MANCHESTER CORRIDOR 2045: Resilience to an Extreme Climate Scenario Volume 2

MANCHESTER CORRIDOR 2045:

RESILIENCE TO AN EXTREME CLIMATE SCENARIO

V.2

CPU S T U MAXIME

D I O DOWNE

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THESIS STATEMENT The extrapolation of future scenarios is an established method to study responses to potential extreme conditions and alternative futures (Dunne & Raby, 2013). Based on study of current energy usage, temperature change and precipitation trends in the UK, a likely future scenario for 2045 is one where the UK climate is extreme with arctic and tropical seasonal weather conditions acting simultaneously and the start of an accelerated ice age. This project aims at investigating how the built environment can adapt and evolve to this future climatic condition, using the Manchester Corridor as its contextual setting. Our responses will explore social and technological evolution towards adapted human existence and related building solutions both underground and above ground. The theoretical frameworks applied here are emergence (De Wolf & Holvoet, 2004) and panarchy (Hollings, 2001). Where emergence is the occurrence of new trends and patterns of behaviour; panarchy is the study of the phases of an adaptable society/system.

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0.1 ATELIER INTRODUCTION CPU CPU IS AN ATELIER FOCUSED ON DATA-DRIVEN BOTTOM-UP APPROACHES INCORPORATING TRANSDISCIPLINARY TO SOLVE ISSUES POSED BY CONTEMPORARY CITIES AS COMPLEX ADAPTIVE SYSTEMS.

CPU researches application and development of emergent theoretical approaches aimed at new understanding and positive intervention within contemporary processes of urban transformation.

The focus in MArch Yr2 is on a critical path towards new forms of sustainable architecture using informed future scenarios, technologies and tools (developed by the students).

The 2nd year of MArch involves a steep learning curve as students learn completely new techniques, such as data mining, parametric coding and robust analytical methods. The outputs at each stage aim to develop new specialised skills (atypical for architects in practice) and use them.

This is an approach based around using existing skills acquired in previous years.

The primary theoretical framework is complexity science (which involves systems, self-organisation, emergence, artificial intelligence, resilience, adaptation, evolution).

The site this year is the Manchester Corridor – related to the CityVerve project site and current CPU funded research into IoT and Smart Cities.

Research is undertaken in three

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related parts.

New methods of ‘research’ into actual processes of urban change including traditional architectural approaches, but expanded to social science, data analytics, data extrapolation and digital simulation methods. This requires learning and development of new skills and approaches to undertake the research in a scientific manner and develop extrapolated rather than imaginary future scenarios as Memes (5.1).

New methods of ‘design research’ involving the development of unprecedented coded digital spatial

models responding to identified future conditions and responsiveness to future disrupters such as the Internet of Things, Machine Intelligence and Climate Change (5.2).

The digital and spatial testing of responsive and adaptable architectural solutions set within future scenarios and using projected technologies (5.3).

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INTRODUCTION This project is set between 2024 and 2045. It is an investigation into Man’s impact on the environment and the drastic actions that need to be put in place in order to survive.

Climate change being a reality and the use of greenhouse gases are increasing every year, causing irreversible damage to our environment. Changing our behaviour in order to minimise the effects of climate change is something that the global population does not seem to want to do and so drastic actions must be taken in order to ensure our survival.

The proposal is to build a factory that will excavate underground in order to build an underground city where geothermal temperatures are stable. The factory will manufacture building materials from the excavation also.

When the initial excavation is complete, the buildings will store food, monitor the environment and provide a gateway into the subterranean city.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS 1

Theoretical Framework

2

Future Conditions 2045: The Manchester Corridor

3

Programme Development

4

Site Selection & Future Site Conditions

5

Meet Frank: A Computational Tool

6

Spatial Strategy

7

Conclusion

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THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK 1.1

Why Future Scenarios are Useful

1.2

Why Future Scenarios are Useful in Design

1.3

How Thought-Experiments can Lead to Extreme Future Scenarios

2

Self-Organisation & Emergence

3

Panarchy

4

Resilience

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THE EXTRAPOLATION OF FUTURE SCENARIOS IS AN ESTABLISHED METHOD TO STUDY RESPONSES TO POTENTIAL EXTREME CONDITIONS AND ALTERNATIVE FUTURES.

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1.1.1 WHY FUTURE SCENARIOS ARE USEFUL WE ARE LIVING IN THE PRESENTCONTINUOUS WHEREAS TO UNDERSTAND WHERE WE ARE GOING, WE SHOULD BE IN THE FUTURE-PERFECT McLuhan (1967) suggests that we understand the future as something that is going to happen rather than something that is happening through an analogy of lookingat the present through a rear-view mirror. We only understand the potentialities of the future through what we already know about the past. This project aims to be a thought-experiment analysing one possible future based on a series of data extrapolations of present trends, clearly understood and disruptors which will affect these extrapolations. Science fiction writer Le Guin (1969: xi) provides some insight into the why thought-experiments are useful in general:

“The purpose of a thought-experiment, as the term was used by Schrödinger and other physicists, is not to predict the future - indeed Schrödinger’s most famous thought-experiment goes to show that the ‘future,’ on the quantum level, cannot be predicted- but to describe reality, the present world.”

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1.1.2 WHY FUTURE SCENARIOS ARE USEFUL IN DESIGN THIS IS NOT A SCENARIO OF FANTASY BUT ONE OF USEFUL SPECULATION, OF USEFUL QUESTIONING AND EXPERIMENTING. Dunne and Raby (2009) develop A/B, A Manisfesto displayed here, in which they look at how design is perceived on the one hand and how it should be on the other. For instance, science-fiction becomes social fiction and extrapolating futures becomes more about glimpsing into parallel worlds. Dunne and Raby (2013: 3) iterate it this way:

“To find inspiration for speculating through design we need to look beyond to the methodological playgrounds of cinema, literature, science, ethics, politics, and art; to explore, hybridize, borrow, and embrace the many tools available for crafting not only things but also ideas – fictional worlds, cautionary tales, what-if scenarios, thought experiments, counterfactuals, reduction as absurdum experiments, prefigurative futures, and so on.”

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[A]

[B]

AFFIRMATIVE PROBLEM SOLVING DESIGN AS PROCESS PROVIDES ANSWERS IN THE SERVICE OF INDUSTRY FOR HOW THE WORLD IS SCIENCE FICTION FUTURES FICTIONAL FUNCTIONS CHANGE THE WORLD TO SUIT US NARRATIVES OF PRODUCTION ANTI-ART RESEARCH FOR DESIGN APPLICATIONS DESIGN FOR PRODUCTION FUN CONCEPT DESIGN CONSUMER USER TRAINING MAKES US BUY INNOVATION ERGONOMICS

CRITICAL PROBLEM FINDING DESIGN AS MEDIUM ASKS QUESTIONS IN THE SERVICE OF SOCIETY FOR HOW THE WORLD COULD BE SOCIAL FICTION PARALLEL WORLDS FUNCTIONAL FICTIONS CHANGE US TO SUIT THE WORLD NARRATIVES OF CONSUMPTION APPLIED ART RESEARCH THROUGH DESIGN IMPLICATIONS DESIGN FOR DEBATE SATIRE CONCEPTUAL DESIGN CITIZEN PERSON EDUCATION MAKES US THINK PROVOCATION RHETORIC

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HOW THOUGHT-EXPERIMENTS CAN LEAD TO EXTREME FUTURES In 1975, Moebius & O’Bannon explored how an underground city might be structured, on a planet where the surface has become uninhabitable in The Long Tomorrow (1975), often considered the first true work of cyberpunk.

