CITY-BASED SCENARIOS 2045: Infrastructural & Typological Attraction Growth Model

City-based Scenarios 2045:

Infrastructural and Typological Attraction Growth Model Collaborating with Architectural Association (EmTech) Emergent Technology and Design

BY MAXIME DOWNE & KIT-YEUNG CHAN

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Introduction A generative growth model based on infrastructural and typological attraction rules to extrapolate future scenarios for East Manchester 2045.

This portfolio will present the development of a digital tool that will use infrastructural and typological attraction to generate future plans for a 1 km sq site in East Manchester. Firstly a series of four experiments will be caried out based on four cities: Tokyo, San Francisco, Chicago and New York. This will lead to two experiments based on what Manchester City Council foresee within East Manchester and what the present trends might suggest toward the future of East Manchester. Extreme extrapolation is used here to speculate about what could happen.

The limitations here are that buildings have been classed as either residential or commercial for the purpose of the simulation and so the statistics that come out of each scenario reflect that.

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CLICK TO PLAY VIDEO

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0.2 Table of Content 1 Theoretical Framework 2 Identifying the Existing Networks 3 The Digital Tool 4 Interface 5 Tokyo Experiment 6 San Francisco Experiment 7 Chicago Experiment 8 New York Experiment 9 Regeneration Scheme Experiment 10 Present Trends Experiment 11 Conclusion 12 Appendix

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1 Theoritical Framework 1.1 2045: The Singularity 1.2 Self-organisation 1.3 Emergence 1.4 Space-filling growth 1.5 The “Wicked� Problem 1.6 Thesis Statement

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1.1 2045: The Singularity Ray Kurzweil (2005) anticipates a technological singularity in 2045 after which it is difficult to speculate about the future.

The singularity is an event horizon after which artificial general intelligence will be capable of recursive self-improvement. This will mean exponential evolution that will affect every field of human progress, especially the built environment. Because of this, it is difficult to extrapolate beyond this date as the progress that will occur is beyond our present intellectual capabilities with an intelligence explosion being the outcome of the technological singularity.

One normal computer will be more powerful than all human brains.

Computer powered buildings may be able to harness this power and capable of recursive self-improvement too, reacting to its users and using Drexler’s (1986) molecular assemblers and Von Neumann’s (1966) self-reproducing automatas to transform itself. This would revolutionise the built environment in ways we cannot predict.

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Source: Kurzweil, R. (2005) The Singularity is Near. New York: Viking.

Drexler, K.E. (1986) Engines of Creation: The Coming Era of Nanotechnology, New York: Anchor Books.

Von Neumann, J. (1966) Theory of Self-Reproducing Automata, Urbana-Champaign: University of Illinois Press.

All human brains

all

One human brain One mouse brain One insect brain

1900

2000

2045

2100

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1.2 Self-Organisation Cities are the product of self-organising systems which involve local interactions.

It is this self-organising quality present in all cities that has made traditional planning obsolete to a certain extent. Zoning and topdown approaches simply do not take into consideration any selforganisation and local interactions which are at the heart of the development of the city. This has been the reason for the failure of top-down masterplans.

We need to think about our cities as constantly evolving from present trends and therefore attempt to foresee where our city might be in the future before making any presumptions and enforcing a masterplan.

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Source: Wolf, T. D., & Holvoet, T. (2004). Emergence and Self-Organisation: a statement of similarities and differences. Proceedings of the International Workshop on Engineering SelfOrganising Applications (pp. 96-110).

External Factor

System

External Factor

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1.3 Emergence Emergent trends are the visible outcomes of local interactions and deal with higher level patterns within the city.

The outcome of interaction at a local level through self-organisation is emergence within the city - what we can visibly see simply from looking at historical figure grounds over the years. This type of growth cannot be predicted as it is spontaneous and unplanned.

However, by studying how other cities have developed as well as present trends within East Manchester, we can speculate as to what future trajectory we are steering towards and how this would shape the city. This is a complex issue and can be tackled by focusing on its parts to decipher even a fraction of the complex code. All of the interactions cannot be simulated or even fully understood but studying specific relationships in the city can provide some guidance and perhaps even some answers.

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Source: Wolf, T. D., & Holvoet, T. (2004). Emergence and Self-Organisation: a statement of similarities and differences. Proceedings of the International Workshop on Engineering SelfOrganising Applications (pp. 96-110).

Emergence is created

Emergence is created

Macro

Comunity of Practice

Emergence

Macro

Macro

Micro

Micro

System of Influence

System of Influence

New Idea

Decline

Comunity of Practice

New Idea

Decline

Comunity of Practice

Naming

Naming Connecting

Connecting

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1.4 Space-Filling Growth The city develops from clusters of settlements over time. In 25 years, East Manchester will develop out of the existing typologies and infrastructure.

This portfolio will present the development of a digital tool that will use infrastructural and typological attraction to generate future plans for a 1 km sq site in East Manchester. Firstly a series of four experiments will be caried out based on four cities: Tokyo, San Francisco, Chicago and New York. This will lead to two experiments based on what Manchester City Council foresee within East Manchester and what the present trends might suggest toward the future of East Manchester. Extreme extrapolation is used here to speculate about what could happen.

The limitations here are that buildings have been classed as either residential or commercial for the purpose of the simulation and so the statistics that come out of each scenario reflect that.

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Source: Batty, M. (2008) ‘Generating Cities from the Bottom-Up: Using Complexity Theory for Effective Design.’ Cluster Magazine, (7), pp. 150-161.

Settlements attract other settlements, therefore typologies can attract other typologies and proliferate in a space-filling growth model.

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1.5 The ‘‘Wicked’’ Problem Problem which resists solutions Planning problems are ‘wicked’ problems and a wicked problem doesn’t have a single fixed solution, unlike a tamed problem. The solution to a tamed problem can be easily identified as either right or wrong. The solution to a wicked problem can only be speculatively identified as good or bad. This is because wicked problems cannot be properly identified, and identifying a problem and finding a solution to it are the same thing.

The city is a complex system, consisting of many inter-connected sub-systems creating the emergent behaviors. When solving a planning issue in the context of a dynamic city, the actual problems that you are faced with are constantly evolving. This means everevolving solutions are also necessary.

To solve a problem within a complex environment, we need a tool that can produce many different solutions. Hence, we are developing a model which can generate as many scenarios as there are possibilities to try to identify desirable as well as undesirable futures for East Manchester.

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Source: Rittel, Horst W. J., and Melvin M. Webber. “Dilemmas In A General Theory Of Planning”. Policy Sci 4.2 (1973): 155-169. Web.

PROBLEMS Complex

?

Complicated

?

?

? ?

Wicked

Example: Problems in city planning.

?

Tamed

Example: Problems in mathematics, puzzle or mechanical engineering design.

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1.6 Thesis Statement Development consists of building typologies which are attracted to infrastructure and vice-versa.

Building typologies and infrastructure can attract and repel one another. This relationship can help build a model of what East Manchester may look like in 2045. By studying this relationship in Tokyo, San Francisco, New York and Chicago, as well as the present trends in Manchester and the council’s plans for the future, one can generate scenarios of what the city may look like in the near-future.

These scenarios can help steer toward a desirable trajectory and keep away from undesirable scenarios as well as point out inevitable scenarios unless a drastic change takes place. This is as much a work of speculation as it is of extrapolation and its limitations lie within this. What it provides is a narrow window into the future based on a limited number of factors, but it actually informs us about the present and how current trends will shape the future. It is impossible to accurately predict the future and this tool provides by no means predictions, rather a set of warnings.

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-?

Green Space Waterways

+

s are dy d

Building Typology

+

ors

+-?

Key

Roads Railways

Using

+-?

-?

+

+

-?

+-?

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2 Identifying the Existing Networks 2.1 Location of East Manchester 2.2 Rail Networks 2.3 Bus Networks 2.4 Road Networks 2.5 Car Parks 2.6 Site Identification 2.7 Important Nodes Network 2.8 Retained Elements 2.9 Retained Plan

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2.1 Location of East Manchester Within East Manchester, an urban fringe area surrounding the Etihad Stadium has been identified for investigation of potential development.

East Manchester Boundary

UK

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Greater Manchester

N

Investigated Site

Manchester

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2.2 Rail Network There are major rail networks surrounding East Manchester without necessarily penetrating it significantly.

Key

Train Network (Fast Routes)

Metrolink Network

Train Stop

Metrolink Stop

Scale 1:30 000 0 200m

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1km

N

2km

Bury

Newcastle

Monsall

Queens Road

Central Park

Rochdale Town Centre

Newton Heath & Moston

Leeds

Victoria

Preston Blackpool

Shudehill Salford Central

Liverpool Deansgate East Didsbury

Market Street

Piccadilly Gardens

New Islington

Holt Town

Etihad Campus Clayton Velopark

AshtonunderLyne

St. Peters Square

Oxford Road

Piccadilly Station

Leeds

Birmingham London

Sheffield Nottingham

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2.3 Bus Networks Whilst some areas are less well served that others, East Manchester is well connected through bus networks.

Key

Bus Route

Bus Stop

Scale 1:15 000 0 100m

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500m

N

1km

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2.4 Road Networks Vehicular traffic counts suggest the fastness of a route and therefore the attraction. These are the main roads.

Key

Heavy Traffic Count (25 000 + vehicles/year)

Medium Traffic Count (10 000 - 25 000 vehicles/year)

Low Traffic Count (less than 10 000 vehicles/year)

Source: Department for Transport. (2014). Department for Transport. Retrieved from Traffic counts - Manchester: http://www.dft.gov.uk/traffic-counts/cp.php?la=Manchester

Scale 1:15 000 0 100m

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500m

N

1km

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2.5 Car parks Car parks are located at the two extremities of the studied site, serving the city centre and the Etihad Stadium.

Key

Main Purpose

Car Park

Scale 1:15 000 0 100m

30

500m

N

1km

Manchester Tennis Centre

Etihad Stadium Central Retail Park

Islington Wharf

Chips New Islington

Private business

Manchester Piccadilly

NHS Surgeries

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2.6 Site Identification There is an imbalance between high dense development as well as a lack of development on this infrastructurally rich site which conects Picadilly Station to the Etihad Stadium.

Key Waterways

Green areas

Building Areas

Important Building Nodes

Scale 1:6 500 0 100m 0 100m 00100m 100m 500m

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500m 500m

N

500m 1km 1km

1km

1km

00

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2.7 Important Nodes Network

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Medical

Residential (dense)

Industrial

Stadium

Commercial

Educational

Commercial

Train Station

Residential (dense)

Educational

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2.7 Important Building Nodes These are the high density residential blocks located by the Ashton Canal surrounded by large under-utilised green areas.

