The Six Layer Concept: 8-hr Master Lesson File

THE SIX LAYER CONCEPT:

HUMAN TERRAIN MAPPING AND BEHAVIOR PATTERN RECOGNITION

8-hr Workshop Master Lesson File SLCWSMLF November 15, 2022

Lynn L. Westover

James R. Seese

Michael Burrola

Copyright © 2022 Six Layer Concepts & Consulting, All Rights Reserved.

Purpose:

The evolution of the call-for-service industry prompts the need for advanced training and modernized curricula that specifically addresses the needs of first responders. Critical training in the integration of tactical disengagement, mental health management, procedural justice, community policing, bias-free decision making, and advanced critical thinking for later articulation accompanied with public scrutiny is a must for re-establishing the legitimacy of law enforcement and community rapport. Given the limitations with funding and personnel shortfalls, it has become more difficult for law enforcement, first responders, and allied professionals to obtain the necessary training to address 21st Century challenges. The Six Layer Concept: 8-hr Workshop bridges the gap between de cision-making, the efficient administration of justice, citizen safety, responder safety, and use of force.

Scope:

Behavior pattern recognition and cultural intelligence are essential for ground level tactical operations and stra tegic decision-making executive level leadership and policy makers. The Six Layer Concept: 8-hr Workshop was designed in the same manner as its predecessor program of human terrain mapping and behavior pattern rec ognition (HTMBPR). This 8-hr workshop addresses the administrative and logistical issues associated with course duration while building on the successes the HTMBPR program achieved in the lessons learned of previous be havior pattern recognition programs fielded by the DOD, DOJ, and DHS. This workshop has been refined using significant critical attendee feedback from associations and conferences such as ILEETA, OTOA, EMS World Expo, NYTOA, TacOps East, and TacOps South. Therefore, the contents included herein are applicable across all jobs, roles, duties, and assignments for law enforcement, first responder, and allied professionals.

Changes:

Recommendations for improvements to this curriculum are encouraged from departments and organizations as well as individuals. Suggestions may be made using the End of Course Critique at the completion of the course, or can be made in writing using the User Suggestion Format via email or letter mail to:

Six Layer Concepts & Consulting HTMBPR Curriculum Development 17304 Preston Road Suite 800 #209 Dallas, TX 75252 info@slcsquared.com

Certification:

Reviewed and approved on November 15, 2022.

James R. Seese

Lynn L. Westover Partner/Co-founder Partner/Co-founder

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HTMBPR Curriculum Development

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Subject: RECOMMENDATIONS CONCERNING THE SIX LAYER CONCEPT: 8-HR WORKSHOP

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION 1

THE SIX LAYER CONCEPT 2 Curriculum Overview 2 Terminal Learning Objectives 2 Enabling Learning Objectives 2

WHAT IS HTMBPR? 2 A Day in The Life 3

The B+A=D Decision-Making Algorithm 3 Col. John Boyd’s O.O.D.A. Loop 4 Course of Action Development 4

BASELINE CONSIDERATIONS 5

ESTABLISHING THE BASELINE 6 People are People 6 Perspective vs. Bias 6 SITUATIONAL AWARENESS 7 EFFECTIVE & EFFICIENT COMMUNICATIONS 8 BOLO Considerations 8 P.A.C.E. Plan 8

SLIDE & GTA GUIDES

GRAPHIC TRAINING AIDS 36

Slide Presentations 36

Text Slides 36

Photo/Video Slides 36 Slide Notes 36

Board Drawing Notes 37

SLIDE PRESENTATION GUIDE NOTES 38

BOARD DRAWING GUIDE NOTES 100

REFERENCE 111

ADDITIONAL COURSE OFFERINGS 112 GLOSSARY OF TERMS 113

REFERENCES/SUGGESTED READING 117

1INTRODUCTION

THE SIX LAYER CONCEPT

The Six Layer Concept is Human Terrain Mapping and Behavior Pattern Recognition (HTMBPR). It is designed to effectively equip one with the ability to articulate and defend decisions based on pub lished science. HTMBPR is the backbone of our deci sion-making paradigm and the methodology used for strategic and tactical planning for intelligence-based policing.

This course provides an informed awareness that stu dents can use predictively and proactively to de-es calate and mitigate potentially dangerous situations they may encounter during the performance of their duties. With the capability for tactical disengagement, there are more opportunities to prevent a deadly force or escalation of force incident before it happens. Today’s law enforcement and allied professionals work and live in a very fluid and dynamic environment where the health and welfare of their officers and the civilian populace they serve balance on a fine line. Predictive analysis and proactive decision-making cre ate a cycle that, if repeated, builds adaptability and resiliency. This cycle works within a legal, moral, and ethical framework and aligns with the needs of the 21st Century Law Enforcement Professional.

Curriculum Overview

The purpose of this workshop is to create the ability for an individual to quickly establish a baseline and identify anomalies through the six layers of human be havior. This is achieved through an understanding in the physiological and psychological affects of stress on the brain. The student will be able to use behavior pattern recognition to enhance decision-making and mitigate cognitive biases. The application of these new lenses will improve situational awareness through better observation, reporting, communication, and articulation.

Terminal Learning Objectives

Given a video-based scenario to observe, establish the baseline and identify anomalies using the six lay ers of human behavior.

Given a video-based scenario to observe, recognize factors that can affect observations and impact deci sion-making.

Given a video-based scenario to observe, use Human Terrain Mapping and Behavior Pattern Recognition to identify potential threats before they occur.

Enabling Learning Objectives

With the aid of references, understand the origins of HTMBPR.

With the aid of references, describe the B+A=D Deci sion-Making Algorithm.

With the aid of references, describe how the B+A=D Algorithm applies to policy, procedure, as well as le gal, moral, and ethical frameworks.

With the aid of references, list the Six Layers of Hu man Behavior for baseline establishment and anom aly detection.

With the aid of references, describe how to use cul ture as context when establishing the baseline.

With the aid of references, describe how cognitive bi ases can affect decision-making (i.e. implicit & explicit bias).

With the aid of references, describe effective & effi cient communication.

With the aid of references, understand the limitations and capabilities of the eye.

With the aid of references, understand the limitations and capabilities of the brain.

With the aid of references, define the heuristics layer. With the aid of references, define the proxemics layer.

With the aid of references, define the geographics layer.

With the aid of references, define the atmospherics layer.

With the aid of references, define the biometrics layer. With the aid of references, define the kinesics layer.

WHAT IS HTMBPR?

Human terrain mapping and behavior pattern rec ognition (HTMBPR) is a science-based tactical field decision-making model for intelligence-based polic ing based on lessons learned from human behavior programs developed for the Department of Defense. HTMBPR focuses on advanced critical thinking by un derstanding human behavior patterns.

It creates a framework to observe, articulate, docu ment, and defend decisions made by providing the knowledge, skills, and abilities to 1) observe a situ ation, orient within it, and make sound decisions in accordance with the law and agency policy and pro cedure, and 2) take appropriate legal, moral and eth ical actions.

For many the term human terrain is somewhat con fusing. Simply put, human terrain is the cultural, an thropological, and ethnographic information about a human population (Dostri & Michael, 2019). By bet ter understanding and analyzing the human terrain, it becomes much easier to build cultural intelligence or cultural quotient (CQ).

Cultural intelligence is an individual’s capability to function effectively in culturally diverse settings. Many times throughout this workshop you will hear the phrase “culture is context” because it is important to recognize the cultural factors at play in any given sit uation. By coupling the understanding of the human terrain (CQ) with behavior pattern recognition the of ficer or first responder can feel much more confident in their decision-making and achieve much better outcomes in their interactions with their community.

A Day in The Life

All situations whether non-kinetic or critical have one thing in common, they all begin with a first contact. Whether that be a routine traffic stop, a street con tact, a domestic disturbance, well-fare check, medical response, high-risk warrant, or entering an inmates cell the events leading up to any kind of decisive ac tion begin with contact.

FIGURE 1 - A ROUTINE TRAFFIC STOP

This is the reason for standards in training, SOPs are written in blood, meaning someone was either hurt or killed causing policy to be changed in an effort to prevent it from happening again. It is critical to re member that the decisions you make have significant second and third order effects.

The effects can be a life changing event for the citi zen, suspect, community, you, your family, and your agency. It is also essential to understand that in-de cision, the failure to act or make a decision, is still a decision. A life changing event does not have to be as extreme as serious bodily injury, serious bodily harm, or death. It could be something as simple missing an exit on the highway making you late for work.

The B+A=D Decision-Making Algorithm

The B+A=D Decision-Making Algorithm is the formu la that is used with the Six Layer Concept to identify a life-changing event before it happens. Most agencies and organizations have policies and procedures that are reactive in nature.

It is important to have these types of standard oper ating procedures, but the intention with the B+A=D Algorithm is to be proactive. This is a three step pro cess where you first establish the baseline, then you

proactively search for anomalies, once a cluster of three or more anomalies are reached, then a decision must be made.

FIGURE 2 - A LIFE CHANGING EVENT

The B+A=D Decision Making model enables you to proactively make a de cision before it is too late. The best way to win a gunfight or a fistfight is to avoid it all together. CREDIT: Lynn Westover

Establish the Baseline. The baseline is the starting point used for comparisons, an expected set of conditions, normal conditions, “the norm”, or homeostasis.

Proactively Search for Anomalies. Anomalies are anything that rises above or falls below the baseline. An easy way to remember this is to ask “what is here that should not be?” and “what is not here that should be?” People, items, or behaviors that are missing can be just as important as those artifacts that do not belong.

Make a Decision. Once a cluster of three or more anomalies are observed then a decision must be made in order to stay proactive. We call this the rule of three, and it is critical to understand that this does not imply the use of force or the circumvention of policy or procedure. In fact, it is quite the opposite. What the rule of three is for is to be conscious of your decision-making. For example if an offi cer observes potentially threatening behavior, but decides to change position tactically and continue observation, that is still an action based on their decision.

FIGURE 3 - COL. JOHN

BOYD’S OODA LOOP

Col. John Boyd’s OODA Loop is much more sophisticated than people give it credit for. That is why it is used throughout the world, even in non-securi ty related industries, for things such as business leadership and education.

CREDIT: Col. John Boyd

The most dangerous time for the officer and the citizen it during a routine contact/stop. CREDIT: Adobe Stock

Col. John Boyd’s O.O.D.A. Loop

Imagine you are driving down a freeway. Up ahead you notice the cars in front of you start to active their brake lights. Immediately you consider your options, it may just be a little bit of a slow-down ahead (most probable) or it could be gridlock traffic or an accident (most dangerous).

Based-on these potential outcomes you may decide to change lanes to avoid the slow-down. As you get closer you re-evaluate the situation and decide to take the next closest exit in an effort to avoid an accident yourself or getting stuck in traffic. This is an example of a decision-making cycle.

Colonel John Boyd was a famous fighter pilot who used the same type of cycle to express the decisions a pilot makes while in a dog fight. This cycle is known as the O.O.D.A. Loop, where a pilot observes the enemy combatant, then orients their location in relation to the threat, decides how to best maneuver for a tacti cally advantageous position, and then takes action to reduce the threat.

It is important to keep in mind that the pilot of the en emy aircraft is going through the same process. This is obviously a simplistic way to express this situation, but imagine if you replace the pilots and aircraft with an officer and an armed assailant, it is the same cycle. Whenever you observe and orient you are sense-mak ing and when you decide and act you are problem solving. The more you sense-make and problem solve the more adaptability and resiliency you build.

Feedback Loops and Corrupt File Folders

While the outcomes of the O.O.D.A. Loop can be positive, there can also be some drawbacks. One ex ample is a feedback loop, where part of a response gets looped back into a stimulus and amplifies itself.

FIGURE 4 - FEEDBACK LOOPS AND CORRUPT FILE FOLDERS

Think of a record player that has a scratch on its track and it gets stuck in that same track, unable to break the repeating loop. The same can occur in critical de cision-making if a non-standard observation occurs. Another issue that can arise is a corrupt file folder, also known as a training scar. Corrupt file folders are unintended consequences resulting from the repeti tion of errors in a training environment that become second nature.

Course of Action Development

Course of action development or COA Development is the process of analyzing MPCOA and MDCOA. MPCOA is most probable course of action and MD COA is the most dangerous course of action. When developing COAs based on the situation at hand it is important to consider both your perspective and that of the person/s that you are interacting with. This is tactical cunning and it useful regardless if the other individual is a threat or not. It is important to consider multiple COAs and to constantly reassess as the situ ation progresses as the baseline is constantly fluid. It is critical to remember that regardless of what the MP COA and MDCOA are, if it appears that they are be ginning to intersect, then you are at a bang moment.

FIGURE 5 - COA DEVELOPMENT

While repeating the cycle of sense-making and problem solving builds adaptability and resiliency every time there is a positive outcome, it im portant to remember that there can be drawbacks. A Sheriff’s Deputy con ducting a spark check on their Taser instead of deploying it during a use of force incident is a good example of a feedback loop coupled with a corrupt file folder. CREDIT: Lynn Westover

Once a cluster of three or more anomalies are reached then decision must be made. Consider the most probable outcome and the most dangerous, and if it looks like they are about to intersect then you are approaching a life changing event.

Another way to conceptualize COA development is to think of on ramping to a highway. Imagine there is a tractor trailer truck in far right lane that you will be merging onto. Depending on your speed, capabili ty of your vehicles engine, the other drivers, and the tractor trailer will determine whether you end up in front of it, behind it, or you run into it.

2

BASELINE CONSIDERATIONS

ESTABLISHING THE BASELINE

Baseline establishment is the key to the Six Layer Concept decision-making model. The baseline helps to derive the context and relevance of observed be havior by giving a contrasting background to anoma lous behavior.

People are People

The first premise to understand regarding human be havior is that generally speaking all humans are the same. We all have basic needs for survival, such as warmth, food, shelter. For example the average hu man core body temperature is 98.6° F or 37° C, and a few degrees above or below that core temperature can cause hypothermia or hyperthermia, i.e.,heat ex haustion or heat stroke (Cleveland Clinic, 2021; Mayo Clinic, n.d.). These ranges are regardless of the cli mate and geographic location.

FIGURE 1 - SIMILARITIES FIRST

Despite all of the observable differences in this group of people, they ALL have one thing in common, their behavior. They are all looking at their cel lular devices. People are the same all over the world. CREDIT: Adobe Stock

Another example of how humans are the same all over the world is circadian rhythms. Our circadian rhythm is essentially a biological clock that regulates physical, mental, and behavioral changes in a 24-hour cycle (NIH, 2022). The human life cycle extends be yond a 24-hr day, starting with conception, an aver age 9-month gestation period, infancy, adolescence, school, work, religion, relationships, children, retire ment, and ultimately death.

Human beings all share these stages within our life-cy cle regardless of race, culture, or creed. It is the expe riences that humans have during their life that shapes their perspective and day-to-day decisions.

Perspective vs. Bias

Perspective is important because having diverse life experiences can be beneficial in decision making by allowing different points of view for personal and in stitutional growth. That is the definition of perspec tive, a particular attitude, point of view, or regard for something. It is important, however, to understand that while different perspectives are great, if they cloud your judgment, then that is something different. This is where bias comes into play, and it is critical to

be cognizant of what bias is and how it can impact decision making.

FIGURE

2

- THE COGNITIVE BIAS CODEX

There are over 180 documented cognitive biases. The best way to defeat the influence of bias in decision making is to focus on artifacts and evi dence. CREDIT: Wiki-media Commons

With over 180 documented cognitive biases, it is not possible to remove the potential for bias in decision making, but it can be mitigated. Bias is built into our brains primitively for our own personal survival, but sometimes that can cause dissonance or inconsisten cies in decision making. For the most part our brains are constantly trying to simplify the chaotic and com plex world that we live in. The three main biases that we will consider in HTMBPR are cognitive, explicit, and implicit bias.

Cognitive Bias. A cognitive bias is a subconscious er ror in thinking that leads to the misinterpretation of infor mation, ultimately affecting the rationality and accuracy of judgment and decisions.

FIGURE 3 - FORD VS. CHEVY

An explicit bias can be something as simple at making the decision to pur chase a Ford truck vs. a Chevy truck. CREDIT: Autoguide.com

Explicit Bias. An explicit bias is a bias that is processed neurologically at a conscious level, meaning that you are aware of it. These are conscious feelings, attitudes, of be haviors that are conducted with intent. Explicit biases are usually associated with extreme forms of overt negative behavior such as prejudice or discrimination.

However, an explicit bias does not always have to be negative. A good example of this is maybe an individ ual has a preferred brand of vehicle, like a Ford truck. That individual may be very loud and proud that Fords are better than Chevy. Where this bias would become a problem is individual only wrote parking tickets or speeding tickets to individuals who drove Chevy trucks.

Implicit Bias. Implicit biases are difficult because they are sub-cognitive, so therefore they are present but not consciously held or recognized. What is interesting beside the fact that this bias can operate outside of a person’s awareness, is that they can be in direct contradiction to their espoused beliefs or values.

FIGURE 4 - DOMESTIC VIOLENCE SCENARIO

awareness if physiologically and psychologically demanding. Extreme heat, long hours of patrolling for miles on foot, and intense en gagements will get the best of anybody. CREDIT:

It is really easy to distill this down to the buzz words and terms that are commonly associated with situa tional awareness, such as “keep your head on a swiv el”, “stay frosty”, “complacency kills”, or the one to beat them all “if you see something, say something”. As most know, it is much easier said than done.

Through the course of scenario-based training with Seattle Police Depart ment it was identified that the majority of the officers dealing with the domestic violence issue were turning their back, tactically, on the female role player. Predominantly the aggressor in a domestic violence situation is the male, however by painting the female out the officers were putting themselves in a tactically unsafe position. This implicit bias was identified in the officers independent of their gender. This is also an example of a training scar and SPD decided to retrain their whole patrol division to ad dress the issue. This is also and example of how to identify and defeat even implicit bias. CREDIT: SPD Blotter

So how can one possibly defeat this cognitive and sub-cognitive issues? The first step is to constantly reassess the baseline and upon reaching a decision making point to ask yourself, “do I have artifacts and evidence as to why I am coming to this conclusion or could this be something else?”. By doing this it cre ates an opportunity to exercise tactical patience, but it requires a level of cultural, emotional, and intellec tual situational awareness.

SITUATIONAL AWARENESS

The term situational awareness has been around for a long time, but when asked everyone has their own definition of what it is. According to Endsley (1995), situational awareness is “perception of elements in the environment within a volume of time and space, the comprehension of their meaning, and the projec tion of their status in the near future.” This is the abil ity to identify, process, and comprehend the critical elements of information about what is happening to the team with regard to the mission.

Add in factors such as shift work, family issues, sleep deprivation, improper diet, fatigue, and the constant threat of harm, serious bodily injury, or death and then add in that you may not know or understand what you “saw” or “who” you should say something to. It can be very tough, and an informed awareness is not enough, the ability to effectively and efficiently communicate those critical elements is essential to a cohesive mission accomplishment and survival.

FIGURE 6 - HUMAN FACTORS

Situational

Lynn Westover

The job of a police officer is that much harder with personnel shortages, extreme stress, and can be compounded by lack of sleep and nutrition. CREDIT: Fox 8 News Cleveland

EFFECTIVE & EFFICIENT COMMUNICATIONS

Effective and efficient communication can be just as difficult as situational awareness. Communication is the number one issue for every industry from busi ness management to military special operations. Compound that with many levels of communication.

FIGURE 7 - PTT: PUSH TO TALK OR PUSH TO THINK

the operator that it is transmitting or that the other station calling has ended their transmission, it gives the audible signal to pause before transmitting and remember to pause before releasing the PTT.

