Economic Implications of urban regeneration: Gentrification of Madh Island, Mumbai

THE ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS OF URBAN REGENERATION: GENTRIFICATION OF MADH ISLAND, MUMBAI -Malhar Ambekar

Photo of Versova Village Fish Market, Mumbai by The Vibe, Mumbai

(page intentionally left blank)

Malhar Ambekar | 4

Malhar Ambekar | 5

Copyright © 2023 All Rights Reserved Manchester School of Architecture Manchester Metropolitan University University of Manchester

ABSTRACT: An ever-increasing population, including an increase in the migrating population, influences the decision-making to generate infrastructural solutions to accommodate and facili-

Supervisor:

tate the same. Opening up areas for development by making amendments to land restrictions

Dr Matthew Steele

becomes the result and cause of the exponential growth of a city. There are several factors

Eamonn Canniffe

that influence the formation of cities and nation-states. By identifying an amendment in the proposed development plan by the municipal authority in Mumbai for the region of Madh

Author:

Island in the city, this dissertation focuses on factors that need to be taken into consideration

Malhar A. Ambekar

during the process of development by reflecting on scenarios suggesting similar impacts and

A dissertation submimtted in fulfillment of the degree of Masters in Architecture & Urbansim by Malhar Ambekar Manchester School of Architecture, UK

geographical conurbations. It sets an understanding of city formation focusing on economy and trade on a global level and their consequent impact on the identities as well as issues of gentrification. By no means does this dissertation serve as an argument against or for such a development.

No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronics, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior permission of the copyright owner.

Manchester School of Architecture, UK

Manchester School of Architecture, UK

Photo of Senapati Bapat Marg, Mumbai by Sanket Shah @ Unsplash

(page intentionally left blank)

Malhar Ambekar | 9

CONTENTS: List of Illustrations

10

List of Abbrevations

11

Acknowledgements

12

1.

Introduction

14

1.1 - Research Topic + Problem

14

1.2 - Benefits of the Research

16

1.3 - Aims + Objectives

16

1.4 - Structure

19

Literature Review

20

2.1 - Internationalisation & Global Impact

20

2.2 - Gentrification and Global South

22

2.3 - Mumbai

23

2.4 - Summary of Findings

24

Methodology

26

3.1 - Framework of Analysis

26

3.2 - Case Study as a Research Method

27

3.3 - Policy: Statistical Methodology

29

3.4 - Archival Research: Online & Physical Document

29

3.5 - Reseach Methods

30

4.

Prelude Contexualisation

31

5.

Case Research & Analysis

34

5.1 - Fishing in Madh Island

46

5.2 - Filming

48

6.

Conclusion

54

7.

References

58

8.

Bibliography

59

2.

3.

(page intentionally left blank) Manchester School of Architecture, UK

Malhar Ambekar | 10

Malhar Ambekar | 11

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS:

LIST OF ABBREVATIONS:

Fig. 01 - Location of Mumbai & Madh Island in the context of India.

MCGM- Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai

Fig. 02 - Aerial view of the Madh Island concerned area capturing the existing informal settle-

SDZ- Special Development Zone

ment by Vaibhav Bodhankar, Pond5.

FSI- Floor Space Index

Fig. 03 - Madh-Versova cable bridge gets coastal authority nod, Pratip Acharya, 24th Feb’ 23,

CRZ- Coastal Regulatory Zone

Indian Express 23

DCR- Development Control Regulations

Fig. 04 - Sitio San Roque, Manila by Tristan James

DP- Development Plan

Fig. 05 – Urban Development Map

UDRI- Urban Design Research Institute

Fig. 06 – Population Density Map

SRA- Slum Rehabilitation Authority

Fig. 07 – Navi Mumbai Aerial view Fig. 08 – Urban Sprawl Fig. 09 – Transport infrastructure development Fig. 09.1- Transport development / Metro & Flyovers.

Fig. 10 – Madh Island Map Fig. 11 - Madh Island: Versova skyline view Fig. 12 - Development Plan 2034 of Mumbai & highlight of the area of consideration with SDZ demarcation Fig. 13 - Development Control Regulations parameters for consideration.

Fig. 14 - Statistical analysis & area allocation by a Cushman & Wakefield report on the DP 2034.

Fig. 15 – Existing Land Use (ELU) of Madh Island, Mumbai Fig. 16 – Madh Island fishing old image Fig. 17 – Madh Island existing fishing activity cartographic analysis Fig. 18 – Global film production statistics Fig. 19 – Film shoot locations Fig. 20 - Film shoot in Madh Island Fig. 21 – Rental property warehouses in Mumbai for film shoots.

Fig. 22 – Film shoot locations in Madh Island Fig. 23 – Nearest transport location for Madh Island Fig. 24 – Madh Island ferry transport

Manchester School of Architecture, UK

Manchester School of Architecture, UK

Malhar Ambekar | 12

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am profoundly grateful to my principal lecturers & mentors Eamonn Canniffe & Dr Matthew Steele, for their unwavering guidance, patience, and expertise. Their mentorship and constructive feedback have been instrumental in shaping the direction of my research and the quality of this dissertation.

I acknowledge Manchester Metropolitan University for providing the resources, facilities, and academic environment necessary for conducting this research. The available database at the library, and the assistance and expertise of the university librarians and research support staff in accessing the resources were invaluable.

My family, parents Atul & Pradnya Ambekar and my younger brother Omkar Ambekar, my best friends Rashmi Rajpal Intern Architect AIBC and Rushabh Mehta, my cousin and family in the UK Dr. Prasad Vishnu & Dr. Shraddha Vishnu with my adorable nephew & niece Niyam & Neeva deserve special recognition for their constant encouragement, understanding, and belief in my abilities. Their unconditional love, patience, and understanding have been my source of strength throughout this challenging journey. Their belief in me has been the driving force behind my academic achievements.

I am eternally grateful to my mentor, colleagues & friends at Munro Acoustics; Director Kapil Thirwani, Vignyan Beera, Utkarsh Naidu, Cyril Thomas, Johan Pais, Rachel Jacob, Vaishnavi Jadhav & Aman Prajapati who have offered their continuous encouragement and have been instrumental in instilling great confidence and professionalism in me to pursue the course and along with sharing their wisdom, experiences and providing an unwavering support to make this endeavour more manageable.

I am also thankful to Production Designer and my design mentor Parul Sondh for taking the time and share her experiences and insights on this topic and the concerned areas of interest which has substantially supported the research and approaches of this dissertation.

I also wish to pay a tribute to my mentor and one of most celebrated film designers and makers in India Late Mr Nitin Desai.

(page intentionally left blank) Manchester School of Architecture, UK

Malhar Ambekar | 14

01- INTRODUCTION

Malhar Ambekar | 15

development of the SDZ patch in the Madh Island of Mumbai, it becomes critical to analyse scenarios how Mumbai functions as a city and the causes that have led to the issues of gentrification and agglomeration before approaching and strategising for a proposed development. Particularly an area such as Madh Island in Mumbai which has had two significant functions/occupations of fishing and more recently filming (Nallathiga, 2006) driving its economy. This shall be discussed in further detail in chapters 4 & 5 analysing and contextualising the subject of this dissertation.

One of the purposes of this dissertation paper is to study the cause and effect of such continuous developments, leading to rapid urbanisation on a larger scale by deriving inferences and understandings from global cities like Mumbai and the developed nations as well.

Using this research and analysis, this dissertation asserts and critiques the implications of such developments on the local community and the city. It will look for answers necessary

Fig.01- Location of Mumbai & Madh Island in the context of India.

Source: Author, MCGM 2020, UDRI

1.1 RESEARCH TOPIC + PROBLEM: Mumbai, the economic capital of India, has seen a significant increase in the influx of a migrating population and constant widespread dispersion into the otherwise suburban

to be taken into consideration while concerning itself with potential developments in an area within a city. What are the economic and gentrification impacts and their co-existence at the micro and macro levels of an urbanisation process?

Considering the scope of the dissertation, the focus will be on discussing the economic and gentrification impacts of the proposed identifications of development and shall not address and analyse the environmental impact.

districts resulting in agglomeration and gentrification issues (Anand, 2006; Berger, 2017; UDD, 2018). One of the important cities of the global south and a widely studied city referred to in the wider literature on urbanism concerning primarily the city’s development and responses to a growing economy and a growing nation, Mumbai has increasingly been understood as representative of new forms, trajectories and processes of 21st-century urbanism. (Harris, 2011).

Due to this circle of migration and infrastructural development, the government planning authority of Mumbai has revised its development plan in the DP2034 (MCGM, 2020).

In an attempt to address the issues of concentration and agglomeration, the development plan suggests releasing restrictions on a few patches of land that were previously designated Non-Development Zones (NDZ) and turning them into a Special Development Zone (SDZ) along with a proposed bridge connecting it with the western suburb of the city- see Fig.01 of Madh Island and the bridge from the Andheri within the western suburb of the city.

(MCGM, 2020; UDD, 2018).

This dissertation focuses on one such area in the northwest part of the city, called Madh

Fig.02- Aerial view of the Madh Island concerned area capturing the existing informal settle-

Island, situated within the metropolitan region of Mumbai, and under the governing plan-

ment by Vaibhav Bodhankar, Pond5.

ning authority of the city’s municipal corporation. Despite a framework prescribed for the

Source: Vaibhav Bondhkar, Pond5

Manchester School of Architecture, UK

Manchester School of Architecture, UK

Malhar Ambekar | 16

1.2 BENEFITS OF THE RESEARCH:

Malhar Ambekar | 17

a vital concern given its ratio of developing countries to the rest of the world (Smit, 2021).