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2.8 Retained Elements In an effort to imagine and speculate about a high density East Manchester through infrastructural and typological attraction, high density residential and commercial buildings as well as major infrastructure will be retained for this experiment.

What this means is that if East Manchester was to become a high density urban area in 2045, in terms of figure ground and population increase, these are likely to be the buildings and infrastructure that will remain. Hence, this experiment “retains� these buildings not because of any architectural value but because we are projecting that these will be the buildings of value for this future society.

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High dense residential and commercial buildings

Main road network that connects outside the site boundary

Water networks

Railway and tram networks

Site hard boundaries

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2.9 Retained Plan In 2045, East Manchester will be a high density area and therefore only the high dense residential and commercial buildings will remain.

Because of this, all detached and semi-detached housing will be removed from the site and the roads that connect to them. The fast roads and the roads that connect outside of the site boundary are likely to remain because of their connectivity.

This is the basemap on which experiments based on other cities development will be run. These experiments will involve infrastructural and typological attraction rules which will be described for each experiment.

The cities on which these experiments will be based are Tokyo, San Francisco, New York and Chicago. As well as the on site infrastructure and buildings, four buildings from outside the site will influence the experiment’s outcomes - Piccadilly Station and Etihad Stadium.

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3 The Generative Model 3.1 Layers of the Model 3.2 Recursive Process 3.3 Flow Diagram and Pseudocode 3.4 User Input 3.5 Stakeholders

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3.1 Layers of the Model There are four layers in the model which will develop a scenario for a denser East Manchester.

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Layer 4: Building typologies around infrastructure and other typologies

Layer 3: Parcellation

Layer 2: Green areas, car parks and tram stops around building typologies

Layer 1: Building typologies around retained infrastructure

Baselayer: Retained nodes and networks

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future scenario for the high dense East Manchester following from the rules we have defined from the visual study of some high dense cities, such as Tokyo and New York City. Different city’s density will lead the model to attract different building types, as well as attracting different amenity like green space, tram station, car park and pedestrian walkway.

3.2 Recursive Process

The rules for the attraction for both buildings and infrastructure are based on the probability, therefore many different scenarios can be Looking at cities with different densities can give generated with a single city rule.

an insight into what density-based scenarios might look like.

Density level: Chicago

the set boundary.

It will find the closest point on the nearest infrastructure.

(The main road in this instance) It rotates the building toward that closest point so it is parallel with the road.

The building will move to the point and offset at a certain distance depending on pavement size.

Tokyo Step 2.

East Manchester >6,200 /Km²

>4,400 /Km²

San Fransisco

New York City ??? /Km²

(To generate the building, it will require the rule that we have programmed into the model.)

Depending on what infrastructure is situated near to the building (main road), a certain probability to generate different building type will occur.

Refer back to the rule pages for each city for the attraction percentages.

>10,800 /Km²

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>7,000 /Km²

m²

co

After the building is generated, it will automatically offset its footprint of the building to form its plot size.

SE O VE M

It will find the closest point on the nearest infrastructure.

(The main road in this instance)

T

Model will find a point within the set boundary.

When other new buildings are generated close to one or the other. The model will merge the adjacent plots together to form a parcel, and it will keep merging the plots together until the desired parcel size is achieved.

It rotates the building toward that closest point so it is parallel with the road.

The building will move to the point and offset at a certain distance depending on pavement size.

Step 2.

Step 4.

(To generate the building, it will require the rule that we have programmed into the model.)

New amenities will be generated around the new buildings, such as green space, car park and tram stops.

40% 20% 40%

Depending on what infrastructure is situated near to the building (main road), a certain probability to generate different building type will occur.

Refer back to the rule pages for each city for the attraction percentages.

Lastly, the road network will be generated to connect all the parcels and amenities together with the existing road networks.

REPEAT STEP 1.

e be

Step 3.

O FF

the ities, the rent

Step 1.

Km²

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3.3 Flow Diagram and Pseudocode START Population / Density km2

People per km2 = less than 4,000

YES

Chicago’s building type rule applied

INPUT

Population / density /km2.

IF THEN

/km2 is less than 4,000. use Chicago’s rule.

ELSE IF THEN

/km2 is between 4,000 - 6,000. use Tokyo’s rule.

ELSE IF THEN . . .

/km2 is between 6,000 - 7,000. use San Francisco rule.

[REPEAT] SEQUENCE INITIALISE

NO Building type generated People per km2 = 4,000 - 6,000

YES

IF THEN

the selected point is ‘close’ to mai 50% chance to attract (Skyscraper 20% chance to attract (High rise re 10% chance to attract (Low rise co 20% chance to attract (High rise c

ELSE IF THEN

the selected point is ‘close’ to mai 25% chance to attract (Skyscraper 35% chance to attract (Low rise re 10% chance to attract (High rise re 20% chance to attract (Low rise co 10% chance to attract (High rise c

Amentity rule applied NO

People per km2 = 6,001 - 7,000

NO

YES

Amentity generated

Road rule applied

Road network generated

Finish when the model is filled

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CITY RULE Generate new building. to find a point within the set bound Except on the buildings and infra

. . .

IF THEN

there is adjacent building move the generated building to clo adjacent building and offset a ‘cer

ELSE

place on the centre of the selected

OUTPUT

Building is placed on the selected

SEQUENCE INITIALISE

Generate new infrastructure. to check distance between the last selected point and the closest building.

SEQUENCE

IF

distance is within 100 metres in diameter & the number of buildings are three or more. create new infrastructure to closest building.

IF

INPUT

Population / density /km2.

IF THEN

/km2 is less than 4,000. use Chicago’s rule.

ELSE IF THEN

/km2 is between 4,000 - 6,000. use Tokyo’s rule.

THEN

ELSE IF THEN . . .

/km2 is between 6,000 - 7,000. use San Francisco rule.

IF THEN

the building is (Skyscraper).

70% chance to attract 4 lanes (road).

20% chance to attract 3 lanes (road).

10% chance to attract 2 lanes (road).

IF THEN

the building is (High rise commerical).

30% chance to attract 4 lanes (road).

40% chance to attract 3 lanes (road).

20% chance to attract 2 lanes (road).

10% chance to attract 1 lane (road).

IF THEN

the building is (Low rise commerical).

10% chance to attract 4 lanes (road).

30% chance to attract 2 lanes (road).

30% chance to attract 1 lane (road).

20% chance to attract (Carpark).

10% chance to attract (Promenade).

[REPEAT] SEQUENCE INITIALISE IF THEN

ELSE IF THEN

. . .

CITY RULE Generate new building. to find a point within the set boundary.

Except on the buildings and infrastructures point. the selected point is ‘close’ to main road.

50% chance to attract (Skyscraper).

20% chance to attract (High rise residential).

10% chance to attract (Low rise commerical).

20% chance to attract (High rise commerical). the selected point is ‘close’ to main road + railway.

25% chance to attract (Skyscraper).

35% chance to attract (Low rise residential).

10% chance to attract (High rise residential).

20% chance to attract (Low rise commerical).

10% chance to attract (High rise commerical).

. . .

IF THEN

OUTPUT

IF THEN

there is adjacent building move the generated building to closest face of the adjacent building and offset a ‘certain distance’.

ELSE

place on the centre of the selected point

OUTPUT

Building is placed on the selected point and stored.

IF THEN

THEN OUTPUT

Create parcel.

Find a random building and search for nearby buildings. the number of the neighbouring buildings are five or more. draw a offset line from those buildings. parcel boundary formed.

[REPEAT THE SQUENCE]

new (road) is generated. find a direction towards the closest road from the closest building.

Draw a line and offset depeneding the number of lanes. new road is generated. new (green_space) or (carpark) is generated. place a (green_space) or (carpark) to the closest adjacent building.

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3.4 User Input Testing the effects of infrastructural changes on the built environment.

Amending or proposing a new configuration of the existing infrastructure will affect the development of buildings and other infrastructures or amenities. This will be adjusted on the baselayer.

The purpose for the input of the base map is to anaylse the impact of utilising between the existing infrastructures and proposed infrastructures. This can be used as a tool to test urban designs and their future impacts. This will lead to the most appropriate infrastructural design according to a set of desirable outcomes.

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e

l

na

Ca

Ca

Tr am

Main

lin

e

d Roa

d Roa

lin

l

Main

n Mai

Tr am

Proposed configuration - Porposed canal - Proposed main road - Proposed tram line

na Ca

na

Existing + Proposed configuration - Canal - Proposed main road - Tram line

m Tra

Existing configuration - Canal - Main road - Tram line

l

Baselayer:

Roa d

lin

e

Output:

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3.4 User Input Different typologies of buildings will cluster around different types of infrastructure and defining this relationship will depend on what city it is in.

The attraction rules are defined by a visual and comparative study of different cities. It means the rules are fixed and therefore we can adjust the attraction percentages.

The attraction rules can allow us to identify the relationship between the infrastructures and buildings as well as the attraction within itself.

Density is not necessarily directly related to infrastructural and typological attraction but this is how these cities developed for a number of reasons and at a similar density, it just may happen in East Manchester. The multitude of posible scenarios that the digital tool is able to produce strengthens this methodology.

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Rule: New York City-

Ca na l e

Tr am

d Roa

lin

n Mai

e

Tr am

d Roa

d Roa lin

n Mai

n Mai

Tr am

Ca na l

Tokyo-

Ca na l

San Francisco-

lin

e

Output:

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3.5 Stakeholders Citizens, urban planners and Manchester City Council will benefit from this digital tool and strengthen its potential.

The main purpose of this simulation model is to demonstrate a high dense East Manchester by using infrastructural and typological attraction rules, which we defined from the study of a number of cities.

The output of the model can be used in many different way. For instance, it can aid urban planners for planning the future urban landscape of East Manchester. Manchester City Council can test and implement policies, and also get feedback or suggestions from the local citizens. The stakeholders, urban planners and the council and the citizens of the city in which it is implemented and there interaction with the model feed into it and strengthen it’s potential.

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?

?

Urban Planners

Local Council 50%

Ca na l

30%

The future scenario can project what new infrastructure is required to strive toward a desirable scenario or steer away from undesirable ones. The degree of success at achieving this can be recorded and feed into the model over time.

Mai ad

n Ro

Tr am

lin

e

The digital tool can engage the citizens of East Manchester by beginning a conversation about the future of their area.

