The Six Layer Concept: 8-hr Student Workbook

THE SIX LAYER CONCEPT:

HUMAN TERRAIN MAPPING AND BEHAVIOR PATTERN RECOGNITION

8-hr Workshop Student Workbook SLCWSSWB November 15, 2022

Lynn L. Westover

James R. Seese

Michael Burrola

Copyright © 2022 Six Layer Concepts & Consulting, All Rights Reserved.

Purpose:

The evolution of the call-for-service industry prompts the need for advanced training and modernized curricula that specifically addresses the needs of first responders. Critical training in the integration of tactical disengagement, mental health management, procedural justice, community policing, bias-free decision making, and advanced critical thinking for later articulation accompanied with public scrutiny is a must for re-establishing the legitimacy of law enforcement and community rapport. Given the limitations with funding and personnel shortfalls, it has become more difficult for law enforcement, first responders, and allied professionals to obtain the necessary training to address 21st Century challenges. The Six Layer Concept: 8-hr Workshop bridges the gap between de cision-making, the efficient administration of justice, citizen safety, responder safety, and use of force.

Scope:

Behavior pattern recognition and cultural intelligence are essential for ground level tactical operations and stra tegic decision-making executive level leadership and policy makers. The Six Layer Concept: 8-hr Workshop was designed in the same manner as its predecessor program of human terrain mapping and behavior pattern rec ognition (HTMBPR). This 8-hr workshop addresses the administrative and logistical issues associated with course duration while building on the successes the HTMBPR program achieved in the lessons learned of previous be havior pattern recognition programs fielded by the DOD, DOJ, and DHS. This workshop has been refined using significant critical attendee feedback from associations and conferences such as ILEETA, OTOA, EMS World Expo, NYTOA, TacOps East, and TacOps South. Therefore, the contents included herein are applicable across all jobs, roles, duties, and assignments for law enforcement, first responder, and allied professionals.

Changes:

Recommendations for improvements to this curriculum are encouraged from departments and organizations as well as individuals. Suggestions may be made using the End of Course Critique at the completion of the course, or can be made in writing using the User Suggestion Format via email or letter mail to:

Six Layer Concepts & Consulting HTMBPR Curriculum Development 17304 Preston Road Suite 800 #209 Dallas, TX 75252 info@slcsquared.com

Certification:

Reviewed and approved on November 15, 2022.

James R. Seese Lynn L. Westover Partner/Co-founder Partner/Co-founder

USER SUGGESTION FORM

Date: DD Month YYYY

From: Unit, Department, Organization, or Individual

To: Six Layer Concepts & Consulting

HTMBPR Curriculum Development

17304 Preston Road Suite 800 #209 Dallas, TX 75252 info@slcsquared.com

Subject: RECOMMENDATIONS CONCERNING THE SIX LAYER CONCEPT: 8-HR WORKSHOP

1. In accordance with the forward to SLCWSMLF and the SLCWSSWB, which invites individuals to submit sugges tions concerning this curriculum directly to the above addressee, the following unclassified recommendation is forwarded:

Page Article/Paragraph No. Line No. Figure/Table No.

Nature of Change (Add, Delete, Change, or Correct)

2. Proposed new verbatim text: Verbatim, double-spaced, continue on additional pages if necessary.

3. Justification/Source: Web page, book, journal, or whitepaper in APA format.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION 1

THE SIX LAYER CONCEPT 2 Curriculum Overview 2 Terminal Learning Objectives 2 Enabling Learning Objectives 2

WHAT IS HTMBPR? 2 A Day in The Life 3 The B+A=D Decision-Making Algorithm 3 Col. John Boyd’s O.O.D.A. Loop 4 Course of Action Development 4 BASELINE CONSIDERATIONS 5

ESTABLISHING THE BASELINE 6 People are People 6 Perspective vs. Bias 6 SITUATIONAL AWARENESS 7 EFFECTIVE & EFFICIENT COMMUNICATIONS 8 BOLO Considerations 8 P.A.C.E. Plan 8

OBSERVATION & DECISION- MAKING FACTORS

9

Limitations and Capabilities 10 The Structure and Functions of the Eye 10 The Structure and Functions of the Brain 10 The “Combat Cocktail” 11 Context & Relevance 11 Urban Masking & Social Camouflage 12 Channel Capacity & Sequencing 12 Change Blindness & Adaptation 12

THE SIX LAYERS OF HUMAN BEHAVIOR 13

1INTRODUCTION

THE SIX LAYER CONCEPT

The Six Layer Concept is Human Terrain Mapping and Behavior Pattern Recognition (HTMBPR). It is designed to effectively equip one with the ability to articulate and defend decisions based on pub lished science. HTMBPR is the backbone of our deci sion-making paradigm and the methodology used for strategic and tactical planning for intelligence-based policing.

This course provides an informed awareness that stu dents can use predictively and proactively to de-es calate and mitigate potentially dangerous situations they may encounter during the performance of their duties. With the capability for tactical disengagement, there are more opportunities to prevent a deadly force or escalation of force incident before it happens. Today’s law enforcement and allied professionals work and live in a very fluid and dynamic environment where the health and welfare of their officers and the civilian populace they serve balance on a fine line. Predictive analysis and proactive decision-making cre ate a cycle that, if repeated, builds adaptability and resiliency. This cycle works within a legal, moral, and ethical framework and aligns with the needs of the 21st Century Law Enforcement Professional.

Curriculum Overview

The purpose of this workshop is to create the ability for an individual to quickly establish a baseline and identify anomalies through the six layers of human be havior. This is achieved through an understanding in the physiological and psychological affects of stress on the brain. The student will be able to use behavior pattern recognition to enhance decision-making and mitigate cognitive biases. The application of these new lenses will improve situational awareness through better observation, reporting, communication, and articulation.

Terminal Learning Objectives

Given a video-based scenario to observe, establish the baseline and identify anomalies using the six lay ers of human behavior.

Given a video-based scenario to observe, recognize factors that can affect observations and impact deci sion-making.

Given a video-based scenario to observe, use Human Terrain Mapping and Behavior Pattern Recognition to identify potential threats before they occur.

Enabling Learning Objectives

With the aid of references, understand the origins of HTMBPR.

With the aid of references, describe the B+A=D Deci sion-Making Algorithm.

With the aid of references, describe how the B+A=D Algorithm applies to policy, procedure, as well as le gal, moral, and ethical frameworks.

With the aid of references, list the Six Layers of Hu man Behavior for baseline establishment and anom aly detection.

With the aid of references, describe how to use cul ture as context when establishing the baseline.

With the aid of references, describe how cognitive bi ases can affect decision-making (i.e. implicit & explicit bias).

With the aid of references, describe effective & effi cient communication.

With the aid of references, understand the limitations and capabilities of the eye.

With the aid of references, understand the limitations and capabilities of the brain.

With the aid of references, define the heuristics layer. With the aid of references, define the proxemics layer.

With the aid of references, define the geographics layer.

With the aid of references, define the atmospherics layer.

