEY ARE GOOD FOR YOU FOR THE FOLLOWING REASONS.

1 They tap into your logical reasoning

2 They develop your critical thinking skills

3 THEY IMPROVE YOUR MEMORY

4 They improve your concentration

5 THEY ENCOURAGE PERSEVERANCE

6 To solve them is extremely gratifying!

Maths I

When you make a decision and make a choice you take RESPONSIBILITY for your yourself.

When you make a choice it should be backed by knowledge and it should fit into your core values. Some decisions are EASY & SIMPLE – while others need time and deliberation. Sometimes we are placed in a situation where we feel pressure to make a choice that goes against our better judgement. The pressure might be on to agree to something that we know is wrong, so we need to be informed. Sometimes it needs us to be STRONG and ‘go against the flow’ of what others are doing.

HOW TO COPE when making THE RIGHT CHOICE:

Stand tall and don’t cave. Make sure you have your answers ready. Such as ‘No thanks, I don’t want to poison my body.’

Ask yourself how you will feel after you have made the choice.

IT’S A GOOD IDEA TO HAVE FRIENDS WHO HAVE THE SAME VALUES AS YOU. THEY WILL HELP YOU TO STAY BALANCED.

Remember peer pressure is a kind of bullying. A real friend would never ask you to do something that could ever harm you.

Make sure you have all the facts about the things you are making the choices about.

Be strong about your own values, even if they are being challenged.

placesDon’tgotowhereyou knowpeoplearegoing totryandgetyouto makethewrong choicesforyou.

Sometimes you make the right decision, sometimes you make the decision right!

William Shakespeare

WS has earned a place among the greatest literaryfigures in history.

His exact birthdate is unknown but is celebrated on April 23, 1564, which is also the day of his death in 1616. He was 52.

He is known as ‘THE BARD’ which means gifted poet storyteller.and Every single learner around the world will have to study at least one of his books in their school career.

His plays have been translated into every language and are the most widely performedand studied in the world.

WS wrote a total of 39 plays, 154 sonnets, and two long poems.narrative

Written over 400 years ago, they are timeless themes including love, jealousy, power, betrayal and revenge.

Can you complete the titles of these plays?

1 MEASURE FOR

KNOW your nutrients

Nutrients are substances that our bodies need in order to function properly. They are obtained from our diet and are the building blocks that sustain us. You eat – but do you know WHY you are eating?

WHAT DO YOU KNOW ABOUT NUTRIENTS?

1 What nutrient is essential for building and repairing tissues in the body, including muscles, skin and hair?

A Carbohydrates

B Protein

C Fat

D Vitamins

2 Which nutrient is crucial for building strong bones and teeth?

A Iron

B Vitamin C

C Calcium

D Fiber

3 What nutrient is important for transporting oxygen in the blood and preventing anaemia?

A Calcium

B Iron

C Vitamin D

D Potassium

4 Which nutrient is known for its role in boosting the immune system and promoting wound healing?

A Vitamin C

B Vitamin A

C Vitamin E

D Vitamin K

5 What nutrient aids in digestion, promotes bowel regularity, and helps prevent constipation?

A Protein

B Fibre

C Calcium

D Iron

6 Which nutrient is essential for brain health and cognitive function?

A Omega-3 fatty acids

B Vitamin B12

C Vitamin D

D Potassium

7 What nutrient helps regulate blood pressure, muscle contractions and fluid balance in the body?

A Calcium

B Iron

C Potassium

D Vitamin C

8 Which nutrient is important for bone health and helps the body absorb calcium?

A Vitamin D

B Vitamin E

C Vitamin K

D Vitamin A

9 What nutrient is essential for vision health, immune function and skin health?

A Vitamin A

B Vitamin C

C Vitamin E

D Vitamin K

10 Which nutrient plays a role in immune function, wound healing and DNA synthesis?

A Zinc

B Magnesium

C Selenium

D Chromium

THE JOURNEYjournal

We all know the series of books DIARY OF A WIMPY KID by Jeff Kinney. It follows the funny story of Greg as he navigates the ups and downs of adolescence.