The Department of Geography at University College London professor Andrew Harris

The term “global south” refers to the diverse range of countries in Asia, Africa, and Latin

in his comparative study regarding gentrification in Mumbai and London states a problem-

America that have a colonial past and are usually characterised by high levels of poverty

atic tendency in attempts at accounting for new globalised geographies of gentrification is

and informality (Smit, 2021). It has also widely replaced other, similar, terms such as the

to neglect the diversity of the process—despite its increasing ubiquity within contemporary

Third World, developing countries, and low- and middle-income countries (Roy, 2011).

urbanism (Harris, 2008). Economist Vernon Henderson suggests rapid urbanisation is trau-

Considering this aspect, this dissertation aims to identify the elements of economy and

matic, requiring massive movement of population, replacement of traditional institutional

gentrification in the process of rapid urbanisation. We would hence be able to generate a

and social structures with modern ones centred in a formal legal apparatus, and massive

framework for analysis as discussed for a rational and reasonable understanding towards the

local and intercity infrastructure investments with the required financing mechanisms, all

potentiality of the proposed development.

in a short period (Henderson, 2010). Taking these approaches and understandings aligning

Mumbai has been a major city in India and embraced all the advancements and devel-

with our quest to navigate the issues of requirements and impacts of the proposed develop-

opments of globalisation. There are parts of the city that still employ archaic and pre-global

ment, my research will allow for a more justified perspective to understand them. Although

technology, resulting in an evident uneven structure (Patel, 2007). Reflecting upon geogra-

this dissertation would not attempt to prescribe solutions to the issues, it will provide a base

pher Edward Soja’s (2009)’s spatial injustice here, do these then end up becoming isolated

work and critical analysis to have a reasoned dialogue.

and areas confined to only particular activity within a large metropolis?

Geographer David Harvey states the qualities of urban living in the twenty-first century

Rapid urbanisation has several empirical pieces of evidence suggesting its formation

will define the qualities of civilisation itself (Brugmans, 2010, p. 167; Harvey, 2000). By not

and attributing to various factors. Although each of the disciplines concerning themselves

limiting ourselves to the confinements of resources for Mumbai or India, we would enable

with the process of urbanisation has its narratives on the formation and segregation of cities,

ourselves to have a global perspective and generate a lens to observe the issues from various

effects on trades and sociological impacts, it is important to understand them and the inter-

dimensions. This exercise would not only allow us for a rational understanding but also fa-

plays from an urban planning perspective to avoid mistakes of the past, retrofit alterations

cilitate contributing to wider literature works around the said topic and the concerned area.

for the present and devise mechanisms which would benefit future planning.

This helps us in further analysing these cities and distinguishing them from global city

1.3 AIMS + OBJECTIVES:

to world city and even further understanding urbanisation from a more strategic and statis-

There is a layered sense approach to rapid urbanisation, infrastructure development

tical lens. Urban centres, particularly in developing nations, tend to attract a larger global

and economies while understanding the cause for it and the effect to get an idea of its capa-

market. This concentration of functions activates gentrification. People move out to nearby

bilities and extent (Brugmans, 2010, p. 163). The dissertation would aim to understand the

neighbourhoods and areas are seldom replaced by tenants that are products of capitalism

dynamics that lead to the formation and segregation of urban geographies, by further inves-

(Brugmans, 2010). This agglomeration leads to densifying these centres and calls for more

tigating the process of agglomerations, the cause and effects of gentrification and its impact

spread and dispersion in the nearby areas such as in the case of Mumbai, with its concentra-

on macro levels of the country’s economic and social welfare measurements. The concen-

tions in the south, leading to attempts of decentralisation and widespread growth across the

tration of economies and trades leads to the generation of centres that further accentuate

western-eastern-northern part.

development consequently leading to the formation of a centric city for a state or a nation.

These economies, then devise themselves in a manner to accommodate allied services in a circuit and delegate the scale externalities towards regions of respective workforces and labours (Henderson, 2010). This paper will also look at the human conditions and responses towards the diasporas of changing and expanding boundaries and urban centres.

Having mentioned the focus of this study and investigation, the global south becomes Manchester School of Architecture, UK

Manchester School of Architecture, UK

Malhar Ambekar | 18

To summarize, the following would be the aims & objectives contextualising this dissertation:

Malhar Ambekar | 19

1.4 STRUCTURE: In the following chapter, we shall review the literature works concerning a broader

•Understanding the process of urbanisation and the major factors causing and affecting it

understanding of the cities and their formations. These would then be followed by works

•Urbanisation’s quest and consequent gentrification in the global south

surrounding and focusing on the economic impact and gentrification issues of the global

•The diabolic nature of Mumbai’s rapid urbanization and development

south, which would then narrow its approach towards the focus area of this dissertation i.e.

•Factors and areas of due consideration within a process of development and urbanisation.

Mumbai, India. Using this process, I intend to acknowledge the body of work available as a

There is a metamorphic response towards the process of gentrification. Humans’ social

resource, as well as identify the unexplored areas surrounding the context of Mumbai.

behaviour and response may even be identified in the psychological discourse. It certainly

The available resources and areas of research would also facilitate in generating a meth-

may underpin various pedagogies in the realm of social sciences concerning urban struc-

odology for the research towards the concerned issues in the focused area. This shall be

tures and understandings.

further observed in Chapter 3, which discusses the research methodologies and approaches that the dissertation would undertake for the same.

The research methodologies should enable us to strategically establish our context and have a distinguished case research and body of analysis which shall be discussed and elaborated in Chapter 4 and Chapter 5.

Fig.03- Madh-Versova cable bridge gets coastal authority nod, Pratip Acharya, 24th Feb’ 23, Indian Express 23 Source: Indian Express 23 Manchester School of Architecture, UK

Manchester School of Architecture, UK

Malhar Ambekar | 20

02- LITERATURE REVIEW Given the research topic and problem outlined in the preceding introduction, this chapter will identify key literature in relation to economic impacts on urban development & infrastructures, gentrification and the global south. We begin by identifying the literature that would give us an understanding of the cities and their formations as well as internationalisation with factors of trade and economy attached to them. The review will then proceed by narrowing its focus towards the global south identifying works of literature that speak about the developing countries and cities of the global south. All of these shall then guide us to identifying the works of literature and discussions around Mumbai and the case of Madh Island. We will also identify key missing elements from the narratives while making the case towards the purpose of this dissertation.

2.1 INTERNATIONALISATION & ECONOMIC IMPACT: Cities along with their interdependencies and competitiveness amongst each other defining their international significance are widely discussed topics within the literature concerning the formation of cities and the factors responsible for it. They also give an account of the subdivision of these cities based on these factors. Having set the definition for the kind of cities and the works, we can formalise this by coining the cities as ‘Megacities’ for us to identify the widely discussed topics and strategise on the approach.

Urbanist Peter Hall in his chapter ‘Megacities, World Cities & Global Cities’ (Hall, 1997) discussed the megacities of the world from a historical perspective. He gave a further classification of the cities as global and world cities with the current situation of the cities of the world.

Hall acknowledged interdependencies and their impact on the need for the development of infrastructure (Hall, 1997). According to Hall, the offshoring of manufacturing and production coupled with their economic responses has rallied into the formation of global and sub-global cities (Hall, 1997). This when coupled with economist Vernon Henderson’s explanation for rapid urbanisation and development (Henderson, 2010) with his theories of scale-externalities and diseconomies tends to start shaping our perspective of economic reasons for such conurbations.

Urbanisation and economic development are closely intertwined. While urbanisation per se does not cause development, sustained economic development does not occur without urbanisation, says Vernon Henderson (Henderson, 2010).

Malhar Ambekar | 21

‘Infrastructure: A Glue of Megacities’ (Haynes, 2007) discusses these factors of infrastructure rise and economic performances related to that. With Hall’s ideation on the formation of cities and subdivision of areas concerning economic activities, Henderons’s descriptive navigation of these theories along with Hayne’s further analysis of infrastructure impact (Henderson, 2010; Haynes, 2007) we arrive at an understanding of the fact that due to their geographical presence and the economic activities cities identify themselves as specialised and situate themselves in a unique position in the metropolitan structure.

President of Columbia College, Dr William T. Bogart describes the “trading places” in his chapter ‘Trading Places Among Cities and Suburbs’ (Berger, 2017) suggesting that the indifference generated by the segregation as a result of trade allows for identifying the specialisation of these areas. This specialisation aspect based on their economy is one of the important factors for contextualisation towards the dissertation and the scope of my investigation.

Architectural writer and critic Deyan Sudjic in his chapter ‘Identity in the City’ (Sudjic, 1999, p. 182) elaborates on the subject of identities and conurbations stating that in some cases, eventually, these geographies have more in common with each other than the nation-state in which they are located. They are the principal economic engine rather than the national economy as a whole (Sudjic, 1999). Although Sudjic gives an explanation of identities and how they are responsible for the conurbations, we have to bear in mind, that these identities of the city and geographies keep changing themselves with time, especially with the advent of technologies and new inventions in the world of commerce and economics. This is particularly evident and true for the developing nations states and cities. As the economies evolve the interests of investors alter resulting in further infrastructure development with surplus accumulated capital. This phenomenon of development and urbanisation is well articulated in David Harvey’s book Rebel Cities (Harvey, 2013). Harvey has extensively contextualised the factors and ways of capital accumulation and their responses towards urban development. This is also evident in the case of Mumbai and its history of concentration and centralisation of activities and functions and the focus on power and capital; thereby reflecting upon the country (India)’s global standpoint (Patel, 2007).