It takes conscious effort to remember to pause before speaking and to pause after speaking before ending the transmission. The result is the front part and the back part of a transmission being potentially cut-off. The opposite of that is the “push to think” scenario where the station calling is so overwhelmed that they key the mic and then say “uhhhhh” or nothing at all.

BOLO Considerations

BOLOs (be on the lookout) are another consideration regarding clarity. If the only description for a vehicle is its color and make, then that can cause some con fusion. An example of too much brevity, “a tan Ford Taurus” versus “a late 90’s tan Ford Taurus with a dented left front quarter panel and broken right head light”. Even with no plate information, the latter is a much more definitive communication.

P.A.C.E. Plan

Communication is more than talking on the radio. Sometimes the stresses involved with a situation can impact your ability to even function the ra dio appropriately, not to mention be able to speak clearly. CREDIT: Adobe Stock

Technologically speaking that can be everything from radios to cell phones using voice or text, but com munication can be difficult even face to face. There are some things that can be done to improve com munications, such as consistency. For example, many agencies across the country have gone from using “Ten Codes” for brevity, to just plain English, this is mainly because of the inconsistencies from one agen cy to another.

FIGURE 8 - ESTABLISHING A P.A.C.E. PLAN

Redundancy in communication is key as well, having a P.A.C.E. Plan (primary, alternate, contingent, emer gent) is essentially a contingency against having one or more forms of communication fail. This can be as simple as going from a man pack radio to the radio in the vehicle or using hand and arms signals in conjunc tion with verbal commands.

FIGURE 9 - EFFECTIVE & EFFICIENT COMMUNICATIONS

A P.A.C.E. Plan (primary, alternate, contingent, emergent) with alter nate means, modes, and methods of communication will ensure the best chance to avoid miscommunication. CREDIT: Adobe Stock

Communication needs to be clear and concise, which can be hard to do when the stress of a critical inci dent starts to take over. That is one of the reasons that there is a pre-amble on radios, not only does it inform

In most command centers from disaster relief to law enforcement to the military, the questions “What do I know, who needs to know, and have I told them yet?” are emblazoned somewhere inside because of how critical the flow of information is to operational success. Communications must flow laterally and from top to bottom and vice versa. CREDIT: Adobe Stock

There are three questions to ask to know for sure that effective and efficient communication is occur ring. “What do I know?”, “Who needs to know?”, and “Have I told them yet?”. If those three questions are satisfied, then that means you have done everything possible on your end to effectively communicate. Communication and situational awareness have to work hand in hand.

3

OBSERVATION & DECISIONMAKING FACTORS

LIMITATIONS AND CAPABILITIES

The purpose behind gaining an understanding of the physiological and psychological processes of the eye and brain are not to make officers and first re sponders optometrists or neurologists. The intention is to become better antiquated with the limitations and capabilities of human sensory systems and cog nitive processes. Like understanding the equipment on your duty belt, by knowing how the eye and the brain works makes an individual more confident and capable in their abilities and decision making.

The Structure and Functions of the Eye

Understanding the eye is critical as vision is the pre dominant sense that is used. Not that the other sens es aren’t important, but vision is the heavy lifter for human beings. There are many parts and pieces to the eye, but generally speaking there are three main parts to the eye with regard to human behavior, the pupil, the iris, and the slcera.

Pupil. The pupil is the lens of the eye that bends and refracts light as it comes into the eye ball and focuses it on the cones and rods, like a the lens of a camera.

Iris. The iris is the aperture of the eye. This structure of the eye adjusts based on lighting conditions (phot opic/daytime, scotopic/nighttime, and mesopic/dusk & dawn) and is also useful in biometrics for the iden tification of certain medical conditions and substance use/abuse.

Sclera. The sclera is the white of eye, it gives our eye structure, but it also is over pronounced in hu man beings to aid in non-verbal communications (ki nesics). The sclera is important because at a distance it enables an observer to identify a person’s functional field of view.

FIGURE

1

- THE EYE

The three main parts of the eye are the pupil (lens), the iris (the ap erture), and the sclera which aids us in non-verbal communication.

The functional field of view (FFV) is the angular mea surement of a person’s sharp, central vision. On av

erage males have about a 7° FFV, where are females have approximately 11°. It is important to note that the functional field of view is fluid, studies have shown that a person’s FFV will narrow when there is a weap on present, or even the perception of a weapon. This is critical as essentially all that we truly see in the world is about a quarter sized are at an arm’s length, which explains exactly why texting and driving is so dangerous. If a person were to look down at their phone while they are driving, then that means they are essentially driving BLIND!

The Structure and Functions of the Brain

The reality is that humans do not see with their eyes, they see with their brains. The eyes are just light sen sors. It is our brains that do the heavy lifting when it comes to visual perception. Most people feel that they see like a movie, fluid, and in sequential order, with a beginning, middle, and end. The reality is that our brains chunk visual information in to parts and pieces, like a jigsaw puzzle, and once the brain has enough of the pieces to get an idea of the picture, it says “good enough” and moves on. This is what cognitive reality, or the “theory of close enough” is, where our brain only needs approximately 60-80% of the available information to derive truth. More often than not, this helps us out, however sometimes it can get us into trouble.

FIGURE 2 - THE TRIUNE BRAIN

According to Maclean (1973) the brain is made up of three main parts which develop starting with the brain stem, onto the cerebel lum, and finally the cerebrum which is the newest and largest part of the brain. CREDIT: Adobe Stock

To better understand this process it is important to know the structures and their functions within the brain. Like the eye the brain is made up of many parts but the main parts of the triune brain are the brain stem, cerebellum, and the cerebrum (Maclean, 1973).

Brain Stem. The brain stem is the oldest part of our brain, developmentally speaking, and it is responsible for autonomic functions. It regulates our breathing, heartbeat, circadian rhythms, and other autonomic functions.

Cerebellum. The cerebellum maintains control over locomotion (movement), gross motor skills, and bal ance.

Cerebrum. The cerebrum is the newest and largest part of the brain where the majority of cognitive tasks take place.

Within the cerebrum is the pre-frontal cortex and the limbic system reside. The pre-frontal cortex (PFC) is the executive thought center where tasks such as critical thinking, planning, speech, fine motor control, and polyphasic skills (multi-tasking) occurs. The limbic system is the survival brain, it only cares about the body’s personal survival and it made up of three main parts. It consists of the hippocampus, hypothalamus, and amygdalae.

Hippocampus. This hippocampus is where memory resides, specifically where short-term working mem ory transitions to long-term memory. An easy way to think of it is the hippocampus is the mental Rolodex. Like the card catalog in the library the hippocampus helps to find useful memories for comparison.

Amygdalae. The amygdalae is the body’s alarm, like a built in ADT system. The amygdalae constantly samples the environment using the senses and sends out 10-50K thousand responses for every input that comes in.

Hypothalamus. The hypothalamus regulates our body temperature based on the environment through sweating. It also provides “warning through heat” by preparing the body for fight or flee, hence the phrase “hot under the collar” for when someone is angry and about to fight.

The “Combat Cocktail”

Once the limbic system becomes engaged in survival mode, the human body reacts by producing chemi cals to stimulate the rest of the body in preparation for fight or flee. These chemicals are call catechol amines and they come from the amino acid tyrosine. These chemicals consist of adrenalin, serotonin, corti sol, and dopamine.

Specifically cortisol is a natural diuretic that prepares the body for flight or flee and speeds up synapse. Dopamine is the reward chemical for the brain and causes repetitive behaviors. Normally, these chemi cals are good for the body and it’s survival. However, too much of these chemicals can be problematic. The biggest issue with an over-abundance of these chemicals it could cause catecholamine toxicity. Cat echolamine Toxicity or the “Combat Cocktail” is the overwhelming effect that they have on the brain and the resulting impact on decision making.

The combat cocktail has a similar effect on the brain that alcohol has. This can slow thinking down and impact decision making. In other words, the combat

cocktail can impact a person’s decision making and cause them to either freeze and fail to act when de cisive action is called for. Conversely, it could cause a person to go “primitive” in survival mode and over-escalate force or go over-the-top because they are “in fear for their life”.

FIGURE 3 - THE INVERTED “U” HYPOTHESIS

Specifically where stress and performance are concerned, it was found that in the complete absence of stress or too much stress has a deleterious (harmful) impacts. In other words the human body has its limitations to how much stress it can handle. CREDIT: Robert Sapolsky

Context & Relevance

There are other considerations for how our brains physiologically and psychologically process informa tion. Our brains are constantly trying to rapidly make sense of our environment. One way is through con text and relevance. The brain compares everything to what is has seen or done via a prototypical or tem plate match.

FIGURE 4 - SUPER GLUE

Without the context of the background super glue is just super glue, it has no real meaning. If you were to find the super glue in side an inmates jail cell does that change the context & relevance of the glue? What are the possible MPCOA and MDCOA implica tions? CREDIT: Adobe Stock

As Moshe Bar (2004) identified, we “see” objects in the real world in contextual scenes. Meaning that if there is not a background to what we are looking at it becomes harder for our brains to quickly figure out the relevance of the objects in the situation. In other words, we compare knowns with the unknowns and

measure them against the baseline.

It is important to remember that baseline is usually fluid and constantly changing.

Urban Masking & Social Camouflage

Individuals with nefarious intent and good guys alike use context and relevance to their advantage for sur vival. The “bad guys” may not know the terminology, but they certainly know how to use it to their advan tage to hide in plain sight. A good example of this is urban masking and social camouflage.

Urban Masking. Urban masking is the tools or the items that are used to hide in plain sight. Like and actor wearing a mask.

Social Camouflage. Social camouflage is the be havior or the things that are said in order to hide in plain sight.

*If it appears to be legitimate to the cognitive brain, then it becomes invisible* FIGURE 5 - FELONY FOREST

Change Blindness & Adaptation

As discussed in situational awareness there are many factors that can impact a person’s ability to perceive their environment accurately. In many cases it is mis construed that a person “intentionally” drops their pack or doesn’t have the discipline to maintain a high level of situational awareness. However, there are sig nificant processes that take place that attribute to un intentional consequences.

The normal baseline the placement of a car air-freshener would be either hanging from the rear-view mirror or on the air vents. In this vehicle there are three that are visible hanging over each of the passenger’s windows. What smells could the driver/passengers be trying to mask? CREDIT: Lynn Westover

Channel Capacity & Sequencing

Functions in the brain can affect our bandwidth and learning, such as channel capacity and sequencing.

Channel Capacity. Channel capacity is the brain’s ability to multi-task or conduct polyphasic skills. Un der normal conditions the brain is able to process 7 task +/- 1 or 2, and under extreme stress or boredom it drops to 3. This is exactly why you call 911 for a fire and Stop, Drop, and Roll if you are on fire.

Sequencing. Sequencing is how the brain learns through repetition. The brain dislikes divided atten tion and likes for information to be spaced out and linear.

Change Blindness. Change blindness is a phenom enon that occurs within the brain where it fails to reg ister slow, subtle change. A way to better understand this phenomenon is the spider and the fly. When a fly is buzzing around your house it immediately grabs your attention because of the light, motion, edges that its movement and sound causes. Compare that to the spider that slowly builds its web in the doorway of your home. You may walk in and out several times as it builds its web, but you don’t notice it until you walk through the completed web.

Adaptation. Adaptation is how the brain deals with a constantly changing environment. It is a diminishing sensory response that the brain uses to “tune out” what it deems as “non-essential” information. A good example of this is the Glade air freshener commercials where they talk about becoming “nose blind” to dif ferent smells.

Where the problem lies is that change blindness and adaptation combined is where complacency comes from in the cognitive brain.

Airports are notorious for long security lines. But many of the pro cedures that are in place are to prevent the TSA screeners from exceeding their channel capacity and fall victim to sequencing. An example of this taking place was the incident at the Atlanta International Airport on November 20, 2021, where Kenny Wells managed to get his firearm past security before discharging it and ultimately flee from the scene. CREDIT: FOX News

4

THE SIX LAYERS OF HUMAN BEHAVIOR

HOW DO THEY WORK

The six layers of human behavior are exactly that, lay ers. It is important to remember that no one layer is more important than the others. It is also critical to understand that these layers may become apparent in any order. With the six layers it is essential to cluster cues, just like clustering shots on a target before mak ing a windage or elevation adjustment to the sights of a weapon, and the baseline is the zero for the weapon system.

The six layers are how you calibrate and make adjust ments to your observations. There are some general roles throughout the layers. Proxemics, Geographics, and Atmospherics would be considered external in nature. While Biometrics and Kinesics would be con sidered internal to the individual. Heuristics is the umbrella which all the other layers fall under and are compared against each other.

Another consideration about the six layers is that they intertwine and overlap, like the layers of an onion. For example, a school is a geographic habitual area which is determined by the proxemic, atmospheric, and ki nesic behaviors of the students and teachers that pro vide the context and relevance of the school. It is the combination of all of the layers that paints the picture for observation and articulation.

Understanding Heuristics

Heuristics are the general frameworks with which hu mans use to quickly reach solutions (Frimodig, 2022). In other words heuristics are tactical shortcuts, quick evaluative techniques that rely on broad observations (Kahneman, 2011). Anytime you say “it looks like…”, “it seems like…”, or “it appears to be…” you are making a heuristic match. More often than not heuris tics can be helpful, however they are not guaranteed to succeed. Whereas an algorithm is a step-by-step process that is more reliable. An example of a heuristic is the game of charades. If a person playing the game of charades where to “swing” a baseball bat, while they don’t really have a bat or a ball. A person may see just enough of the behavior to quickly compare that action to seeing a baseball game on TV or in person, or playing it them selves to know that they were acting our swinging a bat at a ball. Heuristics can be so strong that a person could tell if it was a person self-pitching, up at bat, or playing cricket. While heuristics are reliable, they can be imperfect.

A good example of this is when Sacramento police officers shot and killed Stephon Clark in his grand mother’s backyard thinking he was pointing a gun at them (Levenson & Park, 2018). The shooting of Ste phon Clark is an example of a bad heuristic, where a pervasive judgment is derived from a illogical pattern of cognition.

When the officers pursuing Clark came around the corner of his grandmothers house they thought that he was pointing a gun at them when in fact it was his cell phone with the light on. This is also an example of how the theory of close enough can cause a bad re sult. By establishing the baseline, clustering cues, and exercising tactical patience when possible, situations like this can be avoided.

Understanding Proxemics

Proxemics is the understanding of interpersonal rela tionships and behavior in relation to distance (Foley & Gentile, 2010). Proxemics can be observed and mea sured between individuals, groups, and items. There are three main parts to proxemics with regard to be havior pattern recognition, proximity negates skill, in terpersonal relations/relationships, and HVI/POI indi cators (high value individual/person of interest).

Proximity Negates Skill. This is the understanding that regardless of an opponents size, skill, or strength, the closer they get proxemically the more dangerous they become. This has to do with reactionary gap or the amount of proxemic distance needed to respond to a threat (Grossi, 2018). This is a simplified expres sion of the Hick’s Hyman Law, which explains how choice and uncertainty impact decision-making (Proc tor & Schneider, 2018). Essentially, the more choices that are available, and the more stimuli that is added, the longer the reaction time.

Interpersonal Relations/Relationships. The more time that is available to observe proxemic cues, the better the understanding of a relationship between two people, a group, or a person and a item. For ex ample, it can be interpreted how well two individu

Heuristics so can be so strong that you may feel your lie is in danger when it is not. Contemporary examples of bad heuristics are the cases of Amadou Diallo, Stephon Clark, and Tamir Rice. CREDIT: Shutterstock

als know each other by how close they are standing next to each other. If you observe a greeting, then it becomes easier. If the two individuals merely shake hands, that could be a first-time meet or business cir cumstance, whereas if they were to hug, then there is more of a significant personal relationship.

FIGURE

2

- THE HERAT HANDSHAKE

Understanding Geographics

The significance of any given location will be under stood through the human behavior associated with that area. Factors that can influence this are topog raphy, climate, flora, and fauna. For example, it is not the sign that indicates a convenience store. It is the behavior of patrons coming in and out with small pur chases or filling their vehicle with fuel that gives the location relevance. Other behaviors observed in geo graphics. These areas can be broken down to three categories; Lines of Drift, Habitual Areas, and Anchor Points.

Natural Lines of Drift. Natural lines of drift are paths of least resistance that humans will use because they require the least amount of effort to travel. A nat ural line of drift is not necessarily the closest path from point A to point B.

Habitual Areas. A habitual area is a geographic lo cation where people feel comfortable coming or go ing without reservation. This behavior is like a 2-way street, like grocery store or a market, people move throughout the area shopping as they please.

FIGURE 3 - NATURAL LINES OF DRIFT, FAMOUS DAVE’S BBQ

Relationship cues can also extend to items or arti facts. For example, if an individual was observed in the parking lot of a bar or restaurant that had their foot on the seat of a motorcycle or the bumper of a car, then they are most probably the owner based on that proxemic behavior.

Proxemic pushes or pulls can also provide relationship information. A proxemic push & pull is body language that either draws others in or pushes them away. A proxemic push occurs when a person or group uses body language to create distance to another person. A proxemic pull occurs people use body language to invite others toward them.

HVI/POI Indicators. With enough sustained obser vation, a HVI (high value individual) or POI (person of interest) can be identified, even within a large group. To easily remember these indicators we use the acro nym M.A.D.E. which is mimicry, adoration, direction, and entourage:

M. Mimicry or isopraxism, is when two people un consciously mirror each other’s body language and behaviors.

A. Adoration is positive or negative affection, ad miration, or respect. Adoration is when a person or a group holds an individual to a higher status.

D. Direction is overt or covert management or guid ance by person to another or to a group of people.

E. Entourage is a group of people attending to or surrounding an important person. This can be as few as one other person, a plus one, and it can also be indicated even if the other person is on a telephone.

Anchor Points. An area where only certain individ uals within a given group or sect would frequent with out reservation. The behavior is like a one-way street.

Understanding Atmospherics

Every location has an atmosphere or “feeling” asso ciated with it. This “mood” is based on the behavior or lack of behavior displayed by the people in that area. Atmospheric shifts can include the presence or absence of ambient noise, animals, people, vehicles, rubble, trash, graffiti, tattoos, or bullet holes.

An atmospheric shift may be the only observable preevent indicator that presents itself in a critical situa tion. Your presence can create an atmospheric shift.

What could be the MPCOA and MDCOA for this interaction based on the proxemics and heuristics? CREDIT: Lynn Westover

The sidewalk and patio for the front entrance of Famous Dave’s BBQ in Portland, Oregon is meant to direct people around the landscaping. People, just like animals, are driven by their four Fs and walk straight through the planter creating a natural line of drift. CREDIT: Lynn Westover

For example, say that you happened to walk into a room after two colleagues just concluded an argu ment.

They may no longer be arguing, but you would iden tify changes in their baseline behavior such as being silent, avoiding eye contact with each other, or red ness in their faces.

Understanding Biometrics

Human beings have physiological characteristics that are measurable and observable. Some of these char acteristics require special equipment or training such as retinal scans, fingerprints, DNA, HGN, facial recog nition, and voice recognition. Others can be observed naked eye such as perspiration, respiratory rate, blink rate, histamines, and pupil dilation. A contemporary example of the use of biometrics within law enforce ment is horizontal gaze nystagmus (HGN) for field so briety tests.