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1.1.3

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1.2 SELF-ORGANISATION & EMERGENCE EMERGENCE IS THE OCCURRENCE OF NEW TRENDS AND PATTERNS OF BEHAVIOUR AND RELATES TO SELFORGANISING SYSTEMS. Tom De Wolf and Tom Holvoet (2004) explain how emergent behaviour can be observed within a system through the combined behaviour of each of the agents. Similarly to the way in which an ants produce an ant hill structure through the combined efforts of each ant. No single ant can build an ant hill, its their self-organisation in groups which causes the ant hill to emmerge.

Emergent properties cannot be studied by physically taking a system apart and looking at the parts (reductionism). Rather, each part has to be studied (aggregate behaviour) in the context of the whole system.

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Years 1951 to 2061

EMERGENCE IS THE OCCURRENCE OF NEW TRENDS AND PATTERNS OF BEHAVIOUR

EMERGENT BEHAVIOURS

EMERGENT BEHAVIOURS

MACRO

MACRO micro

micro system of influence

system of influence disruption

community of practice

new idea

decline

community of practice

naming

new idea

disruption

decline

naming collecting

collecting

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community of practice

1.3 PANARCHY PANARCHY IS THE STUDY OF THE PHASES OF AN ADAPTABLE SOCIETY/ SYSTEM AND CAN BE USED HERE IN ORDER TO IDENTIFY SOLUTIONS. Panarchy is a way to understand adaptive systems. The ideas behind it can be better explained through the shape in the diagram on this page. It has 4 main stages within it.

example spoke about previously it would be people have accumulated the CD players and CD’s.

1. Exploitation When the populous finds something new and desirable its use of this new object grows. One example of this is the portable music players that played CD’s.

3. Release This is a rapid decline of the system; it happens when there is an external change or if a similar product is introduced to the market. (Holling, 2001). Again in the case of the music players this could be represented as digitally download-able music.

2. Conservation The system begins to store “energy” and over time the population reaches carrying capacity (Holling, 2001) and the craze stabilizes. In the

4. Reorganization Reorganization is when the members of the system are selected for their ability to survive the change that caused the release. (Holling, 2001).

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In the music example this could be a CD player that also plays digitally downloaded music.

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1.4 RESILIENCE INVESTIGATING HOLLING’S THEORY OF RESILIENCE AS A POSSIBLE SOLUTION TO EXTREME FUTURE SCENARIOS.

In urban planning, resilience was originally discussed in terms of recovering from a disturbance.

However, cities as complex adaptive systems, are in a constant flux, never reaching an equilibrium. They are constantly adjusting to cope with human needs and other external or internal change. Climate, as one of the most important drivers of our project, is changing in an unpredictable and non-linear way and it is a major external input. Walker et al. (2004) reinterpretates the resilience of socio-ecological systems that need to be considered in terms of the attributes that govern a system’s dynamics.

As humans and cities depend on nature, its very instability should be embraced and adopt a thinking about resilience that focuses on unpredictability. This can enhance urban resilience instead of focusing on avoiding disturbances and controlling the systems we live in by striving for equilibrium. In this project, the prevention of disturbances from extreme scenarios, such as extreme climate change, is not the focus. As unpredictable changes are part of all complex systems we are focusing on the adaptive capabilities of the Manchester Corridor by integrating extreme climate conditions and rising sea levels into our thinking.

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This results in the transformability of the Manchester Corridor as we are generating new scenarios that create a fundamentally new system with a structure that responds and adapts to future climate change through technological solutions.

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Meter rise in sea level

Unpredicable Future

Ecological Resilience

Characteristics 150000 of a Social Ecological System

100000

50000

0

-5000

Resilience

Adaptability

Transformability

System remains in the same basin of attraction

Adapting to new wider / deeper basins due to change in state

Capasity to create new system if current state is pushed to limit

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FUTURE CONDITIONS 2045: MANCHESTER CORRIDOR 1.1

Location of the Manchester Corridor

1.2

Stakeholder Sites on the Manchester Corridor

1.3

Manchester Corridor & UK Future Timeline 2017-2045

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IN 2045, THE MANCHESTER CORRIDOR WILL SUFFER FROM OVERPOPULATION & THE CLIMATE WILL HAVE BECOME TOO EXTREME TO LIVE ON THE SURFACE OF THE EARTH. TECHNOLOGICAL PROGRESS IN VIRTUAL & AUGMENTED REALITY WILL ENHANCE CITIZEN’S EXPERIENCES JUST AS REALISTICALLY AS TRUE REALITY. GRAPHENE TECHNOLOGY WILL MAKE IT POSSIBLE TO BUILD SUPER STRUCTURES UNDERGROUND. THIS MEANS SUBTERRANEAN LIFE WILL NOT ONLY BE ACHIEVABLE BUT ALSO BEARABLE.

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2.1.1 LOCATION OF THE MANCHESTER CORRIDOR THE MANCHESTER CORRIDOR IS AN INNOVATIVE DISTRICT LOCATED SOUTH OF THE CITY CENTRE & WITHIN FOUR CITY WARDS. The Manchester Corridor is an area south of the city centre that spans along Oxford Road from St. Peter’s Square and Whitworth Park. The Manchester Corridor (n.d.) website describes it as an Innovative District. These are defined by Katz & Wagner (2014) as:

“geographic areas where leading-edge anchor institutions and companies cluster and connect with start-ups, business incubators, and accelerators. [...] Compact, transit-accessible, and technically-wired and offer mixed-use housing, office, and retail.”

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MANCHESTER CORRIDOR

GREATER MANCHESTER

MANCHESTER

OXFORD ROAD

ST. PETER’S SQUARE

WHITWORTH PARK

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2.1.2 STAKEHOLDERS ON THE MANCHESTER CORRIDOR A DIVERSE RESEARCH HUB BRINGING TOGETHER SEVERAL INSTITUTIONS. IT IS ONE OF THE LARGEST HIGHER EDUCATION CAMPUSES IN EUROPE. Manchester Metropolitan University (MMU), University of Manchester (UoM), Royal Northern College of Music (RNCM), National Health Service (NHS), Bruntwood and Manchester Science Partnership (MSP) are the key stakeholders along the Manchester Corridor.

The six key stakeholders identified here have more or less buildings along the corridor, some that are under development and others that are ripe for redevelopment. A more thorough analysis of the area using a combination of data analysis, trend extrapolation and scenario development will help identify sites of interest.