Considering these factors of distribution of economic activities and significance of geographies, creation of specialised identities and the concentration and need for decentralisation we shall discuss and analyse in detail in the section focusing on Mumbai, India.

With urbanisation and economic development, there is a rise in investment and development of infrastructure. With this investment in infrastructure, there is migration and agglomeration amongst cities and these centres of economies. Geographer Kingsley Hayne in his chapter Manchester School of Architecture, UK

Manchester School of Architecture, UK

Malhar Ambekar | 22

2.2 GENTRIFICATION AND GLOBAL SOUTH: British academic and urban sociologist Rowland Atkinson has suggested that gentri-

Malhar Ambekar | 23

2015). However, Morales also suggests that we need not completely disregard our observations and theories from the global north to apply to the global south.

fication needs to be reinterpreted with the changing dynamics of cities in today’s world

Arnisson Andre Ortega, an assistant professor at the University of the Philippines Dili-

continuing his discussion and further definitions from Ruth Glass’s contextualisation of

man and a critical demographer, in his article analysing the metropolitan landscape of gen-

gentrification in 1964 (Atkinson, 2003; Glass, 1964). He suggests that public policy design

trification in Manila, Philippines, has discussed gentrification in the global south while also

and systematic facilitation of gentrification are taking place at a much wider scale (Atkin-

contextualised in the city of Manila which situates itself in a similar geographical setting to

son, 2003).

that of Mumbai (Ortega, 2016). He has identified and discussed the relationalities that fa-

In their article comparing gentrifications in major cities of New York, London and Paris, Urbanist and Scholar-activist, Loretta Lees along with Dr Juliet Carpenter, Director of

cilitate urban transformations along with the postcolonial impetus and drive towards a new wave of modernisation (Ortega, 2016).

Research at the University of Oxford have addressed the void in available discussions and

With an absolute capital accumulation and concentration of economic activities in cer-

literature pertaining to a comparative study in the context of gentrification (Lees, 1995).

tain regions within the cities of the global south, gentrification has become a matter of con-

While studying gentrification and the causes and impacts in these cities, they have situated

cern and also a phenomenon that is largely misinterpreted, according to the Associate Pro-

a comparative analysis along with a brief understanding of situations by acknowledging the

fessor in the Department of Geography at Rutgers University, Asher Ghertner in his article

independencies and states, cultures and functions in various regions (Lees, 1995). Lees in

‘India’s urban revolution: geographies or Displacement beyond gentrification’ (Ghertner,

her article ‘A Reappraisal of Gentrification’, has discussed the issue and literary discourses

2013). Ghertner has analysed the causes of gentrification and attempted to identify overlaps

on gentrification globally, particularly in the post-1990s (Lees, 2000). She has discussed the

or transitions of gentrification from the global north to the global south. His theories and

progression of gentrification with time in major cities of the West and has also attributed

analysis of India and the cities in India give a base work for our contextualisation towards

several factors affecting and playing a major in the process of gentrification. While also

the aspect of gentrification.

navigating through the third world states and economies, she has suggested that several factors such as race, sense of community and occupation play diversely in these regions (Lees, 2000). Lees states urban renaissance is prescribed as a medicine for decaying inner

2.3 MUMBAI: Indian sociologist Sujata Patel in her chapter ‘Mumbai: Megacity of a Poor Country’ (Patel, 2007) has given a descriptive journey of Mumbai’s process of developing and ac-

cities (Lees, 2000).

Gentrification as a result of capital accumulation and agglomeration can be significantly

quiring a global interest in the post-colonial era. Its shifts from different manufacturing and

attributed to the aspect of economic impact and capital accumulation. Gentrification as a

production activities have illustrated their impacts on sociology and gentrification issues.

phenomenon is being widely observed in the course of urban literature, particularly con-

Patel’s article also gives a brief understanding of the concentration and centralization of cer-

cerning with global south (Smith, 1982). Geographer Neil Smith in his article on

tain activities within a few geographical boundaries in the city. While observing a specific

‘Gentrification in the global south’ has observed the effects of gentrification as one of the

type of dwelling particularly in the case of Mumbai, Ananya Roy in her article ‘Slumdog

causes of uneven development particularly in areas of feudal market towns and capitalist

Cities: Rethinking Subaltern Urbanism’ (Roy, 2011) addresses and largely critiques the phe-

market towns. Smith addresses the uneven development attributing largely to the capital-

nomenon of the megacity and “slum” dwelling. She suggests that in the urban imagination

ist mentality and encroachments, suggesting that we are in a crisis of a massive economic

of the new millennium, the ‘megacity has become shorthand for the human condition of

difference in not just residential but other sectors of the economy. Speaking about gentri-

the global South and that is a metonym for underdevelopment, Third Worldism, the global

fication further and particularly in the global south, Professor for the University of Chile,

south.

Ernesto Lopez Morales has submitted as well as critiqued Neil Smith and his theories about

In a comparative study of London and Mumbai concerning the aspect of gentrifica-

the rent gap by adding that we might need new methods of observing and analysing factors

tion, Andrew Harris has focused on and compared one area within the island city portion

of understanding and strategising on issues of gentrification in the global south (Morales,

of Mumbai. Although the analysis and study align with what we have so far observed on

Manchester School of Architecture, UK

Manchester School of Architecture, UK

Malhar Ambekar | 24

Malhar Ambekar | 25

the subject of gentrification and urban development, it falls short of adequately identifying

the other significance Madh Island has, that is the filming activity and occupation revolving

the role of urban development and informal sprawl in Mumbai (Harris, 2008). As Swapna

around it. Our review and understanding of the available literature have suggested a lack of

Banerjee Guha in her article critiquing on the urban restructuring in Mumbai has advocated

discussion concerning fishing and filming together in generating a holistic picture of Madh

the fact that structural imbalances generated in the built environment in Mumbai due to the

Island and Mumbai. While we may have a film business’s statistical analysis and impact

infrastructure investment need a closer analysis (Guha, 2002). She suggests that flexible

on the economy (Nallathiga, 2006), we may need to address it not as an independent entity

accumulation results in the production of new urban forms. While intending to look at the

given our concerned area of Madh Island and the proposed development.

infrastructure proposal for Madh Island in Mumbai particularly a connecting bridge as pro-

In the following chapter, we shall discuss our approaches towards generating method-

posed in the DP2034 (MCGM, 2020), we review professor Nikhil Anand’s article discussing

ologies for the research as derived from our review. This shall facilitate in producing an

the transport and network infrastructure in his ‘Disconnecting Experience: Making World

analysis of the context.

Class Roads in Mumbai’ (Anand, 2006). Anand discusses the dependency of Mumbai’s transport infrastructure on its economic stability as well as global prominence and identity.

While this dissertation asserts its focus on the Madh Island area of Mumbai, and understanding that it consists of a significant population dependent on the fishing occupation, we identify that the fishing community called Koli in the local Mumbai dialect is a major stakeholder of the discussion. The impact of the fishing community and the economics and sociology of the occupation is discussed in detail in the article ‘Uncertainties and Vulnerabilities of the Koli Fisheries in Mumbai’ (Shibaji Bose, 2018). The article has stipulated a thorough analysis and approach towards understanding and attempting to address issues of the fishing community keeping the fisheries as the major stakeholders (Shibaji Bose, 2018).

It would be interesting to view these from what the Dutch-American Sociologist Saskia Sassen has written about in her chapter ‘Complex and Incomplete: Spaces for Tactical Urbanism’ (Gadanho, 2014, p. 40) concerning the structuration and operations of urban forms by analysing and discussing the power and complexities of the powerless. She has emphasised incorporating the powerless stakeholders within the focus urban fabric in its structuring and has also discussed the political aspect attached to this process.

2.4 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS: While we have identified and reviewed the literature discussing the issues of cities with their internationalisation with their economic and sociological conditions as well as navigating through the narratives on gentrifications and the global south, we were able to generate a lens to identify and look through for our focus area that is Mumbai. While we have observed the literature and discussions in the context of Mumbai, we have also observed the works of literature on infrastructure, transport, Mumbai’s history of identifying economic trends and adjusting its behavior accordingly, as well as the significance of the fishing community even when narrowing it down to Madh Island. At this point, it is worth mentioning Manchester School of Architecture, UK

Manchester School of Architecture, UK

Malhar Ambekar | 26

03- METHODOLOGY In the previous chapter, approaches towards urbanisation and the scenarios of gentrification from the global south to Mumbai in India were considered. This chapter explaining methodology shall begin with identifying key areas through which the literature has analysed cities and their developments along with the concerns that have revolved around the discussions of urbanisation. We will try to align these with our context and try to develop a macro-level scenario of our case’s positioning.

In order to further disaggregate and contextualise, the chapter shall identify strategies to observe policies influencing these discussions and the consequent impacts. By means of this, a statistical framework supplementing the analysis can be generated. Within the scope of this dissertation, the methodology shall act as a bridge between the review/survey of the literature and discussions around the subject and intent of the dissertation, and a context and analysis of the concerned area. This shall further provide a conclusive submission towards the factors necessary to be taken into consideration and critique the implications of developments.

The research shall also consist of reviewing and analysing policies and frameworks around the development proposals of the concerned area of Madh Island, Mumbai.