R

This dialogue mean they can express their own ideas which can feed into the tool and help urban regeneration planners at the council.

Local Residents

E

R

TU

FU

The Council can test policies. They can make decisions about what planning applications to approve in order to steer toward a desirable trajectory. The model can form the basis of these decisions. They can alter or propose infrastructure, and change the attraction rule to achieve a certain percentage of residential or commercial buildings.

ST A E

H

C

N

A

M

TE S E

Planners can also identify which infrastructure has to be replaced or upgraded for the needs of the future capacity of East Manchester.

Ultimate rule

+

+

When different rules are applied to the model, different scenarios will become possible. Analysing the outcomes will identify common patterns across all rules derived from different cities.

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4 Interface 4.1 Search and Choose a Site 4.2 User Configuration 4.3 Customise Rules 4.4 Scenario Outcome 4.5 Outcome Analysis

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4.1 Search and Choose a Site This the interface for searching and choosing the site that you want to experiment with. The boundary of sites is per-defined for the users to choose from. It lets you highlight the sites and it shows you the current development within that area. Once confirmed, then we can process to the next stage for setting up a series of experiments.

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Please select your site Search site...

Newton Heath

Green Quarter

Newton Heath

g

tin

s at

s

ile

+

M

co

An

s+

Clayton

n yto

a

Cl

at

co

An

at Pl

New Islington + Bradford Manchester City Centre

Beswick + Bradford

Openshaw + Bradford

Area: New Islington + Bradford Brief: This area is undergoing the East Manchester regeneration plan for 2018. At present, Manchester City Council has agreed with City’s Middle East owners to build 6,000 new homes in the next 10 years.

SELECT

Ardwick + West Gordon

Bradford

SAVED MODEL

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4.2 User configuration After the site has been selected, the next step is to configure the map and select the rules in order to generate the future scenario of East Manchester.

There are two main user configurations, which is the configuration of the base map and which rule will be applied to generate the outcome.

When everything is selected, click the start button and the simulation will start generating.

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Configuration Return

Site : New Islington + Bradford

Base map configuration: High dense residential buildings Low dense residential buildings Commercial buildings Industrial buildings Canal and valley Metro links Main roads Minor roads Advanced options

Attraction rules: Tokyo New York San Francisco Chicago Custom* START

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4.3 Customise Rules This page let you create your own attraction rule instead of the preset city rules.

Users can easily adjust the percentages with the scale bars underneath each attraction factor. It provides the indicator of how much percent is used on each building type. After all the percentages are distributed, users can name the custom rules and save.

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High-rise building (Commercial)

Skyscraper (Commercial)

Low-rise building (Residential)

High-rise building (Residential)

Custom Rule

High-rise building (Residential)

Low-rise building (Residential)

Percentage used

Percentage used

High-rise building (Commercial)

60%

High-rise building 40% (Commercial)

80%

High-rise building 20% (Commercial)

Low-rise building (Commercial) Percentage used 20%

High-rise building 80% (Commercial)

High-rise building (Commercial) Percentage used 60%

Minor road

Minor road

20%

Low-rise building Low-rise building (Commercial) (Residential) Skyscraper Skyscraper Skyscraper Skyscraper Skyscraper Green Space Green Space Green Space Green Space (Commercial) (Commercial) (Commercial) (Commercial) (Commercial) Skyscraper Skyscraper Skyscraper Skyscraper 10% 20% 10% 30% (Commercial) (Commercial) (Commercial) (Commercial) Low-rise building Low-rise building Low-rise building Low-rise building Low-rise building High-rise building (Residential) High-rise building (Residential) High-rise building (Residential) (Residential) High-rise building (Residential) (Residential) (Residential) (Residential) (Residential)

Low-rise building

Low-rise building

Low-rise building

Low-rise building

100%

Low-rise building (Commercial) Low-rise building

0%

Low-rise building (Residential) Major road 0%

Minor road

Low-rise building 0% 30% Skyscraper (Residential) (Commercial) High-rise building High-rise building High-rise building High-rise building High-rise building (Residential) (Residential) (Residential) (Residential) (Residential) High-rise building High-rise building High-rise building High-rise building (Residential) (Residential) (Residential) (Residential) Stadium Stadium Stadium Stadium Skyscraper High-rise building Skyscraper Skyscraper Skyscraper High-rise building Skyscraper High-rise building High-rise building 20% 0% 0% 0% (Commercial) (Commercial) (Commercial) (Commercial) (Commercial) (Commercial) (Commercial) (Commercial) (Commercial) 10%

Percentage used

High-rise building 40% (Commercial)

High-rise building Low-rise building Skyscraper (Residential) (Commercial) (Commercial) High-rise building High-rise building High-rise building High-rise building High-rise building Major road Major road Major road Major road (Commercial) (Commercial) (Commercial) (Commercial) (Commercial) High-rise High-rise High-rise High-rise 20% building 0% building 10% building 0% building (Commercial) (Commercial) (Commercial) (Commercial) High-rise building High-rise building High-rise building High-rise building High-rise building (Residential) (Residential) (Residential) (Residential) (Residential) Minor road

Skyscraper (Commercial)

Minor road 40%

Low-rise building (Commercial)

Stadium 0%

Green Space 20%

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4.3 Customise Rules This page let you create your own attraction rule instead of the preset city rules.

Users can easily adjust the percentages with the scale bars underneath each attraction factor. It provides the indicator of how much percent is used on each building type. After all the percentages are distributed, users can name the custom rules and save.

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building rcial)

building ntial)

aper rcial)

uilding ntial)

uilding rcial)

High-rise building (Commercial)

Skyscraper (Commercial) High-rise building (Commercial) High-rise building (Commercial) High-rise building High-rise building (Commercial) (Commercial) Low-rise building (Residential)

High-rise building (Commercial) High-rise building (Commercial) High-rise building High-rise building (Commercial) (Commercial) High-rise building (Residential)

Car Park

0%

Custom Rule High-rise building (Commercial) High-rise building (Commercial) High-rise building High-rise building (Commercial) (Commercial) Low-rise building (Commercial)

Percentage used

Percentage used

High-rise building 60% 40% (Residential) High-rise building (Residential) High-rise building High-rise building (Residential) (Residential) Low-rise building (Commercial)

Low-rise building (Residential)

High-rise building 80% 20% (Residential) High-rise building (Residential) High-rise building High-rise building (Residential) (Residential) Skyscraper (Commercial)

High-rise building (Commercial) High-rise building (Commercial) High-rise building High-rise building (Commercial) (Commercial) High-rise building (Commercial)

Car Park 0%

0%

Skyscraper (Commercial) Skyscraper (Commercial) SkyscraperWalkway Skyscraper (Commercial) 0% (Commercial) Skyscraper (Commercial)

Low-rise building Metro station (Residential) Low-rise building 0% (Residential) Low-rise building Low-rise building (Residential) (Residential)

Low-rise building Metro station (Residential) Low-rise building 0% (Residential) Low-rise building Low-rise building (Residential) (Residential) Low-rise building (Commercial)

Low-rise building Metro station (Residential) Low-rise building 0% (Residential) Low-rise building Low-rise building (Residential) (Residential)

Low-rise building Metro station (Residential) Low-rise building 0% (Residential) Low-rise building Low-rise building (Residential) (Residential) Low-rise building (Residential)

0%

20%

Low-rise building (Commercial) Low-rise building (Commercial) Low-rise building Low-rise building (Commercial) (Commercial)

Canal / River 0%

Low-rise building (Commercial) Low-rise building (Commercial) Low-rise building Low-rise building (Commercial) (Commercial)

Low-rise building (Residential) Car Park

Walkway 30%

Low-rise building (Commercial) Low-rise building (Commercial) Low-rise building Low-rise building (Commercial) (Commercial) Low-rise building (Commercial)

Low-rise building (Commercial)

Metro station 0%

Canal / River 0%

0%

0%

Skyscraper (Commercial) Skyscraper (Commercial) SkyscraperWalkway Skyscraper (Commercial) 0% (Commercial)

Low-rise building (Commercial) Low-rise building (Commercial) Low-rise building Low-rise building (Commercial) (Commercial)

100%

Car Park

Skyscraper (Commercial) Skyscraper (Commercial) SkyscraperWalkway Skyscraper (Commercial) building 20% Low-rise (Commercial) (Residential)

Canal / River

Percentage used

High-rise building 60% 40% (Residential) High-rise building (Residential) High-rise building High-rise building (Residential) (Residential) High-rise building (Residential)

Skyscraper (Commercial) Skyscraper (Commercial) SkyscraperWalkway Skyscraper (Commercial) 0% (Commercial)

Canal / River

Skyscraper (Commercial)

Percentage used

Percentage used

High-rise building 20% 80% (Residential) High-rise building (Residential) High-rise building High-rise building (Residential) (Residential)

Car Park

0%

High-rise building (Residential)

Canal / River 10%

65

4.4 Scenario Outcome After the site and rule are selected, users can start generating the final scenario.

The output of this model can produce 3d views such as axonometic view, plans, sections and elevations. If users are not satisfied with the outcome, they can regenerate a new scenario by pressing the RESTART button or DISCARD the model. Alternatively, users can SAVE the outcome to compare with other outcomes later.

66

Result Return

Site : New Islington + Bradford Rule: New York

Elevation Plan

1 1

Axonometric view

2

DISCARD RESTART SAVE

67

4.5 Outcome Analysis Users can save all the future scenarios which have been generated by the model and saved.

Three cities’ outcomes can be compared at once with the statistics shown for each outcome. This enables users to test different rules and different configuration of the base map, to create different outcomes for experimentation.

The different scenarios can be used to compare with the proposed plan from the City Council, to determine which rule is best to apply for the future East Manchester.

68

Comparison Return

Built

49% 14% 4% 2% 31%

9,

7

00

sq

m

7,

79

bu 0s

il d

in g

qm

s

32

b u il d i n g s 206,134 sq m

31

residential accomodates 55,000 people

18 s q m

52% 48%

commercial accomodates 250,000 people

Lo

29 42

2,0

9,3

in g

Hi

LRC

il d

co m

bu

se

l ia

w-

ris e

com.

b u il din g s 48 s qm

Hig

h-

ri

51

85

s1 ,1 8

se -ri

gh

-ri

bu ild ing Low -ris s er es

al

2,5 00 s q m

d e n ti a l

residential accomodates 60,000 people

re s i

buildin gs 1,1 34 Skys ,5 cra pe r

12

sq

m

sq m 86 8,7 71 tial en id

s

44

,8

1

gh

Hi

ng

r

53% 47%

1

ldi

ra

pe

bu ild ing Lowrise s re si

commercial accomodates 325,000 people

106

Statistic:

33

.