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MMU UoM RNCM NHS Bruntwood MSP Built Under development

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UNIVERSITY OF MANCHESTER OXFORD ROAD CAMPUS 35

MANCHESTER CORRIDOR & UK FUTURE TIMELINE 2017-2045

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UK Election Results (Party Colour) Technology (CPS/£750) Greater Manchester Population (millions) Manchester Energy Use (millions of mega Watts) Manchester Rainfall (mm) Manchester Temperature (°C)

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PROGRAMME DEVELOPMENT 1

Programme Timeline

2.1

Future Network of Urban Farm Buildings Map

2.2

Future Network of Urban Farm Buildings

3.1

Manchester Corridor Underground Map

3.2

Bedrock Map of the Manchester Corridor

3.3

Sandstone Vs. Mudstone

4

Brick Manufacturing Process

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THIS PROJECT IS ABOUT FACILITATING SUBTERRANEAN LIFE. FIRSTLY BY EXCAVATING AND BUILDING AN UNDERGROUND CITY WHILST MANUFACTURING BUILDING MATERIALS FROM THE EXCAVATED MUDSTONE. SECONDLY, AS A RESEARCH FACILITY MONITORING THE EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT, A GATEWAY INTO THE SUBTERRANEAN CITY AND AS STORAGE FOR FOOD PRODUCED ABOVE GROUND WHICH THEN WILL BE DISTRIBUTED UNDERGROUND.

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PROGRAMME TIMELINE There are two main steps in the building’s lifespan, one drilling underground and manufacturing, the other research and storage.

MANUFACTURE

AIR & WATER

FOOD FA

2025

EXCAVATING UNDERGROUND

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WATER & ENERGY FROM PRECIPITATION

LIGHT & ENERGY FROM SUN

WATER & ENERGY FROM PRECIPITATION

DATA FROM ENVIRONMENT

DATA FROM ENVIRONMENT

D FROM ARMS

HEAT & WATER FROM GROUND

2045

MONITORING ENVIRONMENT

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THERMALLY EFFICIENT BUILDINGS CAN PROV AND MUST BE USED FOR INDOOR FA UNDERGROUND 44

VIDE SEALED BIOCLIMATIC ENVIRONMENTS ARMING & HYDROPONICS IN AN CITY SCENARIO. 45

3.2.1 FUTURE NETWORK OF FARM BUILDINGS MAP BUILDINGS HAVE BEEN SELECTED AS POTENTIAL CANDIDATES FOR SEALED ENVIRONMENTS WHERE FARMING MAY OCCUR IN A FUTURE UNDERGROUND. In a future scenario where climate change is going to become so extreme that the outside environment is unliveable, the surface of the planet will become more and more desolate whilst citizens move underground. In this scenario, most buildings above ground will become derelict and can be reused for growing food to supply the new subterrannean city.

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X

Farm Building Number Main Roads Manchester Corridor Boundary

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3.2.2 FUTURE NETWORK OF FARM BUILDINGS BUILDINGS HAVE BEEN SELECTED AS POTENTIAL CANDIDATES FOR SEALED ENVIRONMENTS WHERE FARMING MAY OCCUR IN A FUTURE UNDERGROUND. The buildings identified here have been selected based on surface area, percentage of glazing and energy rating.

Energy performance rating gives an indication as to how thermally efficient a building might be and therefore can provide the basis for a sealed environment in which the climate can be controlled for farming certain types of food.

The buildings selected have at least 100 sqare metres of surface area and an energy performance rating of C or above.

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1 MMU BUSINESS SCHOOL 1817 t/yr 24,273 sq m

CARBON EMISSIONS

40% glazing

C

AREA

Energy rating

2 MMU CAMBRIDGE HALLS

AREA

15,715 sq m 25% glazing

433 t/yr

C

3 MMU BENZIE BUILDING

18758 sq m AREA 30% glazing

B

129 t/yr

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FUTURE NETWORK OF FARM BUILDINGS

4 RNCM 2,045 t/yr

24,428 sq m

CARBON EMISSIONS

35% glazing

C

AREA

Energy rating

5 MMU BROOKS BUILDING 34,196 sq m AREA

1,216 t/yr 52%

GLAZING

Energy rating

B

6 UOM ARTHUR LEWIS BUILDING

AREA

12,772 sq m 25% glazing

635 t/yr

C

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7 UOM HUMANITIES BRIDGEFORD STREET

AREA

9,312 sq m 25% glazing

480 t/yr

C

8 UOM MANSFIELD COOPER

4,670 sq m 30% glazing

210 t/yr

B

2,635 t/yr

49,849 sq m AREA 70%

CARBON EMISSIONS Energy rating

GLAZING

C

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9 UOM SACKVILLE BUILDING

FUTURE NETWORK OF FARMS BUILDINGS

AREA

10,203 sq m 35% glazing

10 UOM RENOLD BUILDING

472 t/yr

B

11 UOM BARNES WALLIS

AREA

6,736 sq m 35% glazing

656 t/yr

C

12 UOM THE MILL

AREA

18,553 sq m 45% glazing

CARBON EMISSIONS

C

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1,650 t/yr Energy rating

13 UOM PARISER BUILDING

AREA

14,552 sq m 50% glazing

816 t/yr

C

14 UOM GEORGE BEGG BUILDING

AREA

34,196 sq m 20% glazing

470 t/yr

B

15 MMU ORMOND BUILDING

3,250 sq m 20% glazing

C

135 t/yr

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FUTURE NETWORK OF FARMS BUILDINGS

2,255 sq m 20% glazing

16 MMU RIGHTON BUILDING

B

80 t/yr

17 MMU GROSVENOR BUILDING

5,413 sq m 20% glazing

B

339 t/yr

18 COUNCIL MANCHESTER AQUATICS CENTRE 1025 t/yr AREA

6,127 sq m 15% glazing

Energy rating

D

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19 MMU GEOFFREY MANTON

AREA

14,922 sq m 40% glazing

674 t/yr

B

20 UOM NATIONAL GRAPHENE INSTITUTE

AREA

9,743 sq m 40% glazing

412 t/yr

B

21 UOM ALAN TURING

AREA

16,433 sq m 60% glazing

862 t/yr Energy rating

B

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FUTURE NETWORK OF FARMS BUILDINGS

AREA

7,706 sq m 30% glazing

22 UOM GEORGE KENYON HALL

612 t/yr

C

23 UOM UNIVERSITY PLACE

1300 t/yr Energy rating AREA

12,462 sq m 20% glazing

C

24 UOM ZOCHONIS BUILDING

6,329 sq m 50% glazing

C

270 t/yr

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25 UOM SIMON BUILDING

AREA

20,017 sq m 65% glazing

863 t/yr Energy rating

B

26 UOM HORNIMAN BUILDING

2,027 sq m 25% glazing

C

164 t/yr

27 UOM RONALD MACDONALD BUILDING

2,879 sq m 35% glazing

C

188 t/yr

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2.3.1 MANCHESTER CORRIDOR UNDERGROUND MAP THE INITIAL BUILDING FUNCTION IS TO EXCAVATE UNDERGROUND TO SHIELD CITIZENS FROM THE CLIMATE AND ACCOMODATE POPULATION INCREASE. Because the initial function is excavation, it is important to identify where this excavation can and cannot take place.

Indeed, there are many existing underground networks along the Manchester Corridor and certain places that need to be by-passed through no build zones.