The truth is, that keeping a diary or journal, offers all teenagers a powerful way to express themselves.

Writing about YOURSELF has benefits.

• IT’S AN EMOTIONAL OUTLET

It’s a safe and private space where you can express thoughts, feelings, and emotions.

• SELF-REFLECTION

Writingaboutyourdailylifeencourages introspection.Asyouprocessyourthoughts youhaveagreaterself-awareness.

• WRITING SKILLS

A journal will improve your writing skills and vocab. You have to organize your thoughts and communicate properly.

• SOLVING PROBLEMS

WRITING THINGS DOWN CAN HELP GAIN PERSPECTIVE AND FIND SOLUTIONS TO DEVELOP ACTION PLANS.

• MEMORY

Writing about daily experiences, helps solidify memories and encourages active engagement with information.

• CREATIVE Creativityand imagination is enhanced throughwriting,drawing, and other forms of self-expression.

• GOOD MOOD

Overall well-being is increased by focusing on daily and fun experiences. This builds a positive outlook on life and happiness.

• HISTORY

IT’S A VALUABLE RECORD OF YOUR LIFE AND THOUGHTS AS A TEEN. LOOKING BACK ON IT ONE DAY WILL BE VERY INTERESTING!

want to study

… but no money

DO NOT DESPAIR, THERE

SELF FUNDING

YOU CAN CHOOSE TO PAY FOR YOUR OWN STUDIES. BY WORKING PART-TIME WHILE STUDYING, YOU CAN GAIN VALUABLE WORK EXPERIENCE.

BURSARIES

Bursaries are usually intended for students who show financial need. Students who apply will be asked to produce proof that their parent(s) or guardian(s) are not in a position to afford the costs.

The student’s academic and sporting performance will also be considered. Some bursaries involve obligations.

Most institutions offer bursaries or grants to students who have excelled in their previous studies or on the sportsfield.

SCHOLARSHIPS

These are usually awarded on merit to students with top academic results or outstanding talent and achievement in sport.

Scholarships are renewable each year, provided that students maintain a high academic achievement.

At the end of each year, the Scholarships Committee will assess students’ performance and determine whether they are eligible to continue to receive the scholarship. The financial need of a student is looked at if decision-makers need to make a choice between two students and a needier student might gain preference.

COMPANY BURSARIES

There are also bursaries that are financed by companies. These are not always awarded to needy students, but given to those who will qualify for the future employment requirements of the sponsoring company. Obligations vary greatly. Most bursaries require you to ‘pay back’ the bursary by working at the company once you’ve completed your studies.

FURTHER ...

honey!

The cost of further education is substantial and not everyone can afford it. It includes tuition fees, the cost of study materials and books and, in many cases, accommodation and travel.

THERE ARE OPTIONS FOR FINANCING YOUR STUDIES.

DONOR FUNDS

BURSARIES AWARDED BY UNIVERSITIES MAKE USE OF FUNDS PROVIDED BY DONORS. THIS TYPE OF BURSARY DOES NOT NEED TO BE PAID BACK. MANY SPORTS BURSARIES, HOWEVER, ARE DEPENDENT ON ACADEMIC PROGRESS.

INTERNSHIPS & LEARNERSHIPS

This will give an opportunity to join the workforce, develop skills and potentially lead to permanent employment, with great career prospects. Learnerships gives you an opportunity to work while you study towards a nationally recognised qualification.

STUDY LOANS

ALL MAJOR BANKS OFFER STUDENT LOAN PACKAGES BUT SOMEONE MUST SIGN SURETY, WHICH MEANS THAT THEY WILL BE RESPONSIBLE FOR ENSURING THAT THE LOAN IS PAID BACK IF YOU ARE NOT ABLE TO DO SO.