Pupil dilation or constriction can help in the identi fication of central nervous system issues or indicate intoxication or overdose from specific substances. For example narcotic drugs, both legal and illicit, can con strict the pupils. In the case of an overdose the pupils will be pinpoint and do not respond to light (Ameri can Addiction Centers, 2022).

in Oslo, Norway (CNN Wire Staff, 2012). During his trial he maintained that he was justified in his actions and maintained his innocence, even smiling while in court. However, once he was convicted and informed of his 21-year sentence he immediately became angry and emotional.

Understanding Kinesics

Kinesics is body language, the study of movements, gestures, facial expressions, and para-language that is a means of communication (Bell, 2014). Kinesic cues are a-cultural in nature, but culture must always be factored into context. When using Kinesics a clus ter of cues must be established in order to form a reasonable conclusion.

Another useful biometric cue is histamines. A hista mine cross, redness in the face, is indicative of one of three potential stimuli, anger, embarrassment, or physical exertion. Quick recognition of this anomaly can be instrumental in de-escalating a situation. For instance, if an officer is making an initial contact with a civilian and through the course of the contact the individual begins to have a histamine cross, it could mean that they are getting angry. Quick recognition of this cue can provide an officer the time they need to mitigate the situation. Another example of this is Anders Behring Breivik, the Norwegian mass murderer who killed 77 people

FIGURE 5 - THE LOOK IN HIS EYES

Predatory looks and mission focus can allude to a lot, either intent or mental health instability. Maurice Clemmons displayed such a look when he walked into the Forza Coffee in Lakewood, WA be fore he murdered four Lakewood Police Officers. If you haven’t seen it yet, you will know it when you do. CREDIT: NPR

There are three main areas to look for kinesic cues, the eyes, the hands, and the feet. The eyes are import ant of course, as previously stated, because the pre dominate sensory function that humans use is vision. Therefore, people will look at what is most important to them. The hands and the feet are the furthest ap pendages from the brain and while there is conscious control, there is also unconscious autonomic actions that our hands and feet make.

It is estimated that approximately 60% to 65% of interpersonal communication is through nonverbal cues (Foley & Gentile, 2010). Another way to see how strong kinesics is to consider a scenario where you meet someone for the first time, after the initial meet ing despite the brevity the conversation was, you de termined whether or not you had a positive feeling about the person you met. This is an example of how kinesics shape our decisions and behaviors.

FIGURE 4 - ANDERS BREIVIK CONVICTED OF MURDER

Anders Breivik smiling just before his sentencing and the immedi ate histamine cross, indicating his anger and emotional state after his conviction. CREDIT: Liverpool Echo

5

STUDENT MATERIALS

CURRICULUM OVERVIEW

• Understanding the physiological and psychological effects on the human brain as a starting point for behavior pattern recognition.

• Enhanced decision making without the influence of cognitive bias.

• Criminal Behavior vs. Terrorist Behavior

• Situational Awareness and how it applies to observation, reporting, communication, and articulation.

• Using the Six Layers of Human Behavior to promote advanced critical thinking.

ESTABLISHING THE BASELINE

• People are People, they are the same all over the world.

• The average core body temperature of a human being is 98.6° F (37° C).

• All human beings have a daily life cycle, or circadian rhythms.

• The average human gestation period is approximately 9-months (40 weeks).

• Cultural awareness and understanding is the cornerstone to establishing a baseline for decision making as well as effective and efficient communication.

PERSPECTIVE OR BIAS

• With over 180 documented cognitive biases, we are not able to totally remove the potential for bias in our decision making.

• Biases result in the most part, from our brain trying to simplify the chaotic and complex world that we live in.

• Cognitive bias is a subconscious error in thinking that leads to misinterpretation of information, affecting the rationality and accuracy of judgement and decisions.

EXPLICIT BIAS

• Conscious feelings, attitudes, or behaviors that are conducted with intent.

• Explicit bias is processed neurologically at a conscious level.

• These biases are usually associated with their extreme forms of overt negative behavior.

• However, they are not necessarily indicative of prejudice or discrimination.

©SLC

IMPLICIT BIAS

• A bias or prejudice that is present but not consciously held or recognized.

• This bias operates outside of the person’s awareness and can be in direct contradiction to a person’s espoused beliefs and values.

©SLC Squared 2019, All Rights Reserved.

SITUATIONAL AWARENESS

• The perception of elements in the environment within a volume of time and space, the comprehension of their meaning, and the projection of their status in the near future.

• The ability to identify, process, and comprehend the critical elements of information about what is happening to the team with regards to the mission.

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HOW DO WE REALLY SEE?

The Relationship Between The Eyes And The Brain’s Visual Cortex

AMYGDALAE

• The brain’s warning system tied directly to the senses;

• Sights, sounds, tastes, and smells (the sense of smell being the strongest)

• Controls the adrenal cortex and activates the Hypothalamus.

HYPOTHALAMUS

• Temperature regulation, cooling through sweat

• Can be a biometric cue for fight or flee

• Warning through heat

THE INVERTED “U” AND COOPERS COLOR CODE

White – Readiness is non-existent (same as if sleeping, reading a book, or otherwise without any perception of surroundings or movements within them).

• Yellow – Readiness is aware, but unspecific. The individual is aware of their surroundings and making sense of anomalies.

Orange – Readiness is a specific alert. The individual is aware of any activity or person within his surroundings which presents a threat.

Red – Readiness to face danger. Fight mode. The individual is aware of a specific immediate threat, this can result in use of deadly force.

• Black – All stop. This is a psychological and physiological state where the individual is incapable of action. Commonly referred to as OBE (Overwhelmed by the Event).

©SLC Squared 2021, All Rights Reserved.

CONTEXT & RELEVANCE

• Context: The circumstances that form the setting for an event, statement, or idea, and in terms of which it can be fully understood and assessed.

• Relevance: Relation to the matter at hand, the practical and especially social applicability.

• The comparison of KNOWN facts and UN-KNOWN facts against a fluid and dynamic BASELINE. ***CULTURE IS CONTEXT***

©SLC Squared 2019, All Rights Reserved.

CHANNEL CAPACITY

• Polyphasic skills, or the ability to multi-task, is a PFC function

• Under normal conditions a human is capable of performing an average of 7 tasks, +/- 1 or 2

• Under extreme stress or complete boredom the ability to conduct polyphasic skills diminishes to 3

©SLC Squared 2019, All Rights Reserved.

SEQUENCING

• The brain likes order and linear space, it cannot handle disorder, chaos or divided attention.

• The brain will MAKE order out of CHAOS

• This another example where “The Theory of Close Enough” can get you into trouble or even killed.

©SLC

CHANGE BLINDNESS

• Slow subtle changes that are assigned no value.

• Phenomenon in the brain.

• Assigns no importance to the observation and therefore does not register and store that information.

©SLC Squared 2019, All Rights Reserved.

ADAPTATION

• Diminishing sensory response.

• Brain is conditioned to the information or stimulus and tunes it out.

• Occurs in all of the senses of vision, hearing, touch and smell.

©SLC

HUMAN TERRAIN MAPPING AND BEHAVIOR PATTERN RECOGNITION

HEURISTICS

• A mental shortcut that allows one to solve problems and make judgments quickly and efficiently.

• Rule-Of-Thumb strategies that shorten decision-making time and allows one to function without constantly stopping to think about the next course of action.

The Six Layers of Human Behavior Heuristics ©SLC Squared 2019, All Rights Reserved.

HIDING IN PLAIN SIGHT

URBAN MASKING: The tools or things that are used to hide in plain sight.

SOCIAL CAMOUFLAGE: The things done or said to hide in plain sight.

*IF IT APPEARS TO BE LEGITIMATE, IT BECOMES INVISIBLE*

• While heuristics are helpful in many situations, they can also lead to a bias or be inaccurate. ©SLC Squared

HUMAN TERRAIN MAPPING AND BEHAVIOR PATTERN RECOGNITION

The Six Layers of Human Behavior Proxemics

PROXEMICS

• The study of the nature, degree, and effect of the spatial separation individuals naturally maintain (as in various social and interpersonal situations) and of how this separation relates to environmental and cultural factors.

• This is not limited to one on one human interaction.

• Behavior can be interpreted from spatial interactions with groups of people, and objects.

©SLC Squared 2019, All Rights Reserved.

HUMAN TERRAIN MAPPING AND BEHAVIOR PATTERN RECOGNITION

The Six Layers of Human Behavior Geographics

GEOGRAPHICS

• The significance of any given location will be understood through the human behavior associated with that area.

• Some factors that can influence this are topography, climate, flora, and fauna.

• These areas can be broken down to three categories; Lines of Drift, Habitual Areas, and Anchor Points.

LINES OF DRIFT

HABITUAL AREAS

ANCHOR POINTS

HUMAN TERRAIN MAPPING AND BEHAVIOR PATTERN RECOGNITION

The Six Layers of Human Behavior Atmospherics

ATMOSPHERICS

• Every location has an atmosphere or “feeling” associated with it. This “mood” is based on the behavior or lack of behavior displayed by the people in that area.

• Atmospheric shifts can include the presence or absence of ambient noise, animals, people, vehicles, rubble, trash, graffiti, tattoos, bullet holes.

• May be your only pre-event indicator.

HUMAN TERRAIN MAPPING AND BEHAVIOR PATTERN RECOGNITION

The Six Layers of Human Behavior Biometrics

BIOMETRICS

• Human beings have physiological characteristics that are measurable and observable.

• Some of these characteristics require special equipment or training such as retinal scans, fingerprints, DNA, HGN, facial recognition, and voice recognition.

• Others can be observed naked eye such as perspiration, respiratory rate, blink rate, histamines, and pupil dilation.

©SLC Squared 2019, All Rights Reserved.

HUMAN TERRAIN MAPPING AND BEHAVIOR PATTERN RECOGNITION

The Six Layers of Human Behavior Kinesics

KINESICS

• A systematic study of the relationship between nonlinguistic body motions and communication.

• Includes body posture, gestures, and facial signals (such as blushes, shrugs, or eye movement)

• A-cultural in nature, but culture must always be factored into context.

• When using Kinesics a cluster of cues must be established in order to form a reasonable conclusion.

CRITICAL THINKING QUESTIONS

1. Context and relevance are understood by comparing the with the and measuring them against the .

2. Draw a line to the definition that corresponds with the correct HTMBPR layer:

Heuristics Body Language/Para-language Proxemics

“Tactical Shortcut”, just enough information to draw a reasonable conclusion.

Geographics

Atmospherics

Biometrics

Kinesics

The sights, sounds, smells, the “feel” or “mood” of a person, place, or event.

Proximity negates skill, interpersonal relations, and HVI/POI indicators.

Natural lines of drift, habitual areas, and anchor points.

Physiological responses to external stress or stimuli that are autonomic.

3. Name the three parts of the eye: , , and

4. What is the functional field of view for males and females?

Males

Females

5. The HTMBPR decision making algorithm is: + =

6. In COA development what does MPCOA and MDCOA stand for?

MPCOA

MDCOA

7. Please complete the diagram with the appropriate terms:

8. Draw a line to the corresponding definition for each term:

Social Camouflage

Urban Masking

Channel Capacity

Sequencing

Change Blindness

Adaptation

Polyphaisc skills, multi-tasking, under normal condi tions 7 tasks +/- 1 or 2 and under stress/boredom it drops to 3.

A diminsihing sensory reesponse that occurs in all of the senses. This is how the brain deals with a con stantly changing environment.

How the brain learns through repetition. The does not like divided attention and will make order out of chaos.

The behaviors or statements that are made to hide in plain sight.

A phenomenon in the brain where it fails to register slow subtle change.

The things that are used to hide in plain sight.

9. True or False : The Pre-Frontal Cortex (PFC) is the front portion of the brain. It is the ex ecutive thought center of the brain, and it is responsible for decision making and advanced critical thinking.

10. Limbic System, which is ultimately geared for personal survival, is made up of what three parts? , ,

11. In biometrics, a histamine cross (redness in the face) can be manifested becuase of what three reasons? , ,

12. In kinesics, what are the three main areas to look for kinesic cues? , ,

13. Change blindness and adaptation is where comes from in the cognitive brain.

14. What is catecholamine toxicity and how can it affect decision making?

6

SLIDE & GTA GUIDES

GRAPHIC TRAINING AIDS

GTAs (Graphic Training Aids) are designed to reinforce the material delivered during the lecture method by allowing the students to better visualize the concepts being presented. The main GTAs used in the HTMBPR course are the Student Handouts, Slide Presentations, and Board Drawings, and Banners. Other training aids may also include props, this is purely up to the creativ ity of the training cadre.

Slide Presentations

The accompanying slide presentation for the HTMB PR course is designed to be a GTA (Graphic Training Aid) that assists in the conduct of this training, sup ports the process of learning, and aids in the efficacy of the other GTAs used. While the use of this GTA is very effective in exchanging the amount of informa tion necessary to deliver this course, the instructors should not become dependent on it and MUST be able to deliver the information without the aid of a slide presentation. The instructors should take care as not to disengage their students or hinder learning with the delivery of their slides, such as “Death by PowerPoint”.

It should also be noted that the slide presentation is not a deliverable student material and therefore it is not be released (electronically or hard copy) to any one without prior written authorization by Six Layer Concepts & Consulting.

Furthermore, only a Team Leader, Senior Instructor, or Master Instructor may manipulate the slide presen tation (i.e. hide slides, change the slide order, or add slides). This is on a case-by-case basis, if there is a permanent change to be made with the presentation or any other part of the curriculum that will be after a CCR (Course Curriculum Review).

There are two main categories or slides contained within the course presentation; those containing text and those containing photo/video material. This en ables the instructor to engage students with different learning styles by increasing visual impact, improving focus on specific topics, and providing the students with the ability to highlight or make annotations about key topics and concepts.

Text Slides

These slides offer complete phrases for a comprehen sive recording of key concepts in the material. This information can be accessed in detail in the student handout for reference and allows the students refine their own notes. The text is not to be read by the in structor to the students. Instead the instructor should discuss the case studies, exemplars, and concepts that have already been presented as a review.

Instructors are also to prepare or “front-load” the stu dents for those topics that are about to be presented in the following chapters or sections. These slides de lineate between the chapters and sections of the stu dent handout that allow the students to follow along in their student handouts during the lectures. Final ly, these slides will cue the instructor for classroom break. Under no circumstances are these slides to be hidden or removed by the instructor.

Photo/Video Slides

These slides represent the bulk of the slide presen tation as they provide for a visual representation of the complex concepts that are being delivered by the instructor.

These are required and effective for case-method learning and aid the instructor to query the class for a check on learning. The visual stimulation of the pho tos and videos keeps the class engaged by entertain ing the students while educating.

It is key to transition from slide to slide at the appro priate interval for the case or “story” to make sense not only chronologically in the narrative but also in concert with the topic or concept at hand. Through the use of the “storytelling” method these slides cre ate a memory-emotion link increases neuroplasticity and the retention of information.

Because the curriculum is case-based the interactive delivery of material is essential to build advanced critical thinking and problem-solving skills using the HTMBPR methodology for the students. Students should come to class prepared to take notes in ad dition to their student handouts. Because of the re quired interaction that law enforcement officers have with the civilian populace, some slides require stu dents to interact, interview, and dialog with the in structors, classmate, or engage role-play.

The problem-based lecture frequently alternates be tween providing information and posing problems to the students. Instead of explaining and conveying the information, many slides ask questions that are intended to prompt critical thinking or discussion.

Slide Notes

The workshop slides and notes are designed to work in conjunction with the Master Lesson File and Stu dent Handout. The instructor will note blue tabs in the margins of the Master Lesson File. These will indicate which slides will be presented or displayed during a given section of the curriculum. The slide guide has three slides per page, they are numbered consecu tively from top to bottom, and contain additional notes specific to the particular slide or slide sequence.

FIGURE 1 - BLUE SLIDE MARKER TABS

The trainer will note the location of the slide tab with slide number range in conjunction with its appropriate location in the curriculum.

After locating the appropriate slide number range, the trainer can then locate the corresponding slide thumbnail and notes.

Board Drawing Notes

The board drawings are designed to work in conjunc tion with the Master Lesson File, Student Handout and Slide Presentation. The instructor will note dark gray tabs in the margins of the Master Lesson File. These will indicate which drawing will display during a given section of the curriculum. The instructor GTA guide has three GTAs per page, they are numbered consecutively from top to bottom, and contain addi tional notes specific to the particular drawing.

FIGURE 3 - GRAY GTA MARKER TABS

The trainer will note the location of the GTA marker tab and number range in conjunction with its appropriate location in the curriculum.

After locating the appropriate number range, the trainer can then locate the corresponding GTA thumbnail and notes.

FIGURE 5 - INSTRUCTOR “CHEAT BOARDS”

Another critical component for successful delivery of the Six Layer Concept Curriculum is the “cheat board” or “cheat notes”. These are instructor/ trainer generated notes that allow the cadre to stay on track with the vast amount of information that is delivered. These boards are a confidence booster and ensure that the class stays moving.

FIGURE 6 - TEAM EFFORT

The slide presentation and the boards are essential and REQUIRED ele ments of the curriculum. It is the team’s responsibility to ensure that the slide presentation is operational and the boards are accurate and legible.

HUMAN TERRAIN MAPPING AND BEHAVIOR PATTERN RECOGNITION

Law Enforcement Officer 8-hr Workshop

1 Placeholder/breaker slide with organizational logo.

CURRICULUM OVERVIEW

• Understanding the physiological and psychological effects on the human brain as a starting point for behavior pattern recognition.

• Enhanced decision making without the influence of cognitive bias.

• Criminal Behavior vs. Terrorist Behavior

• Situational Awareness and how it applies to observation, reporting, communication, and articulation.

• Using the Six Layers of Human Behavior to promote advanced critical thinking.

2

Start of HTMBPR 8-hr Workshop

Title Slide: Human Terrain Mapping and Pattern Recognition, 8-hr Workshop.

Instructor will begin the introduction to HTMBPR by first welcoming the students to the classroom and informing them of any classroom safety considerations, restroom locations, eating and drinking in the classroom, and breaks. The students will receive and explanation of key parts of their student books to be aware of such as their student practice test and preferred reading list. The instructor will also provide a disclaimer about photos, videos, and case studies used in the exemplars as to their instructional use and the potential graphic nature of real life situations whether it be the visuals or language used.

3 Curriculum Overview:

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The instructor will describe how HTMBPR fits within the tenants of the six pillars of policing for the 21st Century Law Enforcement Professional and how the B+A=D Decision-Making Algorithm is scientifically supported basedon the findings from the June 2018 FBI Study of the Pre-Attack Behaviors of Active Shooters in the United States Between 2000-2013.

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The instructors will briefly give their backgrounds and experience to the students.

INSTRUCTOR INTRODUCTION

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“Day in the Life” series , sets the stage for the student visualize their baseline of their day to day life as a law enforcement professional. A day in the life starts with the initial contact. The events that take place during the initial contact based on decisions made both by the responding officer and the citizen with determine the outcome of that contact. The instructor will juxtapose the class about expected behaviors during a “routine” traffic stop.

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The instructor will juxtapose expected behaviors with a domestic call to service. Then instructor will compare and contrast both of these contacts and use the similarities to establish baseline behaviors regardless of geographical location.

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“Time and Space plays a factor in decision making, and the need for baseline understanding does not change even if the mission changes. However the respect needs to be given to the fact that while the need for baseline understanding may not change, the baseline is fluid and dynamic and requires constant monitoring and understanding.“ The instructor will give an example of a baseline shift that could be caused during the execution of a high risk warrant compared to a correctional officer shaking down an inmates “house” or cell.

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“Policing looks the same all over the world and language and culture should be considerations. Baseline behaviors will maintain consistency across borders and geographic locations. It is heuristically understandable that these are police officers responding to a demonstration turning into a riot because of some sort of emotional contagion. And while this is taking place in the country of Iraq, the behavior would look the same anywhere else in the world.”