3.1 FRAMEWORK OF ANALYSIS: Mumbai as we have understood so far, has been a part of literature discussions on various fronts, particularly concerning its urbanisation and development in the second half of the twentieth century. I have identified literature that has concerned itself with the cause and effects of economies and trade over urbanisation and developments in a particular region on a global level. The internationalisation and economic impact described the cause and effects of the interdependencies amongst regions and the necessary trade-offs between them, further resulting in subdivisions based on specialisations (Brugmans, 2010; Henderson, 2010; Berger, 2017). These then resulted in generating identities for these specialised areas and their further interactions are vital in understanding their national as well global standpoints (Brugmans, 2010). These texts have provided key areas to generate a system of inquiry towards the research focusing on the context of Mumbai.

These economic impacts and infrastructure development further resulted in broader discussions towards gentrification and urban sprawl, this also provided an understanding of their geographical positionings in the global south (Smith, 1982; Smit, 2021; Morales, 2015). Scenarios and discussions on Mumbai provided a brief understanding of its formaManchester School of Architecture, UK

Malhar Ambekar | 27

tion and progression as a natural and global city, along with a brief description and statistical activities around specific activities (Roy, 2011; Anand, 2006; Guha, 2002; Patel, 2007).

To strategically analyse situations and scenarios of the concerned focus, and to research the current situation in Mumbai the following parameters have been identified through the literature that could help form a system of enquiry for the research; •Historic formation & Geographical subdivisions (archives) •Economy & Infrastructure development •Trade-offs amongst suburban areas.

•Specialisations & Identities •Gentrification & Urban Sprawl The research would discuss the subject in detail through these parameters to develop an understanding of the context and respond towards the purpose of this dissertation.

3.2 CASE STUDY AS A RESEARCH METHOD: In the context of urbanisation and particularly gentrification, one such global city that has been identified that also situates itself in global south is the city of Manila in the Philipines. Senior Urban Development specialist Narae Choi has discussed the gentrification of Manila and its consequent impacts on the development as well as highlighted key areas of discussion through the identified literature on urbanisation and gentrification issues on the global level and their impact and has succinctly put in the context of Manila in her article studying Manila and the development through the lens of gentrification (Choi, 2014). She has also addressed the key issues of disparities in urban planning and consequent risks of displacement (Choi, 2014). This became a vital study and an appropriate analysis to look at before delving into further observations made by Arnisson Ortega in his descriptive and statical analysis of Manila’s urban development (Ortega, 2016). Ortega has also mapped the development progression and its impact of dispossessions along with a demographical analysis driven by policy information and statistics, for Manila (Ortega, 2016). In a World Bank article Navigating Informality: A Closer look into Manila’s slums by Gayatri Singh and Gauri Gadgil does an extensive cartographic and statistical observation with a broad analysis of the settlement conditions in Manila (Gadgil, 2017). With the help of this literature, the statistical framework observation and cartographical description and analysis in the case of Manila aligns with the context of Mumbai, also being a significant metro city, situated on a waterfront, being at the forefront of urbanisation and issues of gentrification, Manila also hence becomes a good comparison as well as a study of deriving methods of the research within the scope and context of this dissertation.

Manchester School of Architecture, UK

Malhar Ambekar | 28

Key areas identified from the case research are•Statistical analysis through a defined system of inquiry from the body of available literature.

Malhar Ambekar | 29

3.3 POLICY- STATISTICAL METHODOLOGY: The government and particularly the authority administering the regions generates development manuals and frameworks for a stipulated period of the future, wherein it envi-

•Cartographic and statistical analysis through mapping and visual content from the available data and resources.

sions a certain growth of population, and economic developments, while also providing itself with an allocation of funds and financial arrangements. The above-mentioned parameters play a major role in defining these referendums. Therefore, within the system of enquiry through these parameters, understanding the policies is essential in shaping our reasoning and justification of the context. As discussed in the introduction of the dissertation, the proposed development plan, DP2034, prepared to envision the development in Mumbai, has defined the purpose for the dissertation and also the context of Madh Island, Mumbai (MCGM, 2020). Along with that, there are a set of rules and regulations established by the town planning and governing authority within which it has prescribed and allocated certain proportions of developments to specific typologies, also considering the various active stakeholders in the area. Aligning these with the parameters of the enquiry apparatus, I shall gain a clearer understanding and reasonings of the policies and they could also further shape and define the analysis more statistically.

3.4 ARCHIVAL RESEARCH- ONLINE & PHYSICAL DOCUMENTS: In addition, as a supporting mechanism towards the policies and parameters of the inquiry system, I will also be looking at archival information and visual analysis suggesting the developments and submitting to theories observed in the policy as well as the literature reviews. This archival information shall be acquired through sources storing the development archives in the case of Mumbai. It would also enable concretising the purpose of this dissertation, particularly when it tries to advocate prioritising certain elements of the urban fabric in the process of development. It would also play a significant role, amongst others, in adjudicating the ramifications of such a development giving us an insight into the evolutionary aspect of it. While utilising the archival framework we would succinctly view the resources through the lenses of the policies and parameters of inquiry, while viewing and understanding situations for our research.

The sources for the archives and the data looked at are Maharashtra Archives (Archives, n.d.), The National Archives (Archives, n.d.), Archives Hub (Hub, n.d.), Maps of Mumbai (Online, n.d.), Urban Design Research Institute ((UDRI), n.d.), Mumbai Municipal Corpo-

Fig.04- Sitio San Roque, Manila by Tristan James

ration (MCGM, 2020).

Source: Tristan James Manchester School of Architecture, UK

Manchester School of Architecture, UK

Malhar Ambekar | 30

3.5 RESEARCH METHODS: To briefly contextualise the approaches derived from the methodology that shall be applied while researching the context of Madh Island and Mumbai, the methods would consist of the mentioned system of inquiry through which an appropriate understanding of the scenario shall be gained. This shall be further categorised and formulated for a better understanding and shall then also align with the policy methodology for more statistical analysis. As discussed, we shall also be discussing case research done with a similar global south city Manila. The approach taken within the gentrification and urbanisation of Manila shall be parallelly studied and examined, and derived influences that could be applied towards Mumbai.

To summarise, the methods identified for the research shall be: •Framework for analysis; System of Inquiry •Case Research •Policy review and analysis •Archives

Malhar Ambekar | 31

04- PRELUDE CONTEXTUALISATION A city is perhaps one of the most complex formations. Human experiences and approaches towards viewing and understanding cities have led to several discussions, literature and discourses within the realm of city planning and urban development. Camillo Sitte 1889 in his book City Planning According to artistic principles prescribed notions of human experiences that need to be taken into consideration while designing cities (Sitte, 1889) and Italian Architect Aldo Rossi 1960 in his book The Architecture of the City (Rossi, 1960) had critiqued and yet supplemented to the artistic considerations by subjugating and suggesting the availability of several factors shaping and affecting the city and the experiences. To account for lives and neighbourhoods in larger megacities such as that of New York, Jane Jacobs extensively advocated the consideration of human lives and addressed the disconnect and the absence of it in modernist city planning in her book The Death and Life of Great American Cities (Jacobs, 1961).

However, in a parallel domain of literary works mitigating through the nuances of cities and their formations particularly with respect to their economies and infrastructural developments, issues such as gentrifications seemed to have appeared amidst popular discussions and literature, particularly in the post-1960s. London: Aspects of Change by Ruth Glass in 1964 is widely attributed to being one of the first explored writings describing the aspect of gentrification (Glass, 1964) (Williams, 1980).

An understanding of the linkages between the economic roles of the cities and the nation-state along with the after-effects of dispossessions and displacement issues, economics and theorists have further subscribed to the accounts of capitalism and subdivided an extent of economic activities and interdependencies between the cities. David Harvey has relentlessly argued the way capitalism takes over and influences gentrification (Harvey, 2013).

Particularly in his book Rebel Cities, he has not only described the role of capitalism in forming cities but also the resilience in several cases of cities of developing nations such as Mumbai, India and Favelas in Rio De Janeiro (Harvey, 2013). These capitalists’ interests towards a city seem to stem from the availability of resources, particular to its geography and further consequent capabilities of production and manufacturing activities. As laid down by Peter Hall suggests the formation of cities on the basis of their roles in the large picture of a megacity or a metropolis (Brugmans, 2010). Hall theorised on how these formations then can be tabulated and these cities can then be segregated and termed as global cities or world cities depending on their roles. These formations then could be summarized into a looping structure for a megacity depending on these interdependencies particularly. Network to

Manchester School of Architecture, UK

Manchester School of Architecture, UK

Malhar Ambekar | 32

Malhar Ambekar | 33

which Vernon Henderson has used the terms such as diseconomies and scale-externalities in

A proposed development hence envisioned with alterations of policies and allocation of

the course of factoring the roles of these cities and then further facilitating in analysing them

land use to approach a development strategy in one such area in the city of Mumbai, may

as suburban or peri-urban areas within a larger metropolis (Henderson, 2010). External

attend to this rhetoric of the circle of urbanization and gentrification. This attempt to pro-

economies of scale are business-enhancing factors that occur outside a company but within

vide transport infrastructure and thereby cause agglomeration has resulted in gentrification,

the same industry. A conurbation on the basis of the scale externalities also defines and iden-

particularly in the context of Mumbai. As Nikhil Anand, in his article has suggested that

tifies the boundaries and geographies further determining the urban contexts. (Henderson,

just the transport infrastructure may not be the solution (Anand, 2006). There certainly is

2010). These externalities when studied along with diseconomies of scale can facilitate the

a need for a connection for an area with the geographical boundaries of the city, however,

mitigation of the impacts of gentrification. Diseconomies of scale happen when a company

considering the factors that are affected and caused by gentrification and such issues of rapid

or business grows so large that the costs per unit increase. How all these factors account for

urbanization alarms one to rethink the strategies while navigating through the process of

the conurbations and subsequent impacts on the city’s identity shall be observed more close-

development.

ly in the next chapter discussing the context of Mumbai through a research-based analysis.