GENERAL BANK LOAN FACTS

To apply, you need to be studying towards a graduate certificate or post-graduate degree or diploma at an accredited tertiary institution.

IF YOU ARE GOING INTO YOUR FIRST YEAR YOU NEED TO HAVE A NATIONAL SENIOR CERTIFICATE. You will need to fill in a student loan application form at the bank of your choice.

If you are a full-time student or under the age of 21 you will need to have someone sign surety for you.

You can use the money for fees, books and accommodation. Loans for accommodation will only be granted to full-time students not living with their parents.

If you are a full-time student, you will need to start repaying the loan once you have completed your studies.

WHILE YOU ARE STUDYING, YOU WILL NEED TO PAY THE MONTHLY INTEREST ON THE LOAN.

If you are a part-time student, you will need to repay your loan monthly while you are studying. You will have to start repaying your loan immediately if you fail to complete your studies. You will need to repay your loan over the same number of years as you take to complete your studies. Banks could extend this period if the loan amount is high.

ECOLOGY in our lives

ECOLOGY is the study of organisms, the environment and how the organisms interact with each other and their environment.

Are Ecologists needed?

ECOLOGIST JOBS ARE ESSENTIAL TO MITIGATING THE NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE.

As the world grows more urban and built up, it is vital to consider how any developments may have a negative impact on the environment.

Ecologists possess knowledge about the workings of the environment, as well as how we can make informed decisions.

HERE ARE A FEW OF THE BEST ECOLOGY CAREERS FROM WHICH TO CHOOSE.

CHIEF SUSTAINABILITY OFFICERS: lead organisations in adopting eco-friendly practices, reducing environmental footprint and embracing social responsibility.

ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS:

6 REASONS TO STUDY ECOLOGY

1 THE WORLD NEEDS YOU – Environmental changes impacts all life on Earth AND ecologists play a vital role in sustainability.

2 YOU WILL BE IN DEMAND – Ecology remains one of the most in-demand careers of the modern time.

3 JOB OPTIONS – A wide selection of potential jobs are available.

4 GET TO KNOW ALL LIFE FORMS –Ecology studies the environment, behaviours and interactions of all life forms.

5 CLIMATE CHANGE ISSUES – Climate change is one of the biggest challenges facing humanity. Ecology helps understand the effect on all ecosystems.

6 WELL-RESPECTED CAREER –Sustainability is a key strategic objective of all market leading companies.

tackle challenges like waste management, pollution control and sustainable infrastructure development. They design and implement solutions.

ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH AND SAFETY SPECIALISTS: safeguard both people and the environment by identifying risks, implementing safety measures and ensuring compliance with environmental regulations.

ENVIRONMENTAL LAWYERS: navigate the legal landscape and uphold environmental protections.

HYDROLOGISTS: their work ensures the responsible use and reservation of vital water sources.

ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS: advise organisations on environmental impact, sustainability practices and regulatory compliance.

GEOSCIENTISTS: uncover insights into natural resources, geological hazards and environmental changes.

WILDLIFE BIOLOGISTS: study and manage wildlife populations, habitats and ecosystems.

Generally, rainfall is a precious gift and essential for sustaining life on Earth. It provides the water necessary for plants to grow, replenishes water supplies and maintains healthy ecosystems. Rain should have a cleansing effect on the environment. It should wash away dust, pollen and pollutants from the air and rejuvenate the earth.

It is caused by the release of sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides into the atmosphere, primarily fromactivitiesindustrial and burning fossil fuels.

HOWEVER …

acid rain is polluted rainfall that is so full of acid that it causes environmental harm.

ACID RAIN

Lakes and rivers that have become acidic can harm aquatic organisms, disrupt food chains, and even lead to the decline of certain fish populations. Industrial emissions are a world- wide issue and efforts to reduce it are very important for environmental management.

Man-made structures are also affected. This is very visible in the corrosion of steel structures like bridges, buildings and statues.

These acids react with water vapour and eventually fall to the earth’s surface as precipitation or rain.