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OXFORD ROAD

Cable Tunnels Palace Hotel

Shaft to Deansgate Tunnels

Well Under MCT

Gaskell’s Underground Swimming Pool

Medlock ‘Budge’ Culvert UMIST Tunnels

Mancunian Way Hole

Tunnels under Deanwater Close

Deansgate Tunnels

River Tib

Cornbrook River

Farm Buildings Underground Rivers Main Roads Manchester Corridor Boundary

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2.3.2 BEDROCK MAP OF THE MANCHESTER CORRIDOR THE INITIAL BUILDING FUNCTION IS TO EXCAVATE UNDERGROUND TO SHIELD CITIZENS FROM THE CLIMATE AND ACCOMODATE POPULATION INCREASE. Because the initial function is excavation, mudstone sites are more feasible than sandstone sites because it is softer.

Combining this with the location of the building farms to forage for food and a network of building sites appears.

Several sites will be needed to excavate downwards but also to provide several gateways into the subterrannean city.

60

OXFORD ROAD

MANCUNIAN WAY

Chester Pebble Beds Formation SANDSTONE Openshaw SANDSTONE Manchester Marls Formation MUDSTONE Farm Buildings Main Roads Manchester Corridor Boundary

61

SANDSTONE VS. MUDSTONE Sandstone is a lot harder and more likely to fracture than mudstone and so more difficult to excavate. However, it has more construction uses and is resistant to more forces such as pressure.

SANDSTONE

CONCHOIDAL FRACTURE POSSIBLE Curved breakage resembling concentric ripples of a mussel shell.

CONSTRUCTION USES

RESISTANCE TO Heat Impact Pressure

1

2

Cement Manufacture

3

4

5

6

7

8

Moh’s Hardness Scale

Manufacture of Mortar

10

MANUFACTURING USE Countertops Decorative Aggregates

Construction Aggregate Glass and Ceramics

9

Interior Decorations

0.92 Heat Capacity (kJ/kg K)

62

MUDSTONE

RESISTANCE TO LESS FRACTURE POSSIBLE

Heat Impact

CONSTRUCTION USES

1

Cement Manufacture

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

Moh’s Hardness Scale

Construction Aggregate Manufacture of Mortar

9

10

MANUFACTURING USE Entryways Floor Tiles Decorative Aggregates

0.39 Heat Capacity (kJ/kg K)

63

Interior Decorations

64

MUDSTONE CAN MAKE CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS SUCH AS BRICK On site a factory will accompany the excavation unit in order to transform the waste excavation into useful construction materials. The template of a brick factory will be studied to achieve this.

65

BRICK MANUFACTURING PROCESS 1. Clay collected from quarry

2. Clay deposited at factory

8. Slugs cut into bricks

7. Optionally covered

9. Bricks grouped and dried with heat produced from kiln

66

10. Bricks fired in kiln

3. Clay grinded to powder

H2O

4. Clay mixed with water

6. Column cut into “slugs”

d in sand or textured

5. Mixture extruded into column

STORAGE

11. Package bricks

12. Ship bricks to site or stored

67

4 68

SITE SELECTION & FUTURE SITE CONDITIONS 1

3.4

Manchester is Getting Wetter

2.1

Surrounding Context

3.5

Manchester’s Annual Temperature 2015

2.2

Site Plan

4.1

Immediate Context

2.3

Site Overview

4.2

Site Demolitions

3.1

Wind Exposure

4.3

Site Diagram

3.2

Daylight Exposure

3.3

Manchester’s Average Annual Daylight

Excavation Site Selection

5

69

Project Timeline in an Extreme Climate

70

THE SITE IS SELECTED BECAUSE OF ITS PROXIMITY TO THE FUTURE FARMS AS WELL AS BEING ON MUDSTONE BEDROCK. EXCAVATION AND MANUFACTURING WILL BE THE INITIAL PRIMARY BUILDING FUNCTIONS STRATEGICALLY LOCATED ON SITE AND TRANSIENT SPACES WILL BE ALLOWED TO “POP-UP” BETWEEN THESE TWO BUILDINGS.

71

4.1 EXCAVATION SITE SELECTION THE INITIAL BUILDING FUNCTION IS TO EXCAVATE UNDERGROUND TO SHIELD CITIZENS FROM THE CLIMATE AND ACCOMODATE POPULATION INCREASE. Because the initial function is excavation, mudstone sites are more feasible than sandstone sites because it is softer.

Combining this with the location of the building farms to forage for food and a network of building sites appears.

Several sites will be needed to excavate downwards but also to provide several gateways into the subterrannean city.

The most feasible site has been selected because of its proximity to the future farm buildings as well as an appropriate amount of mudstone to dig into.

72

OXFORD ROAD

MANCUNIAN WAY

Most Feasible Site Potential Sites Chester Pebble Beds Formation SANDSTONE Openshaw SANDSTONE Manchester Marls Formation MUDSTONE Farm Buildings Main Roads Manchester Corridor Boundary

73

SURROUNDING CONTEXT There are several future developments surrounding the site that could potentially become farm buildings as newly developed buildings tend to be the most thermally efficient.

Site Development Areas

74

ALLIANCE BUSINESS SCHOOL

ENGINEERING CAMPUS

75

4.3

Site Boundary Green Areas Car Park Mudstone Bedrock Area

76

SITE PLAN The mudstone area that cuts through the site points toward where the excavation facility will be.

10m 0

20m

SCALE

1:1000

77

40m

80m 60m

100m

N

THE CENTRE OF THE SITE IS OCCUPIED BY GREEN SPACE

78

79

SITE OVERVIEW The green space that is present on site will have to be considered in the design of the industrial complex.

Site Boundary Green Area Car Park Area

80

10m 0

20m

SCALE

1:1000 81

40m

80m 60m

100m

N

15+ 12 10 8 6 4 2 0

82

WIND EXPOSURE The metres per second of wind coming from every direction onto the site.

10m 0

20m

SCALE

1:1000

83

40m

80m 60m

100m

N

DAYLIGHT EXPOSURE The hours/day of daylight exposure on the site.

15+ 12 10 8 6 4 2 0

84

10m 0

20m

SCALE

1:1000 85

40m

80m 60m

100m

N

THE SITE TODAY

86

87

THE SITE 2045: SUMMER This is the future that awaits humanity which this project aims to adapt to.

88

89

THE SITE 2045: WINTER This is the future that awaits humanity which this project aims to adapt to.

90

91

2.4.1

FUTURE FARMS

D E V O M E R E B O T CARPARK 92

IMMEDIATE CONTEXT

E R T N E C E RG APHEN

Site Car Park Educational Residential

93

SITE DEMOLITIONS Multi-story car park to be removed in order to make space for the factory on site as well as part of the green space that is site in order to accomodate the excavation facility.

Green Space Built Fabric Demolition Programmatic Removal

94

10m 0

20m

SCALE

1:1000 95

40m

80m 60m

100m

N

MANU

E N E RAPH &

G ESEARCH M R RE FAR FUTU

SIENT

TRAN

A C EX

A F E R TU U

F Site Boundary Main Build Areas Green Areas Car Park Mudstone Bedrock

96

SITE DIAGRAM

UFACTURING

Excavating facility to be on the northern end site whilst the manufacturing facility will be on the southern end of the site. A conveyor belt connection will deliver the mudstone to the factory and transient spaces will start to emerge on the middle part of the site.