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"Even though this is in Afghanistan; the Atmospherics, Heuristics, and Kinesics gives insight to the fact that ANP (Afghan National Police) responding to some type of kinetic event.”

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“On face value tactics, techniques, or procedures from other organizations may look different, strange, or down right funny. The reality is that organizations all over the world do the best they can with the training and equipment that they have. Are these officers on the Segways any different than an officer mounted on a pedal bike, motorcycle, or horse. In the end it is not really that different.

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“And why the importance for the training? To what standard do we train, the standard of mediocrity? Who is affected by shortfalls in training? How are decisions affected by those shortfalls? The decisions that are made may very well effect a member of your organization to the left or right of you.”

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Finally coming full circle, the outcome of that initial contact whatever it may be can have serious ramifications. The instructor will query the class about who may be in the flag draped casket. How would the identity of that person change each students personal feelings? What if it was a Daughter, Son, Wife or Husband? What if it was an innocent civilian? Finally, would it be any difference in the behavior or emotions if it was a suspect? This is ultimately about the value and respect of human life, and how decisions good or bad affect life changing events.

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Outlining/defining Baseline, Anomalies, what is “Bang”, current PolicyProcedures and goal, the end state is to gain time and distance by identifying the evidence in the behavior to sense make and proactivelyproblem solve, to utilize advanced critical thinking along with tactical patience for effective decision making in courses of action for mitigation/deescalation strategies, to include the OODA cycle for adaptability-resiliency to understand the next event-bang. The instructor will explain how to use Most Probable Course of Actions (MPCOA) and Most Dangerous Course of Actions (MDCOA) for decision-making as well as the relationship between Legal, Moral, and Ethical Frameworks and the decisions that law enforcement professionals have to make on a daily basis using the “Seatbelt Story”.

15 Six Layers of Human Behavior Overview. This is the meat and potatoes of the program and the way that predictive and proactive analysis for rapid decision-making is accomplished and therefore creates the opportunity to be “Left of Bang”. The instructor will explain how the Six Layers are used to establish the baseline and identify potential anomalies. The instructor will briefly define each layer.

ESTABLISHING THE BASELINE

• Recognizing that while individuals are different, people are people

• The average core body temperature of a human being is 98.6° F (37° C).

• Human beings have a daily life cycle, or circadian rhythms.

• The human gestation period is approximately 9-months (40 weeks).

• Cultural awareness and understanding is the cornerstone to establishing a baseline for decision making as well as effective and efficient communication.

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Dashcam video from January 2010 of the ambush of Hamilton police officer

Ross Jessop by Raymond Thane Davis during a DUI traffic stop. The instructor will break down the observable pre-event indicators during the stop.

Anomalies: Riding the brakes

Music is still playing loudly

Raymond Davis begins to argue with the officer, “Actually…” @ 15 Seconds into the stop a rule of three is reached, what are possible courses of action that could be taken by Officer Jessop?

Officer Jessop misses it and finally asks the question “How much have you had to drink tonight?” Where Davis responds will “Plenty!!”, line in the sand.

The instructor will discuss the First Three File Folders of a Non-standard Observation, communications considerations, and corrupt file folders in training.

*Important note: The reason for the click when Davis fired his .44 Magnum at Officer Jessop was because it landed on an already expended shell casing in the chamber.

@30 Seconds Davis drew the “Line in the Sand” with “Plenty” and then 1 second later the first shot rang out. Juxtapose to the students what could be accomplished with 15 seconds and what could be accomplished with 1 second.

17 Placeholder/breaker slide with organizational logo.

18 Recognizing that while individuals are different, people are people

The average core body temperature of a human being is 98.6° F (37° C).

All human beings have a daily life cycle, or circadian rhythms. The average human gestation period is approximately 9-months (40 weeks).

Cultural awareness and understanding is the cornerstone to establishing a baseline for decision making as well as effective and efficient communication.

It takes approximately 40-weeks or 9 months for a baby to be born.

20 Child rearing, feeding, swaddling, and development are fundamentally the same everywhere in the world.

21 Children learn at a very young age about friendship and fellowship.

PHOTO

PHOTO CREDIT: LYNN WESTOVER

22 Education looks the same everywhere you go in the world, whether you attend public school, private school, religious school, or homeschool.

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In games like football, we learn about team work, leadership, values, adversity, and strategy.

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One person’s football versus another person’s… football, or in this case soccer. The behavior and values of the sport are the same.

PHOTO

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Games of strategy, where physical ability or age are not a factor.

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Some games apply different strategies from others, this does not suggest any less difficulty against a trained opponent.

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Games of chance still require strategic thinking, logic, and math. They are also social in nature, as human beings are social creatures.

PHOTO CREDIT: ADOBE STOCK

PHOTO CREDIT: ADOBE STOCK

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What used to be clubs, groups, or activities is now accomplished on personal devices and social media.

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While at face value the behavior may be confusing because it is so different, it is the same if tactical patience is applied to see that these two are still communicating on their date.

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There are ramifications to relationships, and while individuals can agree or disagree personally, a law enforcement officer must understand that the emotion between these two women on their wedding day is just as significant between a man and a woman, or a man and a man.

PHOTO

PHOTO

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While culturally, and Indian wedding, for example, may look different than a Judeo-Christian celebration, it is still a celebration. The bling, pomp, and circumstance shows how significant the act of taking vows are.

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Ultimately we all wish to have that house on the hill, whatever that may look like.

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Fences keep the bad guys out and the good guys in, or vice versa. But a fence is not effective with monitoring, access control, or check points.

PHOTO

34 That is where law enforcement comes in. They are that line in the sand, that thin blue line.

35 While we understand that we give up some of our conveniences and complete freedom for security, it is still frustrating.

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Most people want to have their say, but not necessarily their way. They just need their voices to be heard to create effective change.

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Most understand that if they color outside the lines, then they get put in the “timeout chair” and that is where law enforcement and the judicial system comes in. But we must always remember that our decisions need to follow legal, moral, and ethical frameworks.

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If we are all lucky to live to become the “wise old grey beard” then we are truly blessed. This is why in most cultures around the world we respect and venerate our elders. They must have done something right to survive this long.

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Ultimately though, we are all dying to get out of here. For those who are left behind we all suffer grief for the ones who are lost, but also we wrestle with our own mortality. Symbolically we know what the flag dropped coffin means, and we know what that flag represents.

PHOTO CREDIT: WALLY SKALIJ/LOS ANGELES TIMES

PHOTO CREDIT: ADOBE STOCK

LOOKING OUT, LOOKING IN

“He who fights with monsters might take care lest he thereby become a monster. And if you gaze for long into an abyss, the abyss gazes also into you.”

- Friederich Nietzsche

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The tombstones are indelible markers of a life once lived. Is it too much of a reach to understand how someone who prays to a different God and flys a different flag may have the same feelings and emotions?

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We are talking about a perspective here. An example of this perspective is well said by Nietzsche ,”He who fights with monsters might take care lest he thereby become a monster. And if you gaze long into an abyss, the abyss gazes also into you.”

Be careful not to become the thing that you are hunting. Law enforcement is the thin blue line, razor thin, and there is a lot of grey area on either side of that line.

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At 30,00 feet we all look the same, whether in New York, NY or Jalalabad Afghanistan.

PHOTO CREDIT: LYNN WESTOVER

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At 30,000 feet each one of those lights represents someone going through their own life cycle. They may have just had a baby, got accepted to school, got their first job, or got married. Conversely, this could also be someone who lost their job, is behind on their bills, or lost a loved one.

PERSPECTIVE OR BIAS

• With over 180 documented cognitive biases, we are not able to totally remove the potential for bias in our decision making.

• Biases result in the most part, from our brain trying to simplify the chaotic and complex world that we live in.

• Cognitive bias is a subconscious error in thinking that leads to misinterpretation of information, affecting the rationality and accuracy of judgement and decisions.

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The Cognitive Bias Codex: derived from The Cognitive Bias Codex - 180+ biases, designed by John Manoonian III. Wikipedia’s list of 188 cognitive biases, grouped into categories and rendered as a radial dendrogram (circle diagram). Category model by Buster Benson, biases linked to corresponding Wikipedia articles by TilmannR.

Wikkimedia Commons. (2018, June 6). File:cognitive bias codex En.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved September 30, 2022, from https:// commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cognitive_bias_codex_en.svg

45 Understanding bias and its impact on decision making

With over 180 documented cognitive biases, we are not able to totally remove the potential for bias in our decision making. Biases result in the most part, from our brain trying to simplify the chaotic and complex world that we live in. Cognitive bias is a subconscious error in thinking that leads to misinterpretation of information, affecting the rationality and accuracy of judgement and decisions.

Ruhl, C. (2021, May 4). What is cognitive bias? Simply Psychology. Retrieved July 22, 2022, from https://www.simplypsychology.org/ cognitive-bias.html

PHOTO CREDIT: LYNN WESTOVER

EXPLICIT BIAS

• Conscious feelings, attitudes, or behaviors that are conducted with intent.

• Explicit bias is processed neurologically at a conscious level.

• These biases are usually associated with their extreme forms of overt negative behavior.

• However, they are not necessarily indicative of prejudice or discrimination.

46 Explicit Bias

Conscious feelings, attitudes, or behaviors that are conducted with intent. Explicit bias is processed neurologically at a conscious level. These biases are usually associated with their extreme forms of overt negative behavior. However, they are not necessarily indicative of prejudice or discrimination.

Georgetown University. (n.d.). Two types of bias. National Center for Cultural Competence. Retrieved July 22, 2022, from https:// nccc.georgetown.edu/bias/module-3/1.php

47 Implicit Bias

IMPLICIT BIAS

• A bias or prejudice that is present but not consciously held or recognized.

• This bias operates outside of the person’s awareness and can be in direct contradiction to a person’s espoused beliefs and values.

A bias or prejudice that is present but not consciously held or recognized. This bias operates outside of the person’s awareness and can be in direct contradiction to a person’s espoused beliefs and values.

Georgetown University. (n.d.). Two types of bias. National Center for Cultural Competence. Retrieved July 22, 2022, from https:// nccc.georgetown.edu/bias/module-3/1.php

Merriam-Webster. (n.d.). Implicit bias. In Merriam-Webster.com dictionary. Retrieved July 22, 2022, from https://www.merriamwebster.com/dictionary/implicit%20bias

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An album cover with an explicit content warning label.

49 Preference of a Chevy vs. Ford truck can be a form of an explicit bias.

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Seattle Police Department domestic violence scenario corrupt file folder.

Westover, L. L., & Seese, J. R. (2019). Human Terrain Mapping and Behavior Pattern Recognition: Law Enforcement Officer 16-hr Basic Course Master Lesson File (1st ed.). Six Layer Concepts.

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The MacArther Blvd. corrupt file folder.

Westover, L. L., & Seese, J. R. (2019). Human Terrain Mapping and Behavior Pattern Recognition: Law Enforcement Officer 16-hr Basic Course Master Lesson File (1st ed.). Six Layer Concepts.

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Rock in the Pond

This is metaphor that compares observed anomalies to the chain reaction of a rock hitting a pond in nature.

The rock hits the pond…

53 Causing a ripple to expand…

54 Moving the lily pad…

55 Disturbing the frog, causing it to jump…

56 Disturbing the bird, making it take flight.

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The big question becomes what threw the rock in the pond to begin with?

An overseas example could be a little kid threw the rock in the pond, or it rolled down the hill and landed in the pond because of an ambush team moving into position.

Consider an officer is send to a commercial area to check on an alarm and as they are coming to the location a dog runs out of the back alley behind the commercial building. It could be because the officer’s presence disturbed the dog, or it could be because the burglar spooked the dog and it came running out. This is another example of understanding COA Development (MPCOA/MDCOA).

58 SF ODA Teddy Bear and IED Story

A Special Forces unit was tasked to conduct a “pattern of life study” and “win hearts and minds” by engaging with the locals by handing out teddy bears out to the children. Very similar in purpose as community policing. Several of the soldiers were not happy about it but they did as they were told. Weeks later as they were moving through in their area of operation, they cam upon a little girl in the middle of the road blocking their passage clutching her teddy bear. The team leader stopped the convoy and decided to talk with her to let her know how dangerous it is to stand in the middle of the road. She said she understood, but she didn’t want her “teddy” to be hurt, and when she stepped aside showing the team leader an IED so large that it would have killed and injured half of his team had they driven past it.

Because of the relationship and rapport created with the little girl, she saved those soldiers lives.

There is no difference in the impact that developing rapport can achieve. It is not an easy process and takes time and dedication.

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During the aftermath of Michael Brown’s shooting Lt. Jerry Lohr (now a Colonel) dropped his kit and got in front of the people to hear them voice their anger, frustration, grief, and concerns. It was not easy, and at times very uncomfortable…

59 Seattle Police Sergeant Brian Thomas engaging with a small boy at a church function.

SITUATIONAL AWARENESS

• The perception of elements in the environment within a volume of time and space, the comprehension of their meaning, and the projection of their status in the near future.

• The ability to identify, process, and comprehend the critical elements of information about what is happening to the team with regards to the mission.

61 But, this was exactly the type of engagement that was needed to diffuse the situation begin rebuilding trust and rapport between the community and St. Louis County Police.

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What is situational awareness? The instructor will relay a personal story either from a law enforcement or military perspective of just how hard it is to maintain situational awareness. They will add factors such as; shift work, family issues, court time, sleep deprivation, improper diet, drinking, etc. The instructor will juxtapose what the result could be from all of the aforementioned stressors in combination with a catecholamine dump.

Situational Awareness

The perception of elements in the environment within a volume of time and space, the comprehension of their meaning, and the projection of their status in the near future.

The ability to identify, process, and comprehend the critical elements of information about what is happening to the team with regards to the mission.

63 What does it look like when you reach the physiological and psychological point of no return?

An example of these effects on a U.S. Marine during a raid in Upper Sangin Valley, Helmand Province, Afghanistan during Operation Enduring Freedom.

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The similarities of the effects of reaching the physical and mental limitations of the human body.

COMMUNICATION

• Must be clear and concise.

• Redundancy of communications (P.A.C.E.).

• What do I know? Who needs to know? Have I told them yet?

• Continuity of a vocabulary, nomenclature, or lexicon.

65 These effects can happen to everyone, regardless of the level or authority or leadership held. These are human problems and even though people have different limitations, everyone has their limits.

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Communication

Must be clear and concise.

Redundancy of communications (P.A.C.E.).

What do I know? Who needs to know? Have I told them yet?

Continuity of a vocabulary, nomenclature, or lexicon.

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Audio of a police officer calling dispatch after his partner was shot. The audio demonstrates PTT (Push-to-Think vs. Push-to-Talk), the effects of catecholamines and stress on voice inflection, and how the preamble on the radio requires a pause before and after speaking on the radio so that the front end and back end of a message is not cutoff.

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Two body-worn camera videos of the January 13, 2022 shooting of 34 yearold Edgar Morfin Mendoza by two Fresno Police Officers after he overcame a taser deployment and charged the two officers with a hammer. The video shows the officers demonstrating tactical patience, geometries, and effective & efficient communications.

Specifically the officers used lateral communications both via voice and hand-and-arm signals. It also shows their continual communication with dispatch updating the situation as it developed.

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OBSERVATION CONSIDERATIONS

• Limitations and capabilities of the eyes and brain

70 Observation Considerations

The human eye and how we see. How we use our senses.

Limitations and capabilities of the eyes and brain.

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The 3 Main Parts of The Eye:

The Pupil - Lens

The Iris - Aperture

The Sclera - Non-verbal Communications

The instructor will refer to the “Parts of the Eye” GTA and discuss each part of the and the anthropological reason why humans have an overpronounced sclera.

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The instructor will define and describe the Functional Field of View (6° for Males and 11° for Females). The instructor will demonstrate sharp central vision to the students by having them fix their gaze on a spot on the dry erase board while they move a card or item with writing on it across their gaze. The instructor will then demonstrate peripheral vision and light, motion, and edges using the “Spirit Fingers” demonstration. The instructor will describe the differences between the cone and rod cell photo receptors within the eyes.

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The instructor will describe the relationship between the fovea centralis, macula, optic disk and optic nerve. The instructor will define blindspots and aberrations and describe how the eye & brain use visual or perceptual fill to deal with blindspots and aberrations.

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Photopic Vision/Lighting Conditions are well lit or bright conditions. The cone cells within the eye are activated and allow for sharp detail and colors within the visible light spectrum.

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Scotopic Vision/Lighting Conditions are dark or no light conditions where the rod cells are activated. Techniques such as the 10°-15° offset or “Figure 8 Technique” are used to better see at night.

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Law enforcement use different tactical lighting techniques give them the edge during nighttime situations, such as the “wall of light”.

77 Even though the “wall of light” can give the officer a tactical advantage, they should consider some of the disadvantages such as silhouetting themselves or unintentionally ruining their night-vision or darkness adaptation.

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Mesopic Vision or the in between lighting conditions of Dusk or Dawn, also known as EENT (End of Evening Nautical Twilight) and BMNT (Beginning of Morning Nautical Twilight. These transitional periods are hazardous as they negatively impact a person’s ability to see.

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Illustration of how we really see and the process that leads into Theory of Close Enough (60-80 %) cognitive reality that could be enough that helps us, but also could be wrong. Examples of handgun vs cell phone, Amadou Diallo situation. Etc..

HOW DO WE REALLY SEE?

The relationship between the eyes and the brain’s visual cortex

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Most people think that the way that their brain processes visual information is similar to a movie. And when they recall memories especially they replay them in their head like a movie.

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But the brain in-fact chunks visual information as images or bits and then categorizes like items. There is a process involved that is similar to taking a picture. The instructor will describe this as they mimic taking a “Polaroid” picture.

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But this occurs so fast in the brain that it is more like a camera set to a highspeed shutter setting.

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The brain associates values of these chunks and segregates them much like the process of putting a jigsaw puzzle together.

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The problem occurs that even if the picture is mostly complete, and you think you have enough information, to your brain it is still lacking and therefore causes chaos and disorder.

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Also, don’t forget that the images that we are viewing are coming in upsidedown…

86 And backwards, which the brain also has to account for.

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This may cause people to be frustrated and say “Bad Monkey, Evil Monkey” the brain has to maintain order out of chaos and “solve the puzzle”. The reality of this may be confusing or even unbelievable, the fact is humans do not SEE with their eyes, they receive light information with their eyes but their brain processes the information based on it’s own interpretations compared prototypically to previous experiences.

HUMAN TERRAIN MAPPING AND BEHAVIOR PATTERN RECOGNITION

88 Ultimately the brain only needs 60-80% of the available information to make a “complete” picture or decision. This is also known as the “Theory of Close Enough” and 9 times out of 10 it will get you pretty close. But it can also get you close but wrong. The instructor will juxtapose to the class if there has ever been a time professionally or personally where they were sure of a situation or decision made only to later find out that they were close, but wrong.

The instructor will use the examples of the Farmer/Taliban in a field in Afghanistan versus Amadou Diallo.

89 Placeholder/breaker slide with organizational logo.

90 Transition slide between the Eye section and the Brain section. This is an opportunity for the instructor to give the students a break.

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The Triune Brain Theory as it applies to a law enforcement officer using HTMBPR to not only interpret behaviors exhibited by the people they observe, but what stress responses they can expect while dealing with situations on duty.

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The triune brain is a model of the evolution of the vertebrate forebrain and behavior, proposed by the American physician and neuroscientist Paul D. MacLean. MacLean originally formulated his model in the 1960s and propounded it at length in his 1990 book The Triune Brain in Evolution.