We may as well be left with a post hoc ergo propter hoc (after this, because of this) in a

The accounts of formations of urban geographies depending upon their roles in the

circle of urbanization and development amidst an attempt to further globalise the economy

broader sense of a megacity led us to identify speciality areas and generate an identity and

by straining the infrastructure and further disempowering the voiceless.

exclusivity. We now arrive at what Deyan Sudjic has described for us towards the identity of

In the next chapter, we shall add these discussions along with the stated methods and

the city (Brugmans, 2010). According to Sudjic, more often than not, these specialised areas

methodologies for research and analysis of the city of Mumbai and the case of Madh Island

become strong in their identities, and they tend to be compared and analysed independently

in detail.

within another such city or a metropolis irrespective of the nation-state they’re a part of. To evidence this we have the analysis of Manila in the Philippines in comparison to Mumbai in India, where similar interests in developments and subsequent gentrification and displacement problems are on similar lines.

These identities, however, beneficial for the geographies tend to generate problems of their own that grow monumentally with time. Capitalistic interests in a region accelerate an accumulation of capital which then leads to investment and agglomeration of several capital-consuming and capital-generating activities. This gives rise to the displacement of the existing demograph thereby creating issues of gentrification. The powerless in this system, hence displaced, are made to relocate themselves to the fringes or the boundaries of the regions or find another place to informally settle. Empirical evidence suggests that the lack of land ownership or a stronger law safeguarding these individual interests in housing and sanitation results in meagre compensation and is easily manipulated into relocation (Harvey, 2013). However significant this might suggest in altering an identity of the region, it may not necessarily be true which also submits to a wide course of literature and discussion focusing on not imposing solutions of gentrification of one region onto another. Imposing a character onto a region would just displace and gentrify an existing population but may not comply with boosting the economy and changing the narrative of the region in an optimistic way.

Manchester School of Architecture, UK

Manchester School of Architecture, UK

Malhar Ambekar | 34

05- CASE RESEARCH & ANALYSIS So far, we have seen different factors that contribute towards the formation and segregation of cities particularly literature works encircling the issues of economic and financial ramifications and the consequent issues of gentrification in the world, global south and Mumbai. We have also identified key takeaways from this finding that could be utilised in further analysing the context of this dissertation. In this chapter, we shall apply all the knowledge and information gained so far in understanding the scenario staging the context of this dissertation that would not only facilitate in validating the purpose of the discourse but also direct us in gauging appropriate nuances in its conclusive argument.

As described before, this chapter shall begin with an understanding of the history of Mumbai and its geographical significance which also gives a brief account of its formation.

This shall further lead to establishing a context pertaining to the subdivisions within the city and the consequent and parallel economic and infrastructure developments within these regions. These would further give an understanding of the trade-offs and scale externalities in the city within these industries. An account of Mumbai’s constant development and rigour towards quickly adapting to the changing trends of the economies and an ever-growing nature by spreading into the suburbs shall give an insight into the consequent issues of gentrification and urban sprawl. This shall signify the context and the purpose of this dissertation owing to its focus on the recent release of the non-development zones in a crucial and interesting part north-west suburb that is Madh Island. It would also assert the identity of Madh Island. As briefly stated at the beginning of this dissertation, this chapter shall also focus more on the fishing and the filming infrastructure and activity in the city given the scope and purpose of the dissertation and the area of interest.

Mumbai has always been known for its adaptability towards the changing patterns of development and the ability to grab the opportunities of advancements on the stage of urbanisation and as a leading city in one of the most significant developing countries of the

Malhar Ambekar | 35

land of seven islands, it was descended from several rulers and dynasties over the course of history right from the times of the Mauryan empire (Nakamura, 2014). It eventually arose when the British formally expanded the trading opportunities in the city and brought in several infrastructural developments. This facilitated substantial establishments and advancement in trade and commerce during the colonial period (Nakamura, 2014; Mehrotra, 2021).

Mumbai had also gained its commercial value not just because of the fishing or the port business, but as an active player in the cotton and textile industry (More, 2007; Patel, 2007).

This further navigated and accelerated post-independence where the city saw a massive shift in its economic structures and narratives in the financial market. The country was moving from the service industry to a consumer one and that eventually resulted in the shutting down of the several mills that have had their significance for a long time and were instrumental in maintaining the employment and the economy of the city. Although the shutting down of the mills brought with them several waves of new opportunities in the consumer sector, it observed a dip in the economy as well (Adarkar, 2011) The city has witnessed changing weather of economic trends and financial shifts in past decades post-independence (Patel, 2007). The first planned intervention took place by moulding of the seven islands in 1836 by the British and they also laid the first-ever incident of reclamation in the city. Its evolution had prescribed an enormous development in the southern precinct also resulting in heavy infrastructural developments and eventually led to a concentration in the Island city of the region (Mehrotra, 2021). The concentration in the southern precinct had devised an attraction towards migration owing to its industries and job opportunities. However, this also led to a further impetus for the need for an urban development proposal to expand the city outward beyond the confinements of the southern part. It was, however, only possible with capitalists’ interests in investing labour and capital in the northern part and allowing the growth to flourish there. However, this took place after the 1930-1940s in Mumbai (Mehrotra, 2021).

global south (More, 2007; Mehrotra, 2021). These shifts have consequently had substantial impacts on the sociology and genealogy of the city, thereby shaping its political environment and impacting levels of decision-making structures (More, 2007; Nakamura, 2014).

Incidentally, Mumbai was never planned but rather came into being as a product of incremental and impulsive growth along its journey of rulers and their subsequent ambitious developments (Gupta, 1996; Mehrotra, 2021) catalysed and fuelled by the influx of the population migrating to the city who have continuously moved into it, a marvel of coexistence of communities and languages (Gupta, 1996; More, 2007; Nakamura, 2014). Originally a Manchester School of Architecture, UK

Manchester School of Architecture, UK

Malhar Ambekar | 36

Fig.05- Urban Development : Source: Author, City Resources, Nikhil Jain projects

Malhar Ambekar | 37

It was also an attempt to accommodate the substantial migration into the city from other parts of the country and the hinterlands. While recognising these demographic shifts, there was a need for a device that could set rules and regulations for the planning and develop-

The process of urban development when

ment which led to the first Development Plan of Mumbai in 1964. (Mehrotra, 2021).

mapped with a timeline suggests its spread

The Development Plan of 1964 had aside in its bylaws rules regarding housing and

from the island city in the south of Mumbai

other amenities to accommodate the influx of the population. It also set frameworks for de-

and finding its way with time towards the

velopments such as the FSI (Floor Space Index) to allow certain calculative backing to the

Western & Eastern suburbs. Consequently the

development clusters.

transport network supplements to this spread of development.

This requirement for an outward growth of the city to further avoid the concentration within the island city and the business district had led to the formation and planning for a satellite town that could potentially host at least a few governing bodies shifting them from the main southern part. An attempt to decentralise the island city. The formation of the New Bombay city plan by Charles Correa, Shirish Patel & Praveena Mehta in 1971 was an out-

1970s

come of that. (Mehrotra, 2021; Patel, 2007; Berger, 2017).

1990s 2km.

10km

2010 2018

Fig.06- Population Density : Source: Author, City Resources, Nikhil Jain projects

7520 - 14800

2km.

10km

14900 - 25800 25900 - 41500 41600 - 59900 60000 - 92300

Manchester School of Architecture, UK

Fig.07- Navi Mumbai Aerial view Source: The Megacity Initiative (Niederhauser 2015) Manchester School of Architecture, UK

Malhar Ambekar | 38

Malhar Ambekar | 39

Fig.08- Urban Sprawl :

In parallel with these trends of outward growth attempting decentralisation had consequently allowed for a constant outward growth and a heavy impetus had been given to ensuring the

Source: Author, City Resources, Nikhil Jain

connectivity of the main city to the suburban areas by transport infrastructural developments.

projects

This submits to the fact that the growth of Mumbai city of the Mumbai Metropolitan region has been exponential. However, interestingly the economies, businesses and financial institutions

As an effect of the urban development and

although had started adapting to these changes, they used this as an opportunity to grow the

the consequent transport network, the urban

business and particularly the scale-externality factors that benefitted their economic ecosystem

sprawl along with the population density

and production or manufacturing. This opened up numerous occupational opportunities within

identifies itself as a supporting response to

the suburbs and the northern part further accelerating the need for accommodating an influx of a

it. However, a close look informs the lack of

migrating population. It then led to amendments in the development plans that were prepared to

urban development in the north western part

anticipate these changing dynamics and open up further lands for development, allocated funds

of the city.

and even further amended the abstract mechanisms of FSI and FAR for these developments.

Urban Development 2km.

Informal Settlement

10km

Open Spaces

Fig.09- Transport Infrastructure development : Source: Author, City Resources, Nikhil Jain projects

The transport network supplements to this spread of development.

Railway Stations

Fig. 09.1- Transport development / Metro & Flyovers Source: A file photo of an operational Mumbai Metro corridor. | Photo: ANI Manchester School of Architecture, UK

Railway Infrastructure 2km.

10km

Informal Settlement

Manchester School of Architecture, UK

Malhar Ambekar | 40

Malhar Ambekar | 41

However, as a pre-requisite to allow these lands to develop or flourish focus initially would always be on the network and transport infrastructure and a larger proportion of the allocated funds would be diverted towards them. An establishment of transport connectivity would essentially bring proximity and eventually into higher land value and consequent gaps in the real estate. This would adversely affect the affordability in the housing market and this would observe another shift in the demographic landscape. Even the existing would be evicted by the vested interest of the capitalists attracted by the higher land value, proximity of the land and also a population that would on the other hand consume these. This would cause gentrification and dislocation. It would further allow for an informal settlement to occur in areas available.