With the aid of references, define the biometrics layer. With the aid of references, define the kinesics layer.

WHAT IS HTMBPR?

Human terrain mapping and behavior pattern rec ognition (HTMBPR) is a science-based tactical field decision-making model for intelligence-based polic ing based on lessons learned from human behavior programs developed for the Department of Defense. HTMBPR focuses on advanced critical thinking by un derstanding human behavior patterns.

It creates a framework to observe, articulate, docu ment, and defend decisions made by providing the knowledge, skills, and abilities to 1) observe a situ ation, orient within it, and make sound decisions in accordance with the law and agency policy and pro cedure, and 2) take appropriate legal, moral and eth ical actions.

For many the term human terrain is somewhat con fusing. Simply put, human terrain is the cultural, an thropological, and ethnographic information about a human population (Dostri & Michael, 2019). By bet ter understanding and analyzing the human terrain, it becomes much easier to build cultural intelligence or cultural quotient (CQ).

Cultural intelligence is an individual’s capability to function effectively in culturally diverse settings. Many times throughout this workshop you will hear the phrase “culture is context” because it is important to recognize the cultural factors at play in any given sit uation. By coupling the understanding of the human terrain (CQ) with behavior pattern recognition the of ficer or first responder can feel much more confident in their decision-making and achieve much better outcomes in their interactions with their community.

A Day in The Life

All situations whether non-kinetic or critical have one thing in common, they all begin with a first contact. Whether that be a routine traffic stop, a street con tact, a domestic disturbance, well-fare check, medical response, high-risk warrant, or entering an inmates cell the events leading up to any kind of decisive ac tion begin with contact.

FIGURE 1 - A ROUTINE TRAFFIC STOP

This is the reason for standards in training, SOPs are written in blood, meaning someone was either hurt or killed causing policy to be changed in an effort to prevent it from happening again. It is critical to re member that the decisions you make have significant second and third order effects.

The effects can be a life changing event for the citi zen, suspect, community, you, your family, and your agency. It is also essential to understand that in-de cision, the failure to act or make a decision, is still a decision. A life changing event does not have to be as extreme as serious bodily injury, serious bodily harm, or death. It could be something as simple missing an exit on the highway making you late for work.

The B+A=D Decision-Making Algorithm

The B+A=D Decision-Making Algorithm is the formu la that is used with the Six Layer Concept to identify a life-changing event before it happens. Most agencies and organizations have policies and procedures that are reactive in nature.

It is important to have these types of standard oper ating procedures, but the intention with the B+A=D Algorithm is to be proactive. This is a three step pro cess where you first establish the baseline, then you

proactively search for anomalies, once a cluster of three or more anomalies are reached, then a decision must be made.

FIGURE 2 - A LIFE CHANGING EVENT

The B+A=D Decision Making model enables you to proactively make a de cision before it is too late. The best way to win a gunfight or a fistfight is to avoid it all together. CREDIT: Lynn Westover

Establish the Baseline. The baseline is the starting point used for comparisons, an expected set of conditions, normal conditions, “the norm”, or homeostasis.

Proactively Search for Anomalies. Anomalies are anything that rises above or falls below the baseline. An easy way to remember this is to ask “what is here that should not be?” and “what is not here that should be?” People, items, or behaviors that are missing can be just as important as those artifacts that do not belong.

Make a Decision. Once a cluster of three or more anomalies are observed then a decision must be made in order to stay proactive. We call this the rule of three, and it is critical to understand that this does not imply the use of force or the circumvention of policy or procedure. In fact, it is quite the opposite. What the rule of three is for is to be conscious of your decision-making. For example if an offi cer observes potentially threatening behavior, but decides to change position tactically and continue observation, that is still an action based on their decision.

FIGURE 3 - COL. JOHN BOYD’S OODA LOOP

Col. John Boyd’s OODA Loop is much more sophisticated than people give it credit for. That is why it is used throughout the world, even in non-securi ty related industries, for things such as business leadership and education.

CREDIT: Col. John Boyd

The most dangerous time for the officer and the citizen it during a routine contact/stop. CREDIT: Adobe Stock

Col. John Boyd’s O.O.D.A. Loop

Imagine you are driving down a freeway. Up ahead you notice the cars in front of you start to active their brake lights. Immediately you consider your options, it may just be a little bit of a slow-down ahead (most probable) or it could be gridlock traffic or an accident (most dangerous).

Based-on these potential outcomes you may decide to change lanes to avoid the slow-down. As you get closer you re-evaluate the situation and decide to take the next closest exit in an effort to avoid an accident yourself or getting stuck in traffic. This is an example of a decision-making cycle.

Colonel John Boyd was a famous fighter pilot who used the same type of cycle to express the decisions a pilot makes while in a dog fight. This cycle is known as the O.O.D.A. Loop, where a pilot observes the enemy combatant, then orients their location in relation to the threat, decides how to best maneuver for a tacti cally advantageous position, and then takes action to reduce the threat.

It is important to keep in mind that the pilot of the en emy aircraft is going through the same process. This is obviously a simplistic way to express this situation, but imagine if you replace the pilots and aircraft with an officer and an armed assailant, it is the same cycle. Whenever you observe and orient you are sense-mak ing and when you decide and act you are problem solving. The more you sense-make and problem solve the more adaptability and resiliency you build.

Feedback Loops and Corrupt File Folders

While the outcomes of the O.O.D.A. Loop can be positive, there can also be some drawbacks. One ex ample is a feedback loop, where part of a response gets looped back into a stimulus and amplifies itself.

FIGURE 4 - FEEDBACK LOOPS AND CORRUPT FILE FOLDERS

Think of a record player that has a scratch on its track and it gets stuck in that same track, unable to break the repeating loop. The same can occur in critical de cision-making if a non-standard observation occurs. Another issue that can arise is a corrupt file folder, also known as a training scar. Corrupt file folders are unintended consequences resulting from the repeti tion of errors in a training environment that become second nature.

Course of Action Development Course of action development or COA Development is the process of analyzing MPCOA and MDCOA. MPCOA is most probable course of action and MD COA is the most dangerous course of action. When developing COAs based on the situation at hand it is important to consider both your perspective and that of the person/s that you are interacting with. This is tactical cunning and it useful regardless if the other individual is a threat or not. It is important to consider multiple COAs and to constantly reassess as the situ ation progresses as the baseline is constantly fluid. It is critical to remember that regardless of what the MP COA and MDCOA are, if it appears that they are be ginning to intersect, then you are at a bang moment.

FIGURE 5 - COA DEVELOPMENT

While repeating the cycle of sense-making and problem solving builds adaptability and resiliency every time there is a positive outcome, it im portant to remember that there can be drawbacks. A Sheriff’s Deputy con ducting a spark check on their Taser instead of deploying it during a use of force incident is a good example of a feedback loop coupled with a corrupt file folder. CREDIT: Lynn Westover

Once a cluster of three or more anomalies are reached then decision must be made. Consider the most probable outcome and the most dangerous, and if it looks like they are about to intersect then you are approaching a life changing event.