These will include pop-up businesses and emergency housing.

MUDSTONE

M R A F E R M U T R U A F F E R M U R T A F FU E R U T FU M R A F E TUR

T

G N I VA AT

RA M

FU

10m 0

20m

SCALE

1:1000

97

40m

80m 60m

100m

N

Climate

PROJECT TIMELINE IN AN EXTREME CLIMATE

MANUFACTURING

EXCAVATING

2020

Construction manufactuing facility begins

VA A C EX

G RIN U CT FA U N MA

2025

Construction complete

Manchester

N IO T VA A C EX

G RIN U CT FA U N MA

2030

2035

Manufacturing begins

Excavation begins

Construction on excavation facility begins

Some larger spaces become more permanent Transient spaces begin to fill site

98

N IO T A UC D E

N IO T A Climate is not extreme

CH R A SE E R

Excavation facility becomes educational Underground city is re-used

2040

2045

Climate is extreme E AG R STO + AY W E T GA

Farming begins

People begin to move underground

CH R A SE E R

99

5 100

MEET FRANK: A COMPUTATIONAL TOOL 1

Conflicting Issues in Design

4.2

Competitive Model

2.1

Simmons Hall at MIT by Stephen Holl

5.1

Stochastic Search Model

2.2

Iterative Computational Rules

5.2

Thermal Efficiency/Population Use

2.3

Pseudocoding an Iterative Design Process

5.3

Maximising Daylight

3.1

Initial Dynamic Diagram Explanation

5.4

Maximising Views

3.2

Initial Flowchart & Pseudocode

6.1

Commercial Spaces

4.1

Using Frank to Maximise Value

6.2

Educational Spaces

101

6.3

Industrial Spaces

6.4

Residential Spaces

7.1

Baselayer Vectors of Influence

7.2

Maximise Population Capacity & Minimise Energy Use

7.3

Generate Facade Shape

7.4

Maximise Views & Minimise Solar Gain

7.5

Generate Rooves & Floorplates

8

102

Limits of the Model

FRANK IS A COMPUTATIONAL BUILDING AI THAT WAS CODED FOR THE PURPOSE OF THIS PROJECT IN ORDER TO BETTER UNDERSTAND CONFLICTING ISSUES IN DESIGN.

103

5.1 CONFLICTING ISSUES IN DESIGN THERE ARE NUMEROUS FACTORS THAT MAKE SPACE VALUABLE WITH A NUMBER OF PROGRAMMES THAT CAN BE ATTACHED TO IT. When the model changes the building there will be a set of competing design needs. These include the circulation of people, the interaction of users with other users, views to the outside, daylight / solar gains, Thermal comfort and space efficiency.

104

Circulation/ Movement

People Interactions

Space Efficiency

Computational Solution

Views to the outside

Thermal Comfort

Solar Gains/ Daylight

105

5.2.1 SIMMONS HALL AT MIT STEPHEN HOLL DESIGNED BASED ON THE CONCEPT OF “POROSITY” WHEREBY IT CONTAINS VOIDS FOR VIEWS OUT, AMENITY, LIGHTING AND VENTILATION. Simmons Hall is a student dormitory that houses 350 student rooms as well as many university facilities within MIT. The building was approached by the architectural team as a “vertical slice of a city”. The architectural team compared its corridors to streets that connect rooms, providing a variety of urban-like experiences. “Individuation” was achieved through a variety of room types, while mixed functionalities and alternate circulation paths foster social interaction.

The design approach was influenced by four factors: a) the limitations of the site area, b) the rejection of the classic brick building type, c) the need to develop an interior “urban” environment for social interaction d) The air and light circulation.

The economy of space was an important factor because the given lot on Vassar Street was small for the requirements of the program. The study of the building began from the rejection of the existing urban plan that was suggesting a wall “Bostontype” brick building. Holl’s architectural team proposed the counter concept of ‘”urban porosity”.

106

107

ITERATIVE COMPUTABLE RULES Holl’s iterative design process to introduce “porosity” into the scheme can be computed and codified as a set of rules.

Internal Voids for Lighting and

Site Constraint Height Constraint

Spatial Requirements and Site Constraints

Initial Building Massing

108

d Ventilation

Building Massing

External Voids for Views Out and Amenity

109

5.2.3 PSEUDOCODING AN ITERATIVE DESIGN PROCESS ALL SPACES IN THE BUILDING ARE TREATED AS MULTIPLES OR SUBDIVISIONS OF THE BASIC “UNIT” WHICH IS A STUDENT ROOM. The basic “unit” of space in the program of a student dormitory, is the student room. In designing a dormitory, one must pay attention to the characteristics of each room and the possibilities of creating variation. Following the directions of the program the building was organized to include 155 single rooms, and 95 double rooms. A typical student room has dimensions: 15’ 6” length, 9’ 6” width, and 10’ height.

It occupies 135 square feet of area and 1350 cubic feet of volume. Initially, a larger spatial unit 20’ x 20’ x 10’ was set, corresponding roughly to a double room.

The dormitory also includes a 125-seat theater that occupies a large part of the ground floor, a cafe, a large dining room, a kitchen, 5 smaller student lounges, 5 study rooms, and smaller group study rooms, a computer room, a game room, photography lab, 2 music rooms, exercise rooms, meeting rooms that were distributed in the main volume of the building.

All these spaces were treated as multiples or subdivisions of the spatial unit.

110

START

START DEFINE

Input site constraints and spatial requirements

False

DEFINE

baselayer

Building mass = requirements

True Input voids for views out (VO) and amenity (A) INPUT

False layer 1

False

VO + A = requirements

IF layer 2 THEN ELSE

True Input voids for lighting (L) and ventilation (V)

False

L+V = sufficient

IF THEN ELSE

True

layer 3

Building mass = requirements

True

111

IF THEN

site contraints 13,345 m2 spatial requirements 350 x student residences 5 x students lounges 5 x study rooms 2 x group study rooms 1 x computer room 1 x game room 1 x photography lab 2 x music rooms 2 x exercise rooms 3 x meeting rooms 1 x 125-seat theatre 1 x cafe 1 x large dining room 118,100 m2 site constraints spatial requirements building mass meets spatial requirements INPUT VO + A voids INPUT site constraints spatial requirements VO + A voids meet requirements INPUT L + V voids INPUT VO + A requirements L + V voids IF THEN ELSE

Building massing

are sufficient spatial requirements met END repeat layer 1

END

INITIAL DYNAMIC DIAGRAM EXPLANATION The diagram is based on a 5 x 5 m 3-dimensional unit on stilts. A different formation of these units will be required for excavating and manufacturing than for research and storage.

The model needs to adapt for light, ventilation and climate.