The purpose of this dissertation is to identify one such anticipated occurrence of development and a probable cause for future dislocation and gentrification with the opening up of a patch of land in the northern part of Mumbai for development. In this, I don’t argue for the development to not happen, as much as I would ensure to highlight the process and impacts of such decisions and advocate the factors that need to be taken into consideration.

Identifying lands in Mumbai, particularly in the northwestern suburbs that have not been

Fig.10- Madh Island, Mumbai Source: Author, Bombay National Archives

approached or considered for development or a scheme that devised an urban development proposal led to looking into the development plan of Mumbai prepared with an anticipation for the next decade informed on the decisions that were being made to address situations of decentralisation and agglomerations and approach such as lands for development and have a framework directing the development in these areas considering its geographical location and sensitivities.

It is worth mentioning here that this area in the northwestern suburb of Mumbai is interestingly disconnected. It does not have a direct efficient mode of transport infrastructure that links it to the main western suburb despite visual connectivity.

This then submits to the development plan and authorities’ decision on having a bridge connecting the western suburb to the shoreline of the northwestern part.

This is a clear example that aligns with what we have understood so far as the city’s progression with development and the hierarchy in transport infrastructure investment and the consequent interest in higher land rates in the land that gains proximity to the business district.

In order to have a construct to this mitigation and ensure viable, unbiased and appropriate considerations it is important to understand the prevailing factors existing in the fabric of the chosen land of interest in the context of Madh Island. Considering the scope of this dissertation, as illustrated earlier, I intend to focus on the economic and sociological ecosystems of the area.

Fig.11- Madh Island, Mumbai Source: Author Manchester School of Architecture, UK

Manchester School of Architecture, UK

Malhar Ambekar | 42

Malhar Ambekar | 43

The area of focus for this dissertation falls in the Madh Island part of the Madh Island-Versova fishing belt. (insert map of the land). The proposed development plan 2034 by the planning authority in Mumbai shows the land marked as SDZ (Special Development Zone) which was previously designated as NDZ (Non-Development Zone) (MCGM, 2020; MCGM, n.d.). The planning authority has submitted the argument regarding the SDZ provisions concerning agglomeration and densification due to concentration in the main suburban land of Mumbai. In their report further elaborating on the categorisation of the SDZ lands into SDZ 1,2 & 3 respectively, the planning authority has given frameworks allocating specific percentages for the developments of housing, commercial and social amenities (Department, 2018; Akshit Shah, n.d.).

The authority has said in this report that though the decision of the bridge has been contested by the local inhabitants, they have included the bridge in the proposal as an indicatory measure (Department, 2018).

By means of a few journalists’ reports, the bridge is also equally welcomed by the residents of Madh Island considering its dysconnectivity with the main city and also the ferry option becoming unviable with time.

STAKEHOLDERS AND AUTHORITIES AT NATIONAL AND STATE LEVEL: CENTRAL GOVT. / NATIONAL LEVEL (INDIA) •

Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC)

•

CRZ (Costal Regulation Zone)

•

CZMP (Coastal Zone Management Plan)

STATE GOVT./ STATE LEVEL (MAHARASHTRA)

Fig.12- Development Plan 2034 of Mumbai & highlight of the area of consideration with SDZ demarcation Source: Author, MCGM 2020

The municipal authoriy of Mumbai along with regional and town planning department in

•

Maharashtra Coastal Zone Management Authority (MCZMA)

its proposed development plan DP2034 has released certain portions of the land in the city for

•

Urban Development Department, Government of Maharashtra.

future development also with an attempt to accommodate the growing population in the city.

•

Development Plan (DP) and Development Control Regulations (DCR) formulated by

It submits to the discussion of prioritising the existing community for the development not

the State Govt. authority

just to avoid issues of gentrification and dislocations but also to maintain an occupational eco-

•

Planning Committee- Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai

system that may not directly contribute towards the city’s economy but still is a crucial aspect

•

MCGM (Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai)

of it.

•

DP (Development Plan)

•

CZMPs of Maharashtra

Source: Author, UDRI Mumbai, MCGM

Manchester School of Architecture, UK

Manchester School of Architecture, UK

Malhar Ambekar | 44

Malhar Ambekar | 45

Fig.13- Development Control Regulations parameters for consideration.

Source: Author, MCGM 2020

Fig.14- Statistical analysis & area allocation by a Cushman & Wakefield report on the DP 2034.

Source: Author, MCGM 2020, Cushman & Wakefield report Manchester School of Architecture, UK

Fig.15- Existing Land Use (ELU) Source: Author, UDRI Mumbai, MCGM Manchester School of Architecture, UK

Malhar Ambekar | 46

5.1 FISHING IN MADH ISLAND: Fishing has been the oldest profession in the city in the city and arguably so given its prox-

Malhar Ambekar | 47

The area of Madh Island has been predominately known for 2 factors above all. Factors that stand the test of identity for Madh Island in Mumbai for decades.

imity to the shore and the geographical location also serving as a strategic location of entry-exit

Adapting Narae Choi and Arnisson Ortega’s methodology of viewing Manila’s issues of

points into the hinterland for trade and other purposes (Mehrotra, 2021). The fishing community

gentrification due to similar encroachments and urbanisation advancements, I further investi-

(koliwadas) in Mumbai are the original settlers and inhabitants in the city. They were supple-

gated statistics and descriptive analysis that only provided insight but also illustrated further

mented by these timely occurrences in the history of its rulers that brought with them the ambi-

frameworks devised around the coastal regions in Mumbai. (Chouhan Hemantkumar A, 2016;

tious developments and also a migrating population (Mehrotra, 2021). Despite all these, fishing

(UDRI), n.d.). As per the statistics, the Madh Island-Versova fishing belt is responsible for ap-

in the Madh Island and Versova area (refer to the image) are still extensively practised and the

prox.. 50,000 metric tons of fish production in the state of Maharashtra. In order to preserve

communities still live in these areas. Madh Island and Versova significantly exports fish to var-

these and any development on these lands, The Ministry of Environmental Affairs (MoEF)

ious parts of the city. There area several activities that go along within the fishing business eco-

passed CRZ (Coastal Regulation Zones) notifications in Mumbai that implement several rules

system. And majority of them to tend to harbour on the shore along the beaches. The community

and frameworks on different coastal areas depending on their locations and environmental con-

that indulges in fishing reside in the adjoining areas, the koliwadas. Which gives an account of

ditions. (Extraordinary, 2019; Chouhan Hemantkumar A, 2016). These CRZ norms define the

the existing population and the existing community in these areas. In their article Uncertainties

characteristics of proposed development on the coastal lands. However, as per the available

and Vulnerabilities among the Koli fishers in Mumbai (Shibaji Bose, 2018), the authors exper-

literature that mitigates and critiques the implementation have given accounts suggesting the

imented understanding the vulnerabilities faced by the koli(fishermen) communities and the

violations on these rules particularly with the changing dynamics of the economics of the city

hostility that comes up with insensitive interventions coupled with sometimes hollow compen-

(Chouhan Hemantkumar A, 2016).

sations resulting in their displacements and dislocations. Their interviews have informed of the blurriness of the Slum Rehabilitation Schemes (SRA) in the city (Shibaji Bose, 2018).

250m.

Settlement

250m.

1km

Fishing Activity

Formal Settlement Informal Settlement

Fig.16-Madh Island old image

Fig.17-Madh Island fishing activity analysis

Source: Author-internet

Source: Abhishek Mondal, UDRI Manchester School of Architecture, UK

Manchester School of Architecture, UK

1km

Malhar Ambekar | 48

Malhar Ambekar | 49

It submits to the discussion of prioritising the existing community for the development not

the same, as well as acclaimed and most celebrated Indian Art Director Late Nitin Desai’s film

just to avoid issues of gentrification and dislocations but also to maintain an occupational eco-

studio in Karjat, just offshore from Mumbai confirms this as well (author). This is what Fetsch-

system that may not directly contribute towards the city’s economy but still is a crucial aspect of

erin in his article has expanded on stating Bollywood or Indian Film Industry’s impact on the

it. The fishing markets in the western suburbs get their supplies from the shores of Madh Island

local economies such as tourism. It may not have a direct impact, however, the underlying and

and Versova. An affect on the Madh Island’s community and occupation would have a domino

indirect nature cannot be ignored (Fetscherin, 2010).

effect towards the larger picture of sea food market in the city. The original would be forced to

Over the course of several decades and advancements in filming techniques and require-

grapple and adapt to the changing dynamics and take up occupations beyond conventional mea-

ments, very seldom being confined to the conventional ways of studio projects. There are several

sures for their livelihood.

warehouses that own rent-out properties and required furniture for the filming. Currently, in the city, these are strategically located closer to the film city in Mumbai.

5.2 FILMING: India has been the largest producer for films in the world and consequently hence the film industry has been one of the significant contributors to the country’s economy (Sayantan Ghosh Dastidar, 2020). The following table illustrates a statistics submitting to this.

Madh Island area in Malad was one of the earliest film studios in the city. And ever since then, despite its geographical dysconnectivity, Madh Island has been widely explored and exploited by filmmakers alike. There are several houses that are leased for film shoots and several of them are being converted into larger film studios for flexibility.