Another way to conceptualize COA development is to think of on ramping to a highway. Imagine there is a tractor trailer truck in far right lane that you will be merging onto. Depending on your speed, capabili ty of your vehicles engine, the other drivers, and the tractor trailer will determine whether you end up in front of it, behind it, or you run into it.

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BASELINE CONSIDERATIONS

ESTABLISHING THE BASELINE

Baseline establishment is the key to the Six Layer Concept decision-making model. The baseline helps to derive the context and relevance of observed be havior by giving a contrasting background to anoma lous behavior.

People are People

The first premise to understand regarding human be havior is that generally speaking all humans are the same. We all have basic needs for survival, such as warmth, food, shelter. For example the average hu man core body temperature is 98.6° F or 37° C, and a few degrees above or below that core temperature can cause hypothermia or hyperthermia, i.e.,heat ex haustion or heat stroke (Cleveland Clinic, 2021; Mayo Clinic, n.d.). These ranges are regardless of the cli mate and geographic location.

FIGURE 1 - SIMILARITIES FIRST

Despite all of the observable differences in this group of people, they ALL have one thing in common, their behavior. They are all looking at their cel lular devices. People are the same all over the world. CREDIT: Adobe Stock

Another example of how humans are the same all over the world is circadian rhythms. Our circadian rhythm is essentially a biological clock that regulates physical, mental, and behavioral changes in a 24-hour cycle (NIH, 2022). The human life cycle extends be yond a 24-hr day, starting with conception, an aver age 9-month gestation period, infancy, adolescence, school, work, religion, relationships, children, retire ment, and ultimately death.

Human beings all share these stages within our life-cy cle regardless of race, culture, or creed. It is the expe riences that humans have during their life that shapes their perspective and day-to-day decisions.

Perspective vs. Bias

Perspective is important because having diverse life experiences can be beneficial in decision making by allowing different points of view for personal and in stitutional growth. That is the definition of perspec tive, a particular attitude, point of view, or regard for something. It is important, however, to understand that while different perspectives are great, if they cloud your judgment, then that is something different. This is where bias comes into play, and it is critical to

be cognizant of what bias is and how it can impact decision making.

FIGURE

2

- THE COGNITIVE BIAS CODEX

There are over 180 documented cognitive biases. The best way to defeat the influence of bias in decision making is to focus on artifacts and evi dence. CREDIT: Wiki-media Commons

With over 180 documented cognitive biases, it is not possible to remove the potential for bias in decision making, but it can be mitigated. Bias is built into our brains primitively for our own personal survival, but sometimes that can cause dissonance or inconsisten cies in decision making. For the most part our brains are constantly trying to simplify the chaotic and com plex world that we live in. The three main biases that we will consider in HTMBPR are cognitive, explicit, and implicit bias.

Cognitive Bias. A cognitive bias is a subconscious er ror in thinking that leads to the misinterpretation of infor mation, ultimately affecting the rationality and accuracy of judgment and decisions.

FIGURE 3 - FORD VS. CHEVY

An explicit bias can be something as simple at making the decision to pur chase a Ford truck vs. a Chevy truck. CREDIT: Autoguide.com

Explicit Bias. An explicit bias is a bias that is processed neurologically at a conscious level, meaning that you are aware of it. These are conscious feelings, attitudes, of be haviors that are conducted with intent. Explicit biases are usually associated with extreme forms of overt negative behavior such as prejudice or discrimination.

However, an explicit bias does not always have to be negative. A good example of this is maybe an individ ual has a preferred brand of vehicle, like a Ford truck. That individual may be very loud and proud that Fords are better than Chevy. Where this bias would become a problem is individual only wrote parking tickets or speeding tickets to individuals who drove Chevy trucks.

Implicit Bias. Implicit biases are difficult because they are sub-cognitive, so therefore they are present but not consciously held or recognized. What is interesting beside the fact that this bias can operate outside of a person’s awareness, is that they can be in direct contradiction to their espoused beliefs or values.

FIGURE 4 - DOMESTIC VIOLENCE SCENARIO

Situational awareness if physiologically and psychologically demanding. Extreme heat, long hours of patrolling for miles on foot, and intense en gagements will get the best of anybody. CREDIT:

It is really easy to distill this down to the buzz words and terms that are commonly associated with situa tional awareness, such as “keep your head on a swiv el”, “stay frosty”, “complacency kills”, or the one to beat them all “if you see something, say something”. As most know, it is much easier said than done.

Through the course of scenario-based training with Seattle Police Depart ment it was identified that the majority of the officers dealing with the domestic violence issue were turning their back, tactically, on the female role player. Predominantly the aggressor in a domestic violence situation is the male, however by painting the female out the officers were putting themselves in a tactically unsafe position. This implicit bias was identified in the officers independent of their gender. This is also an example of a training scar and SPD decided to retrain their whole patrol division to ad dress the issue. This is also and example of how to identify and defeat even implicit bias. CREDIT: SPD Blotter

So how can one possibly defeat this cognitive and sub-cognitive issues? The first step is to constantly reassess the baseline and upon reaching a decision making point to ask yourself, “do I have artifacts and evidence as to why I am coming to this conclusion or could this be something else?”. By doing this it cre ates an opportunity to exercise tactical patience, but it requires a level of cultural, emotional, and intellec tual situational awareness.

SITUATIONAL AWARENESS

The term situational awareness has been around for a long time, but when asked everyone has their own definition of what it is. According to Endsley (1995), situational awareness is “perception of elements in the environment within a volume of time and space, the comprehension of their meaning, and the projec tion of their status in the near future.” This is the abil ity to identify, process, and comprehend the critical elements of information about what is happening to the team with regard to the mission.

Add in factors such as shift work, family issues, sleep deprivation, improper diet, fatigue, and the constant threat of harm, serious bodily injury, or death and then add in that you may not know or understand what you “saw” or “who” you should say something to. It can be very tough, and an informed awareness is not enough, the ability to effectively and efficiently communicate those critical elements is essential to a cohesive mission accomplishment and survival.

FIGURE 6 - HUMAN FACTORS

Lynn Westover

The job of a police officer is that much harder with personnel shortages, extreme stress, and can be compounded by lack of sleep and nutrition. CREDIT: Fox 8 News Cleveland

EFFECTIVE & EFFICIENT COMMUNICATIONS

Effective and efficient communication can be just as difficult as situational awareness. Communication is the number one issue for every industry from busi ness management to military special operations. Compound that with many levels of communication.

FIGURE 7 - PTT: PUSH TO TALK OR PUSH TO THINK

the operator that it is transmitting or that the other station calling has ended their transmission, it gives the audible signal to pause before transmitting and remember to pause before releasing the PTT.

It takes conscious effort to remember to pause before speaking and to pause after speaking before ending the transmission. The result is the front part and the back part of a transmission being potentially cut-off. The opposite of that is the “push to think” scenario where the station calling is so overwhelmed that they key the mic and then say “uhhhhh” or nothing at all.