SETUP

THE UNIT

CHANGE OF USE

EXCAVATING & MANUFACTURING RESEARCH & FORMATION FORMA

5x5m On stilts

High roof to accomodate drill

PRESENT

2025

112

Large areas to ac

20

ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE

& STORAGE ATION

LIGHT VOID FORMATION

FUTURE CLIMATE ADAPTATION

ccomodate food

Subtract units to introduce light into the subterrannean city

Shutting off units to provide buffer between internal and external

045

113

5.3.2 INITIAL FLOWCHART & PSEUDOCODE THE FOUR LAYERS TO THE PSEUDOCODE REPRESENT A CHANGE IN THE BUILDING’S FUNCTION AND ADAPTING TO THE FUTURE ENVIRONMENT. In a first layer, the building needs to accomodate for excavation and manufacturing until it has excavated enough to accomodate for a projected population of 7.5 million citizens by 2045. Secondly, the building has to accomodate a research facility that monitors the external environment as well as food storage for the farm’s produce. The building will be modular to accomodate for seasonal produce. Then units can be removed to provide voids for light and ventilation underground, based on seasonal changes this can be adapted. Finally, depending on the future climate conditions and seasonal climatic changes, perimeter units can be shut off and adapted to provide climatic buffers to the central core of the building. This would be useful in the arctic winters as the building goes into a kind of hibernation mode.

114

START

START DEFINE

Input units for drilling and manufacturing

DEFINE baselayer

DEFINE DEFINE

False

Accomodating for population increase

INPUT IF layer 1

True

ELSE

Input units for research and storage

IF layer 2

False

True

Can store farm produce

Thermally comfortable

layer 3

False True layer 4

Subtract units for lighting (L) and ventilation (V)

False

L+V = sufficient

THEN

True

Shut off units to form a climatic buffer

Initial building mass

115

drilling unit requirements X units manufacturing unit requirements X units research unit requirements X units storage unit requirements X units drilling and manufacturing units underground city accomodates population increasing INPUT research and storage units INPUT more units

THEN ELSE

storage units accomodate farm’s food produce SUBTRACT units for L + V voids INPUT more units

IF THEN ELSE

L + V voids are sufficient initial building mass SUBTRACT units for L + V voids

INPUT IF THEN

shut off units for climatic buffer thermally comfortable IF can store farm produce THEN repeat ELSE INPUT more units shut off more units

ELSE

Input future Manchester extreme climate

5.4.1 USING FRANK TO MAXIMISE VALUE FRANK IS A BUILDING AI DEVELOPED TO INITIALISE A SCHEME AND MAXIMISE SPATIAL VALUE THROUGH A SERIES OF EXPERIMENTS. When is it beneficial to use an AI like Frank? Well the answer to that is when trying to decide between a variety of variables, where favouring one lessens the other. Humans have no logical way of measuring the best potential outcome with the least opportunity cost for a design decision. This is why an evolutionary algorithm programmed to identify the best case scenario can help.

116

117

5.4.2 COMPETITIVE MODEL EVOLUTIONARY METHOD OF DESIGN USING COMPETITION TO MAXIMISE SPATIAL POSSIBILITIES.

The ability of Frank to use an evolutionary method of design, constantly going through generations of solutions, allowing the best ones to move forward. This method is inherently more effective when made by a computational method rather than manually due to the program’s ability to maintain clear goals and generate millions of solutions in a matter of minutes.

118

VS

Space Arrangement

Design Timeline

Thermal Comfort

Ease of Movement

Outside Views

Daylight

Solar Glare

Evolutionary Algorithms

Computational Solution

119

120

FRANK DESIGNS THROUGH A STOCHASTIC SEARCH MODEL PLACING SPACES WITHIN THE SITE BOUNDARY BASED ON DAYLIGHT, CIRCULATION, CORES & SERVICES. THEN THE SPACES ARE MINIMISED/ MAXIMISED FOR THERMAL EFFICIENCY & POPULATION USE. A BUILDING ENVELOPE IS GENERATED WHERE DAYLIGHT & VIEWS ARE MAXIMISED

BY CUTTING OPENINGS INTO IT.

121

5.5.1 STOCHASTIC SEARCH MODEL FRANK STARTS BY PERFORMING A STOCHASTIC SEARCH INFLUENCED BY VECTORS IN ORDER TO PLACE ROOM SIZES WITHIN THE SITE BOUNDARY. First, you define where the site boundaries are, daylight, cores, services and circulation through the site. Then, Frank, the AI, will stochastically search where to place variable room sizes within the model.

122

Daylight Parametre

Circulation Lines

Cores / Services

Outer Parametre

Availability of Space Identifying areas of Potential Expansion

Monitored by AI

If the area is available and it meets the parametres set for the space, the AI decides to build there.

123

THERMAL EFFICIENCY/ POPULATION USE Room sizes are modified to maximise the number of people that can occupy the building, maximise the thermal comfort and minimise the energy use.

124

Energy Efficiency

Monitored by A.I.

If the area is used less or more hours and the occupancy levels change, the space expands or retracts to minimise energy waste.

125

5.5.3 MAXIMISING DAYLIGHT OPENINGS ARE CONSIDERED IN ORDER TO MAXIMISE DAYLIGHTING FACTOR WITHIN EACH ROOM THAT WOULD NEED IT. The ability of Frank to use an evolutionary method of design, constantly going through generations of solutions, allowing the best ones to move forward. This method is inherently more effective when made by a computational method rather than manually due to the program’s ability to maintain clear goals and generate millions of solutions in a matter of minutes.

126

Initial Opening

Daylight Calculation 100

Daylight Scale

0

Increase No of Openings

127

5.5.4 MAXIMISING VIEWS SETTING WHERE THE INTERESTING VIEWS ARE IN THE MODEL ALLOWS THE AI TO MAXIMISE THEM WHEN CREATING OPENINGS. The ability of Frank to use an evolutionary method of design, constantly going through generations of solutions, allowing the best ones to move forward. This method is inherently more effective when made by a computational method rather than manually due to the program’s ability to maintain clear goals and generate millions of solutions in a matter of minutes.

128

Availability of Views

Monitored by AI

View

View

129

View

View

The building facade is a response to the views and weights placed on those views in respect to the set % glazing.

5.6.1 COMMERCIAL SPACES MODEL SIMULATION RULES FOR SPACES WITHIN COMMERCIAL BUILDING TYPE.

Commercial spaces may become relevant during the timeline of the building, certainly for the transient spaces in the centre site with the idea of pop-up shop and facilated by building materials built in the factory.

130

Room Sizes

XS

S

M

Room Functions Staff toilets Closets Storage Private offices Plant room Printing rooms

Room Dimensions

Vectorial Attraction

Room Capacity

1-4m

extra small

1-2 Toilets Offices Kitchen Meeting rooms Pop-up shops

4-10m

small

5-20 Seminar rooms Pop-up shops Offices Canteen Conference rooms

10-15m

medium

25-60 15-20m Offices

L

large

70-120 20-50m

Offices

XL

extra large

120-250

131

5.6.2 EDUCATIONAL SPACES MODEL SIMULATION RULES FOR SPACES WITHIN EDUCATIONAL BUILDING TYPE.

Commercial spaces will become relevant in the future when the factory becomes a research institute that monitors the outside environment whilst humanity resides underground.