The results of acid rain are far-reaching, impactingaquaticecosystems, life infrastructure.and

Open to Grade 9 - 11 learners. Categories include: Geography, History, Science and Nature, Sport, Entertainment and Current Affairs.

SCAN HERE

Education by design www.varsitycollege.co.za

Entries Close 17 May 2024 T's and C's apply

MEMORY METHODS

which one is for you?

1

Everyone has a different manner in processing information as well as a certain study style to retain that info.

There are four models of learning that have the same objective: to retain info that has been learnt.

THE AUDITORY LEARNER ... learns best through listening and speaking. They prefer verbal explanations, discussions, lectures and audio recordings. They also like reading aloud, group discussions, or listening to audiobooks.

THE VISUAL LEARNER ... prefers to learn through visual aids such as diagrams, charts, maps and videos. They prefer seeing info presented in a visual format as it is easier to remember.

3

2

THE TACTILE LEARNER ... learns best through hands-on experiences and physical activities. They like to touch and experiment. ‘Teaching’ others and role-playing also helps.

THE READ/WRITE LEARNERS ... prefer to learn by taking notes and writing summaries. They may benefit from creating written outlines, flashcards, or study guides to organise information.

4

QUIZ WHIZ WINS R10,000!

Grade 10 learner Michael Brown beat 400 other high school learners from around the country in the Annual IIE’s Varsity College National High Schools’ Quiz. He won R10 000 for himself and R10 000 for his school, Grace College (KZN).

WHAT A CHALLENGE

This Varsity College Quiz is an annual event and an excellent platform for learners to challenge themselves on current affairs, geography, history, science, nature, sport and entertainment.

Sarnelia Mandapalli, Communications Manager at The IIE’s Varsity College is delighted with the calibre of the entrants and is in awe of the incredible potential of our nation’s youth.

STRAIGHT FROM THE 2023 WINNER

What a brilliant Quiz and I am very excited about the R10 000 I have won. I’m planning to invest a bit of the money and then the rest I will use to spoil myself. I would like to encourage all Gr 9 - 11 learners to partake in the National High Schools’ Quiz next year as it is way more fun and competitive than you think it would be, said Michael.

MichaelBrown

PERSPIRATION

When you are frightened your sweat smells different. This awareness can make you feel more alert.

Fe !ar

Did you know that your body changes with FEAR?

Your brain sends signals to the rest of your body that help you survive!

WOBBLY KNEES

BREATHING

You need more oxygen in your blood to prepare you for fleeing or fighting. This speeds up your breathing and you ‘pant’ for air.

You can lose the ability to move quickly. Freezing is a common method used to avoid being seen.

Tripping down the hall stairs in front of the whole school

or

SPENDING THE NIGHT IN A HAUNTED HOUSE

or

GOING ON A GIANT ROLLER COASTER RIDE IN THE DARK

Having a really personal note you have passed in class to your BFF read out by the teacher

BRAIN

Your brain releases chemicals that put you into ‘fight or flight mode’.

POUNDING HEART

Blood is needed for fleeing so the heart beats faster and harder to supply it to the muscles and limbs needed for running away from the danger.

CONTROL

Extreme stress can cause the loss of control of the bladder and bowels. This can cause the embarrassing (yet common) wetting of the pants.

Being tied down and having cockroaches crawl over you

Being tied down and having rats run all over you or

WHICH WOULD YOUR WORST FEAR BE?

Finding a huge spider’s nest under your bed

or

Finding a snakeskin in your winter boots

The average SMOOTH - shaven man will spend 5 MONTHS of his life SHAVING.

he ONLY part of the hair that is not dead is the HAIR that is inside your scalp.

All HAIR FOLLICLES in humans are formed when a foetus is 5 months old.

You SHED 40 - 150 STRANDS OF HAIR EVERY DAY.

HAIR IS THE MOST COMMON TYPE OF FORENSIC EVIDENCE.