BOLO Considerations

BOLOs (be on the lookout) are another consideration regarding clarity. If the only description for a vehicle is its color and make, then that can cause some con fusion. An example of too much brevity, “a tan Ford Taurus” versus “a late 90’s tan Ford Taurus with a dented left front quarter panel and broken right head light”. Even with no plate information, the latter is a much more definitive communication.

P.A.C.E. Plan

Communication is more than talking on the radio. Sometimes the stresses involved with a situation can impact your ability to even function the ra dio appropriately, not to mention be able to speak clearly. CREDIT: Adobe Stock

Technologically speaking that can be everything from radios to cell phones using voice or text, but com munication can be difficult even face to face. There are some things that can be done to improve com munications, such as consistency. For example, many agencies across the country have gone from using “Ten Codes” for brevity, to just plain English, this is mainly because of the inconsistencies from one agen cy to another.

FIGURE 8 - ESTABLISHING A P.A.C.E. PLAN

Redundancy in communication is key as well, having a P.A.C.E. Plan (primary, alternate, contingent, emer gent) is essentially a contingency against having one or more forms of communication fail. This can be as simple as going from a man pack radio to the radio in the vehicle or using hand and arms signals in conjunc tion with verbal commands.

FIGURE 9 - EFFECTIVE & EFFICIENT COMMUNICATIONS

A P.A.C.E. Plan (primary, alternate, contingent, emergent) with alter nate means, modes, and methods of communication will ensure the best chance to avoid miscommunication. CREDIT: Adobe Stock

Communication needs to be clear and concise, which can be hard to do when the stress of a critical inci dent starts to take over. That is one of the reasons that there is a pre-amble on radios, not only does it inform

In most command centers from disaster relief to law enforcement to the military, the questions “What do I know, who needs to know, and have I told them yet?” are emblazoned somewhere inside because of how critical the flow of information is to operational success. Communications must flow laterally and from top to bottom and vice versa. CREDIT: Adobe Stock

There are three questions to ask to know for sure that effective and efficient communication is occur ring. “What do I know?”, “Who needs to know?”, and “Have I told them yet?”. If those three questions are satisfied, then that means you have done everything possible on your end to effectively communicate. Communication and situational awareness have to work hand in hand.

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OBSERVATION & DECISIONMAKING FACTORS

LIMITATIONS AND CAPABILITIES

The purpose behind gaining an understanding of the physiological and psychological processes of the eye and brain are not to make officers and first re sponders optometrists or neurologists. The intention is to become better antiquated with the limitations and capabilities of human sensory systems and cog nitive processes. Like understanding the equipment on your duty belt, by knowing how the eye and the brain works makes an individual more confident and capable in their abilities and decision making.

The Structure and Functions of the Eye

Understanding the eye is critical as vision is the pre dominant sense that is used. Not that the other sens es aren’t important, but vision is the heavy lifter for human beings. There are many parts and pieces to the eye, but generally speaking there are three main parts to the eye with regard to human behavior, the pupil, the iris, and the slcera.

Pupil. The pupil is the lens of the eye that bends and refracts light as it comes into the eye ball and focuses it on the cones and rods, like a the lens of a camera.

Iris. The iris is the aperture of the eye. This structure of the eye adjusts based on lighting conditions (phot opic/daytime, scotopic/nighttime, and mesopic/dusk & dawn) and is also useful in biometrics for the iden tification of certain medical conditions and substance use/abuse.

Sclera. The sclera is the white of eye, it gives our eye structure, but it also is over pronounced in hu man beings to aid in non-verbal communications (ki nesics). The sclera is important because at a distance it enables an observer to identify a person’s functional field of view.

FIGURE

1

- THE EYE

The three main parts of the eye are the pupil (lens), the iris (the ap erture), and the sclera which aids us in non-verbal communication.

The functional field of view (FFV) is the angular mea surement of a person’s sharp, central vision. On av

erage males have about a 7° FFV, where are females have approximately 11°. It is important to note that the functional field of view is fluid, studies have shown that a person’s FFV will narrow when there is a weap on present, or even the perception of a weapon. This is critical as essentially all that we truly see in the world is about a quarter sized are at an arm’s length, which explains exactly why texting and driving is so dangerous. If a person were to look down at their phone while they are driving, then that means they are essentially driving BLIND!

The Structure and Functions of the Brain

The reality is that humans do not see with their eyes, they see with their brains. The eyes are just light sen sors. It is our brains that do the heavy lifting when it comes to visual perception. Most people feel that they see like a movie, fluid, and in sequential order, with a beginning, middle, and end. The reality is that our brains chunk visual information in to parts and pieces, like a jigsaw puzzle, and once the brain has enough of the pieces to get an idea of the picture, it says “good enough” and moves on. This is what cognitive reality, or the “theory of close enough” is, where our brain only needs approximately 60-80% of the available information to derive truth. More often than not, this helps us out, however sometimes it can get us into trouble.

FIGURE 2 - THE TRIUNE BRAIN

According to Maclean (1973) the brain is made up of three main parts which develop starting with the brain stem, onto the cerebel lum, and finally the cerebrum which is the newest and largest part of the brain. CREDIT: Adobe Stock

To better understand this process it is important to know the structures and their functions within the brain. Like the eye the brain is made up of many parts but the main parts of the triune brain are the brain stem, cerebellum, and the cerebrum (Maclean, 1973).

Brain Stem. The brain stem is the oldest part of our brain, developmentally speaking, and it is responsible for autonomic functions. It regulates our breathing, heartbeat, circadian rhythms, and other autonomic functions.

Cerebellum. The cerebellum maintains control over locomotion (movement), gross motor skills, and bal ance.

Cerebrum. The cerebrum is the newest and largest part of the brain where the majority of cognitive tasks take place.

Within the cerebrum is the pre-frontal cortex and the limbic system reside. The pre-frontal cortex (PFC) is the executive thought center where tasks such as critical thinking, planning, speech, fine motor control, and polyphasic skills (multi-tasking) occurs. The limbic system is the survival brain, it only cares about the body’s personal survival and it made up of three main parts. It consists of the hippocampus, hypothalamus, and amygdalae.

Hippocampus. This hippocampus is where memory resides, specifically where short-term working mem ory transitions to long-term memory. An easy way to think of it is the hippocampus is the mental Rolodex. Like the card catalog in the library the hippocampus helps to find useful memories for comparison.

Amygdalae. The amygdalae is the body’s alarm, like a built in ADT system. The amygdalae constantly samples the environment using the senses and sends out 10-50K thousand responses for every input that comes in.

Hypothalamus. The hypothalamus regulates our body temperature based on the environment through sweating. It also provides “warning through heat” by preparing the body for fight or flee, hence the phrase “hot under the collar” for when someone is angry and about to fight.

The “Combat Cocktail”

Once the limbic system becomes engaged in survival mode, the human body reacts by producing chemi cals to stimulate the rest of the body in preparation for fight or flee. These chemicals are call catechol amines and they come from the amino acid tyrosine. These chemicals consist of adrenalin, serotonin, corti sol, and dopamine.