6,000 sq m 1,78

buildings

co h-rise m.

Hig

29

residential accomodates 75,000 people

b.

commercial accomodates 1,000,000 people

sc

b ui

Sky

26

83% 17%

58

PREVIOUS

HR R

m

LRR

Site : New Islington + Bradford Rule : Tokyo

583 ,60 9s qm

00

sq

b.

Green

Waterw

28% 7% 4%

e n ti

Statistic:

30 3 8

Built

Other

gs

Statistic:

m sq

Car park

sid

Site : New Islington + Bradford Rule : San Francisco

1,3 32 ,7 00

Waterways

in

Site : New Islington + Bradford Rule : New York 914,560 sqm

Green

26% 18% 4% 1% 51%

Other

re

Car park

se

Waterways

buildings 1,2 45 ,00 High-rise co 0 mm er c

Green

24

Built

bu

il d

NEXT

69

5 Tokyo Experiment 5.1 Tokyo Rules 5.2 Computational Model at Work 5.3 Tokyo Outcome 5.4 Visualisation

70

Image source: http://blogs-images.forbes.com/fathom/files/2015/03/0330_FL-tokyo-japancrossing_2000x1125-1940x1091.jpg

71

5.1 Tokyo Rules Amenities General rules: Buildings between buildings have very little gap. Average car parking space is relatively small compares to San Francisco. Also, there are less skyscrapers in Tokyo, and the majority of the buildings are low to high rise buildings only.

Building information: Low rise building Max height: 18m Max length: 25m Min height: 6m Min length: 9m Max ratio: 1 Min ratio: 0.75 High rise building Max height: 96m Max length: 40m Min height: 27m Min length: 20m Max ratio: 1 Min ratio: 0.5 Skyscraper Max height: 333m Max length: 60m Min height: 103m Min length: 55m Max ratio: 0.8 Min ratio: 0.5

72

Max width: 15m Min width: 6m Max width: 25m Min width: 10m Max width: 60m Min width: 45m

Buildings distance within parcel

Road type and Pavement

parking re are e low to

1 lane Pavement width: 2.5m

2 lanes Pavement width: 3m

3 lanes Pavement width: 5m

4 lanes Pavement width: 7m

m

m m

m m

Min: 0.2 metre

Max: 1.5 metre

Average parcel size: 50m x 50m = 2,500 m²

Green space relationship

Furthest: 1,800 metre Closest: 60 metre Min length : 80 m Min width : 20 m Min ratio : 1:1.2 Max length : 430 m Max width : 230 m Max ratio : 1:1.9

Max: 98,900 m²

Min: 1,600 m²

Car park size

3m² per person

333 people/km²

Min length : 50 m Min width : 30 m Min ratio : 1:5 Max length : 100 m Max width : 60 m Max ratio : 1:1.6

Min: 150 m²

Max: 4950 m²

73

5.1 Tokyo Rules Infrastructural Drivers General rules: Buildings between buildings have very little gap. Average car parking space is relatively small compares to San Francisco. Also, there are less skyscrapers in Tokyo, and the majority of the buildings are low to high rise buildings only.

Building information: Low rise building Max height: 18m Max length: 25m Min height: 6m Min length: 9m Max ratio: 1 Min ratio: 0.75 High rise building Max height: 96m Max length: 40m Min height: 27m Min length: 20m Max ratio: 1 Min ratio: 0.5 Skyscraper Max height: 333m Max length: 60m Min height: 103m Min length: 55m Max ratio: 0.8 Min ratio: 0.5

Max width: 15m Min width: 6m Max width: 25m Min width: 10m Max width: 60m Min width: 45m

Attraction

City: Tokyo

General rules: Buildings between b space is relatively sm less skyscrapers in T high rise buildings on

Building information: Low rise building Max height: 18m Min height: 6m Max ratio: 1:5

High rise building Max height: 96m Min height: 27m Max ratio: 1:2

100%

Skyscraper Max height: 333m Min height: 103m Max ratio: 1:1.2

KEY

Attraction

100% 10%

74

10%

INFRASTRUCTURE DRIVERS

BUILDING TYPES

AMENITIES

ROAD NETWORKS

20% 30% 20% 20% 10%

25%

% 4 Lanes

%

30

15% 15%

20

20

%

Tram line

Low-rise building (Commercial)

%

Low-rise building (Residential)

%

Warehouse (Industrial)

30%

20 %

20%

River

40 %

10 %

10 3 Lanes %

50

%

20

30

15%

%

50

Pedestrian Walkway

High-rise building (Residential)

%

25

%

Skyscraper (Commercial)

1 Lane

2 Lanes

25%

25 %

10%

%

20% 20%

High-rise building (Commercial)

10% 10%

20

30%

20%

40% 30% 10%

Car park

5%

20%

70% 30 %

Stadium

25%

30%

35

Green space

10%

40%

arking are ow to

Tram station

10%

WATER-SYSTEMS

TRANSPORTATIONS

75

5.2 Computational Model at Work Early experiment of the generative model using Tokyo rules.

This is an early scenario, whose process was documented in video to illustrate further how the model works. It first generates the buildings which are identified as either low-rise residential, high-rise residential, low-rise commercial, high-rise commercial or skyscraper typologies. These typologies, in turn attract further infrastructure with amenities such as green areas, car parks and tram stops. The parcellation is then formed which in turn provokes a second wave of typological spawning.

Surprisingly, the outcome here was a lot less dense than expected which reinforces the idea that a multitude of scenarios are possible from this model, even one that defies the odds.

76

77

28% 7% 4%

5.3 Tokyo Outcome Relevant Data:

bu ild ing Low -ris s er es

al

42

78

2,0

b u il

48 s

com.

din g s qm

H

51

85

ris e

igh

gs

w-

in

29

ri

se

Lo

9,3

re

24

residential accomodates 55,000 people

18 s q m

52% 48%

commercial accomodates 250,000 people

e n ti

l ia

sid

buildings 1,2 45 ,00 High-rise co 0 mm er c

m

sq m 86 8,7 71 tial en id

sq

106

i bu

ld

Built

Green

28% 7% Built

buildings 1,2 45 ,00 High-rise co 0 mm er c

Car p

18 s q m

al

e n ti

sid

9,3

re

85

se

gs

in

Car park

9,3

re

sid

e n ti

al

18 s q m

bu

8 sq m

al

e n ti

sid

gs

bu

,3 1

b u il 42 din g s 2,0 residential 48500m sq m accomodates accomodates 250,000 bpeople 55,000 people uild ing Low -ris s e

in

Waterways il d

Green

commercial 0 100m

7

sq

m

Waterways il d

2 9 7% 5 14% 1% 60% 52% 28% 48% 106 re

1km

Waterways

85

buildings 1,2 45 ,00 High-rise co 0 mm er c

1km 1km1km

Green

b u il 42 din g s commercial 2,0residential 48 s qm accomodates accomodates bu 250,000 people 55,000 people ild ing Low -ris Elevation s South er es ri Lo hwris e Hig com.

Scale 1:10Built 000

24

500m 500m

l ia

Built

sq m 86 8,7 71 tial en id

100m 500m 500m 0 100m

Green

2 948% 7% 5 1 4% 1% 60% 52% 28% 106

sq Plan and Site

Scale 1:5 000

l ia

se

24 m

Site Axonometric

Built

52% 48% 106 28% 7% 4% 1%

m

buildings 1,2 45 ,00 High-rise co 0 mm er c

N

l ia

sq m 86 8,7 71 tial en id

sq

bu ild ing Low -ris s er es

m

commercial residential accomodates accomodates bu 250,000 people 55,000 people ild ing Low -ris s er es ri Lo hwg i ris e H com.

24

N

Waterw

28% 7% 4%

106

sq m 86 8,7 71 tial en id

sq

Green

1km

Car park

Other

79

Othe

5.4 Visualisation

80

81

6 San Francisco Experiment 6.1 San Francisco Rules 6.2 San Francisco Outcome 6.3 Visualisation

82

Image source: http://www.mrwallpaper.com/wallpapers/san-francisco-hd.jpg

83

6.1 San Francisco Rules Amenities General rules: Buildings between buildings can consist of pedestrian walkway, but most of the time building and building are built against to each other.

Average car parking space is relatively spacious. Skyscrapers are usually clusters in the central district, and the majority of the buildings are low rise buildings outside of the central area.

Building information: Low rise building Max height: 27m Max length: 100m Min height: 12m Min length: 40m Max ratio: 0.7 Min ratio: 0.4 High rise building Max height: 102m Max length: 65m Min height: 54m Min length: 35m Max ratio: 0.8 Min ratio: 0.475 Skyscraper Max height: 326m Max length: 75m Min height: 127m Min length: 35m Max ratio: 0.75 Min ratio: 0.4

84

Max width: 40m Min width: 25m Max width: 45m Min width: 25m Max width: 45m Min width: 30m

Buildings distance within parcel

Road type and Pavement

ay, but h other. pers are uildings 1 Lane Pavement width: 3.7m

2 lanes Pavement width: 7m

3 Lanes Pavement width: 9.3m

4 Lanes Pavement width: 13m

m m

m m

m m

Min: 0 meter

Max: 6 metres

Average parcel size: 150m x 100m = 15,000 m²

Green space relationship

Furthest: 2,160 meters Closest: 50 meters Min length : 180 m Min width : 165 m Min ratio : 1:1.1 Max length : 4,920 m Max width : 790 m Max ratio : 1:6.8

Max: 3,886,800 m²

Min: 29,700 m²

Car park size

20m² per person

50 people/km²

Min length : 15 m Min width : 10 m Min ratio : 1:1.5 Max length : 130 m Max width : 60 m Max ratio : 1:2.1

Min: 150 m²

Max: 7,800 m²

85

6.1 San Francisco Rules Infrastructural Drivers General rules: Buildings between buildings can consist of pedestrian walkway, but most of the time building and building are built against to each other.

Average car parking space is relatively spacious. Skyscrapers are usually clusters in the central district, and the majority of the buildings are low rise buildings outside of the central area.