The rarest hair colour is RED and is found in only 1% of the world , s population. 1%

BLACK is the most common HAIR colour.

HAIR facts

The ANCIENT EGYPTIANS were the first to remove unwanted body hair.

HAIR is the second fastest growing tissue in the body. Only bone marrow is quicker.

WET HAIR CAN STRETCH UP TO OF ITS ORIGINAL LENGTH. 30%

STRAIGHT OR Curly?

The fundamental difference between STRAIGHT and CURLY hair lies in the shape of the hair follicle.

STRAIGHT HAIR

Straight hair typically has a round-shaped crosssection. The hair follicle is symmetrical, so the hair grows out in a straight and smooth pattern.

CURLY HAIR

Curly or wavy hair has an asymmetrical cross-section. The follicle is curved, leading to a more twisted growth pattern.

Win R100 000 with the #BoltGwijoChallenge

Song and dance have brought many nations together, but none quite like iGwijo in South Africa. Bolt has launched the #BoltGwijoChallenge to unite the country through what South Africans love to do best. Teams taking part stand a chance to take home the grand prize of R100 000 for their organisation.

Already in its third week, join in on the fun and engage with videos created under the # #BoltGwijoChallenge on the Bolt Africa TikTok account. While everyone will have their sights set on the R100 000, you can still win some great mini-spoils over the coming weeks simply by interacting with any registered video entry.

Prizes include promo codes, shopping vouchers, and surprise boxes.

series tells the life stories of Southern African leaders who struggledforfreedomandjustice.Theseare the stories of the powerfulpeoplewhodeserveanhonouredplaceinourhistory.

This series tells the life stories of Southern African leaders who struggledforfreedomandjustice.Theseare the stories of the powerfulpeoplewhodeserveanhonouredplaceinourhistory.

Oliver Tambo was born on 27 October 1917 in Kantolo, in the Cape.

At the age of 12 he and his brother Alan went to attend the Holy Cross boarding school. He later moved to St Peter's in Johannesburg where he matriculated top of his class.

He received his BSc from Fort Hare in Eastern Cape, which was the only university in South Africa for black students. Unable to study for a medical degree at Fort Hare, he switched to law.

In the midst of political unrest and fighting for dignity for African people, Mandela and Tambo set up the first black law firm in Johannesburg. In 1960 the ANC was banned and Tambo went into exile. He continued to lead the organization from abroad, rallying support for the anti-apartheid cause to impose sanctions on the apartheid regime.

He is without doubt one of the most prominent leaders in the history of the ANC and freedom fighter. His full name is Oliver Reginald Tambo –hence the name OR Tambo airport!

In 1960, he was the first African to be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. This was for his role in leading the nonviolent struggle against apartheid.

. Born into a Christian Zulu family in 1898, his parents instilled in him strong values and a sense of pride in his heritage. After school, Luthuli worked as a teacher and followed in his father’s footsteps and became a lay preacher in the Methodist Church.

He became increasingly involved in the struggle for freedom and equality, and joined the ANC, becoming its president in 1952.

Despite his commitment to nonviolence, Luthuli constantly faced persecution from the apartheid government, and was subjected to banning orders, and was placed under house arrest for several years. His struggle was honoured by the prestigious Nobel Prize.

Helen Joseph trained as a nurse in London and moved to SA in 1931, where she worked as a nurse in Johannesburg. It was while nursing, that she became increasingly aware of the injustices of apartheid and became involved in activism against racial discrimination.

Despite being an English woman, Helen Joseph joined the ANC in the 1950s and became one of the few white members of the organisation during the apartheid era.

She is remembered for the Women’s March to the Union Buildings in Pretoria in 1956, where women protested against the requirement for black women to carry passes under the Pass Laws. It was a significant moment in the anti-apartheid struggle.

Her advocacy for women’s rights are widely celebrated. It is because of the courageous Women's March on 9 August 1956 that we celebrate Women's Day as a National Public Holiday today.

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