Specifically cortisol is a natural diuretic that prepares the body for flight or flee and speeds up synapse. Dopamine is the reward chemical for the brain and causes repetitive behaviors. Normally, these chemi cals are good for the body and it’s survival. However, too much of these chemicals can be problematic. The biggest issue with an over-abundance of these chemicals it could cause catecholamine toxicity. Cat echolamine Toxicity or the “Combat Cocktail” is the overwhelming effect that they have on the brain and the resulting impact on decision making.

The combat cocktail has a similar effect on the brain that alcohol has. This can slow thinking down and impact decision making. In other words, the combat

cocktail can impact a person’s decision making and cause them to either freeze and fail to act when de cisive action is called for. Conversely, it could cause a person to go “primitive” in survival mode and over-escalate force or go over-the-top because they are “in fear for their life”.

FIGURE 3 - THE INVERTED “U” HYPOTHESIS

Specifically where stress and performance are concerned, it was found that in the complete absence of stress or too much stress has a deleterious (harmful) impacts. In other words the human body has its limitations to how much stress it can handle. CREDIT: Robert Sapolsky

Context & Relevance

There are other considerations for how our brains physiologically and psychologically process informa tion. Our brains are constantly trying to rapidly make sense of our environment. One way is through con text and relevance. The brain compares everything to what is has seen or done via a prototypical or tem plate match.

FIGURE 4 - SUPER GLUE

Without the context of the background super glue is just super glue, it has no real meaning. If you were to find the super glue in side an inmates jail cell does that change the context & relevance of the glue? What are the possible MPCOA and MDCOA implica tions? CREDIT: Adobe Stock

As Moshe Bar (2004) identified, we “see” objects in the real world in contextual scenes. Meaning that if there is not a background to what we are looking at it becomes harder for our brains to quickly figure out the relevance of the objects in the situation. In other words, we compare knowns with the unknowns and

measure them against the baseline. It is important to remember that baseline is usually fluid and constantly changing.

Urban Masking & Social Camouflage

Individuals with nefarious intent and good guys alike use context and relevance to their advantage for sur vival. The “bad guys” may not know the terminology, but they certainly know how to use it to their advan tage to hide in plain sight. A good example of this is urban masking and social camouflage.

Urban Masking. Urban masking is the tools or the items that are used to hide in plain sight. Like and actor wearing a mask.

Social Camouflage. Social camouflage is the be havior or the things that are said in order to hide in plain sight.

*If it appears to be legitimate to the cognitive brain, then it becomes invisible*

FIGURE 5 - FELONY FOREST

The normal baseline the placement of a car air-freshener would be either hanging from the rear-view mirror or on the air vents. In this vehicle there are three that are visible hanging over each of the passenger’s windows. What smells could the driver/passengers be trying to mask?

CREDIT: Lynn Westover

Channel Capacity & Sequencing

Functions in the brain can affect our bandwidth and learning, such as channel capacity and sequencing.

Channel Capacity. Channel capacity is the brain’s ability to multi-task or conduct polyphasic skills. Un der normal conditions the brain is able to process 7 task +/- 1 or 2, and under extreme stress or boredom it drops to 3. This is exactly why you call 911 for a fire and Stop, Drop, and Roll if you are on fire.

Sequencing. Sequencing is how the brain learns through repetition. The brain dislikes divided atten tion and likes for information to be spaced out and linear.

Change Blindness & Adaptation

As discussed in situational awareness there are many factors that can impact a person’s ability to perceive their environment accurately. In many cases it is mis construed that a person “intentionally” drops their pack or doesn’t have the discipline to maintain a high level of situational awareness. However, there are sig nificant processes that take place that attribute to un intentional consequences.

Change Blindness. Change blindness is a phenom enon that occurs within the brain where it fails to reg ister slow, subtle change. A way to better understand this phenomenon is the spider and the fly. When a fly is buzzing around your house it immediately grabs your attention because of the light, motion, edges that its movement and sound causes. Compare that to the spider that slowly builds its web in the doorway of your home. You may walk in and out several times as it builds its web, but you don’t notice it until you walk through the completed web.

Adaptation. Adaptation is how the brain deals with a constantly changing environment. It is a diminishing sensory response that the brain uses to “tune out” what it deems as “non-essential” information. A good example of this is the Glade air freshener commercials where they talk about becoming “nose blind” to dif ferent smells.

Where the problem lies is that change blindness and adaptation combined is where complacency comes from in the cognitive brain.

Airports are notorious for long security lines. But many of the pro cedures that are in place are to prevent the TSA screeners from exceeding their channel capacity and fall victim to sequencing. An example of this taking place was the incident at the Atlanta International Airport on November 20, 2021, where Kenny Wells managed to get his firearm past security before discharging it and ultimately flee from the scene. CREDIT: FOX News

4

THE SIX LAYERS OF HUMAN BEHAVIOR

HOW DO THEY WORK

The six layers of human behavior are exactly that, lay ers. It is important to remember that no one layer is more important than the others. It is also critical to understand that these layers may become apparent in any order. With the six layers it is essential to cluster cues, just like clustering shots on a target before mak ing a windage or elevation adjustment to the sights of a weapon, and the baseline is the zero for the weapon system.

The six layers are how you calibrate and make adjust ments to your observations. There are some general roles throughout the layers. Proxemics, Geographics, and Atmospherics would be considered external in nature. While Biometrics and Kinesics would be con sidered internal to the individual. Heuristics is the umbrella which all the other layers fall under and are compared against each other.

Another consideration about the six layers is that they intertwine and overlap, like the layers of an onion. For example, a school is a geographic habitual area which is determined by the proxemic, atmospheric, and ki nesic behaviors of the students and teachers that pro vide the context and relevance of the school. It is the combination of all of the layers that paints the picture for observation and articulation.

Understanding Heuristics

Heuristics are the general frameworks with which hu mans use to quickly reach solutions (Frimodig, 2022). In other words heuristics are tactical shortcuts, quick evaluative techniques that rely on broad observations (Kahneman, 2011). Anytime you say “it looks like…”, “it seems like…”, or “it appears to be…” you are making a heuristic match. More often than not heuris tics can be helpful, however they are not guaranteed to succeed. Whereas an algorithm is a step-by-step process that is more reliable. An example of a heuristic is the game of charades. If a person playing the game of charades where to “swing” a baseball bat, while they don’t really have a bat or a ball. A person may see just enough of the behavior to quickly compare that action to seeing a baseball game on TV or in person, or playing it them selves to know that they were acting our swinging a bat at a ball. Heuristics can be so strong that a person could tell if it was a person self-pitching, up at bat, or playing cricket. While heuristics are reliable, they can be imperfect.

A good example of this is when Sacramento police officers shot and killed Stephon Clark in his grand mother’s backyard thinking he was pointing a gun at them (Levenson & Park, 2018). The shooting of Ste phon Clark is an example of a bad heuristic, where a pervasive judgment is derived from a illogical pattern of cognition.