The instructor will discuss the main parts of the “Triune Brain” and how the develop or “elvolve” within an average humans growth.

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Making the comparison between the functions of the pre-frontal cortex and the limbic system. The PFC is the executive thought center wher

PRE-FRONTAL CORTEX VS. LIMBIC SYSTEM

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The hippocampus (named after its resemblance to the seahorse, from the Greek ἱππόκαμπος, "seahorse" from ἵππος hippos, "horse" and κάμπος kampos, "sea monster") is a major component of the brains of humans and other vertebrates. Humans and other mammals have two hippocampi, one in each side of the brain. The hippocampus belongs to the limbic system and plays important roles in the consolidation of information from short-term memory to long-term memory, and in spatial memory that enables navigation. The hippocampus is located under the cerebral cortex (subcortical) and in primates in the medial temporal lobe.

The instructor will use the memory and emotion link of Hippo, Hippodrone, “Horses” to Hungry Hungry Hippos, the brain’s desire to gather input, to “Short Circuit” and Johnny 5, then for Campus as in a college campus, higher learning, card catalog for library, looks like file folders, thus the Hippocapus is your brains “file folders” where Short-Term Memories become Long-Term Memories.

AMYGDALAE

• The brain’s warning system tied directly to the senses;

• Sights, sounds, tastes, and smells (the sense of smell being the strongest)

• Controls the adrenal cortex and activates the Hypothalamus.

HYPOTHALAMUS

• Temperature regulation, cooling through sweat

• Can be a biometric cue for fight or flee

• Warning through heat

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The hypothalamus (from Greek ὑπό, "under" and θάλαμος, thalamus) is a portion of the brain that contains a number of small nuclei with a variety of functions. One of the most important functions of the hypothalamus is to link the nervous system to the endocrine system via the pituitary gland (hypophysis). The hypothalamus is located below the thalamus and is part of the limbic system and it is the size of an almond.

The hypothalamus is responsible for certain metabolic processes and other activities of the autonomic nervous system. It synthesizes and secretes certain neurohormones, called releasing hormones or hypothalamic hormones, and these in turn stimulate or inhibit the secretion of pituitary hormones. The hypothalamus controls body temperature, hunger, important aspects of parenting and attachment behaviors, thirst, fatigue, sleep, and circadian rhythms.

The amygdalae (singular: amygdala; /əˈmɪɡdələ/; also corpus amygdaloideum; Latin, from Greek ἀμυγδαλή, amygdalē, 'almond', 'tonsil’, are two almond-shaped groups of nuclei located deep and medially within the temporal lobes of the brain in. Shown in research to perform a primary role in the processing of memory, decision-making, and emotional reactions (the strongest being fear), the amygdalae are considered part of the limbic system. ©SLC

THE INVERTED “U” AND COOPERS COLOR CODE

White – Readiness is non-existent (same as if sleeping, reading a book, or otherwise without any perception of surroundings or movements within them).

Yellow – Readiness is aware, but unspecific. The individual is aware of their surroundings and making sense of anomalies.

• Orange – Readiness is a specific alert. The individual is aware of any activity or person within his surroundings which presents a threat.

• Red – Readiness to face danger. Fight mode. The individual is aware of a specific immediate threat, this can result in use of deadly force.

• Black – All stop. This is a psychological and physiological state where the individual is incapable of action. Commonly referred to as OBE (Overwhelmed by the Event).

97 Discuss “Condition Black”, a physiological state of no return that occurs when the psyche encounters a situation that it cannot comprehend, otherwise known as overwhelmed by events (OBE). The instructor will use the Inverted “U” Hypothesis GTA to show its relationship to Cooper’s Color Code.

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Cop and Medic O.B.E. Video

Body-worn camera video of Sevier County Sheriff’s Deputy Justin Johnson attempting to make an arrest of Tina Carrie Jo Cody when her boyfriend Brian Keith Mullinax began filming with his cell phone and to Deputy Johnson it appeared as if he had a firearm. Deputy Johnson fired several shots in Mullinax’s direction before retreating approximately 50-100 years away. This video depicts the negative effects of O.B.E. and how an individual can recover from it.

Placeholder/breaker slide with organizational logo.

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Using HTMBPR to determine context and relevance for rapid decisionmaking and articulation.

HUMAN TERRAIN MAPPING AND BEHAVIOR PATTERN RECOGNITION

Using HTMBPR To Determine Context And Relevance For Rapid Decision-making And Articulation

HOW THE BRAIN PROCESSES INFORMATION

• Context and Relevance

• Cognitive Reality

• Cognitive Illusion

• Cognitive Dissonance

• Change Blindness

• Adaptation

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How the brain processes information

Context and Relevance

Cognitive Reality Cognitive Illusion Cognitive Dissonance Change Blindness Adaptation

How the brain processes information

Reification Redintegration Channel Capacity Sequencing Perception based on visual context

103 Real life example, a Marine and his team were tasked to conduct a vehicle checkpoint in Al Anbar Province of Iraq to search vehicles traveling on the highway, Route Mobile, between Fallujah and Bagdad. After searching several hundred vehicles the Marine only found one vehicle with explosive residue and blasting caps, and another vehicle that was a vehicle-borne sniper platform (VBSP) with a Dragonov SVD sniper rifle. However in one vehicle he found several Wein Ultra Slaves in the dirver’s glove box. Without having a file folder for what they were the Marine let the Iraqi man pass through the checkpoint.

104 Months later that same Marine returned home and saw a fiend who was a photographer packing up their camera bag with a couple of Wien Ultra Slaves. When the Marine asked his friend what the purpose was of those items the photographer told the Marine that they are a split-second optical trigger that has an optical range of 3,000 feet. It was at that point that the Marine realized the Iraqi he stopped months earlier was a bomb-maker. It was later determined that using the Ultra Slave was a common tactic used by insurgents to setoff IEDs.

105 Care should be taken though to not chase tactics or procedures. Prototypical matching is much faster for recognition than template matching. For example, if the same Marine redeployed to Afghanistan and looked only for Wein Ultra Slaves, he could be missing other behaviors that have the same result. For example washing machine timers were commonly used either as a safe-to-arm switch in victim-activated IEDs so that the person who emplaced the IED didn’t accidentally blow themselves up. Or, they were used as a time-delay to launch rockets to defeat the bases counter-battery radar.

CONTEXT & RELEVANCE

• Context: The circumstances that form the setting for an event, statement, or idea, and in terms of which it can be fully understood and assessed.

• Relevance: Relation to the matter at hand, the practical and especially social applicability.

• The comparison of KNOWN facts and UN-KNOWN facts against a fluid and dynamic BASELINE

***CULTURE IS CONTEXT***

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Context & Relevance

Context: The circumstances that form the setting for an event, statement, or idea, and in terms of which it can be fully understood and assessed.

Relevance: Relation to the matter at hand, the practical and especially social applicability.

The comparison of KNOWN facts and UN-KNOWN facts against a fluid and dynamic BASELINE.

***CULTURE IS CONTEXT***

Walmart is everywhere. In other words, bad guys hide in plain sight often and they move and operate in the seams and gaps of the populace. The trick is to determine the context and relevance of a suspect or individuals behavior. ©SLC

108

The instructor will start by discussing super glue by itself, then put it in the context of being found in an inmates cell in the jail. The students will be juxtaposed as to what the relevance of the super glue could be. Then the instructor will explain how the CO who originally found it determined that when combined with wool, super glue is combustable. Also, when super glue is heated, in a microwave for example, the main ingredient (Cyanoacrylate Esters) will off-gas Cyanide. The instructor will discuss MPCOA and MDCOA considerations with the students.

CHANNEL CAPACITY

• Polyphasic skills, or the ability to multi-task, is a PFC function

• Under normal conditions a human is capable of performing an average of 7 tasks, +/- 1 or 2

• Under extreme stress or complete boredom the ability to conduct polyphasic skills diminishes to 3

109

On face value this is just a car like any other driving down the street.

However, what is the MPCOA and MDCOA for the reason why the occupants have so many pine tree air-fresheners? Is it Merry Christmas in July or a Felony Forrest?

Could the air-fresheners be used to mask an oder from a law enforcement officer should the driver be pulled over?

110 Channel Capacity

Polyphasic skills, or the ability to multi-task, is a PFC function

Under normal conditions a human is capable of performing an average of 7 tasks, +/- 1 or 2

Under extreme stress or complete boredom the ability to conduct polyphasic skills diminishes to 3

111 Sequencing

SEQUENCING

• The brain likes order and linear space, it cannot handle disorder, chaos or divided attention.

• The brain will MAKE order out of CHAOS

• This another example where “The Theory of Close Enough” can get you into trouble or even killed.

The brain likes order and linear space, it cannot handle disorder, chaos or divided attention.

The brain will MAKE order out of CHAOS

This another example where “The Theory of Close Enough” can get you into trouble or even killed.

112

Tactical Cunning, if someone wanted to attempt to get past security, which time would be the best to go through. Right now? Probably not.

113

How about now? As lines build up and wait times increase the stress to check identification against tickets, and search baggage or persons increases. Because of this increases stress the ability to conduct polyphasic skills diminishes to three tasks. It becomes important for delegation of tasks as well as frequent turnovers to prevent sequencing.

114

The instructor will pose a question as to how easy would it be to slip something illicit through the screening process in a situation like this. They will give an example of a scenario where individuals exploited situations just like this to gain access to a U.S. Military Installation.

CHANGE BLINDNESS

• Slow subtle changes that are assigned no value.

• Phenomenon in the brain.

• Assigns no importance to the observation and therefore does not register and store that information.

115 Change Blindness

Slow subtle changes that are assigned no value. Phenomenon in the brain. Assigns no importance to the observation and therefore does not register and store that information.

116

When sitting at home trying to enjoy a television program, the house fly attracts attention and makes it hard to concentrate because of channel capacity and light, motion, and edges. In order to continue watching the program, a person would more than likely pause the show, swat the fly, and go back to enjoying the show.

117

Conversely, if a spider were to slowly climb down its web right next to your head while you are watching the show you may miss it entirely up until you feel it crawling on your should. Why does this happen? Because the change is so slow that we fail to register it.

ADAPTATION

• Diminishing sensory response.

• Brain is conditioned to the information or stimulus and tunes it out.

• Occurs in all of the senses of vision, hearing, touch and smell.

118 Adaptation

This is a demising sensory response that occurs in all of the senses, such as vision, hearing, touch, and smell. The brain becomes conditions to the information or stimulus and deems it irrelevant.

119 Border Patrol Hay Truck series. The instructor will first describe tot he students the observation that this truck was driving down the road with no hay flying off the back of it at 50-60 mph as the first anomaly. The instructor will then query the students to identify 8 additional anomalies that are present during the observation of this vehicle.

In this photo the anomalies listed are: No hay flying

The truck is not squatting or “riding dirty” from the weight of the bales (in this case lack of weight)

The extra horizontal strap The lariat (rope) is boxed in The truck is too clean, no mud, dirt, or debris

120

Viewed form the back the anomalies are:

There is no “stinger” hole from the bales being loaded The bales are misshaped

The license plate appears to be brand new The 2x12 boards are not necessary

121

In reality the hay bales were a ruse to move a significant amount of drugs. In 2011 at FOB Shank insurgents used this same type of trojan horse only with a chemical toilet service truck to detonate a 5,000 lb. vehicle-borne improvised explosive device (VBIED) killing may service members and contractors. What steps can be taken to by law enforcement to mitigate or defeat these kinds of strategies by criminals?

122

The instructor will query the class how many illicit items could they smuggle in this hay truck. Is there any probable cause to conduct a traffic stop? And if one did stop this vehicle what would be an effective and efficient way to determine if it was in fact just a farmer moving hay?

123

Dashcam video of Officer Brendan McGahan being ambushed by Avon Webb on May 5, 2020 where Webb posed as a stranded motorist on Interstate 44 near Elm Avenue. The instructor will guide the students through the use of the “Rule of Three” during the B+A=D decision-making process by highlighting the anomalies visible in the video, such as; vehicle is stopped on the left side of the road impeding the fast lane, the break tap, and the three times that he either rehearsed his attack or tried to get visibility of Officer McGahan by opening is on the officer’s approach.

VI LAYERS OF HUMAN BEHAVIOR

• Proxemics

• Geographics

• Atmospherics

• Biometrics

• Kinesics

124 Before putting the students on a break the instructor will prepare the class for the next module to follow, which is the Six Layers of Human Behavior. They will reiterate the need for understanding the science behind these filters that are used to observe, define, categorize, and understand human behavior in order to make decisions that can be supported through artifacts and evidence.

125 Placeholder/breaker slide with organizational logo.

126 Title Slide: The Six Layers of Human Behavior - Heuristics

HEURISTICS

• A mental shortcut that allows one to solve problems and make judgments quickly and efficiently.

• Rule-Of-Thumb strategies that shorten decision-making time and allows one to function without constantly stopping to think about the next course of action.

• While heuristics are helpful in many situations, they can also lead to a bias or be inaccurate.

127

Heuristics

“Tactical Shortcut”

Just enough information to draw a reasonable conclusion Anytime you say: “It Looks Like…” “It Seems Like…” and “It Appears to Be…”

The instructor will play charades with the students by demonstrating “Baseball”, “Lost” or “Looking for Directions”, and “Playing Golf” or “Putting” Using the “Buy/Walk” GTA the instructor will give an example of an officer using Urban Masking and Social Camouflage to keep an undercover officer from getting burned during buy/walk operations where criminal countersurveillance was present.

HIDING IN PLAIN SIGHT

URBAN MASKING: The tools or things that are used to hide in plain sight.

SOCIAL CAMOUFLAGE: The things done or said to hide in plain sight.

*IF IT APPEARS TO BE LEGITIMATE, IT BECOMES INVISIBLE*

128

Hiding in Plain Sight

URBAN MASKING: The tools or things that are used to hide in plain sight.

SOCIAL CAMOUFLAGE: The things done or said to hide in plain sight.

*IF IT APPEARS TO BE LEGITIMATE, IT BECOMES INVISIBLE*

129

The instructor will flash this photo (for less than a second) to the students and advance to the next black slide.

130

While on this blank slide the instructor will query the students as to what they saw:

Most likely the students will start with “Kid with a gun?”

“Where are we?”

“Is the sidewalk crowded, how many people did you see?”

“Is it daytime or nighttime?”

“Do they know each other, are they related (Proxemics)?”

“What kind of gun is it?”

“Do we want to take another look?”

131

As the students are observing the photo will more time, the instructor will explain the behaviors that were observed before this photo was taken. The instructor will reframe the scenario for a call for service as “A kid in the park with a gun” and ask the students if this could be their worst nightmare in real life. The instructor will discuss the potential 2nd and 3rd Order Effects to possible negative outcomes and explain how a Bad Heuristic could come into play.

132

Instructor Led video of 70 year shot with cane. Example of how a bad Heuristic can have deadly force implications, while discussing what strategies or courses of action could have been taken in the de-escalation and mitigation process to problem solve the situation. A potential reason for the officer’s over-escalation of force could be attributed to a corrupt file folder or “training scar” from the repeated use of a dasocam video of the murder of Laurens County Sheriff’s Deputy Kyle Dinkheller by Vietnam veteran Andrew Brannon during a routine traffic stop on January 12, 1998. The officer observes the 70 year-old relieving his cane out of his pickup truck that heuristically looks like a long rifle. This is a relevant law enforcement example of a Bad Heuristic.

133 Title Slide: The Six Layers of Human Behavior - Proxemics

HUMAN TERRAIN MAPPING AND BEHAVIOR PATTERN RECOGNITION

The Six Layers of Human Behavior Proxemics

PROXEMICS

• The study of the nature, degree, and effect of the spatial separation individuals naturally maintain (as in various social and interpersonal situations) and of how this separation relates to environmental and cultural factors.

• This is not limited to one on one human interaction.

• Behavior can be interpreted from spatial interactions with groups of people, and objects.

134 Proxemics

Proximity Negates Skill (21’ Drill, Hicks Hyman Law, and Reactionary Gap)

Interpersonal Relations (Affiliations/Affiances, Proxemic Pushes and Pulls) High Value Individuals (HVI) and Persons of Interest (POI) Indicators: M.A.D.E. Acronym

135

CCTV video of a robbery/mugging being thwarted in New Orleans on April 27, 2013. This demonstrates proximity negating skill, even in a situation where the individual with the gun should have had the clear advantage over the unarmed opponent. The instructor should reference Hicks Hyman Law (not testable) to demonstrate the science behind the reactionary gap and its relevance to the 21’ Drill.

136 Herat, soft pass after the initial greeting which was a hug. “SO WHAT WAS IT ANOTHER GREETING IN THE FORM OF A HANDSHAKE OR A SOFT PASS/ HAND TO HAND?”

They were there for a reason, which can be observed even if it was the first time seen. It can be determined through the behavior (proxemics) that they most definitely know each other. Homophily “Birds of a feather, flock together”

137 Lines, Sequencing as brain Hates Chaos, natural breaks in spaces, changes in elevation, doorways, personal relationships/affiliations.

GEOGRAPHICS

• The significance of any given location will be understood through the human behavior associated with that area.

• Some factors that can influence this are topography, climate, flora, and fauna.

• These areas can be broken down to three categories; Lines of Drift, Habitual Areas, and Anchor Points.

139 Geographics

The significance of any given location will be understood through the human behavior associated with that area.

Some factors that can influence this are topography, climate, flora, and fauna.

These areas can be broken down to three categories; Lines of Drift, Habitual Areas, and Anchor Points

Natural Lines of Drift - “Path of Least Resistance” Habitual Areas - “2-way Street” Anchor Points - “1-way Street”

LINES OF DRIFT

140

The instructor will describe how natural lines of drift are formed by giving the example of how a hunter uses game trails to hunt deer. Deer wake up from their bed down location (anchor point). They go to the field to graze (habitual area), then to the creek to hydrate (line of drift & habitual area), and then fornicates with a doe because he is in the rut (biometrics & the Four Fs). Every time he completes that cycle (John Boyd’s O.O.D.A. Loop) he receives a dopamine response causing repetitive behavior, creating adaptability and resiliency. That is exactly while you will find the guy at the bar wearing a TapOut t-shirt, drenched in Drakkar Noir cologne because someone said yes once therefore he repeats the behavior.

141

IN this scenario the instructor will start by explaining the backward planning that people do when preparing for a flight to go on a trip or vacation, in this case Honolulu, HA. There is one task that usually gets forgotten about when conducting the same backward planning for returning home, specifically with regard to refueling the rental car. This translates into still being in a rush to not miss a flight because you had to turn around to top off the rental car. During that verbal thought process the students will have time to make observations of the walkway in front of the terminal outside of the Honolulu International Airport. The crosswalk and sidewalk is directing people across and to the left. The Tropical Camilla bushes across the street appear to be missing one to the right (sequencing) and the grass appears to be worn down between the bushes and in the spot where there appears to be a bush that is missing.

142

When the perspective is changed and viewed through the bushes, this angle goes straight across the street, through departures and arrivals, through ticketing, through baggage, and through security right to the terminal gates.

143 At your feet you see the transfer evidence of either one person chain smoking or several individuals who use this area as a smoking pit. The other anomaly is the straight line ground signs in the dirt. It may be hard to see in this shadow lighting condition…

144

In tracking, it is important to manage the lighting conditions and your relative position to where the light comes from. It will allow you to see better contrast of what you are looking for. In this case it is the tracks left by the wheels of carry-on luggage (context & relevance). Straight lines do not occur in nature, they are man-made artifacts. Follow the tracks…

HABITUAL AREAS

145

They lead right to this break in the fence. Fences are also natural lines of drift. If you follow a fence anywhere in the world you will find a few things:

A path on one side, if not both sides.