Building information: Low rise building Max height: 27m Max length: 100m Min height: 12m Min length: 40m Max ratio: 0.7 Min ratio: 0.4 High rise building Max height: 102m Max length: 65m Min height: 54m Min length: 35m Max ratio: 0.8 Min ratio: 0.475 Skyscraper Max height: 326m Max length: 75m Min height: 127m Min length: 35m Max ratio: 0.75 Min ratio: 0.4

Max width: 40m Min width: 25m Max width: 45m Min width: 25m Max width: 45m Min width: 30m

Attraction

City: Tokyo

General rules: Buildings between b space is relatively sm less skyscrapers in T high rise buildings o

Building information Low rise building Max height: 18m Min height: 6m Max ratio: 1:5

High rise building Max height: 96m Min height: 27m Max ratio: 1:2

100%

Skyscraper Max height: 333m Min height: 103m Max ratio: 1:1.2

KEY

Attraction

100% 10%

86

10%

BUILDING TYPES

AMENITIES

ROAD NETWORKS

60% 40%

40%

+40%

70%

High-rise building (Commercial)

50%

2 lanes 40%

20

50 Skyscraper (Commercial)

45

Pedestrian Promenade

%

45

High-rise building (Residential)

%

% 20%

%

30%

4 lanes

+5 0%

Warehouse (Industrial)

3 lanes

30%

%

30%

%

Car park

20%

25%

25%

10

Stadium

1 lane

25%

Tram line 50%

50 %

+60%

Low-rise building (Residential)

10%

30%

+80%

40%

25%

10%

Green space

30

but other. are ldings

INFRASTRUCTURE DRIVERS

Low-rise building (Commercial)

70%

Water

50%

30%

50%

WATER-SYSTEMS

Tram station

TRANSPORTATIONS +40%

87

6.1 San Francisco Rules Building Drivers General rules: Buildings between buildings can consist of pedestrian walkway, but most of the time building and building are built against to each other.

Average car parking space is relatively spacious. Skyscrapers are usually clusters in the central district, and the majority of the buildings are low rise buildings outside of the central area.

Building information: Low rise building Max height: 27m Max length: 100m Min height: 12m Min length: 40m Max ratio: 0.7 Min ratio: 0.4 High rise building Max height: 102m Max length: 65m Min height: 54m Min length: 35m Max ratio: 0.8 Min ratio: 0.475 Skyscraper Max height: 326m Max length: 75m Min height: 127m Min length: 35m Max ratio: 0.75 Min ratio: 0.4

Max width: 40m Min width: 25m Max width: 45m Min width: 25m Max width: 45m Min width: 30m

Attraction

City: Tokyo

General rules: Buildings between b space is relatively sm less skyscrapers in T high rise buildings o

Building information Low rise building Max height: 18m Min height: 6m Max ratio: 1:5

High rise building Max height: 96m Min height: 27m Max ratio: 1:2

100%

Skyscraper Max height: 333m Min height: 103m Max ratio: 1:1.2

KEY

Attraction

100% 10%

88

10%

BUILDING TYPES

BUILDING TYPES ROAD NETWORKS

AMENITIES 20

10% 30%

20%

20%

Green space

1 lane

10%

%

20%

High-rise building (Commercial)

Low-rise building (Residential)

40% 30%

m m

Car park

3 lanes

20%

30%

Pedestrian Walkway

4 lanes

50%

70 %

20 %

10 %

Skyscraper (Commercial)

Low-rise building (Commercial)

10 %

30% 30%

%

10 %

High-rise building (Residential)

30

20%

%

m m

Stadium

2 lanes

20

y, but h other. s are uildings

BUILDING DRIVERS

Tram line

Tram station

Warehouse (Industrial)

50%

WATER-SYSTEMS

Water

TRANSPORTATIONS

89

26% 18% 4%

6.2 San Francisco Outcome Relevant Data: 583 ,60 9s qm

bu ild ing Lowrise s re si

m sq

s1 ,1 8 2 ,5 00 s q m

residential accomodates 60,000 people

co m

44

7,

79

bu 0s

il d

in g

qm

s

LRC

32

b u il d i n g s 206,134 sq m

90

31

in g

Hi

bu

se

il d

gh

Hi

-ri

1

1

gh

-ri

se

commercial accomodates 325,000 people

d e nti a l

53% 47%

re s i

12

.

buildin gs 1,1 34 Skys ,5 cra pe r

00

33

Built

Green

26% 18% Built

Green

Waterw

33 26% 18% 4% 583 ,60 9s qm

2,5 00 s q m

d e nti a l

s1 ,1 8

re s i

gh

in g

-ri

il d

bu

Car park

2,5 00 s q m

d e nti a l

s1 ,1 8

re s i

se

-ri

in g

gh

il d

bu

2,5 00 s q m

Waterways

s1 ,1 8

d e nti a l

se

re s i

accomodates accomodatesbuildings 206,134 sq m 325,000 people 60,000 people bu ild ing Lowrise s

-ri

m sq

Green

44 bu i 5837,7 ,6090 l d i n g s 9 ssq 100m commercial q residential mm 500m

H

00

0

se

12 buildin gs 1,1 34 Skys ,5 cra pe r

12 buildin gs 1,1 34 Skys ,5 cra pe r

1km

Waterways

1 1 3 53% 26% 47%318% 2 4% 1% 51% 33 91

Scale 1:10Built 000

12

1km 1km1km

.

500m 500m

b u il d i n g s accomodates accomodates 206,134 sq m 325,000 people 60,000 people bu ild ing Lowrise Elevation s and South r e gh si Hi -ri se co m LRC .

100m 500m 500m 0 100m

1 1 3 53% 26% 47%318% 2 4% 1% 51% 33

44 b 578,73 u i l d in g 9,600 s s9qs commercial qmresidential m

1

Scale 1:5 000

accomodates accomodates 325,000 people 60,000 people bu ild ing Lowrise s r es gh i Hi -ri se co m Built LRCGreen

Hi

Site Plan 00

Car p

53% 47% 33 26% 18% 4% 1%

583 ,60 9s qm commercial residential

m sq

Waterways

Green

1

m sq

Site Axonometric

Built

Hi

00

N

.

N

bu ild ing Lowrise s re si

m sq

buildin gs 1,1 34 Skys ,5 cra pe r

00

1km

Car park

Other

Othe

6.3 Visualisation

92

93

7 Chicago Experiment 7.1 Chicago Rules 7.2 Chicago Outcome 7.3 Visualisation

94

Image source: http://chicagopolicyreview.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/ChicagoArchitecture.jpg

95

7.1 Chicago Rules Amenities General rules: Buildings to buildings gap vary from 6 to 2 meters. There are many open car park spaces available within the city center. Skyscrapers are usually clusters in the central district, and the majority of the buildings are low and high rise buildings outside of the central area.

This city is populated with many skyscrapers.

Building information: Low rise building Max height: 22m Max length: 40m Min height: 12m Min length: 20m Max ratio: 0.75 Min ratio: 0.5 High rise building Max height: 90m Max length: 140m Min height: 45m Min length: 30m Max ratio: 0.8 Min ratio: 0.5 Skyscraper Max height: 442m Max length: 75m Min height: 150m Min length: 70m Max ratio: 0.875 Min ratio: 0.5

96

Max width: 30m Min width: 10m Max width: 70m Min width: 25m Max width: 30m Min width: 20m

Buildings distance within parcel

Road type and Pavement

el. There . e de of the 1 Lane Pavement width: 3.7m

2 Lanes Pavement width: 7m

3 Lanes Pavement width: 9.3m

4 Lanes Pavement width: 13m

m

m m

m m

Min: 2 meter

Max: 6 meters

Average parcel size: 80m x 80m = 1,600 m²

Green space relationship

Furthest: Closest:

830 meters 150 meters

Min length : 120 m Min width : 80 m Min ratio : 1:1.9 Max length : 570 m Max width : 320 m Max ratio : 1:4.9

Max: 182,400 m²

Min: 9,600 m²

Car park size

18 m² per person

56 people/km²

Min length : 55 m Min width : 30 m Min ratio : 1:1.8 Max length : 140 m Max width : 80 m Max ratio : 1:1.7

Min: 1650 m²

Max: 11,200 m²

97

7.1 Chicago Rules Infrastructural Drivers General rules: Buildings to buildings gap vary from 6 to 2 meters. There are many open car park spaces available within the city center. Skyscrapers are usually clusters in the central district, and the majority of the buildings are low and high rise buildings outside of the central area.

This city is populated with many skyscrapers.

Building information: Low rise building Max height: 22m Max length: 40m Min height: 12m Min length: 20m Max ratio: 0.75 Min ratio: 0.5 High rise building Max height: 90m Max length: 140m Min height: 45m Min length: 30m Max ratio: 0.8 Min ratio: 0.5 Skyscraper Max height: 442m Max length: 75m Min height: 150m Min length: 70m Max ratio: 0.875 Min ratio: 0.5

Max width: 30m Min width: 10m Max width: 70m Min width: 25m Max width: 30m Min width: 20m

Attraction

City: Tokyo

General rules: Buildings between b space is relatively sm less skyscrapers in T high rise buildings o

Building information Low rise building Max height: 18m Min height: 6m Max ratio: 1:5

High rise building Max height: 96m Min height: 27m Max ratio: 1:2

100%

Skyscraper Max height: 333m Min height: 103m Max ratio: 1:1.2

KEY

Attraction

100% 10%

98

10%

INFRASTRUCTURE DRIVERS BUILDING TYPES

AMENITIES 70%

There

Green space

30%

40%

40%

High-rise building (Commercial)

2 Lanes

30%

Car park

40

%

30%

30%

30%

50%

%

70%

Stadium

1 Lane

10%

60% 40

40

%

High-rise building (Residential)

20

Skyscraper (Commercial)

4 % 0%

3 Lanes 30%

30%

4 Lanes

70%

Pedestrian Walkway

60%

Warehouse (Industrial)

%

Train track

40 %

Low-rise building (Residential)

20

of the

ROAD NETWORKS

50

Seaside

WATER-SYSTEMS

%

30

%

Low-rise building (Commercial)

20

%

50

%

30%

Train station

TRANSPORTATIONS

99

7.1 Chicago Rules Building Drivers General rules: Buildings to buildings gap vary from 6 to 2 meters. There are many open car park spaces available within the city center. Skyscrapers are usually clusters in the central district, and the majority of the buildings are low and high rise buildings outside of the central area.

This city is populated with many skyscrapers.