When the officers pursuing Clark came around the corner of his grandmothers house they thought that he was pointing a gun at them when in fact it was his cell phone with the light on. This is also an example of how the theory of close enough can cause a bad re sult. By establishing the baseline, clustering cues, and exercising tactical patience when possible, situations like this can be avoided.

Understanding Proxemics

Proxemics is the understanding of interpersonal rela tionships and behavior in relation to distance (Foley & Gentile, 2010). Proxemics can be observed and mea sured between individuals, groups, and items. There are three main parts to proxemics with regard to be havior pattern recognition, proximity negates skill, in terpersonal relations/relationships, and HVI/POI indi cators (high value individual/person of interest).

Proximity Negates Skill. This is the understanding that regardless of an opponents size, skill, or strength, the closer they get proxemically the more dangerous they become. This has to do with reactionary gap or the amount of proxemic distance needed to respond to a threat (Grossi, 2018). This is a simplified expres sion of the Hick’s Hyman Law, which explains how choice and uncertainty impact decision-making (Proc tor & Schneider, 2018). Essentially, the more choices that are available, and the more stimuli that is added, the longer the reaction time.

Interpersonal Relations/Relationships. The more time that is available to observe proxemic cues, the better the understanding of a relationship between two people, a group, or a person and a item. For ex ample, it can be interpreted how well two individu

Heuristics so can be so strong that you may feel your lie is in danger when it is not. Contemporary examples of bad heuristics are the cases of Amadou Diallo, Stephon Clark, and Tamir Rice. CREDIT: Shutterstock

als know each other by how close they are standing next to each other. If you observe a greeting, then it becomes easier. If the two individuals merely shake hands, that could be a first-time meet or business cir cumstance, whereas if they were to hug, then there is more of a significant personal relationship.

FIGURE 2 - THE HERAT HANDSHAKE

Relationship cues can also extend to items or arti facts. For example, if an individual was observed in the parking lot of a bar or restaurant that had their foot on the seat of a motorcycle or the bumper of a car, then they are most probably the owner based on that proxemic behavior.

Proxemic pushes or pulls can also provide relationship information. A proxemic push & pull is body language that either draws others in or pushes them away. A proxemic push occurs when a person or group uses body language to create distance to another person. A proxemic pull occurs people use body language to invite others toward them.

HVI/POI Indicators. With enough sustained obser vation, a HVI (high value individual) or POI (person of interest) can be identified, even within a large group. To easily remember these indicators we use the acro nym M.A.D.E. which is mimicry, adoration, direction, and entourage:

M. Mimicry or isopraxism, is when two people un consciously mirror each other’s body language and behaviors.

A. Adoration is positive or negative affection, ad miration, or respect. Adoration is when a person or a group holds an individual to a higher status.

D. Direction is overt or covert management or guid ance by person to another or to a group of people.

E. Entourage is a group of people attending to or surrounding an important person. This can be as few as one other person, a plus one, and it can also be indicated even if the other person is on a telephone.

Understanding Geographics

The significance of any given location will be under stood through the human behavior associated with that area. Factors that can influence this are topog raphy, climate, flora, and fauna. For example, it is not the sign that indicates a convenience store. It is the behavior of patrons coming in and out with small pur chases or filling their vehicle with fuel that gives the location relevance. Other behaviors observed in geo graphics. These areas can be broken down to three categories; Lines of Drift, Habitual Areas, and Anchor Points.

Natural Lines of Drift. Natural lines of drift are paths of least resistance that humans will use because they require the least amount of effort to travel. A nat ural line of drift is not necessarily the closest path from point A to point B.

Habitual Areas. A habitual area is a geographic lo cation where people feel comfortable coming or go ing without reservation. This behavior is like a 2-way street, like grocery store or a market, people move throughout the area shopping as they please.

FIGURE

3

- NATURAL LINES OF DRIFT, FAMOUS DAVE’S BBQ

Anchor Points. An area where only certain individ uals within a given group or sect would frequent with out reservation. The behavior is like a one-way street.

Understanding Atmospherics

Every location has an atmosphere or “feeling” asso ciated with it. This “mood” is based on the behavior or lack of behavior displayed by the people in that area. Atmospheric shifts can include the presence or absence of ambient noise, animals, people, vehicles, rubble, trash, graffiti, tattoos, or bullet holes.

An atmospheric shift may be the only observable preevent indicator that presents itself in a critical situa tion. Your presence can create an atmospheric shift.

What could be the MPCOA and MDCOA for this interaction based on the proxemics and heuristics? CREDIT: Lynn Westover

The sidewalk and patio for the front entrance of Famous Dave’s BBQ in Portland, Oregon is meant to direct people around the landscaping. People, just like animals, are driven by their four Fs and walk straight through the planter creating a natural line of drift. CREDIT: Lynn Westover

For example, say that you happened to walk into a room after two colleagues just concluded an argu ment.

They may no longer be arguing, but you would iden tify changes in their baseline behavior such as being silent, avoiding eye contact with each other, or red ness in their faces.

Understanding Biometrics

Human beings have physiological characteristics that are measurable and observable. Some of these char acteristics require special equipment or training such as retinal scans, fingerprints, DNA, HGN, facial recog nition, and voice recognition. Others can be observed naked eye such as perspiration, respiratory rate, blink rate, histamines, and pupil dilation. A contemporary example of the use of biometrics within law enforce ment is horizontal gaze nystagmus (HGN) for field so briety tests.

Pupil dilation or constriction can help in the identi fication of central nervous system issues or indicate intoxication or overdose from specific substances. For example narcotic drugs, both legal and illicit, can con strict the pupils. In the case of an overdose the pupils will be pinpoint and do not respond to light (Ameri can Addiction Centers, 2022).

in Oslo, Norway (CNN Wire Staff, 2012). During his trial he maintained that he was justified in his actions and maintained his innocence, even smiling while in court. However, once he was convicted and informed of his 21-year sentence he immediately became angry and emotional.

Understanding Kinesics

Kinesics is body language, the study of movements, gestures, facial expressions, and para-language that is a means of communication (Bell, 2014). Kinesic cues are a-cultural in nature, but culture must always be factored into context. When using Kinesics a clus ter of cues must be established in order to form a reasonable conclusion.

FIGURE 5 - THE LOOK IN HIS EYES

Another useful biometric cue is histamines. A hista mine cross, redness in the face, is indicative of one of three potential stimuli, anger, embarrassment, or physical exertion. Quick recognition of this anomaly can be instrumental in de-escalating a situation. For instance, if an officer is making an initial contact with a civilian and through the course of the contact the individual begins to have a histamine cross, it could mean that they are getting angry. Quick recognition of this cue can provide an officer the time they need to mitigate the situation. Another example of this is Anders Behring Breivik, the Norwegian mass murderer who killed 77 people

Predatory looks and mission focus can allude to a lot, either intent or mental health instability. Maurice Clemmons displayed such a look when he walked into the

in

WA be fore he murdered four Lakewood Police Officers. If you haven’t seen it yet, you will know it when you do. CREDIT: NPR

There are three main areas to look for kinesic cues, the eyes, the hands, and the feet. The eyes are import ant of course, as previously stated, because the pre dominate sensory function that humans use is vision. Therefore, people will look at what is most important to them. The hands and the feet are the furthest ap pendages from the brain and while there is conscious control, there is also unconscious autonomic actions that our hands and feet make.