As mentioned, the changing dynamics of film makings have made makers approach live locations across the city or even travel to places like Madh Island where they generally enjoy the sanctity of nature and quietness away from the hustle of the city.

This gives an account as to how an impact on the filming sector isn’t restricted to its economy on the production and distribution but domino’s down to several activities contributing to its larger economy.

Fig.18- Global Film production statistics Source: Unesco institute of statistics

Mumbai is known to be the major foothold of one of the largest industries in the country. Since its early inception, it is probably one of the fastest-growing financial markets in the country (Sayantan Ghosh Dastidar, 2020). (Fetscherin, 2010). It has also been an area of interest, particularly for literature works dealing with urban settings and architecture with a visual and cinematic outreach (Baweja, 2015). The film industry in India or Bollywood in Mumbai is known for its adaptive nature towards the changing trends of film makings and also has henceforth sought significant interest from foreign investors over several decades which has catalysed its ever-growing reach. Owing to these changing dynamics of makings and ever-growing flamboyant and stylistic outcomes, it has also successfully captured its audience’s attention in having a dream or a life of fantasy, away from the everyday mundane structured life (Sayantan Ghosh

Being one of the largest industries it also provides significant employability for a majority of the working population in the city (Fetscherin, 2010). Although areas such as Madh Island are known to harbour filming and production activities, the working population that migrates for work is higher than the residing one. However, Versova, across the shore hosts cramped spaces for this working population. The bridge as suggested in the development plan shall certainly benefit this migrating working class and consequently facilitate the sector’s economic contribution, however, as we have seen earlier a transport infrastructural investment rallies into capitalist interest and subsequent gains and losses.

In order to preserve the working class of the filming sector wherein the majority of a crew for instance travels distances across the city to work, that class and sector of this economic activity should be prioritised as well when accommodating within a set framework and fundings for development. And considering an opening up for opportunities as a consequence of proximity, factors should be devised for accommodating an incoming migrating population as well.

Dastidar, 2020). This in terms of its multiplying growth has factored in ‘Bollywood’ as a tourist attraction, particularly the filmsets. The prevailing Mumbai film city hosts tours for visitors for Manchester School of Architecture, UK

Manchester School of Architecture, UK

Malhar Ambekar | 50

Malhar Ambekar | 51

Fig.19- Film shoot locations : Source: Author, City Resources, Nikhil Jain projects, Film Companion

An attempt of mapping the several film shoot locations which not only consist of potential locations scouted and utlized for filmings, but also production offices and studios with allied services facilitating these actitivities

Fig.20- Film shoot in Madh Island Source: Author-internet 2km.

10km

Film Shoot Locations

Film Shoot Locations

Selected portion of the city as an area of interest.

Fig.21- Rental property warehouses in Mumbai for film shoots.

250m.

1km

Manchester School of Architecture, UK

Source: Author-internet Manchester School of Architecture, UK

Malhar Ambekar | 52

Malhar Ambekar | 53

Fig.22- Film shoot locations, Madh Island : Source: Author, City Resources, Nikhil Jain projects, Film Companion

A closer look into the area informs of the Versova & Madh Island circuit that is actively involved in fishing and also consist of potential locations for film shoots.

A widely observed phenomenon in this category is the leasing of houses for filming.

250m.

1km

Film Shoot Locations

Film Shoot Locations

Fig.24- Madh Island ferry transport Source: Author-internet

Fig.23- Nearest transport, Madh Island : Source: Author, City Resources, Nikhil Jain projects

Nearest rail network for Madh Island is the Versova metro station.

Versova connects with Madh by means of a ferry via the creek.

250m.

1km

Nearest Rail station

Nearest Rail station

Manchester School of Architecture, UK

Manchester School of Architecture, UK

Malhar Ambekar | 54

06- CONCLUSION

Malhar Ambekar | 55

to grapple with the nature of such growth and some even with a false sense of fortification.

A city is formed and shaped by its people. Boundaries are defined by the people. Their activities establish an identity for the community and consequently the town or the city. As evidenced from the literature, occupational activities playing a major role in the economic standpoints of a region define the growth and subsequent development shape ideologies in grasping opportunities for urbanisation and further territorial advancements. However, owing to a certain diabolic nature of these developments and urbanisation contexts, the focus shifts towards the materiality of these economies. A profit-oriented development and material-centric growth further subjugates the alienation of several factors principally responsible for the growth and production of the economies in the first place. This results in issues of gentrification and dislocation as observed in cases of Manila and Mumbai along with other places evidenced through the literature works on the said topics. This dissertation has been attempting to prioritise such issues and their amplifications in the race for an urbanised world.

As observed from the case of Madh Island in Mumbai, there are key essential factors that predominately resonate with the area’s contribution towards a larger picture and understanding of Mumbai as a city. In order to strategise on formulating solutions for the development and urban design proposals within the dogma of frameworks, this dissertation asserts having these elements as the starting for the discourse. A vested capitalist interest might benefit the profit returns and amplify the land value; however,consequent issues would persistently regenerate themselves and relocate the gentrification issues. This would only replace the problem with a bigger one in a different location, instead of having a unified solution. Preservation of the local economies and existing communities does not restrict itself to just that but extends to the celebration of the characters and cultures.

A city like Mumbai performs its routine activities in a very dynamic way. This prevailing nature coupled with the population and the climate along with national economic and financial contribution and global interests, it has further accelerated the kinetics of the city.

Hence, even though geographical demarcation by the definition of the economic activities

Hence, it is also crucial to be conscious of factors of its performance. As illustrated earlier there can never be a defined solid boundary. Inferences from the global north or cities of developed nation-states could be derived to monitor a strategy but the language and the character essentially need to be rooted in the context.

A development proposal could hence consist of prioritising these described activities of fishing & filming in the context of Madh Island, considering several factors playing within the larger umbrella of these elements individually. Admonishing a purpose-oriented development ecosystem, could also mechanise further in spilling over or merging onto the larger context of the masterplan with the surrounding areas yet maintaining the geographical conurbations.

Although this dissertation did not attempt to elaborate on the environmental impact of such a development, particularly the carbon footprint that could be generated by the construction of the bridge connecting Madh Island with the western suburb, it is a vital consideration. Considering climate impacts, especially in cities such as Mumbai, a development needs to be extremely cautious of its carbon emissions and attempt to minimise the impact.

I believe, prioritising the local context and the materiality would play a major role in that.

It could focus on utilising existing waste, materials and attempt strategies and solutions to harvest the natural resources and use and reuse them. This could not only benefit the environment but also subsequently facilitate in public participation and involvement towards a more sustainable and habitable environment for a healthier lifestyle.

This dissertation does not critique or argue against or for the development but ensures to put forward issues that need to be taken into consideration. Neither does it attempt to provide a design solution or a development strategy to factor the required and desired outcomes.

However, as alternative and a probable solution towards this discourse, the thesis design project of ‘Integrated Masterplan Development in Madh Island, Mumbai’ could be glanced at, which has attempted a development plan aligning to the discussions of this dissertation.

would facilitate in the urban planning or restructuring of the concerned areas, the lines of these separations are blurring. It is therefore essential to consider not just the key players contributing to the economy but factors orchestrating these contributions.

Post the independence in India, Mumbai has seen a significant transformation over the last 75 years. It has ventured into the competitive and innovative global market It has grown exponentially and academics and planners with designers alike, have constantly attempted Manchester School of Architecture, UK

Manchester School of Architecture, UK

Malhar Ambekar | 56

NOTES: •

For detail information regarding the development parameters in the policy over the proposed development plan refer to MCGM’s DP 2034 portal on the website. Can also check UDRI’s explanation simulataneously.

•

For further information on Indian film production business and films in Bombay, refer to- Bombay Hustle by Debashree Mukherjee, The Indian film industry in chaning international market by Sayantan Ghosh Dastidar, Caroline Elliott.

•

An alternative attempt towards a probable solution, refer to the Masterplan Development at Madh Island, Mumbai project by the Author.

•

For a cartographical & GIS mapping and analysis refer to City Resources website by Abhijeet Ekbote.

Manchester School of Architecture, UK

(page intentionally left blank)

Malhar Ambekar | 58

07- REFERENCES

08- BIBLIOGRAPHY

MEGACITIES Brugmans. (2010). Megacities Exploring a Sustainable Future.

• • • •

Hall, P. 1997a. Megacities Lecture 1: Megacities, World Cities and Global Cities, Amsterdam, Stitching Megacities 2000.

Haynes, K. E. 2007. Megacities Lecture 9: Infrastructure: The Glue of Megacities Harvey, D. 2000. Megacities Lecture 4: Possible Urban Worlds, Amersfoot, Twynstra Gudde Management Consultants.

Sudjc, D. 1999. Megacities Lecture 3: Identity in the City. Amersfoot: Tweynstra Gudde Management Consultants.

INFINITE SUBURBIA Berger, A. K.-G. (2017). Infinite Suburbia. The US. •

William T. Bogart- Trading Places Among Cities and Suburbs

Gadanho, P. a. (2014). Uneven growth: tactical urbanisms for expanding megacities. New York: New York: Museum of Modern Art. •

Malhar Ambekar | 59

Saskia Sassen- Complex and Incomplete: Spaces for Tactical Urbanism

(UDRI), U. D. R. I., n.d. Publications. [Online] Available at: https://www.udri.org/udri-publications/ Adarkar, N., 2011. The Chawls of Mumbai : galleries of life. Mumbai: Delhi: ImprintOne..

Akshit Shah, R. S., n.d. DCPR 2034: Unleashing Mumbai’s Economic Potential, s.l.: Cushman and Wakefield.