Building information: Low rise building Max height: 22m Max length: 40m Min height: 12m Min length: 20m Max ratio: 0.75 Min ratio: 0.5 High rise building Max height: 90m Max length: 140m Min height: 45m Min length: 30m Max ratio: 0.8 Min ratio: 0.5 Skyscraper Max height: 442m Max length: 75m Min height: 150m Min length: 70m Max ratio: 0.875 Min ratio: 0.5

Max width: 30m Min width: 10m Max width: 70m Min width: 25m Max width: 30m Min width: 20m

Attraction

City: Tokyo

General rules: Buildings between b space is relatively sm less skyscrapers in T high rise buildings o

Building information Low rise building Max height: 18m Min height: 6m Max ratio: 1:5

High rise building Max height: 96m Min height: 27m Max ratio: 1:2

100%

Skyscraper Max height: 333m Min height: 103m Max ratio: 1:1.2

KEY

Attraction

100% 10%

100

10%

BUILDING DRIVERS BUILDING TYPES

BUILDING TYPES ROAD NETWORKS

m m

20%

20

High-rise building (Commercial)

10

70

%

10%

Green space

1 Lane

20%

%

Low-rise building (Residential)

40% 10%

%

20

20%

% High-rise building (Residential)

20

Stadium

2 Lanes

10

e of the

AMENITIES

%

el. There .

40%

Car park

3 Lanes

%

40%

Low-rise building (Commercial)

20% 20%

m m

Pedestrian Walkway

4 Lanes

50%

20 % 30 % 30 %

Skyscraper (Commercial)

1010% %

10%

WATER-SYSTEMS

Tram line

Tram station

Warehouse (Industrial)

50%

Seaside

TRANSPORTATIONS

101

34% 17% 4%

7.2 Chicago Outcome Relevant Data: 362,792

76 30

62

m

sq

er

00

7

sq

m

om

00

c se h -ri

,7

m

Hig

102

l l rc

residential accomodates 65,000 people

cia

S kyscra per

b u il d i n g s 3 , 6 7 4 , 0

72% 28%

commercial accomodates 500,000 people

bu i

sq m 7,900 ,64 s1 al ing denti ld esi er ris

18

Hi gh -

244 ,173

LRR

ld b ui

in g

s

1,

26

2

Built

Green

34% 17% Built

Green

Waterw

76 30 34% 17% 4% 362,792

LRR

62

244 ,173

l l rc

sq

m

m

00

m

Waterways 62

Car park

n

,7

1,

2

244 ,173

62

ldi

gs

sq

00

m

m

m

er

cia

l l rc

b ui

commercial residential accomodates accomodates 500,000 people 65,000 people LRR bu i Hi Elevation and South gh om ec s i r Hig h-

Waterways 62

Green

Car park

Other

b ui

ldi

n

,7

gs

1,

2

62

1km

244 ,173

l l rc

cia

residential 500m accomodates 65,000 people

ld

sq

accomodates 500,000 people LRR bu i Hi g

er

00

72% 34% 28% 17%7 4% 2% 43% 76 30 103 362,792

commercial 0 100m

Othe

72% 34% 28% 17% 7 4% 2% 43% 76 30 sq m 7,900 ,64 s1 al ing denti ld esi er ris

sq

1km

S kyscra per

1km 1km1km

Green

362,792

Scale 1:10Built 000

b u il d i n g s 3 , 6 7 4 , 0

500m 500m

commercial residential accomodates accomodates 500,000 people 65,000 people LRR bu i Hi gh m co se i r High

sq m 7,900 ,64 s1 al ing denti ld esi er ris

sq

00

18

Scale 1:5 000

362,792

Built

S kyscra per

b u il d i n g s 3 , 6 7 4 , 0

Site Plan

Car p

72% 28% 76 30 34% 17% 4% 2% er

00

18

Site Axonometric

Waterways

Green

cia

S kyscra per

b u il d i n g s 3 , 6 7 4 , 0

N

100m 500m 500m 0 100m

Built

sq m 7,900 ,64 s1 al ing denti ld esi er ris

18 N

bu i

Hi gh -

7.3 Visualisation

104

105

8 New York Experiment 8.1 New York Rules 8.2 New York Outcome 8.3 Visualisation

106

Image source: https://media-cdn.tripadvisor.com/media/photo-o/03/9b/2d/f2/new-york-city.jpg

107

8.1 New York Rules Amenities General rules: The distance between buildings and building varies from 5 meters to buildings that are built against each others. Most of the car parks are relatively small. Skyscrapers are clustered in the central district, and the majority of the buildings are low and high rise buildings which situated outside of the central area.

Building information: Low rise building Max height: 33m Max length: 110m Min height: 16m Min length: 15m Max ratio: 0.7 Min ratio: 0.4 High rise building Max height: 120m Max length: 80m Min height: 42m Min length: 40m Max ratio: 0.8 Min ratio: 0.475 Skyscraper Max height: 540m Max length: 140m Min height: 170m Min length: 45m Max ratio: 0.75 Min ratio: 0.4

108

Max width: 50m Min width: 10m Max width: 60m Min width: 15m Max width: 60m Min width: 30m

Buildings distance within parcel

Road type and Pavement

eters to arking the igh rise a 1 lane Pavement width: 3.7m

2 Lanes Pavement width: 7m

3 Lanes Pavement width: 9.3m

4 Lanes Pavement width: 13m

m m

m m

m m

Min: 0 meter

Max: 5 meters

Average parcel size: 150m x 80m = 12,000 m²

Green space relationship

Furthest: 4,290 meters Closest: 240 meters Min length : 130 m Min width : 70 m Min ratio : 1:1.9 Max length : 4,110 m Max width : 840 m Max ratio : 1:4.9

Max: 3,452,400 m²

Min: 9,100 m²

Car park size

23.1m² per person

44 people/km²

Min length : 55 m Min width : 30 m Min ratio : 1:1.8 Max length : 200 m Max width : 90 m Max ratio : 1:2.2

Min: 1650 m²

Max: 18,000 m²

109

8.1 New York Rules Infrastructural Drivers General rules: The distance between buildings and building varies from 5 meters to buildings that are built against each others. Most of the car parks are relatively small. Skyscrapers are clustered in the central district, and the majority of the buildings are low and high rise buildings which situated outside of the central area.

Building information: Low rise building Max height: 33m Max length: 110m Min height: 16m Min length: 15m Max ratio: 0.7 Min ratio: 0.4 High rise building Max height: 120m Max length: 80m Min height: 42m Min length: 40m Max ratio: 0.8 Min ratio: 0.475 Skyscraper Max height: 540m Max length: 140m Min height: 170m Min length: 45m Max ratio: 0.75 Min ratio: 0.4

Max width: 50m Min width: 10m Max width: 60m Min width: 15m Max width: 60m Min width: 30m

Attraction

City: Tokyo

General rules: Buildings between b space is relatively sm less skyscrapers in T high rise buildings o

Building information Low rise building Max height: 18m Min height: 6m Max ratio: 1:5

High rise building Max height: 96m Min height: 27m Max ratio: 1:2

100%

Skyscraper Max height: 333m Min height: 103m Max ratio: 1:1.2

KEY

Attraction

100% 10%

110

10%

BUILDING TYPES

AMENTITIES

ROAD NETWORKS

20% 40%

40%

% High-rise building (Commerical)

40%

40%

2 lanes

40%

Car park

30

%

40

20%

%

20

% 30

30

Pedestrian Walkway

High-rise building (Residential)

%

3 lanes

30

20%

Skyscraper (Commerical)

%

30%

40%

40%

20%

1 lane

30%

60% 40 Stadium

20%

30%

40%

%

Green space

10%

4 lanes

60% Aerial tramway

40

%

Warehouse (Industrial)

% 40

Seaside

WATER-SYSTEMS

Low-rise building (Commerical)

20

50

%

%

30

%

Low-rise building (Residential)

30

ers to ing e h rise

INFRASTRUCTURE DRIVERS

%

30%

Tram station

TRANSPORTATIONS

111

8.1 New York Rules Building Drivers General rules: The distance between buildings and building varies from 5 meters to buildings that are built against each others. Most of the car parks are relatively small. Skyscrapers are clustered in the central district, and the majority of the buildings are low and high rise buildings which situated outside of the central area.

Building information: Low rise building Max height: 33m Max length: 110m Min height: 16m Min length: 15m Max ratio: 0.7 Min ratio: 0.4 High rise building Max height: 120m Max length: 80m Min height: 42m Min length: 40m Max ratio: 0.8 Min ratio: 0.475 Skyscraper Max height: 540m Max length: 140m Min height: 170m Min length: 45m Max ratio: 0.75 Min ratio: 0.4

Max width: 50m Min width: 10m Max width: 60m Min width: 15m Max width: 60m Min width: 30m

Attraction

City: Tokyo

General rules: Buildings between b space is relatively sm less skyscrapers in T high rise buildings o

Building information Low rise building Max height: 18m Min height: 6m Max ratio: 1:5

High rise building Max height: 96m Min height: 27m Max ratio: 1:2

100%

Skyscraper Max height: 333m Min height: 103m Max ratio: 1:1.2

KEY

Attraction

100% 10%

112

10%

BUILDING TYPES ROAD NETWORKS

10%

%

25%

Green space

1 lane

35

10%

20%

20%

10%

High-rise building (Commerical)

AMENTITIES Low-rise building (Residential)

40% 30%

Stadium

2 lanes %

High-rise building (Residential)

30

20%

20%

Car park

3 lanes

%

50%

Low-rise building (Commerical)

%

35%

20

m m

BUILDING TYPES

20

eters to arking the igh rise

BUILDING DRIVERS

15%

Pedestrian Walkway

4 lanes

50%

% 30

30 %

Skyscraper (Commerical)

30

%

m m

10% 10%

WATER-SYSTEMS

Train track

Train station

Warehouse (Industrial)

50%

Seaside

TRANSPORTATIONS

113

49% 14% 4%

8.2 New York Outcome Relevant Data: 914,560 sqm

30 3 8

7

sq

m

6,000 sq m 1,78

9,

00

buildings

s

,8

29

ng

r

co h-rise m.

Hig

ldi

ra

pe

residential accomodates 75,000 people

b.

commercial accomodates 1,000,000 people

sc

b ui

Sky

26

83% 17%

58

114

HR R

m

LRR

sq

b.

1,3 32 ,7 00

Built

Green

49% 14% Built

Green

Waterwa

30 3 49% 14% 4% 8

914,560 sqm

sq

b.

m

LRR

6,000 sq m 1,78

29 buildings

co h-rise m.

Hig

9,

6,000 sq m 1,78

29

s

Green

7

Car park

Other

buildings

sq

m

Green co h-rise m.

Hig

9,

29

s

6,000 sq m 1,78

ng

Car park

b.

ra

ldi

Waterways

Waterways

7

sq

00 sq m 1,3 0 100m 500m commercial 32residential ,7 00 accomodates accomodates b.