It is estimated that approximately 60% to 65% of interpersonal communication is through nonverbal cues (Foley & Gentile, 2010). Another way to see how strong kinesics is to consider a scenario where you meet someone for the first time, after the initial meet ing despite the brevity the conversation was, you de termined whether or not you had a positive feeling about the person you met. This is an example of how kinesics shape our decisions and behaviors.

FIGURE 4 - ANDERS BREIVIK CONVICTED OF MURDER

Anders Breivik smiling just before his sentencing and the immedi ate histamine cross, indicating his anger and emotional state after his conviction. CREDIT: Liverpool Echo

Forza Coffee

Lakewood,

5

STUDENT MATERIALS

CRITICAL THINKING QUESTIONS

1. Context and relevance are understood by comparing the with the and measuring them against the .

2. Draw a line to the definition that corresponds with the correct HTMBPR layer:

Heuristics Body Language/Para-language Proxemics

“Tactical Shortcut”, just enough information to draw a reasonable conclusion.

Geographics

Atmospherics

Biometrics

Kinesics

The sights, sounds, smells, the “feel” or “mood” of a person, place, or event.

Proximity negates skill, interpersonal relations, and HVI/POI indicators.

Natural lines of drift, habitual areas, and anchor points.

Physiological responses to external stress or stimuli that are autonomic.

3. Name the three parts of the eye: , , and

4. What is the functional field of view for males and females?

Males

Females

5. The HTMBPR decision making algorithm is: + =

6. In COA development what does MPCOA and MDCOA stand for?

MPCOA

MDCOA

7. Please complete the diagram with the appropriate terms:

8. Draw a line to the corresponding definition for each term:

Social Camouflage

Urban Masking

Channel Capacity

Sequencing

Change Blindness

Adaptation

Polyphaisc skills, multi-tasking, under normal condi tions 7 tasks +/- 1 or 2 and under stress/boredom it drops to 3.

A diminsihing sensory reesponse that occurs in all of the senses. This is how the brain deals with a con stantly changing environment.

How the brain learns through repetition. The does not like divided attention and will make order out of chaos.

The behaviors or statements that are made to hide in plain sight.

A phenomenon in the brain where it fails to register slow subtle change.

The things that are used to hide in plain sight.

9. True or False : The Pre-Frontal Cortex (PFC) is the front portion of the brain. It is the ex ecutive thought center of the brain, and it is responsible for decision making and advanced critical thinking.

10. Limbic System, which is ultimately geared for personal survival, is made up of what three parts? , ,

11. In biometrics, a histamine cross (redness in the face) can be manifested becuase of what three reasons? , ,

12. In kinesics, what are the three main areas to look for kinesic cues? , ,

13. Change blindness and adaptation is where comes from in the cognitive brain.

14. What is catecholamine toxicity and how can it affect decision making?

6

REFERENCE

ADDITIONAL COURSE OFFERINGS

2-Day Basic Course (16-hrs)

This 2-day basic course is the keystone to the HTMBPR program. The students begin with the introduction of HTMBPR. After a comprehensive understanding of human physiology and psychology as it relates to HTMBPR, the students learn about such concepts as; advanced critical thinking, the decision-making algorithm, biases, and the six layers of human behavior.

The curriculum contains group exercises, quiz backs, video practical applications, a written test, and one live scenario. This course comes with instruction, a student book, and upon successful completion of the course, a graduation certifi cate. The price per officer is $325.00*, which includes course registration and student materials.

3-Day Basic Plus Course (24-hrs)

Because of the overwhelming requests for more video practical applications and the addition of scenario-based training, we have created the basic plus course. The first two days are the same as the two-day basic course, the only difference being on day three, there is more student-led video practical application and two more live scenarios. Students will receive a course book and a graduation certificate upon successful completion. The price per officer is $495.00*, which includes course registration and student materials.

3-Day Advanced Course (24-hrs)

This course is the follow-on course for the two-day basic course. The students will begin with a refresher from the twoday basic course, including an in-depth analysis of the six layers. Other advanced topics include the law enforcement multipliers, the seven-step terrorist planning process, and the introduction of more written articulation & report writing.

The last two days will be strictly devoted to video practical application and scenario-based training in the local operation al environment. Successful completion of the 2-day Basic Course, 3-Day Basic Plus, or Surveillance/Countersurveillance Course is a prerequisite. Students will receive a graduation certificate upon successful completion. The price per officer is $545.00*, which includes course registration and student materials.

5-Day Combination Course (40-hrs)

This course is for those who can take the time or want to achieve advanced certification in one shot. This five-day course is the 2-Day Basic Course and 3-Day Advanced Course, wrapped into one 40-hour week. Because of the time freed up from not having to deliver a refresher of the 2-Day Basic Course, students will have the opportunity to delve more deeply into intelligence-based operations and report writing activities. Students will receive a course book and a graduation certificate upon successful completion. The price per officer is $825.00*, which includes course registration and student materials.

Surveillance/Countersurveillance Course (40-hrs)

In this intensive five-day course, students will learn how to identify and analyze behavioral cues associated with surveil lance and countersurveillance and the planning required to execute their own operations. This will include recognizing passive collection measures in static, mobile, and multi-mode operating environments. Whether working as an active special tactics or surveillance team member, a protection detail, or site security, this course uses the informed awareness garnered from the HTMBPR program to detect active adversarial surveillance, recognize countersurveillance, or conduct surveillance operations. Students will receive a course book and a graduation certificate upon successful completion. The price per officer is $1,195.00*, which includes student registration and materials.

Six Layer Concept: Train-the-Trainer (T-3) Course (40-hrs)

Our five-day train-the-trainer course is designed to allow new and experienced trainers to plan, lead, and deliver the Six Layer Concept: 8-hr Workshop. This course gives the agency and their coaches the knowledge, skills, and abilities to conduct in-house training for their personnel, keeping with best practices for adult learning and continuing education. Coaches will have four days of intensive immersion into the curriculum, methodology, and delivery of HTMBPR. On the last day, the cadre will be tested and evaluated in a live-conditions practical of an 8-hr workshop. Successful completion of the 8-hr Workshop, 2-day Basic Course, 3-Day Basic Plus, or Surveillance/Countersurveillance Course is a prerequisite. Students receive an 8-hr master lesson file, slide presentation, instructor notebook, and a graduation certificate upon successful completion. Please call or write for pricing and licensing information.