A manmade, engineered passage or break in the fence by design.

A point in the fence where is was manipulated to go over, under or through. In most cases these breaks in the fence will be at the same approximate angle as that is the distance or space needed for the average sized human being to get through the fence.

146

Habitual Areas - “2-way Street”

Limerock Road Bar & Grill in Gainesville, FL. The heuristics paint the picture of a bar & grill with the neon signs, and people eating brunch. But outside of this establishment there appears to be a farmer’s market, which takes place every Saturday morning in this residential area (habitual area, atmospherics, culture is context). Anyone can come or go as they please.

147

Sometimes it may take some time to gather context and relevance of a nonstandard observation, but that it where tactical patience comes into play. This situation is a Afghan Town-hall Meeting:

Shira - The principle of consultation, in particular as applied to government. Also a cusultative council.

Jirga - A jirga is an assembly of leaders that makes decisions by consensus according to Pashtunwali, the Pashtun social code.

Loya Jirga - This is a “great council” convened in order to elect a new head or leader.

In this snapshot, just about everyone is “eating the popcorn” or “watching the parade” to the right (functional field of view, proxemics). But when the Marine took out his camera to get a profile photo of all of the attendees, two anomalies stuck out.

150

Both the man with the loam green shalwar kimeez and the man with the brown vest and gray lunges (turban) looked hard at the camera, then in a split second they both proxemically pushed looking away and covering their faces. These were the only two individuals checking their “six” being very situationally aware, and they appeared angry to have their pictures taken. They both ended up being Taliban operatives “crashing the party” to conduct passive collection.

ANCHOR POINTS

151 In this situation here a most probably this is a group of motorcycle enthusiasts who are stopping for lunch at this restaurant & bar. However, with some sustained observation some cues start to stick out. There are a couple of “prospects” hanging out holding security on all of the motorcycles, there is one that is parked in front at the #1 position (proxemics, HVI/POI indicators, status). Upon entering it is noticed that all of the bikers are wearing “cuts” and they are at “church”.

Church - An official club meeting. May also refer to the clubhouse where the meeting takes place.

Colors - Synonymous with the term “patch”, referring to the iconography of the Motor Cycle Club.

Cuts - A cut-off vest featuring “colors” or “patches” can be made out of leather or denim.

3 Patcher - Usually denotes an “Outlaw MC”.

152

This is a dash camera video of an officer involved shooting in the SeattleTacoma area of Washington State on June 15, 2009. The suspect had just committed an armed robbery of a convenience store and was fleeing the scene. The responding officers knew the area that he was running to and were able to get in front of him at a small park. There were two gates to the park that the responding officers were able to seal off before the suspect was able to flee, effectively trapping him in the park. The suspect still had the knife in his hand, and was waving it around frantically. The suspect also appeared to be under the influence of drugs (smoking wet). One officer closed the distance and deployed his taser causing the suspect to fall to the ground. As the other officers were preparing to place the suspect under arrest he attacked a K-9 with the knife, almost fatally stabbing the dog, and then moved to attack the surrounding officers. Another plain clothes detective fired two rounds at the subject severely wounding him in the stomach and the spine, and then officers were able to secure him and call for medical.

There are three main takeaways from this video that the instructor must relay to the students:

1) Tactical Patience - This is a lot easier said than done. The two officers had the suspect trapped in the park, with no one immediately around him and in danger. There was a supervisor on the way with a beanbag round in a shotgun for less-lethal options to gain compliance.

2) Complacency - The officer who ultimately discharged his weapons in defense of the other officers almost holstered his firearm and was telling units on the radio they could start slowing down. He was not expecting the suspect to jump up while “riding the lightening” of the taser (denial, first three file folders) because he had seen a successful user hit so many times (adaptation). “It is not over until it is over, we are not 10-4 until we are 10-4”

3) Articulation - Later on, there was an internal review and shooting investigation into the actions of the detective who shot the suspect. The defense attorneys for the suspect claimed that the detective’s second shot was an overuse of force with intent to kill their client. Despite their being two angles of this incident from dash-mounted cameras, the actions of the suspect were caught off frame. Because the detective was able to articulate his decisions so well and describe the science behind the reactionary gap (proxemics, proximity negates skill, Hicks Hyman Law) it was deemed a justified use of deadly force.

HUMAN TERRAIN MAPPING AND BEHAVIOR PATTERN RECOGNITION

The Six Layers of Human Behavior Atmospherics

ATMOSPHERICS

• Every location has an atmosphere or “feeling” associated with it. This “mood” is based on the behavior or lack of behavior displayed by the people in that area.

• Atmospheric shifts can include the presence or absence of ambient noise, animals, people, vehicles, rubble, trash, graffiti, tattoos, bullet holes.

• May be your only pre-event indicator.

153 Title Slide: The Six Layers of Human Behavior - Atmospherics ©SLC Squared 2019, All Rights Reserved.

154 Atmospherics

Every location has an atmosphere or “feeling” associated with it. This “mood” is based on the behavior or lack of behavior displayed by the people in that area.

Atmospheric shifts can include the presence or absence of ambient noise, animals, people, vehicles, rubble, trash, graffiti, tattoos, bullet holes. May be the only observable pre-event indicator.

155

The instructor will ask the class what the atmospheric shift in this photo could be? What is the baseline expectation for the atmospherics inside a convenience store?

156

This is a photo of a gas pump in Raleigh Durham, NC where RPD Officer Rodney Lee Racey noticed this ramping up of this kind of graffiti leading up to the 2016 Presidential Elections. Anytime there is a rise in criminal behavior or criminal activity, it is a pre-event indicator. It doesn’t necessarily mean that it will escalate to terrorist-level attack, but it is still a pre-event indicator.

On October 16, 2016 A GOP office in Hillsborough, North Carolina, was firebombed with a swastika and the words “Nazi Republicans leave town or else” spray painted on an adjacent building. Hillsborough is approximately 10 miles northwest of Durham. The instructor will rhetorically ask the students, “So how serious should this be taken?”

157

In the University District of Seattle, WA this graffiti popped up on a neighbor’s house in an area that doesn’t usually have graffiti. Most probably, the individual is just regurgitating anti-cop rhetoric (MPCOA), most dangerous this individual would actually act on this sentiment if the opportunity presented itself (MDCOA). If the homeowner leaves this up what could it imply about their beliefs? Could it be that they endorse this sentiment, or could it be they fear retaliation?

158

Ultimately, the homeowner tried to scrub the graffiti down, but the same individual returning with the same paint and same handwriting to say, “KILL MORE COPS”. This is an escalation of force and gives some insight into this individuals mindset. Again the question begs to be asked, how seriously should this be taken?

159

On August 5, 2011 a Force Reconnaissance team was tasked with conducting a 60-day duration operation in Malozai Afghanistan. The Marines had been to this area previously and developed rapport with the locals. This team had actually stayed with this homeowner on two separate occasions. The team-leader told his chain of command about his concerns that staying with this homeowner again could potentially put the homeowner at risk of retaliation by the Taliban fighters in the area, and because it set a pattern it put the team at a security risk. The team was directed to go anyway.

On the foot movement to this location in the middle of the night the Marines’ movement was significantly slowed down because all of the fields were flooded, the farmers used flood irrigation, which was anomalous because usually the farmers rotated their fields irrigation cycles (baseline). Also, when the Marines got into town, there was zero movement and eerily quiet. In fact, just before the sun came up, there was no “call to prayer” at the local mosque by the muzzin. The team leader noticed while they were waiting for the man of the house to open the door that there was a lot of graffiti on the outside wall that hadn’t been there before in previous visits. The translator said that it was nonsense and it didn’t mean anything. When the homeowner finally came to the door, his demeanor was completely different from previous interactions where he refused entry to the Marines. Finally, the team leader said we are coming in, and then the homeowner swung open the day and essentially said, “If you’re coming in, then we are leaving!!!” He then packed up everything that he could carry and fled with his wife and children.

Approximately 30 minutes later the Marines were ambushed with heavy automatic fire before they could even get the whole team out of the compound on their first presence patrol. Ultimately, Daniel Gurr was shot through his left eye while on watch by a single shot. It took the Marines another 30 minutes to get Gurr to a “Dust Off” MEDEVAC, but he unfortunately succumbed to his wounds on the flight down to Bastion. The Marines were attacked again later that day with three of their Afghan National Army counterparts severely wounded, and the Marines were almost over-run. A little over one year later, the team leader was back in Afghanistan teaching an Insider Threat course using this incident as a case study when two category level three interpreters turned pale and let the team leader know that the writing on the was Dushman with means Enemy The house was marked, and the homeowner received a “Night Letter” form the Taliban.

BIOMETRICS

• Human beings have physiological characteristics that are measurable and observable.

• Some of these characteristics require special equipment or training such as retinal scans, fingerprints, DNA, HGN, facial recognition, and voice recognition.

• Others can be observed naked eye such as perspiration, respiratory rate, blink rate, histamines, and pupil dilation

161 Biometrics

Bio=Life Metrics=Measurement

Physiological responses to external stress or stimuli that are autonomic and cannot be controlled.

Examples include; blood, sweat, unrine, feces, fingerprints, retinal scans, respiratory rate, blink rate, pupil dilation/constriction, HGN, lack of convergence, JVD, and histamines.

162 Law enforcement officers are familiar with horizontal gaze and nystagmus or lack of convergence. This is a good of using biometrics in a way that does not require special equipment, software, maintenance, or batteries.

163

Histamine Cross

Redness or flushing of the face, it starts usually in the ears, then moves to the forehead, down the bridge of the nose, to a full cross to the cheeks, and even down to the neck. Only three things cause a histamine cross anger, embarrassment, and physical exertion.

In this example, Anders Breivik was given the maximum life sentence for murdering 77 people, 21 years. This is anger, he was not embarrassed about what he did and he did not just get done doing a physical activity.

HUMAN TERRAIN MAPPING AND BEHAVIOR PATTERN RECOGNITION

The

Six Layers of Human Behavior

Kinesics

KINESICS

• A systematic study of the relationship between nonlinguistic body motions and communication.

• Includes body posture, gestures, and facial signals (such as blushes, shrugs, or eye movement)

• A-cultural in nature, but culture must always be factored into context.

• When using Kinesics a cluster of cues must be established in order to form a reasonable conclusion.

165 Kinesics

Body Language/Para-language

164 Title Slide: The Six Layers of Human Behavior - Kinesics ©SLC

The importance of setting a baseline, even for the individual, culture is context, and understanding the difference between learned behaviors vs. hardwired behaviors

The three main areas to look for kinetic cues are: The Eyes, The Hands, and The Feet

The instructor/s will provide a front-load of several cues working from the head down to the feet.

166

On November 29, 2009, four police officers of Lakewood, Washington were fatally shot at the Forza (now Blue Steele) Coffee shop, located at 11401 Steele Street #108 South in the Parkland unincorporated area of Pierce County, Washington, near Tacoma.

167 Maurice Clemmons, entered the shop, shot the officers while they worked on laptops, and fled the scene with a single gunshot wound in his torso. After a massive two-day manhunt that spanned several nearby cities, an officer recognized Clemmons near a stalled car in south Seattle. When he refused orders to stop, he was shot and killed by a Seattle Police Department officer. Five people, all friends and family of Clemmons, were convicted of crimes associated with aiding his escape and enabling him to elude capture, but most convictions were reversed on appeal, based on court findings of misconduct by the Pierce County Prosecutor's Office, led by Mark Lindquist.

Leading up to the incident there were several pre-event indicators displayed by Clemmons. But even on the day of when he walked in he created such an atmospheric shift that he caused one couple to get up and leave. Right before he launched his attack while he as at the counter with the barista, she stopped in the middle of asking him for his order because of “the look in his eyes” and she then grabbed her friend/co-worked to flee out the back of the coffee shop and call 911.

168 Columbine Colorado, people are people, and they are the same all over the world.

169

People will teach you how to treat them. It doesn’t matter if it is Maurice Clemmons or Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold, trust your gut if it starts to scream at you. There are always pre-event indicators.

170

This series of slides are about the case study of Officer Gino Macioce with Pittsburgh Bureau of Policing. The instructor will begin by setting Officer Macioce’s baseline by defining the normal pattern of life for Region 5 Homewood Area. The instructor will start by giving an overview of the amount of gun violence in the area, and the response to it (shot spotter, armed constables, stadium style lighting, and metal detectors). People are used to law enforcement presence in the area and the normal pattern of behavior is not to use sidewalks. In fact a few of the natural lines of drift are visible from outer space.

171

This slide highlights some of the geographic features of the area. Specifically where Gino and his FTO Kevin park, the location of Denise and Earl’s, the Church, the Biker Bar, and Bett’s Market. The green lines represent where the natural lines of drift occur next to Bett’s Market. The instructor will explain how Gino and Kevin out on foot to do what Gino calls “productive footwork”. They are mainly looking for items in cars that happen to be in plain view, specifically guns and bricks of heroin. The atmosphere on this evening is that of a party, and it is more congested than usual. Gino asks a citizen what is going on and they let him know that Denise & Earl’s is having strippers, which explains all of the cars street parked on Frankstown Avenue. Gino spots the backstrap to a Glock type pistol in the driver’s seat map pouch of a black Cadillac XTS, when he notices Mark Daniels exit Bett’s Market to the East of his position.

172

When Daniels steps out of Bett’s Market, he looks left & right, checking his six, and then immediately puts stares right at Gino (FFV, predatory looks, mission focus). Hey then begins to walk down the sidewalk to the South of Bett’s without taking his eyes off of Gino. Gino asks Kevin if he saw that, and Kevin said that he looks angry.

173 As Daniels continues to walk South down the East side of Brushton Avenue, Gino notices that he continues to stare at him and Kevin. Daniels does not take the normal natural line of drift that most people use to leave the area. Then just as Daniels was going into Gino’s deadspace, Daniels proxemically pulls into Gino and Kevin towards three houses, two that Gino knows are abandoned and one that he knows Daniels does not belong to because Gino knows the occupant who does live there. Gino decides that her and Kevin should move down Newman Way towards Bennett Street, and Gino was worried that Daniels MDCOA was to flank the two officers and ambush them. Once they reached mid-block of Newman Way at the intersection of Newman and Felicia, Gino told Kevin to go ahead and draw his weapon. Just as Gino was about to reach the corner of Newman Way and Bennett Street, Daniels came around the corner firing at Gino and Kevin. They each exchanged about a half dozen rounds, and then Daniels fled around the corner towards Brushton Avenue. Gino had to find Kevin, who slipped on some ice during the exchange, and then he radioed dispatch his situation and Daniels description and last know direction of travel. Tim Matson was the first into the area to respond and when he linked up with Gino and Kevin he turned back around and parked on the North side of Bennett and Brushton facing Bett’s Market. When Gino finally came back around the corner he saw Daniels facing towards Matson’s back as Matson was retrieving his rifle from his patrol car. Gino immediately started to issue Daniels verbal commands to stop and get on the ground, to which Daniels replied, “It wasn’t me” as he began to back up looking like he was getting ready to flee. Gino continued his verbal commands, and could clearly see Daniels printing a weapon system in his waistband. At this point Daniels turned to run, and the last thing that Gino could see was Daniels pulling the pistol from his waistband.

174 Gino fired again at Daniels, not even realizing how close Matson was to them (perceptual narrowing, FFV), or that he had stopped running as he was firing (channel capacity). Gino’s fires were checked once the biker bar was in his back drop.

175 Through the course of trying to locate Kevin again and trying to get some kind of cordon for the area, just as they identified a blood trail to the East on Bennett Street going towards a common paper alley cut-through that fleeing suspects typically take a call for service came in for a man seriously wounded on some citizen’s porch. The officers tried to render aid while waiting for EMS but Daniels ultimately succumbed to his wounds.

176

The first outcome of this critical incident was Gino and Kevin’s survival of the ambush. The shot spotter program that the Pittsburgh Bureau of Policing uses timed Gino’s return fire to Daniels’ assault at .48 seconds. Gino states that his quick response had nothing to do with any kind of “highspeed” firearms training, and more so to do with him already having his weapon out and ready. In this photo you can get a feel for how close Daniels’ rounds were to Gino’s head, as Gino was standing about ten to fifteen feet infant of this downspout.

177

Gino exercised his Garrity rights that evening, so he had a few days to complete his statement. However, Pittsburgh Bureau of Policing policy didn’t consider Kevin to a part of the critical incident so they compelled him to make a statement that night. Kevin was still in FTO phase and just out of the academy and when he was asked what started the contact to begin with all he knew how to say was that “Daniels looked angry”. Obviously the media ran with the story, but when Gino completed his statement and interviewed with the OSA he elaborated on the geographic baseline, atmospheric shift, predatory looks/mission focus, proxemic pushes & pulls, heuristics, and kinesics. Macioce’s shooting was deemed a justified use of deadly force, the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette never issued an update or retraction.

“You had a hundred billion chances and ways to have avoided today, but you decided to spill my blood. You forced me into a corner and gave me only one option. The decision was yours. Now you have blood on your hands that will never wash off, you Apostles of Sin.”

- SEUNG HUI CHO

178

Predatory looks are very strong, and whether they are out of intent of mental health, it is just one of many indicators that may be manifested. It is important to not let biases become excuses for anomalous behavior. In the example of Seung-Hui Cho, the April 16, 2007 active shooter, he may look silly in his “Laura Croft Tomb Raider” outfit, but he actually proved to be a deadly attacker who murdered 32 people before killing himself.

179 In Cho’s manifesto/press-release to the news media just prior to his attack there are consistent anomalies that present themselves…

“You had a hundred billion chances and ways to have avoided today, but you decided to spill my blood. You forced me into a corner and gave me only one option. The decision was yours Now you have blood on your hands that will never wash off, you Apostles of Sin.”

- SEUNG HUI CHO

180

This example here is his failure to cope and inability to take responsibility. Additional cues to look for are speaking in the third person, indexing weapon systems (real or imaginary), communicating threats, or leaking their intent (leakage) commonly on social media as a form of coercion.

As an active shooter progresses on a trajectory towards violence, observable behaviors may represent critical opportunities for detection and disruption.

On average every shooter displayed 4-5 of these concerning behaviors and the top 3 of those were; mental health, problematic personal interactions, and leakage of violent intent.

Given an average of 4.7 anomalous concerning behaviors, and having a decision-making algorithm that begins at 3 or more cues, could that give enough time and distance to thwart or prevent a mass casualty attack?

182 Officer Involved Shooting on the eastbound lane of I-84 August 29, 2013 between Oregon State Police trooper Matthew Zistel and John Van Allen II. During the incident Allen was accompanied in the vehicle by his three children; a 10-year old girl, and two boys ages 13 and 15. The trooper pulls Allen over and he abruptly swerves out of traffic and then almost goes back in as if he were thinking to taking off. Allen then gets out of the vehicle before Zistel can even come to a stop and he goes immediately into a Superman pose on the officer. Before the trooper can begin to say anything to Allen, the suspect asks the trooper why he is being stopped. The trooper tells him that he stopped him for speeding, and tells him four times to get back into the vehicle. Allen, a US Army Soldier refuses to comply, then closes the door and begins to close the distance with the trooper with a bladed stance. He then draws a pistol and fires on the trooper, wounding him in the side. The trooper wounds Allen twice, at which point he gets back into his vehicle to flee. Allen succumbed to his wounds approximately .5 mile down the road.