132

Room Sizes

XS

S

M

L

Room Functions

extra small

Room Dimensions

Toilets Closets Storage Alcoves Private offices Plant room Printing rooms Dark rooms

small

Toilets Offices Storage Studios Kitchen Meeting/study rooms Student services Staff rooms

medium

Seminar rooms IT rooms Careers’ section Labs (wet/dry) Studios Offices Cafe/Canteen Meeting/study rooms

large

Lecture theatres IT rooms Library spaces Open studios Workshops Exhibition spaces Sports halls

Vectorial Attraction

Room Capacity

1-3m

1-2 4-8m

5-20 10-15m

25-60 18-25m

70-120 20-50m

Lecture theatres Library spaces Sports halls

XL

extra large

120-250

133

5.6.3 INDUSTRIAL SPACES MODEL SIMULATION RULES FOR SPACES WITHIN INDUSTRIAL BUILDING TYPE.

Industrial spaces are the main spaces used for the initial running of the model on the site as the programme starts off as completely industrial with two facilities: excavation facility and a manufacturing facility.

134

Room Sizes

XS

S

Room Functions Toilets Closets Storage Private offices Plant rooms Kitchens

Room Dimensions

Vectorial Attraction

Room Capacity

2-8m

extra small

1-5 Toilets Offices Storage Canteen Staff rooms

6-12m

small

5-20 12-20m Storage Production line Canteen

M

medium

5-30 20-30m Storage Drill room Production line

L

large

10-45 30-50m Lecture theatres Library spaces Sports halls

XL

extra large

10-70

135

5.6.4 RESIDENTIAL SPACES MODEL SIMULATION RULES FOR SPACES WITHIN RESIDENTIAL BUILDING TYPE.

Residential spaces may become relevant during the timeline of the building, certainly for the spaces above the factory where emergency accomodation can be provided to people finding themselves outside in the harsh future weather conditions.

136

Room Sizes

Room Functions

Toilets Bathrooms Closets Plant rooms

XS

Vectorial Attraction

Room Capacity

1-2m

extra small

1-2

Amenities Offices Bathrooms

S

Room Dimensions

2-4m

small

1-2 3-6m Kitchens Bedrooms Dining rooms

M

medium

1-4 4-10m Living rooms Dining rooms

L

large

3-10 10-20m

Living rooms

XL

extra large

6-15

137

FRANK ATTEMPTS TO DESIGN ON SITE

138

139

BASELAYER VECTORS OF INFLUENCE Main body of Text.

Vector Fields Site Boundary Circulation Cores/Services Daylight

140

141

MAXIMISE POPULATION CAPACITY & MINIMISE ENERGY USE What makes space valuable is the size of the space and the amount of natural daylight / views. Thermal comfort is especially important here.

Vector Fields Site Boundary Circulation Cores/Services Daylight

142

143

GENERATE FACADE SHAPE What makes space valuable is the size of the space and the amount of natural daylight / views. Thermal comfort is especially important here.

Site Boundary

144

145

MAXIMISE VIEWS & MINIMISE SOLAR GAIN What makes space valuable is the size of the space and the amount of natural daylight / views. Thermal comfort is especially important here.

Site Boundary

146

147

GENERATE ROOVES & FLOOR PLATES What makes space valuable is the size of the space and the amount of natural daylight / views. Thermal comfort is especially important here.

Site Boundary

148

149

THE LIMITS OF THE MODEL Frank generates something which resembles a building and that is efficient. However, no consideration is given to the physical aspects of the site - urban grain, building shapes and the aesthetics of place. Therefore, more initial parametres have to be set within a more detailed spatial strategy.

150

151

6 152

SPATIAL STRATEGY 1

4.1

Teaching Frank about Spatial Strategy

2.1

Site Organisation Strategy 2024

4.2

Further Explanation of the Computational Model

2.2

Site Organisation Strategy 2030

5

2.3

Site Organisation Strategy 2045

6.1

Proposal 2024

3.1

Spatial Strategy 2024

6.2

Proposal 2030

3.2

Spatial Strategy 2045

6.3

Proposal 2035

3.3

Applying the Spatial Strategy on Site

6.4

Proposal 2045

3.4

Seperating Factory into Four Core Zones

Site Setup

153

Environmental Opportunities & Constraints

154

THE SPATIAL STRATEGY IS TO CARVE VOIDS INTO THE LARGE INDUSTRIAL SPACES TO ALLOW LIGHT IN, CREATE GREEN SPACE IN BETWEEN THEM AND ACT AS THE MAIN BUILDING CIRCULATION VEINS AS WELL AS MAINTAIN OR ENHANCE EXISTING SITE CIRCULATION ROUTES.

155

SITE ORGANISATION STRATEGY 2024 Excavating facility to be on the northern end site whilst the manufacturing facility will be on the southern end of the site.

A conveyor belt connection will deliver the mudstone to the factory.

VA A C EX

M AN UF AC TU RIN G

Site Boundary Permanent Buildings Green Areas Mudstone

156

N O I AT

10m 0

20m

SCALE

1:1000 157

40m

80m 60m

100m

N

SITE ORGANISATION STRATEGY 2030 Transient spaces begin to fill the middle part of the site. These will include pop-up businesses and emergency housing.

VA A C EX

M AN UF AC TU RIN G

Site Boundary Transient Buildings Permanent Buildings Green Areas Mudstone

158

N O I AT

10m 0

20m

SCALE

1:1000 159

40m

80m 60m

100m

N

SITE ORGANISATION STRATEGY 2045 If greenhouse gas emissions intensify, the climate will make the environment almost unliveable and so the whole project will mean a new way of life for humanity. Both facilities become large storage spaces for the food coming from the farms before redistributing underground. The excavating facility also becomes a gateway into the subterrannean city and the manufacturing facility becomes an environmental research centre that monitors the harsh future environment.

O C A BE

Y& A W TE A G

FO O D Site Boundary Transient Buildings Permanent Buildings Climatic Buffer & Beacon

160

ST O RA GE &

RE SE AR C

ON

&

GE A OR T S

10m 0

CH

20m

SCALE

1:1000 161

40m

80m 60m

100m

N

IBSTOCK BRICK FACTORY STOCKPORT A site visit to a brick factory in Stockport in order to further understand how these industrial spaces work revealed that the most important design requirement is large triple height spaces in order to accomodate the manufacturing equipment.

162

163

SPATIAL STRATEGY 2024

U

GREEN LIGHT VOID

164

VERTICAL

RY

L

ACCO RAG E AM MODATIO TOILET ENI N SER S TIES VICE OFFI S CES

C HO IR C RI U Z LA O TI N O TA N L

FACT O STO

CORES

SU N The main circulation veins of the building will be possible through walkways within a void space that cuts through the building, acting as a lightwell and a green amenity space for the building. Large industrial spaces are required for excavating and manufacturing and so the deep plan needs void space for light to penetrate the floorplates. Also, the site as existing contains a green space and park so this will be in its place as well as tying industrial space to green space.

CA ST NTE OOR ENS FF AG IC E ES

IG

S N

The spatial strategy for the two industrial buildings. In this instance, the manufacturing facility is illustrating the strategy for both buildings.