1,000,000 people 75,000 people LRR H

buildings

83% 49% 17% 14% 4% 2% 31% 30 3 115 8 ,8

m

r

l

b

sc

b ui

Sky

26

1km

co h-rise m.

Hig

ng sc

Scale 1:10 000 Built 58

b ui

Scale 1:5 000 1km 1km1km

m

ra

ldi Sky

26 Site Plan

500m 500m

1,3 32 residential ,7 00 accomodates 75,000 people

sq

sc

b ui

Built

00

sq 1,3 m commercial 32residential ,7 00 accomodates accomodates b.

1,000,000 people 75,000 people LRR and SouthH Elevation RR pe r

Site Axonometric

914,560 sqm

Car pa

Other

83% 49% 17% 14% 4% 2% 31% 30 3 8 ,8

914,560 sqm

100m 500m 500m 0 100m

Waterways

b.

commercial accomodates b.

1,000,000 people LRR HR pe R r

Sky

26

58

Green

83% 17% 30 3 49% 14% 4% 2% 8

914,560 sqm

N

b.

HR R

Built

N

1,3 32 ,7 00

1km

8.3 Visualisation

116

117

9 Regeneration Scheme Exp. 9.1 East Manchester Regeneration 9.2 Regeneration Scheme Rules 9.3 East Manchester Outcome 9.4 Visualisation

118

East Manchester proposal: - Ensure design makes the best possible use of a site or building in terms of efficient use of spaces, etc.

-Take advantage of the existing infrastructure on site and proposed improvements, such as Metro-link and digital infrastructure.

-Acknowledge the importance of waterways and canals such as the Ashton Canal in creating a sense of place and attracting investment.

-Support Manchester Green City initiatives.

- Reinforce its health and fitness focus by facilitating pedestrian and cyclist movement and community access to sports and recreation facilities.

-Promote the use of public transport.

-Develop new north/south green linkages through East Manchester.

-Celebrate natural heritage and local amenities such as Philips Park, Ashton Canal, Clayton Vale, and the Medlock Valley.

-Focus on Metro-link stations as important addresses and high-quality urban places of higher density.

East Manchester Regeneration Framework : A strategic framework for East Manchester

119

9.1 East Manchester Regeneration Regeneration Framework East Manchester was formerly heavy industrial land that is midway through a dramatic transformation. It was severely affected by industrial decline from the early 1970s. Over half the community’s manufacturing jobs were lost and house values in the area collapsed. The population had declined by over 10 percentage .

Those who remained were affected by high levels of poor health, poor educational achievement and crime.

A strategic ambitious plans was implemented to regenerate East Manchester from 2001. The proposals looked to develop large scale housing developments, boosting local employment opportunities, improving local transport, and raising the education achievement of young people in the area above the city average.

120

Source: Manchester City Council,. East Manchester Strategic Regeneration Framework 2008 - 2018. NEW EAST MANCHESTER, 2007. Print.

Fitzgerald, Todd. “First Phase Of £1Bn Housing Project In Manchester Approved”. Manchester Evening News. N.p., 2016. Web. 19 Apr. 2016.

Jupp, Adam. “City Owner And Council To Build 6,000 New Homes In £1Bn Deal”. men. N.p., 2014. Web. 19 Apr. 2016.

Housing opportunity area

Family residential neighbourhood Holt Town

Neighbourhood improvement area

Housing opportunity area Regional Park and valley systems

High density mixed-use area

Pollard St.

Family residential neighbourhood

Neighbourhood improvement area Existing Significant buildings Regional Park and valley systems Low rise neighbourhood High rise & High denseity mixed-used neighbourhood

High density mixed-use area

Existing Significant buildings Metro station Low rise neighbourhood Green pedestrain links High rise & High denseity mixed-used neighbourhood Metro station

Government’s vision for the future of the site in East Manchester

121

Green pedestrain links

9.2 Regeneration Scheme Rules Infrastructural Drivers Building information: Low rise building Max height: 35m Max length: 30m Min height: 6m Min length: 7m Max ratio: 0.9 Min ratio: 0.6 High rise building Max height: 130m Max length: 70m Min height: 40m Min length: 30m Max ratio: 0.6 Min ratio: 0.35 Skyscraper Max height: 300m Max length: 140m Min height: 150m Min length: 115m Max ratio: 0.8 Min ratio: 0.6

Max width: 20m Min width: 6m Max width: 25m Min width: 20m Max width: 90m Min width: 45m

Attraction

City: Tokyo

General rules: Buildings between b space is relatively sm less skyscrapers in T high rise buildings o

Building information Low rise building Max height: 18m Min height: 6m Max ratio: 1:5

High rise building Max height: 96m Min height: 27m Max ratio: 1:2

100%

Skyscraper Max height: 333m Min height: 103m Max ratio: 1:1.2

KEY

Attraction

100% 10%

122

10%

PROPOSED PLAN INFRASTRUCTURE DRIVERS

BUILDING TYPES

20%

ROAD NETWORKS

10% 40% 20% 10%

30%

Green space

10% 10%

10%

%

20%

Minor road

60% 40 %

Etihad Stadium

30%

30%

10

%

High-rise building (Residential)

60

%

%

30

Low-rise building (Residential)

Low-rise building (Commercial)

Metro track

10 30%

20

%

Metro station

%

Canal / Valley

%

20

%

%

Major road

50

%

20

Pedestrian Walkway

Skyscraper (Commercial)

15% 15%

10%

10% 10%

Car park

40%

High-rise building (Commercial)

10%

10% 20% 40%

30

40 %

AMENITIES

50

s

20%

WATER-SYSTEMS

TRANSPORTATIONS

123

9.2 Regeneration Scheme Rules Building Drivers Building information: Low rise building Max height: 35m Max length: 30m Min height: 6m Min length: 7m Max ratio: 0.9 Min ratio: 0.6 High rise building Max height: 130m Max length: 70m Min height: 40m Min length: 30m Max ratio: 0.6 Min ratio: 0.35 Skyscraper Max height: 300m Max length: 140m Min height: 150m Min length: 115m Max ratio: 0.8 Min ratio: 0.6

Max width: 20m Min width: 6m Max width: 25m Min width: 20m Max width: 90m Min width: 45m

Attraction

City: Tokyo

General rules: Buildings between b space is relatively sm less skyscrapers in T high rise buildings o

Building information Low rise building Max height: 18m Min height: 6m Max ratio: 1:5

High rise building Max height: 96m Min height: 27m Max ratio: 1:2

100%

Skyscraper Max height: 333m Min height: 103m Max ratio: 1:1.2

KEY

Attraction

100% 10%

124

10%

PROPOSED PLAN BUILDING DRIVERS BUILDING TYPES

BUILDING TYPES

High-rise building (Commercial)

15%

Minor road

Green space

40

%

20%

20%

20% 20% 5%

AMENITIES

5%

10 %

ROAD NETWORKS

Low-rise building (Residential)

30% 15%

Stadium

% 30

5%

Car park

%

Major road

20

10% 30 %

20

%

%

5%

Low-rise building (Commercial)

20

High-rise building (Residential)

1 50% 0%

%

% 10

40

% 40

10%

Pedestrian Walkway

Metro Track

Skyscraper (Commercial)

WATER-SYSTEMS

Metro Station

Canal / River

TRANSPORTATIONS

125

32% 16% 4%

9.3 Regeneration Scheme Outcome Relevant Data:

com. ise r gh Hi

bu Lowild rise res id

41

46% 54%

commercial accomodates 200,000 people

40 126

741

b

.

Lowrise co m .

dings buil

335 ,09 5s q

s ing

10

m

l tia en

169 ,36 4s qm

6 sq ,64 5 21

Hig h-

residential accomodates 90,000 people

rise reside

nti a

l

q 0s 0 6 b u il d i n g s 1 , 0 0 5 ,

m

m

Built

Green

32% 16% Built sq m 46 5,6 1 2

41

1km 1km1km

b

.

Lowrise co m .

41

1km

qm

500m 500m

10

m

dings buil

m. e co -ris

nti a

e sid e BuiltHigh-rise rGreen

l

Car park

Othe

0 16% 4% 1% 47% 46% 432% 54% 741

0 335 60 ,0 b u il d i n g s 1 , 0 0 5 , commercial 95residential sq m accomodates accomodates

es id

l tia en

100m 500m 500m 0 100m

sq 46 5,6 21

Waterways

90,000 people

bu Lowild rise res id

sq

m

s ing

Scale 1:5 000

Car pa

200,000 people 90,000 people bu Lowi rise ld and South Elevation r

m. e co -ris h g Hi

Site Plan

169 ,36 4s qm

Site Axonometric

dings buil

Waterways

335 ,09 5s residential q m accomodates

l tia en

sq m 46 5,6 1 2

10

m. e co -ris gh i H

Green

46% 54% 32% 4% 16% 1% 741

commercial accomodates s g n i d buil 200,000 people

b

.

Lowrise co m .

169 ,36 4s qm

N

Built

s ing

10

m

bu Lowild rise res id

m. e co -ris h g Hi

b

.

Lowrise co m .

41

N

m

32% 16% 4%

335 ,09 5s q

l tia en

sq 46 5,6 21

Waterwa

s ing

169 ,36 4s qm

10

741

dings buil

Green

ia Hig he nt risGreen e resid Scale 1:10Built 000

l

Waterways

Car park

Other

454% 0 16% 4% 1% 47% 46% 32% 741 127

0 335 60 ,09 b u il d i n g s 1 , 0 0 5 , 0 commercial 100m 500m 5residential sq m accomodates accomodates

200,000 people 90,000 people bu Lowild rise

sq

m

1km

9.4 Visualisation

128

129

10 Present Trends Experiment 9.1 Present Trends 9.2 Present Trends Rules 9.3 Present Trends Outcome 9.4 Visualisation

130

131

10.1 Present Trends East Manchester development At present, we can see a lot of sites are under construction within East Manchester. The photos on the left show some of the construction processes, and along some illustrations of the new developments planned for future Manchester.

Many high rise residential blocks are appearing in East Manchester as well as commercial blocks and one can speculate that this will continue to progress despite the council’s zoning of “family areas” which would be low-rise. East Manchester is becoming more and more gentrified, notably as social housing is taken away and locals are pushed in in such areas as Ancoats. Despite the council’s best efforts, their lack of resources and funds means that they have to compromise with the big developers who have an entirely different agenda.