BASELINE/ANOMALY

• BASELINE – Every person, place, situation, and/or event has a baseline. This is an expected set of normal conditions or the “norm”. See also homeostasis.

• ANOMALY – Anything that deviates above or below the baseline.

“What is here that should not be here?” Or

“What is not here that should be here?”

1 Human Terrain Mapping and Behavior Pattern Recognition (HTMBPR)

B+A=D Decision-Making Algorithm

First, establish the BASELINE, normal expected conditions, the “norm”, or homeostasis.

Next, proactively search for ANOMALIES, anything that rises above or falls below the baseline.

“What is here that should not be?” Vs. “What is NOT here that SHOULD BE?”

Finally, once a cluster of 3 or more anomalies are reached then a DECISION MUST BE MADE in order to stay proactive. Decisions are in accordance with policy and procedure, consider MPCOA/MDCOA, and follow: LEGAL, MORAL, and ETHICAL frameworks.

B+A=D ALGORITHM

• First start by establishing the Baseline, remember that Culture IS Context.

• Next proactively hunt for any Anomalies, once there is a cluster of three or more you must Decide

• Your action plan or decision must follow a Legal, Moral, and Ethical framework that is in accordance with SOP/ TTPs, EOF, and/or UOF.

2

Human Terrain Mapping and Behavior Pattern Recognition (HTMBPR) B+A=D Decision-Making Algorithm

First, establish the BASELINE, normal expected conditions, the “norm”, or homeostasis.

Next, proactively search for ANOMALIES, anything that rises above or falls below the baseline.

“What is here that should not be?” Vs. “What is NOT here that SHOULD BE?”

Finally, once a cluster of 3 or more anomalies are reached then a DECISION MUST BE MADE in order to stay proactive. Decisions are in accordance with policy and procedure, consider MPCOA/MDCOA, and follow: LEGAL, MORAL, and ETHICAL frameworks.

3 Col. John Boyd’s O.O.D.A. Loop

The more you sense-make and problem solve the more adaptability and resiliency you build. The downsides to this can be feedback loops and corrupt file folders. The instructor will give the examples of a record player skipping, then about training scars developed on ranges, and the Washtenaw County Sheriff’s Office taser incident.

• HEURISTICS

• PROXEMICS

• GEOGRAPHICS

• ATMOSPHERICS

• BIOMETRICS

• KINESICS

FIRST THREE FILE FOLDERS

THE FOUR Fs

• Feed

• Fight

• Fornicate • Flee

WHAT IS BIAS?

Cognitive Bias – A systematic error in thinking that effects the judgments and decisions that people make.

Explicit Bias – Biases that reflect the attitudes or beliefs that one endorses consciously.

Implicit Bias – A bias from subtle cognitive processes operating below conscious awareness and without intentional control.

7 The Four “F”s of human survival. These are the four main drivers that determine the success of ones ability to survive, and these are the first four things that the limbic system processes to that end.

• Feed • Fight • Fornicate • Flee

8 What is Bias?

Cognitive Bias – A systematic error in thinking that effects the judgments and decisions that people make.

Explicit Bias – Biases that reflect the attitudes or beliefs that one endorses consciously.

Implicit Bias – A bias from subtle cognitive processes operating below conscious awareness and without intentional control.

Examples to be used are: Ford vs. Chevy, Police Chief and sleeved tattoos, MacArthur Blvd & Plymouth Ave, and SPD domestic violence scenario.

LIGHTING CONDITIONS

PHOTOPIC VISION SCOTOPIC VISION MESOPIC VISION

Day time brightly lit conditions where the cone cells are activated.

Nighttime/Pitch Black lighting conditions where the rod cells are activated. It takes approximately 30 minutes for darkness adaptation.

These are dimly lit lighting conditions where both the cones & rods are activated. This occurs naturally at BMNT/EENT (Dawn & Dusk). This lighting condition can be a danger (i.e. entering a dark structure on a bright sunny day)

10 Lighting Conditions

Photopic – Daytime/brightly lit conditions where the cone cells are activated.

Scotopic – Nighttime/Pitch Black lighting conditions where the rod cells are activated. It takes approximately 30 minutes for darkness adaptation.

Mesopic – These are dimly lit lighting conditions where both the cones & rods are activated. This occurs naturally at BMNT/EENT (Dawn & Dusk). This lighting condition can be a danger (i.e. entering a dark structure on a bright sunny day)

11 The Triune Brain Theory

Brain Stem - Autonomic functions

Cerebellum - Locomotion, balance

Cerebrum - Pre-frontal Cortex (PFC), Limbic System

12

The Inverted “U” Hypothesis

The instructor uses this GTA to describe the effect catecholamine toxicity (i.e. The “Combat Cocktail”) has on ones level of performance in very stressful situations. Factors such as individual experiences and environmental considerations will be taken into consideration and the class will discuss preparation for how their decision making could be effected during the performance of their duties as law enforcement officers. This GTA is used in conjunction with the COP & EMT Meltdown Video.

13

CONTEXT & RELEVANCE

• First compare the KNOWNS versus the UN-KNOWNS and then measure them against the BASELINE

• Culture IS Context

• Context & Relevance must be constantly re-assessed to maintain awareness of developing MPCOA/ MDCOA.

URBAN MASKING/SOCIAL CAMOUFLAGE

Urban Masking – The things that one uses to hide in plain sight.

Social Camouflage – The things that one says or does to hide in plain sight.

*If something appears to be legitimate, it then becomes invisible*

CHANNEL CAPACITY

• Channel Capacity is the brain’s ability to multitask or conduct poly-phasic skills.

• Under normal conditions the average person is capable of handling 7 tasks +/- 1 or 2.

• In times of extreme stress or boredom it falls to 3 (I.E. 911/Stop, Drop & Roll/Shoot, Move, Communicate)

Context & Relevance

• First compare the KNOWNS versus the UN-KNOWNS and then measure them against the BASELINE

• Culture IS Context

• Context & Relevance must be constantly re-assessed to maintain awareness of developing MPCOA/MDCOA.

14 Urban Masking & Social Camouflage

Urban Masking – The things that one uses to hide in plain sight.

Social Camouflage – The things that one says or does to hide in plain sight.

*If something appears to be legitimate, it then becomes invisible*

15 Channel Capacity

Channel Capacity is the brain’s ability to multitask or conduct poly-phasic skills.

Under normal conditions the average person is capable of handling 7 tasks +/- 1 or 2.

In times of extreme stress or boredom it falls to 3 (I.E. 911/Stop, Drop & Roll/Shoot, Move, Communicate)

SEQUENCING

• Sequencing is used by the brain to build automaticity for learning.

• The human brain cannot handle chaos or disorder, and it doesn’t like divided attention.

• This is another example of “The Theory of Close Enough”.

16 Sequencing

Sequencing is used by the brain to build automaticity for learning. The human brain cannot handle chaos or disorder, and it doesn’t like divided attention.

This is another example of “The Theory of Close Enough”.

Change

CHANGE BLINDNESS/ADAPTATION

Change Blindness – A phenomenon that occurs in the brain where it fails to register slow, subtle change.

Adaptation – Diminishing sensory response, occurring in all of the senses. How the brain deals with a constantly changing environment.

17

Blindness & Adaptation

Change Blindness – A phenomenon that occurs in the brain where it fails to register slow, subtle change.

Adaptation – Diminishing sensory response, occurring in all of the senses. How the brain deals with a constantly changing environment.

*Change Blindness and Adaptation is where COMPLACENCY comes from in the cognitive brain*

18 Spider & the Fly GTA

The instructor will explain the difference between the spider and the fly and how we as humans can fall victim to change blindness and adaptation. We need Light, Motion, and Edges to be able to see.

HEURISTICS

• Just enough information to draw a reasonable conclusion.

• “Tactical Shortcut”

• Anytime you say: “It looks like…” “It seems like...” or “It appears to be...”

PROXEMICS

• Proximity Negates Skill

• Interpersonal Relations (proxemic pushes & pulls)

• POI/HVI Indicators (M.A.D.E)

Heuristics

Just enough information to draw a reasonable conclusion. “Tactical Shortcut” Anytime you say: “It looks like…” “It seems like...” or

“It appears to be…”

POI/HVI INDICATORS

20 Interpreting Proxemics

• Proximity Negates Skill

• Interpersonal Relations (proxemic push/pull)

• POI/HVI Indicators (M.A.D.E.)

GEOGRAPHICS

• Natural Lines of Drift – “Paths of Least Resistance”

• Habitual Areas – “Two-way Street”

• Anchor Points – “One-way Street”

22 Geographics

Natural Lines of Drift – “Paths of Least Resistance”

Habitual Areas – “Two-way Street”

Anchor Points – “One-way Street”

23 Mountain Lion vs. Bambi

This GTA is used to illustrate the similarities to how humans and animals create Natural Lines of Drift.

24 Using Hicks & Zipf to understand Reverse Geographics

ATMOSPHERICS

• Every person, place, or event has an atmosphere or “Mood”.

• The sights, sounds, smells, touch or “feel” on an area.

• The presence or absence of trash, ruble, graffiti, bullet holes, people, animals, or traffic.

*An Atmospheric Shift may be the ONLY* Observable Preevent Indicator

BIOMETRICS

• Bio = Life, Metrics = Measurement “Life Measurement”

• A physiological response to external stimuli that cannot be controlled.

• Blood, sweat, respiratory rate, blink rate, pupil dilation, finger prints (7-9 points of comparison), retinal scans (270 points of comparison) and foot prints.

25 Atmospherics

Every person, place, or event has an atmosphere or “Mood”.

The sights, sounds, smells, touch or “feel” on an area.

The presence or absence of trash, ruble, graffiti, bullet holes, people, animals, or traffic.

*An Atmospheric Shift may be the ONLY* Observable Pre-event Indicator

26 Biometrics

Bio = Life, Metrics = Measurement “Life Measurement”

A physiological response to external stimuli that cannot be controlled. Blood, sweat, respiratory rate, blink rate, pupil dilation, finger prints (7-9 points of comparison), retinal scans (270 points of comparison) and foot prints.

27

Histamine Cross

The instructor will draw a face, with the words Anger, Embarrassment, and Physical Exertion written below it. As the instructor is setting up for “Mary had a little Lamb” and “Anders Breivik” they will explain the process of the histamine cross.

KINESICS

• Body Language or Para-language

• Learned (mimicry) vs. Hardwired (innate)

• Must establish a baseline, cluster cues and remember that culture is context.

• 3 main areas to look for cues:

• Eyes

• Hands

• Feet

28 Kinesics

Body Language or Para-language Learned (mimicry) vs. Hardwired (innate)

Must establish a baseline, cluster cues and remember that culture is context.

3 main areas to look for cues: Eyes Hands Feet

29 Eyes Diagram – Visual vs. Auditory Recall – The instructor will discuss how different learning styles (Visual, Auditory, and Kinesic) affect memory recall and where the eyes will “look” when accessing these types of memories.

Conversely, there are key areas of recall with regard to deep memoryemotion links and creative areas of the brain (possible deception indicator).

30

True-Smile Formula Cartoon Illustration – Up-turned eyebrows with smile wrinkles in the corners of the eyes, wide eyes with dilated pupils (Dopamine), and an up-turned and un-even smile.

7REFERENCE

ADDITIONAL COURSE OFFERINGS

2-Day Basic Course (16-hrs)

This 2-day basic course is the keystone to the HTMBPR program. The students begin with the introduction of HTMBPR. After a comprehensive understanding of human physiology and psychology as it relates to HTMBPR, the students learn about such concepts as; advanced critical thinking, the decision-making algorithm, biases, and the six layers of human behavior.

The curriculum contains group exercises, quiz backs, video practical applications, a written test, and one live scenario. This course comes with instruction, a student book, and upon successful completion of the course, a graduation certifi cate. The price per officer is $325.00*, which includes course registration and student materials.

3-Day Basic Plus Course (24-hrs)

Because of the overwhelming requests for more video practical applications and the addition of scenario-based training, we have created the basic plus course. The first two days are the same as the two-day basic course, the only difference being on day three, there is more student-led video practical application and two more live scenarios. Students will receive a course book and a graduation certificate upon successful completion. The price per officer is $495.00*, which includes course registration and student materials.

3-Day Advanced Course (24-hrs)

This course is the follow-on course for the two-day basic course. The students will begin with a refresher from the twoday basic course, including an in-depth analysis of the six layers. Other advanced topics include the law enforcement multipliers, the seven-step terrorist planning process, and the introduction of more written articulation & report writing.

The last two days will be strictly devoted to video practical application and scenario-based training in the local operation al environment. Successful completion of the 2-day Basic Course, 3-Day Basic Plus, or Surveillance/Countersurveillance Course is a prerequisite. Students will receive a graduation certificate upon successful completion. The price per officer is $545.00*, which includes course registration and student materials.

5-Day Combination Course (40-hrs)

This course is for those who can take the time or want to achieve advanced certification in one shot. This five-day course is the 2-Day Basic Course and 3-Day Advanced Course, wrapped into one 40-hour week. Because of the time freed up from not having to deliver a refresher of the 2-Day Basic Course, students will have the opportunity to delve more deeply into intelligence-based operations and report writing activities. Students will receive a course book and a graduation certificate upon successful completion. The price per officer is $825.00*, which includes course registration and student materials.

Surveillance/Countersurveillance Course (40-hrs)

In this intensive five-day course, students will learn how to identify and analyze behavioral cues associated with surveil lance and countersurveillance and the planning required to execute their own operations. This will include recognizing passive collection measures in static, mobile, and multi-mode operating environments. Whether working as an active special tactics or surveillance team member, a protection detail, or site security, this course uses the informed awareness garnered from the HTMBPR program to detect active adversarial surveillance, recognize countersurveillance, or conduct surveillance operations. Students will receive a course book and a graduation certificate upon successful completion. The price per officer is $1,195.00*, which includes student registration and materials.

Six Layer Concept: Train-the-Trainer (T-3) Course (40-hrs)

Our five-day train-the-trainer course is designed to allow new and experienced trainers to plan, lead, and deliver the Six Layer Concept: 8-hr Workshop. This course gives the agency and their coaches the knowledge, skills, and abilities to conduct in-house training for their personnel, keeping with best practices for adult learning and continuing education. Coaches will have four days of intensive immersion into the curriculum, methodology, and delivery of HTMBPR. On the last day, the cadre will be tested and evaluated in a live-conditions practical of an 8-hr workshop. Successful completion of the 8-hr Workshop, 2-day Basic Course, 3-Day Basic Plus, or Surveillance/Countersurveillance Course is a prerequisite. Students receive an 8-hr master lesson file, slide presentation, instructor notebook, and a graduation certificate upon successful completion. Please call or write for pricing and licensing information.

Six Layer Concept: Basic Instructor Course (96-hrs)

The Six Layer Concept: Basic Instructor Course is most comprehensive and time-intensive course SLC Squared has to offer. This course is designed for the seasoned instructor with ten days of curriculum familiarization, instructional method ology, case-study development, instructor-led breakouts, and a 2-day final evaluation exercise during a conjoined 2-day basic course for live students. Possible candidates selected for this course must have attended and graduated from a 2-Day Basic and a 3-Day Advanced Course or 5-Day Combination Course (basic & advanced). Other contractual prereq uisites are required. This course certifies and licenses instructors to facilitate a 2-day Basic Course. Students receive an 8-hr master lesson file, slide presentation, instructor notebook, and a graduation certificate upon successful completion. Please call or write for pricing and licensing information.

*Prices are subject to change without notice except for prices on previously accepted contracts.

GLOSSARY OF TERMS

Aberrations: This occurs within the lens part of the eye, such as scratches or deformities from the eye being formed. These refrac tive errors can cause images to appear deformed, displaced, or not at all.

Adaptation: This is a functional, cognitive, or behavioral compo nent of the nervous system that solves a particular reproductive problem.

Adoration: When used as a precise keyword, adoration refers to subordinates’ behaviors that show reverence and submissiveness to their leader. It is associated with proxemics.

Adrenaline: A hormone released in the body during stressful situa tions. See Catecholamines.

Amygdalae: Responsible for the processing of memory, decision -making, and emotional reactions. The amygdalae serve as our warning system for danger, our “Cherries and Berries” so to speak, for every stimulus received the amygdalae sends out 10,000 to 50,000 responses.

Anchor Point: An area where only certain individuals frequent with out reservation; individuals outside of the permitted group or sect have reservations about entering such areas.

Anomaly: An anomaly is the presence, absence, or change of something that creates a deviation from the baseline.

Atmospheric Shift: A sudden change to the “feel” of an area, usually indicating danger. Atmospheric shifts are associated with atmospherics.

Atmospherics: One of the six layers of HTMBPR, atmospherics are concerned with the interpretation of environmental mood of an area, including the look, sound, taste, smell, and feel of a location.

Automaticity: Learning a task to the point that it becomes es sentially attention -free or “automatic” (i.e., practicing immediate action drills for a weapon malfunction repetitively, so it does not require thinking to apply them when under stress). See Muscle Memory.

Autonomic: Acting or occurring involuntarily, within the human body these are functions such as the heart rate, digestion, respira tory rate, pupillary response, urination, and sexual arousal.

B.A.D. (B + A = D): This is the decision -making algorithm used by HTMBPR. An officer must first establish the baseline of the human terrain. Then, the officer proactively searches for anomalies. Once the officer comes to a cluster of three or more anomalies, the offi cer MUST make a decision.

Baseline: This is a basis for comparison and a reference point against which other things can be evaluated. Baseline develop ment starts with an initial set of critical observations, or data, used to establish the norm of person or place. Baselines are fluid and dynamic and culture MUST be factored into baseline development.

Biometrics: One of the six layers of HTMBPR, biometrics are con cerned with the interpretation of physiological reactions which are autonomic instinctive unlearned reactions to a stimulus.

Blind Spots: This is a phenomenon that occurs because of the op tic nerve bundle. In the retina of the eye, the optic disk is where all the nerves connect to the optic nerve. Because of this, there are no photoreceptors in this area (cones and rods) and therefore the light image that impacts that part of the eye does not register, causing a blind spot. Because the brain has to form a complete picture it will fill this blind spot in with the surrounding information. See Perceptual Fill.

Bling: Slang term for extravagant or flashy jewelry, it is broadly used to describe ostentatious or expensive possessions that de note or indicate wealth or status. Symbols and iconography can also be incorporated into bling.

Blushing: Developing a ruddy appearance, or red face, due to em barrassment, shame, or emotional upset. Blushing is a biometric cue.

BMNT: The Beginning of Morning Nautical Twilight, which is the time when the Earth’s atmosphere is illuminated just prior to Sun rise, which causes Mesopic lighting conditions (see Mesopic Vision).

BOLO: BOLO stands for the phrase “be on the lookout” which is a bulletin that usually includes details about a crime suspect, such as estimated age, race, height, and weight. They might also give vehicle and clothing descriptions to officers when these things are known and are applicable (also known as APB or All -Points Bulle tin).

Bottom-Up Processing: Perceiving stimuli through the sensory systems. In contrast to top -down processing, bottom -up process ing is not affected by the brain’s preconceived expectations.

Brain Stem: The brain stem (also Brainstem or Medulla Oblongata) regulates cardiac and respiratory functions for the body as well as the central nervous system. This central nervous system is key to maintaining consciousness, regulation of sleep, heart rate, breath ing, blinking, and eating (also known as circadian rhythms).

Catecholamines: Chemicals produced from the amino acid Tyro sine that prepares the body for the four “F”s. These chemicals or hormones consist of but are not limited to epinephrine, norepi nephrine, serotonin, nor -serotonin, adrenalin, cortisol, and dopa mine.