G

N E RE

PA TH PROGRAMMATIC CLUSTERS

CIRCULATION

G

H

T

These will be organised computationally based on daylight, circulation, cores and services requirements as well as the general rules described: - XL manufacturing spaces to be connected to the ground for convenience.

- XS, S, M and L spaces to be above with better access to daylight.

VOID

E G R E

LA OVD L L B SMAVE A OUN R S X VE ABOND G U ABO GRO

D

N GROU

XL

N O

Light & Circulation Void Circulation

D N U

Cores

O R G

XS: Extra Small Room S: Small Room M: Medium Room L: Large Room XL: Extra Large Room

165

SPATIAL STRATEGY 2045

U

SEALED FARMING LIGHT VOID

166

STOR

EATRE

AGE S

VERTICAL

FOOD

The circulation void that existed previously will be sealed to shield it from the harsh future climate.

This will mean it can act as a greenhouse within the building and so food can not only be grown in the surrounding derelict builidngs but also in the heart of this building, providing a limited supply of food in the event of an emergency or shortage. This void will still act as the main circulation veins for the building, allowing the users to interact with their food.

L

ACCO RAG IES - LI AMEMODATIOEN TOILET BRARIE NITI SERVI S S - LEC ES OFF CES TURE T ICES H

C HO IR C RI U Z LA O TI N O TA N L

STO

CORES

SU N

CA ST NTE OOR ENS FF AG LABOR ICE E ATOR S

IG

S N

The spatial strategy for the two industrial buildings. In this instance, the manufacturing facility is illustrating the strategy for both buildings.

M R FA

PA TH PROGRAMMATIC CLUSTERS

ENC

CIRCULATION

G

H

T

Many of the spaces above ground will remain the same, with slight programmatic changes as the building transitions from an industrial factory and excavation programme to an agricultural storage and education research facility. The triple height spaces that was the industrial factory spaces are broken up into food storage spaces with lower ceiling heights and laboratories, libraries and lectures theatres above that.

VOID LOS

ED

E G R E

LA OVD L L B SMAVE A OUN R S N X VE ABOND G O E U G ABO GRO

D

N GROU

Enclosed Light & Circulation Void

XTR

D N U

AR L A

Circulation

O R G E

Cores XS: Extra Small Room S: Small Room M: Medium Room L: Large Room XL: Extra Large Room

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APPLYING THE SPATIAL STRATEGY ON SITE The main considerations that have gone into the spatial strategy are explained in the video.

Site Circulation Daylight Circulation Cores Existing Green Space Proposed Green Space

VIDEO

LINK

Mudstone Connection Factory Spaces

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169

SEPERATING FACTORY INTO FOUR CORE ZONES The different brick manufacturing processes have to be seperated in a factory. In order to accomodate the spatial strategy, the manufacturing programme will be split into four core zones.

1. Clay collected from quarry

2. Clay deposited at factory

8. Slugs cut into bricks

7. Optionally covered

9. Bricks grouped and dried with heat produced from kiln

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10. Bricks fired in kiln

2

3. Clay grinded to powder

H2O

6. Column cut into “slugs”

d in sand or textured

2

4. Clay mixed with water

5. Mixture extruded into column

1 STORAGE

11. Package bricks

3

12. Ship bricks to site or stored

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4

TEACHING FRANK ABOUT SPATIAL STRATEGY Whereas Frank was working blindly beforehand, now that a spatial strategy has been established, a meaningful proposal can be extracted from the stochastic search model and optimising algorithms.

Daylight Circulation Cores XS: Extra Small Room S: Small Room M: Medium Room

VIDEO

LINK

L: Large Room XL: Extra Large Room

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FURTHER EXPLANATION OF THE COMPUTATIONAL MODEL

Daylight Circulation Cores XS: Extra Small Room S: Small Room M: Medium Room

VIDEO

LINK

L: Large Room XL: Extra Large Room

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ENVIRONMENTAL OPPORTUNITIES & CONSTRAINTS

Building Heights

Direction & Orientation

To stand slightly taller (within programmatic reason) than context to attract attention and remain noticeable

Site Circulation Building Heights Daylight Sun Position

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U

Fo tio o bu

Daylight

Natural daylight maximised by carving voids into buildings and spaces are programmatically organised to maximise daylight hours for the spaces that need it

10m

Urban Grain

ollowing the direcon and orientation of the surrounding uildings and street

0

Site Circulation

20m

SCALE

Maintain or enhance existing circulation routes by carving voids in the buildings

1:1000 177

40m

80m 60m

100m

N

PROPOSAL 2024 Excavating facility on the northern end site whilst the manufacturing facility will be on the southern end of the site.

A conveyor belt connection will deliver the mudstone to the factory.

Circulation Cores Existing Green Space Flexible Spaces Mudstone Connection Factory Spaces

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10m 0

20m

SCALE

1:1000 179

40m

80m 60m

100m

N

PROPOSAL 2030 Transient spaces begin to fill the middle part of the site. These will include pop-up businesses and emergency housing.

Transient Spaces Circulation Cores Existing Green Space Flexible Spaces Mudstone Connection Factory Spaces

180

10m 0

20m

SCALE

1:1000 181

40m

80m 60m

100m

N

PROPOSAL 2035 Enclosing transient space site whilst creating a tall beacon that will be noticeable from afar for passing citizens wanting to seek refuge from the changing climate.

Transient Space Enclosure/Beacon Transient Spaces Circulation Cores Existing Green Space Flexible Spaces Mudstone Connection Factory Spaces

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10m 0

20m

SCALE

1:1000 183

40m

80m 60m

100m

N

PROPOSAL 2045 If greenhouse gas emissions intensify, the climate will make the environment almost unliveable and so the whole project will mean a new way of life for humanity. Both facilities become large storage spaces for the food coming from the farms before redistributing underground. The excavating facility also becomes a gateway into the subterrannean city and the manufacturing facility becomes an environmental research centre that monitors the harsh future environment.

The beacon shines bright in the cold, dark night.

External Enclosure Transient Space Enclosure/Beacon Transient Spaces Circulation Cores Existing Green Space Flexible Spaces Mudstone Connection Factory Spaces

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10m 0

20m

SCALE

1:1000 185

40m

80m 60m

100m

N

186

THE THE

BEACON COLD,

SHINES IN DARK NIGHT.

ALL WELCOME IN SUBTERRANEAN MANCHESTER.

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CONCLUSION This project aims to depict an extreme future scenario where overpopulation is a problem and the climate has evolved to a point of no return and humanity has to adapt to the new environmental state. It is a negative statement to begin with because we as a species are not currently doing enough to mitigate climate change and ensure our survival.

However, there is a silver lining to this dark cloud that lurks above us, and it is right beneath our feet. Massive technological progress in the years to come will mean that living underground may be a possible last resort to the problem of climate change. This project facilitates that and it describes the steps into making it a reality.

In this stage of the design process, an initial massing and programmatic change over time has been etched out. The next stage will be to resolve the spatial configurations in detail as well as the structural and material resolution.

VIDEO

LINK

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7.2 1.1.1 MAN PLUS Araújo, A.L. and Rozegar, A. (2015) Man Plus. 21st July. Man Plus Comic.

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2.3.1 DISPLACEMENT Evaq8. (2015) UK Flooding.

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