Anand, N., 2006. Disconnecting Experience: Making World Class Roads in Mumbai. Economic & Political Weekly.

Archives, M., n.d. Mumbai Archive Records. [Online] Available at: http://www.maharashtra-archives.org/mumbai_archives_records.html Archives, T. N., n.d. The National Archives Catalogue. [Online] Available at: https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C2752786 Atkinson, R., 2003. Introduction: Misunderstood Saviour or vengeful wrecker? The many meanings and problems of gentrification. Urban Studies.

Anon., 2021. Solutions to Informal Housing in Mumbai: An Investigation into Sustainable and Accessible Planning. [Online] Available at: https://storymaps.arcgis. com/stories/dfe285a0777e4e6abe658a56231cc7ef Anon., n.d. Coolgeography UK. [Online] Available at: https://www.coolgeography.co.uk/A-level/AQA/Year%2013/World%20 Cities/Mumbai/Mumbai.htm Baweja, V., 2015. Architecture and Urbanism in "Slumdog Millionaire": From Bombay to Mumbai. Traditional Dwellings and Settlements Review, 26(2), pp. 7-24.

Manchester School of Architecture, UK

Manchester School of Architecture, UK

Malhar Ambekar | 60

Malhar Ambekar | 61

Berger, A. K. J. a. B.-G. C., 2017. Infinite Suburbia. US: s.n.

Glass, R., 1964. London: Aspect of Change`. s.l.:Macgibbon & Kee. Brugmans, 2010. Megacities Exploring a Sustainable Future. s.l.:s.n.

Guha, S. B., 2010. New Urbanism, Neoliberalism, and Urban Restructuring in Choi, N., 2014. Metro Manila through the gentrification lens: Disparities in urban

Mumbai. India’s New Economic Policy.

planning and displacement risks. Urban Studies.

Gupta, N., 1996. Sharada Dwivedi and Rahul Mehrotra, Bombay: The Cities Within.

Chouhan Hemantkumar A, D. P. S. P., 2016. Coastal Ecology and Fishing Commu-

INDIAN ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL HISTORY REVIEW -NEW DELHI, Volume

nity in Mumbai : CRZ Policy Sustainability & Livelihoods. Economic & Political

33(4), p. pp. 483–483.

Weekly, 51(39), pp. 48-57.

Department, U. D., 2018. DCPR 2034 & Notification, Mumbai: Government of

Hall, P., 1997. Megacities, World Cities and Global Cities. In: Brugmans, ed. MEG-

Maharashtra.

ACITIES: Megacities Exploring a Sustainable Future. s.l.:s.n.

Devale, A., 2020. Urban Development in Mumbai and its Effect on Coastal Com-

Harris, A., 2008. Urban Studies.

munities. [Online] Available at: https://www.urbanet.info/urban-development-mumbai-ef-

Harris, A., 2008. From London to Mumbai and Back Again: Gentrification and

fect-on-coastal-communities/

Public Policy in a Comparitive Perspective. Urban Studies.

Harris, A., 2011. The Metonymic Urbanism of Twenty-first-century Mumbai. Urban

Extraordinary, T. G. o. I. :., 2019. CRZ Notification, New Delhi: Government of

Studies, Department of Geography, University College London.

India.

Harvey, D., 2000. Possible Urban Worlds. In: MEGACITITES: Megacities ExplorinEkbote, A., n.d. City Resource. [Online]

ig a Sustainable Future. s.l.:s.n.

Available at: http://www.cityresource.in/index.html Harvey, D., 2013. Rebel cities : from the right to the city to the urban revolution.

Fetscherin, M., 2010. The Main Determinants of Bollywood Movie Box Office Sales.

s.l.:Paperback edn. London: Verso..

Journal of Global Marketing, 23(5), pp. 461-476.

Haynes, K., 2007. Infrastructure: The Glue of Megacities. In: Brugmans, ed. MEGGadanho, P. a. M. o. M. A., 2014. Uneven growth : tactical urbanisms for expanding

ACITITES: Megacities Explorinig a Sustainable Future. s.l.:s.n.

megacities. New Yor: New York: Museum of Modern Art. Henderson, V., 2010. CITIES AND DEVELOPMENT. JOURNAL OF REGIONAL Gadgil, G. S. &. G., 2017. Navigating Informality: Perils & Prospects of Metro Ma-

SCIENCE, VOL. 50, NO. 1.

nila's Slums. World Bank Group.

Hub, A., n.d. Bombay Diaries. [Online] Ghertner, D. A., 2013. India's Urban Revolution: Geographies of Displacement

Available at: https://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/search/archives/f3226b30-9bb2-3829-

beyond gentrification. Environment & Planning A 2014, volume 46.

b324-1d90d0263b92

Manchester School of Architecture, UK

Manchester School of Architecture, UK

Malhar Ambekar | 62

Malhar Ambekar | 63

Institute, U. D. R., n.d. Publications. [Online]

MCGM, n.d. Report on the Planning Committee on the Draft Development Plan-

Available at: https://www.udri.org/udri-publications/

2034, Mumbai: Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai.

Jain, N., n.d. Nikhil Jain Projects. [Online]

Mehrotra, R., 2021. The Kinetic City & Other Essays. s.l.:Berlin: ArchiTangle.

Available at: https://nikhiljain.myportfolio.com/projects Jacobs, J., 1961. The Death and Life of Great American Cities. s.l.:s.n.

Morales, E. L., 2015. Gentrification in Global South. City: Analysis of Urban Change, Theory and Action.

Lees, J. C. &. L., 1995. Gentrification in New York, London & Paris: An international comparison. In: s.l.:Joint Editors & Blackwell Publishers Ltd 1995.

More, J. W. a. N., 2007. Revanchism in Mumbai? Political Economy of Rent Gaps and Urban Restructuring in a Global City. Economic & Political Weekly.

Lees, L., 2000. A reappraisal of gentrification: towards a geography of gentrification.

Progress in Human Geography, pp. 389-408.

Nakamura, C., 2014. Mumbai's quiet histories: Critical intersections of the urban poor, historic struggles and heritage spaces.. Journal of Social Archaeolog, Volume

Maharashtra, G. o., n.d. Mumbai Archives. [Online]

14(3) 271–295.

Available at: http://www.maharashtra-archives.org/mumbai_archives_records.html Nallathiga, R., 2006. Integrating Environment, Tourism, Heritage and Culture into Manoharmayum Devi, V. S. M. X. L. S., 2019. Trawl fisheries with special reference

the development of cities : A case of Mumbai. Institute of Town Planners, India.

to catch composition along Mumbai coast, Maharashtra. Fishery Technology.

Niederhauser, M., 2015. A Drone Tour of Mumbai's Largest Bedroom Community, Markapwar, C., n.d. Times of India. [Online]

Navi Mumbai: Bloomberg.

Available at: https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/rooftop-gardens-

Online, O. M., n.d. Old Maps of Mumbai. [Online]

may-soon-be-mandatory-for-all-new-bldgs-in-city-spread-over-2000-sq-m/article-

Available at: https://www.oldmapsonline.org/en/Mumbai

show/89812194.cms Ortega, A. A. C., 2016. Manila’s metropolitan landscape of gentrification: Global Mehbub Sahana, S. D. H. S., 2018. Assessing land transformation and its relation

urban development, accumulation by dispossession & neoliberal warfare against

with land surface temperature in Mumbai city, India using geospatial techniques.

informality. Geoforum.

International Journal of Urban Sciences.

Singh, V., n.d. Reality.com. [Online]

Patel, S., 2007. The Making of Global City Regions- Mumbai: Megacity of a Poor

Available at: https://realty.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/residential/no-de-

Country. United States: The John Hopkins University Press.

velopment-zones-to-host-plots-for-affordable-housing-in-mumbai/57527988?redirect=1

Rossi, A., 1960. The Architecture of the City. s.l.:s.n.

MCGM, 2020. [Online].

MCGM, 2020. Chief Engineer- Development Plan. [Online]

Roy, A., 2011. Slumdog Cities: Rethinking Subaltern Urbanism. International Jour-

Available at: https://www.mcgm.gov.in/irj/portal/anonymous/qldeptmanua

nal of Urban and Regional Research.

Manchester School of Architecture, UK

Manchester School of Architecture, UK

Malhar Ambekar | 64

Sayantan Ghosh Dastidar, C. E., 2020. The Indian flm industry in a changing international market. Journal of Cultural Economics, 44(1), pp. 97-116.

Shibaji Bose, U. G. H. K. C. N. C. N. D. P., 2018. Uncertainties & Vulnerability among Koli fisheries in Mumbai. Indian Anthropologist Vol. 48 No. 2.

Sitte, C., 1889. City Building According to Artistic Principles. s.l.:s.n.

Smith, N., 1982. Gentrification and Uneven Development. Economic Geography, Apr., 1982, Vol. 58, No. 2, pp. 139-155.

Smit, W., 2021. Urbanization in the Global South. Urbanization in the Global South https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190632366.013.251.

Sudjic, D., 1999. Possible Urban Worlds. In: T. G. M. C. Amersfoot, ed. MEGACITITES: Megacities Exploring a Sustainable Future. s.l.:s.n.

UDD, 2018. DCPR 2034 & Notification, s.l.: Government of Maharashtra- Urban Development Department.

Williams, C. H. &. P., 1980. Social Change in London: A Study of Gentrification.

The London Journal, pp. 51-66.

(page intentionally left blank) Manchester School of Architecture, UK

(page intentionally left blank)

(page intentionally left blank)

Copyright © 2023 All Rights Reserved Malhar Ambekar Manchester School of Architecture