Cerebellum: The cerebellum is Latin for “little brain” or “mid -brain”, that is responsible for coordination, balance, and gross motor control.

Cerebrum: The cerebrum is Latin for “brain” and it is the newest (evolutionarily) and largest part of the brain. It is where thought, decision -making, perception, thought, judgment, and imagination occurs.

Cerebral Cortex: An evolved part of the human brain, responsible for conscious experience, perception, thought, and planning.

Change Blindness: These are slow subtle changes in the environ ment that can often be missed. Humans are blind to change when their attention is focused, either visually or mentally (for example through top -down processing).

Channelization: These are environmental features that funnel or guide movement through a geographical area. Channelization is associated with the geographics domain.

Channel Capacity: The maximum data rate that can be attained or maintained by the brain; channel capacity for an average human being is typically 7 tasks ± 1 or 2, unless under stress, which it then drops to approximately 3 (i.e. Calling 911 or Stop/Drop/Roll).

Chunking: A mental grouping; experts appear to process more in formation at a time because they use top-down processing and mental file -folders to chunk (cluster) bits of information together.

Cognitive Bias: This is a systematic error in thinking that affects the judgments and decisions that people make.

Cognitive Illusion: This occurs when the brain makes (incorrect) unconscious inferences. In general, they can only be overcome through experience and training.

Cognitive Load: The load on the information -processing system, especially working memory. Since working memory is limited by size and duration, humans can only process a certain amount of information at a given time.

Cognitive Reality: The act, process, or product of perceiving an event, entity, or state of affairs that has a quality or state of being real based on the observer’s perception.

Combat Cocktail: When extremely high levels of catecholamines occur in central nervous system trauma due to a Non -standard Observation or extreme stress event. This can cause poor decision making or the inability to function (freeze) similar to effects of alco hol on the brain. See Catecholamine Toxicity.

Common Tactical Picture: (also Common Operational Picture) An accurate and complete display of relevant tactical data that inte grates tactical information from the multi -tactical data link network, ground network, intelligence network, and sensor networks.

Cone Cells: Eye cells located in the central portion of the retina, which is used for day-time vision (photopic vision), distinguishing color, and sharp contrast.

Context and Relevance: The background, setting, or situation sur rounding an event, and the meaning or importance of something in relation to the context. This is understood by comparing what is known against what is unknown and measuring that against the baseline. It is important to note that Culture is Context.

Cooper’s Color Code: Cooper’s Color Code is a system for de scribing the levels of awareness.

Cornea: The clear covering over the pupil; this portion of the eye bends most of the light rays to focus and it ensures that nothing enters the pupil.

Cortisol: This catecholamine is a natural diuretic that is most com monly associated with the flight/flee response, or in combination with other catecholamines causing a “Combat Cocktail”.

Counterinsurgency (COIN): Comprehensive civilian and military efforts taken to simultaneously defeat and contain insurgency and address its core grievances.

Dead Space: This is space that is unobservable due to one’s per spective and location (i.e. the other side of a building or hilltop). The only way to capture this is to have an overhead view of the area, physically move to change perspective, and/or to have an other individual positioned to relay information about that space.

Demographic: An overt, population characteristic of a person, such as race, age, income, or educational attainment.

Detailed Search: A visual search technique using the overlapping strip method to carefully scan from near to far.

Direction: Referred to within Proxemics, this is a Kinesic cue or ob servation that suggests the authoritative order or command that manages or guides someone or something either overtly or covert ly. (see M.A.D.E.).

Dissemination (Intelligence Cycle): During this phase of the intel ligence cycle, personnel collect information and communicate it to the command element.

Divided Attention: Dividing one’s attentional processing between more than one task.

Dopamine: This catecholamine is a “feel good” chemical that is in duced as a reward to the brain that will cause repetitive behaviors.

EENT: The End of Evening Nautical Twilight, which is the time when the Earth’s atmosphere is illuminated just after Sunset, which caus es Mesopic lighting conditions (see Mesopic Vision).

Effective & Efficient Communication: This is the process used to speed up communication by passing more accurate BOLO infor mation, ensuring that information flows not just laterally but and down the chain of command, and by having redundant means of communication (P.A.C.E. plan). The three main parts are; “What do I know?”, “Who needs to know?” and “Have I told them yet?”.

Emotion–Memory Link: See Memory–Emotion Link.

Endorphins: Naturally occurring opium -like chemicals in the brain and nervous system that are released to relieve pain.

Entourage: One or more people following in a beta position to another. Entourage is a proxemics cue.

Ethical: The decision conforms to a standard of what is implied, established, sanctioned, or accepted as notions of right and wrong (this is associated with a group, family, community, organization, unit, or department).

Explicit Bias: These biases reflect attitudes or beliefs that one en dorses at a conscious level (common examples are prejudice and racism).

Explicit Knowledge: Explicit knowledge can be written down, transmitted, and understood by others—basic facts and formulas.

Flushing: Developing an extremely ruddy appearance across the face and body. Flushing is a biometric signal.

Focus Lock: An observational challenge in which the observer be comes fixated on an object. To prevent this, it is important to main tain peripheral vision.

Focused Attention: Attention directed solely to a specific stimulus.

Four “F”s: The four main areas of concern for the Limbic System that drives human beings to feed, fight, fornicate, and/or flee. These “Four F’s” occur on an unconscious level and are autonomic or built-in.

Fovea Centralis: This is a small depression in the retina located in the center of the macula where visual acuity is it’s best. This is where the center of the Functional Field of View is focused on the densely packed Cone cells. The sharp central vision used to read comes from this portion of the eye.

Functional Field of View: The actual area of light information that our eyes and brains actually perceive is measured angularly. It is different from person to person, but on average, it is 6° for Males and 11° for Females.

Geographic Profiles: The necessary or preferred landscape fea tures associated with a particular person, group, or type of activity. Geographic profiles are related to the geographics layer.

Geographics: One of the six layers of HTMBPR, geographics is the study of the physical geography, weather, and human terrain of an area, as well as the interpretation of the relationship or interaction between people and their physical surrounding (see Natural Lines of Drift, Habitual Areas, and Anchor Points).

Geometries: One of the five law enforcement multipliers, geome tries of fire, observation, and communication should be employed using a P.A.C.E. plan. Interlocking geometries ensure that person nel can cover the seams and gaps of their operational area.

Good Shepherd: One of the five law enforcement multipliers, good shepherds, build trusted networks, with local allies, commu nity leaders, local security forces, NGOs, and even within their own teams.

Guardian Angel: One of the five law enforcement multipliers, these are the alert officers (at least in buddy teams), placed in a co vert position that protects their units: -using an ambush mentality, unseen by potential criminals/suspects, watching over their units.

Habitual Area: An area where most individuals within a given group or sect would frequent without reservations. Habitual areas are related to geographics.

Hard Target: A person, unit, or vehicle that is protected against attack. The opposite of a hard target is a soft target.

Heuristics: One of the six layers of HTMBPR, heuristics are rapid methods of mentally imprinting, and labeling observed behaviors. They are “tactical shortcuts” for the brain.

Hippocampus: This portion of the limbic system is responsible for the transfer of short-term memory to long-term memory, as well as spatial memory that enables navigation.

Histamines: Natural body chemicals that trigger an inflammatory response. Histamines are related to the biometrics layer.

Histamine Cross: Blushing in the face that indicates anger, em barrassment, or physical exertion. A histamine cross is a biometric indicator.

HTMBPR: The process of identifying behavioral cues, synthesizing them into a meaningful pattern, and then making sense of that pat tern, ideally, left-of-bang. Once a conclusion is made, using that decision to act, and then using the previously observed cues to substantiate those decisions using artifacts and evidence that coalign within a legal, moral, and ethical framework that works in con junction with SOPs, TTPs, and UOF/EOF/Deadly Force continuums.

HUMINT: “Human Intelligence,” it refers to gathering intelligence through interpersonal contact.

HVI: High-value individual/s who garner some form of power, lead ership, significance, or importance, whether formal or informal. See POI.

Hypothalamus: This portion of the Limbic System controls a variety of functions within the body. Most notably, it controls temperature regulation in which the brain uses to provide “warning through heat.”

Iconography: The traditional or conventional images or symbols associated with a subject and especially a religious or legendary subject. Also, the imagery or symbolism of a depiction, design, works of art, an artist, or a body of art.

Ideology: A person’s worldview, ideologies are the ideals, goals, and expectations that guide actions. Ideologies can be political, cultural, or religious.

Implicit Bias: This is the bias in judgment and/or behavior that re sults from subtle cognitive processes that often operate at a level below conscious awareness and without intentional control. These biases are flexible and can change with one’s perspective, motive, or environment.

Iris: This is a thin circular structure within the eye that is responsi ble for controlling the size and diameter of the pupil, which then controls the amount of light that is allowed into the eye to interact with the retina. It is a sphincter muscle that acts like the aperture of a camera.

Isopraxism: The impulsive tendency to mirror the actions of others. See Mimicry.

Kinesics: One of the six layers of HTMBPR, kinesics, involves inter pretation of body language, gestures, paralanguage, facial expres sions, and other nonverbal cues.

KOCOA: An acronym used to remember high priority terrain fea tures: Key terrain features, Observation points, Cover, Conceal ment, Obstacles, and Avenues of approach.

Law Enforcement Multipliers: A supporting means that signifi cantly increase the relative effectiveness of an individual or unit while actual force ratios remain constant (see Tactical Cunning, Tac tical Patience, Geometries, Guardian Angel, and Good Shepherd).

Left -of -Bang: This is the ability to observe pre -event indicators PRIOR to a life -changing event taking place with enough time or distance to make proactive decisions.

Legal: This is the letter of the law (federal, state, or municipal), including department policy & procedure, as well as the spirit of the law.

Lexicon: Vocabulary of a person, language, or branch of knowl edge.

Limbic System: The limbic system is a complex set of structures that combine higher -level functions and primitive emotions within one system. The functions the parts of the limbic system are re sponsible for ultimately are geared for the survival of the body (see Four “F”s).

Long-Term Memory: The theoretically unlimited information stor age center of the brain.

Macula: The small oval -shaped and pigmented spot in the center of the retina where the structures are specialized for high acuity central vision.

MDCOA: Most Dangerous Course of Action, this is the most dan gerous outcome based on observed cues and previously experi enced similar conditions.

Memory–Emotion Link: Associating an emotional response to something that is learned (i.e., a memory).

Mental File-Folder: A set of knowledge and experience about something that is stored in memory. An organized cluster of pre -conceived ideas, associated behaviors, and contextual informa tion. Formally called a schema.

Mental Simulation: Also referred to as “Train the Brain.” The pro cess of imagining how one’s predictions about a scene may play -out.

Mimicry: When used as a precise keyword, mimicry refers to a per son mirroring the body language or kinesics of another. It is associ ated with the proxemics layer of HTMBPR. See Isopraxism.

Mnemonics: Mental tricks that aid memory and retention.

Monocular Vision: Objects seen with only the left or right eye; monocular visions only sees in two dimensions.

Moral: The principles of right and wrong based on one’s own per spective, beliefs, or upbringing that are taken into consideration.

MPCOA: Most Probable Course of Action, this is the most likely outcome based on observed cues and previously experienced sim ilar conditions.

Muscle Memory: See Automaticity.

Natural Lines of Drift: Referred to within Geographics, these are paths of least resistance or routes that are used repeatedly. They become observable and predictable pathways through obstacles that provide evidence of how animals or people interact within the geographic space.

Negative Space: This refers to the space surrounding the subject or main focus of a picture, also known as the background. This is the absence of mass or empty space. When the eye and the brain use perceptual fill, it fills in using the associated negative space, which can be dangerous.

Neuroplasticity: This is an umbrella term for the brain’s malleable ability to reorganize itself physically and functionally due to be havior, emotions, thinking, and environment. One can effectively “re -wire” their brain through the use of memory-emotion links, practice, and repetition. This is best accomplished by making new information “sticky.”

Nomenclature: The devising or choosing of names for things, es pecially in a science or other discipline.

Nystagmus: This is involuntary eye movement that is typically caused by the ingestion of alcohol or drugs. Nystagmus is a bio metric cue.

OBE: Overwhelmed by events. This occurs when a non -standard observation takes place, and a person is so shocked by the expe rience that they “freeze” and may also be subject to the effects of a Combat Cocktail.

OODA -Loop: This is the decision cycle to observe, orient, decide, and act, developed by military strategist and Colonel John Boyd USAF.

Over-watch: A tactical technique in which one element is located in a position of cover, so as to support another element by provid ing observation, cover fire, or other security protections.

Pavlovian Effect: Also known as classical conditioning, this occurs when a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stim ulus. Usually, the conditioned stimulus is a neutral stimulus, the un conditioned stimulus is biologically potent, and the unconditioned response to the unconditioned stimulus is an unlearned reflex re sponse. After pairing is repeated (some learning may occur after only one pairing), a conditioned response is exhibited to the condi tioned stimulus when the conditioned stimulus is presented alone (e.g., The behavior of children when the jingle of an ice cream truck or the sound of its engine is heard in the neighborhood).

Perception: The cognitive process by which sensory information is organized and interpreted to produce a meaningful experience of the world. Also, the first level of situational awareness is called perception. See Situational Awareness.

Perceptual Fill: Rather than perceiving holes in our vision, the hu man brain “fills -in” portions of the visual scene that are masked by the eye’s natural blind spot. (Also referred to as Visual Fill).

Photopic Vision: This is a bright light or daylight condition where the cone cells have reached full adaptation. It usually takes about 5 minutes for the cone cells to become engaged.

POI: Person of Interest, referred to within Proxemics using the M.A.D.E. acronym.

Positive Space: This refers to the subject or focus of a picture, also known as the foreground, and the human eye is naturally attracted to it. This is anything that has mass or physically takes up space. People are inclined to look from positive space to positive space.

Precipitating Event: An action or activity that brings about a cer tain outcome; the cause. When identified before a critical event, precipitating events are pre -event indicators.

Pre-Event Indicators: An observable cue that suggests a certain future event will occur.

Pre-frontal Cortex (PFC): The pre -frontal cortex (also the frontal lobe or forebrain) is responsible for executive thought, problem -solving, processing complex thoughts, and causing emotions. Be sides distinguishing between right and wrong or predicting future outcomes, the PFC regulates social filters and repression of social ly inappropriate behaviors. Other executive functions include fine motor control, speech, and poly -phasic skills.

Prototype: An original form or instance of something that serves as a typical example for items of the same category.

Prototypical Matching: Regarding decision-making, a prototypi cal match is a “close enough” match based-on a prototype.

Proxemic Push & Pull: Body language that either draws -in or pushes -away others. A proxemic push occurs when a person or group uses body language to create distance to another person. A proxemic pull occurs people use body language to invite others toward them. Both are associated with the proxemics domain.

Proxemics: One of the six layers of HTMBPR, proxemics, involves the interpretations of spatial relationships in order to determine the dynamics of human interactions. Proxemics is the act of betraying affiliations through the dynamics of proximal space.

Pupil: This is the “hole” in the eye that allows light to pass through the lens in the eye, which then strikes the retina to excite cells in the eye that transmit electrical impulses to the brain.

Pupil Dilation: A physiological response in which the eye’s pupil varies in size. It can have a variety of causes, from reaction to light to narcotics use or observation of an attractive person/item. Pupil dilation is relative to the iris muscle, and it is associated with the biometrics layer.

Retina: The area along the back of the eye that contains two types of light receptors (see cone cells & rod cells) for vision.

Rhythm: A stimulus, such as a musical beat or footprint, that recurs at regular intervals. Nature has its own rhythm, but usually without regularity. Something in nature that is spaced at regular intervals will stand out as an anomaly from the natural state of the environ ment.

Right-of-Bang: The time frame following a critical incident. Actions that occur right -of -bang are generally reactive. SOPs and TTPs are typically considered “Right-of-Bang.”

Rod Cells: Eye cells located peripheral to the cone cells, which are used for night vision and peripheral vision; they do not see color but are attracted to motion.

Rubble: Broken fragments of materials resulting from the decay or destruction of a building or buildings.

Rule of Three: This “rule” reminds personnel that in most cases, a single cue is not enough evidence upon which to make a deci sion—unless that cue is substantial (e.g., an immediate threat to a person)—however, once three cues or anomalies have been de tected, a decision must be made.

Schema: See Mental File-Folder.

Sclera: This part of the eye is commonly known as the “white of the eye.” The sclera aids humans with non -verbal communications and identification of the Functional Field of View.

Scotopic Vision: This is low light, no light, or dim condition where the rod cells have reached full adaptation. It takes the average per son approximately 30 minutes to reach nighttime adaption

Second-Order Effects: The reaction to (or effects of) a first -order effect. The secondary or downstream outcome of an incident.

Sense-Making: A process in which a person or team engages in an effort to understand perceived cues, interpret their relationships, and anticipate the trajectory of a situation. In other words, sense -making is the ongoing process of giving meaning to one’s expe riences.

Sensory Systems: The physiological systems used to perceive the world: sight, sound, smell, touch, and taste.

Sequencing: Sequencing occurs when the brain creates a group ing or anticipates a pattern based upon a sequence of observed cues; these perceived groupings or patterns may be accurate or inaccurate. Sequencing usually begins to take place in the seventh instance of a cue.

Situational Awareness (SA): An individual’s overall understanding of the operational environment, including the time and location of key components, comprehension of their meaning, and a projec tion of their status in the near future. In other words, SA is an inter nal understanding and integration of the perceived stimuli.

Social Camouflage: Things that are said or behaviors that are dis played in an effort to blend into the baseline or hide in plain sight (Keywords “Something I say or do to hide in plain sight”).

Soft Target: See Hard Target.

Sticky Messages: Simple, concrete, messages or “touchstones” that have an emotional appeal and include compelling storylines (see Neuroplasticity).

Substantiating Evidence: Evidence that is inconclusive by itself, but when considered with other evidence, helps “build a case.”

Sustained Observation: Expanding conscious energy to observe an area or people over time to develop the baseline.

Tacit Knowledge: Knowledge gained through hands-on practical experience that cannot be written down or easily transmitted. See also Explicit Knowledge.

Tactical Cunning: One of the five law enforcement multipliers, tac tical cunning, is the art of “getting into the mind of your adver sary,” anticipating how they view you and then employing clever and crafty way to out-think and out -adapt the adversary.

Tactical Patience: One of the five law enforcement multipliers, tactical patience, is the manipulation of the operational tempo in order to obtain the most advantageous situation.

Tactical Shortcut: See Heuristics.

Template: A design or pattern that guides the design or construc tion of identical items. In other words, a template is an exact spec ification.

Template Matching: In decision-making, a template match is an exact match of a person, place, or item.

Theory of Close Enough: Because of the brain’s need to make order out of chaos, it will heuristically simplify its perceptions. This can be dangerous when limitations or issues occur, such as percep tual fill, “bad” heuristics, or biases occur that can cause an officer to make an inaccurate decision based on their cognitive reality.

Third-Order Effects: The reaction to (or effective of) a second -or der effect. The tertiary or far downstream outcome of an incident. See Second -Order Effects.

Top-Down Processing: The influence of contextual effects on what is perceived. Contextual effects can include emotions, expecta tions, motivation, culture, and experiences.

Urban Masking: Items or artifacts that are used to disguise or mask a person, group, object, or activities in an environment. Actively at tempting to blend into the baseline or hide in plain sight (Keywords “Something I use to hide in plain sight”).

Working Memory: Also called “short -term memory,” working memory handles the interim processing of incoming information. Information in working memory is stored for only a few seconds un less it is rehearsed, and it is limited by the brain’s channel capacity.

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