132

Source: Manchester City Council,. East Manchester Strategic Regeneration Framework 2008 - 2018. NEW EAST MANCHESTER, 2007. Print.

Fitzgerald, Todd. “First Phase Of £1Bn Housing Project In Manchester Approved”. Manchester Evening News. N.p., 2016. Web. 19 Apr. 2016.

Jupp, Adam. “City Owner And Council To Build 6,000 New Homes In £1Bn Deal”. men. N.p., 2014. Web. 19 Apr. 2016.

133

10.2 Regeneration Scheme Rules Infrastructural Drivers Building information: Low rise building Max height: 35m Max length: 30m Min height: 6m Min length: 7m Max ratio: 0.9 Min ratio: 0.6 High rise building Max height: 130m Max length: 70m Min height: 40m Min length: 30m Max ratio: 0.6 Min ratio: 0.35 Skyscraper Max height: 300m Max length: 140m Min height: 150m Min length: 115m Max ratio: 0.8 Min ratio: 0.6

Max width: 20m Min width: 6m Max width: 25m Min width: 20m Max width: 90m Min width: 45m

Attraction

City: Tokyo

General rules: Buildings between b space is relatively sm less skyscrapers in T high rise buildings o

Building information Low rise building Max height: 18m Min height: 6m Max ratio: 1:5

High rise building Max height: 96m Min height: 27m Max ratio: 1:2

100%

Skyscraper Max height: 333m Min height: 103m Max ratio: 1:1.2

KEY

Attraction

100% 10%

134

10%

CURRENT TRENDS INFRASTRUCTURE DRIVERS

BUILDING TYPES

20%

ROAD NETWORKS

30% 10% 10% 20%

50%

10%

%

10%

30 %

Minor road

30

40

%

%

Etihad Stadium

20%

High-rise building (Commercial)

30%

Major road

30%

30

%

20%

High-rise building (Residential)

20

30

%

%

20

Pedestrian Walkway

Skyscraper (Commercial)

20%

WATER-SYSTEMS

Low-rise building (Commercial)

20 20%

%

%

% 10

Canal / Valley

Low-rise building (Residential)

Metro track

50

%

%

30% 30%

%

40

10% 10%

10% 20% 40%

Car park

30

%

Green space

10%

10

AMENITIES

50

s

Metro station

TRANSPORTATIONS

135

10.2 Regeneration Scheme Rules Building Drivers General rules: Buildings between buildings have very little gap. Average car parking space is relatively small compares to San Francisco. Also, there are less skyscrapers like in Tokyo, and the majority of the buildings are low to high rise buildings only.

Building information: Low rise building Max height: 35m Max length: 50m Min height: 6m Min length: 7m Max ratio: 0.9 Min ratio: 0.6 High rise building Max height: 130m Max length: 70m Min height: 40m Min length: 30m Max ratio: 0.6 Min ratio: 0.35 Skyscraper Max height: 300m Max length: 140m Min height: 150m Min length: 115m Max ratio: 0.8 Min ratio: 0.6

Max width: 20m Min width: 6m Max width: 25m Min width: 20m Max width: 90m Min width: 45m

Attraction

City: Tokyo

General rules: Buildings between b space is relatively sm less skyscrapers in T high rise buildings o

Building information Low rise building Max height: 18m Min height: 6m Max ratio: 1:5

High rise building Max height: 96m Min height: 27m Max ratio: 1:2

100%

Skyscraper Max height: 333m Min height: 103m Max ratio: 1:1.2

KEY

Attraction

100% 10%

136

10%

Built

Green

36% 11% Built sq 90 1,8 2 6

ngs 1,239,5 buildi 00 sq m c o m e s i m r erc h g i ial H

0 sq m

0 6,1 0

2,2

gs

g

in

il d

Waterways

Car park

0 6,1 0

e n ti al

0 sq m

bu

Green

b. m sq m commercial residential

2,2

ris

gs

bu

0 sq m

0 6,1 0

2,2

i d e n ti al

re s

se

il d

Waterways

Green

-ri

in

36 2 5 46% 36% 54% 11% 4% 2% 47% 151 137

552,7 488 94 s ,0 sq m 0 65 b . qm 9 sq 1,8 2 6 m 500m commercial residential 0 100m accomodates accomodates s lding 200,000 people 90,000 people b. bui er Low-rise p a r res ysc

7

e n ti al

ris h-

Built

h-

19

1km

Car pa

36 2 5 46% 36% 54% 11% 4% 2% 47% 151 552,4788 94,0s 6q5

Scale 1:10Built 000

9

1km 1km1km

ngs 1,239,5 buildi 00 sq m c o m e s i m r e h rcia g i H l

Scale 1:5 000 500m 500m

Hi

accomodates accomodates s lding 200,000 people 90,000 people b. bui r Low-ris e re rape Site Plan ysc and South si Elevation k S g LR Hi C

Site Axonometric

m residential accomodates 90,000 people

er

commercial accomodates s lding 200,000 people b. bui r Low-ris e re rape c s y si Sk LR C

e sid

552,7 94 s q

e sid

7

m

Waterways

Green

46% 54% 151 36% 11% 4% 2%

er

sq 90 1,8 2 6

100m 500m 500m 0 100m

Built

19 ngs 1,239,5 buildi 00 sq m c o m e s i m r e h rcia g i H l

N

m

s lding b. bui aper Low-rise r r c es ys i Sk

sq m 90 1,8 2 6

7

Waterwa

151 36% 11% 4% 552,7 94 s q

m

7

N

Green

1km

Car park

Other

Othe

10.4 Visualisation

138

139

11 Conclusion This digital tool or generative model allows us to think about past, present and future.

Although this study has been reduced to simplify the computational aspect of the work, there is much that this model can tell us about our future development as well as the world around us. Indeed interpreting present trends can lead to a speculation of tomorrow through it but also allows all stakeholders to exert an influence at every step of the process. Citizens and council, urban planner and developer alike. All have an important role in shaping our future and would benefit from such a tool.

The limitations are that it exclusively looks at the relationship between infrastructure and building typology which is only a small fraction of understanding how cities actually grow. This small fraction of understanding is however helpful and because the future is virtually unknowable it provides a useful exercise in the futurology of cities.

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12 Appendix 12.1 Initial Site Strategy 12.2 Initial Working Generative Model 12.3 Toward a Hybrid Typology 12.4 Courtyard Hybrid Typologies

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Vi Pu Pr

Pu Pr

Vi Pr

Vi Pr

Semi Open Semi-Public Hybrid

Semi Open Private Hybrid

Squared Hybrid

Stack 45° Rotating Vertical Courtyards

Vi Pr

Pr

Vi Pr

Vi Pr

Semi-Public Hybrid

Private Hybrid

Stack 90° Rotating Private Squared Vertical Hybrid Courtyards

Vi Pr

Pr

Vi Pr

Half Public

Half Private

Half Private Squared Vertical

Pr

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12.1 Initial Site Strategy

Creating an Urban Vista The strategy was to implement new infrastructure and roll a weighted die in order to generate a semi-random building type on a random point within the boundary, depending on what type of infrastructure is nearby. The spawned building becomes another attractor and this action is repeated until the site is full.

The next step is to generate parcels when buildings are clustered together of a certain size dictated by the population density of the future scenario. From these parcels, roads will spawn and attract other building types.

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ed die point

30% green

is

urban vista

d he t

0 000

1

2

3

Retain high dense residential/commercial Retain medical Retain educational

Place green corridor to create linear park covering 30% of the surface area

Place main infrastructure connecting train station and stadium, creating an urban vista

random point

random point

low-rise residential

4

5

6

Pick random point within boundary

Check distance to closest infrastructure (road, rail, water)

Weigh probabilities and spawn type

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12.2 Initial Generative Working Model

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a Hybrid Typology 12.3 Toward Toward a Hybrid Typology

Searching for a typology that optimises East manchester boasts the courtyard building morphology which the combination of built form and green infrastructure. New views,enables privacy and public space.

York is famous for the skyscraper, what if a hybrid of the two typologies were to occur in order to achieve a dense East Manchester, still rich the in green infrastructure. manchester boasts courtyard building morphology

East which enables the combination of built form and green infrastructure. New York is famous for the skyscraper, what if a hybrid of the two typologies were to occur in order to achieve a dense East Manchester, still rich in green infrastructure.

East Manchester Courtyard Typology

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ology

y which ure. New o

Skyscraper 150-450 m

High-rise 30-150 m

Low-rise 6-30 m

N

e 1:1 750 @A3

New York Skyscraper Typology

Extrude and Slice Courtyard Morphology

Stack Vertical Courtyards

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12.4 Courtyard Hybrid Typologies A hybrid typology that combines big city skyscrapers and the local courtyard typology of East Manchester.

The building typologies which are to be implemented within East Manchester are skyscrapers, high-rise and low-rise block buildings.

A common East Manchester typology is the courtyard block which enables the combination of green infrastructure and the built environment. By creating a courtyard/skyscraper hybrid as well as a courtyard/high-rise hybrid, one can implement a high density mixture of green infrastructure and built fabric which can optimise views as well as privacy where need be.

Key

150

Vi

Views are optimised

Pu

Publicly accessible courtyard

Pr

Privacy is optimised

s Vi Pu

Vi Pu

Vi Pu

Vi Pu

Vi Pu Pr

Vi Pr

Vi Pr

Open Extruded Courtyard

Open Public Hybrid

Open Semi-Public Hybrid

Open Private Hybrid

Semi Open Squared Hybrid

Stack Vertical Courtyards

Stack Vertical Courtyards

Pu Pr

Vi Pu Pr

Vi Pu Pr

Pu Pr

Vi Pr

Vi Pr

Vi Pr

Semi Open Extruded Courtyard

Semi Open Public Hybrid

Semi Open Semi-Public Hybrid

Semi Open Private Hybrid

Squared Hybrid

Stack 45째 Rotating Vertical Courtyards

Stack 45째 Rotating Vertical Courtyards

Pr

Vi Pr

Vi Pr

Pr

Vi Pr

Vi Pr

Vi Pr Stack 90째 Rotating Vertical Courtyards Pr

Extruded Courtyard

Public Hybrid

Semi-Public Hybrid

Private Hybrid

Stack 90째 Rotating Private Squared Vertical Hybrid Courtyards

Pr

Vi Pr

Vi Pr

Pr

Vi Pr

East Manchester Courtyard

Half Public Hybrid

Half Public Hybrid

Half Private Hybrid

Half Private Squared Vertical Hybrid Courtyard

Pr

Vertical Courtyard

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