Six Layer Concept: Basic Instructor Course (96-hrs)

The Six Layer Concept: Basic Instructor Course is most comprehensive and time-intensive course SLC Squared has to offer. This course is designed for the seasoned instructor with ten days of curriculum familiarization, instructional method ology, case-study development, instructor-led breakouts, and a 2-day final evaluation exercise during a conjoined 2-day basic course for live students. Possible candidates selected for this course must have attended and graduated from a 2-Day Basic and a 3-Day Advanced Course or 5-Day Combination Course (basic & advanced). Other contractual prereq uisites are required. This course certifies and licenses instructors to facilitate a 2-day Basic Course. Students receive an 8-hr master lesson file, slide presentation, instructor notebook, and a graduation certificate upon successful completion. Please call or write for pricing and licensing information.

*Prices are subject to change without notice except for prices on previously accepted contracts.

GLOSSARY OF TERMS

Aberrations: This occurs within the lens part of the eye, such as scratches or deformities from the eye being formed. These refrac tive errors can cause images to appear deformed, displaced, or not at all.

Adaptation: This is a functional, cognitive, or behavioral compo nent of the nervous system that solves a particular reproductive problem.

Adoration: When used as a precise keyword, adoration refers to subordinates’ behaviors that show reverence and submissiveness to their leader. It is associated with proxemics.

Adrenaline: A hormone released in the body during stressful situa tions. See Catecholamines.

Amygdalae: Responsible for the processing of memory, decision -making, and emotional reactions. The amygdalae serve as our warning system for danger, our “Cherries and Berries” so to speak, for every stimulus received the amygdalae sends out 10,000 to 50,000 responses.

Anchor Point: An area where only certain individuals frequent with out reservation; individuals outside of the permitted group or sect have reservations about entering such areas.

Anomaly: An anomaly is the presence, absence, or change of something that creates a deviation from the baseline.

Atmospheric Shift: A sudden change to the “feel” of an area, usually indicating danger. Atmospheric shifts are associated with atmospherics.

Atmospherics: One of the six layers of HTMBPR, atmospherics are concerned with the interpretation of environmental mood of an area, including the look, sound, taste, smell, and feel of a location.

Automaticity: Learning a task to the point that it becomes es sentially attention -free or “automatic” (i.e., practicing immediate action drills for a weapon malfunction repetitively, so it does not require thinking to apply them when under stress). See Muscle Memory.

Autonomic: Acting or occurring involuntarily, within the human body these are functions such as the heart rate, digestion, respira tory rate, pupillary response, urination, and sexual arousal.

B.A.D. (B + A = D): This is the decision -making algorithm used by HTMBPR. An officer must first establish the baseline of the human terrain. Then, the officer proactively searches for anomalies. Once the officer comes to a cluster of three or more anomalies, the offi cer MUST make a decision.

Baseline: This is a basis for comparison and a reference point against which other things can be evaluated. Baseline develop ment starts with an initial set of critical observations, or data, used to establish the norm of person or place. Baselines are fluid and dynamic and culture MUST be factored into baseline development.

Biometrics: One of the six layers of HTMBPR, biometrics are con cerned with the interpretation of physiological reactions which are autonomic instinctive unlearned reactions to a stimulus.

Blind Spots: This is a phenomenon that occurs because of the op tic nerve bundle. In the retina of the eye, the optic disk is where all the nerves connect to the optic nerve. Because of this, there are no photoreceptors in this area (cones and rods) and therefore the light image that impacts that part of the eye does not register, causing a blind spot. Because the brain has to form a complete picture it will fill this blind spot in with the surrounding information. See Perceptual Fill.

Bling: Slang term for extravagant or flashy jewelry, it is broadly used to describe ostentatious or expensive possessions that de note or indicate wealth or status. Symbols and iconography can also be incorporated into bling.

Blushing: Developing a ruddy appearance, or red face, due to em barrassment, shame, or emotional upset. Blushing is a biometric cue.

BMNT: The Beginning of Morning Nautical Twilight, which is the time when the Earth’s atmosphere is illuminated just prior to Sun rise, which causes Mesopic lighting conditions (see Mesopic Vision).

BOLO: BOLO stands for the phrase “be on the lookout” which is a bulletin that usually includes details about a crime suspect, such as estimated age, race, height, and weight. They might also give vehicle and clothing descriptions to officers when these things are known and are applicable (also known as APB or All -Points Bulle tin).

Bottom-Up Processing: Perceiving stimuli through the sensory systems. In contrast to top -down processing, bottom -up process ing is not affected by the brain’s preconceived expectations.

Brain Stem: The brain stem (also Brainstem or Medulla Oblongata) regulates cardiac and respiratory functions for the body as well as the central nervous system. This central nervous system is key to maintaining consciousness, regulation of sleep, heart rate, breath ing, blinking, and eating (also known as circadian rhythms).

Catecholamines: Chemicals produced from the amino acid Tyro sine that prepares the body for the four “F”s. These chemicals or hormones consist of but are not limited to epinephrine, norepi nephrine, serotonin, nor -serotonin, adrenalin, cortisol, and dopa mine.

Cerebellum: The cerebellum is Latin for “little brain” or “mid -brain”, that is responsible for coordination, balance, and gross motor control.

Cerebrum: The cerebrum is Latin for “brain” and it is the newest (evolutionarily) and largest part of the brain. It is where thought, decision -making, perception, thought, judgment, and imagination occurs.

Cerebral Cortex: An evolved part of the human brain, responsible for conscious experience, perception, thought, and planning.

Change Blindness: These are slow subtle changes in the environ ment that can often be missed. Humans are blind to change when their attention is focused, either visually or mentally (for example through top -down processing).

Channelization: These are environmental features that funnel or guide movement through a geographical area. Channelization is associated with the geographics domain.

Channel Capacity: The maximum data rate that can be attained or maintained by the brain; channel capacity for an average human being is typically 7 tasks ± 1 or 2, unless under stress, which it then drops to approximately 3 (i.e. Calling 911 or Stop/Drop/Roll).

Chunking: A mental grouping; experts appear to process more in formation at a time because they use top-down processing and mental file -folders to chunk (cluster) bits of information together.

Cognitive Bias: This is a systematic error in thinking that affects the judgments and decisions that people make.

Cognitive Illusion: This occurs when the brain makes (incorrect) unconscious inferences. In general, they can only be overcome through experience and training.

Cognitive Load: The load on the information -processing system, especially working memory. Since working memory is limited by size and duration, humans can only process a certain amount of information at a given time.

Cognitive Reality: The act, process, or product of perceiving an event, entity, or state of affairs that has a quality or state of being real based on the observer’s perception.

Combat Cocktail: When extremely high levels of catecholamines occur in central nervous system trauma due to a Non -standard Observation or extreme stress event. This can cause poor decision making or the inability to function (freeze) similar to effects of alco hol on the brain. See Catecholamine Toxicity.

Common Tactical Picture: (also Common Operational Picture) An accurate and complete display of relevant tactical data that inte grates tactical information from the multi -tactical data link network, ground network, intelligence network, and sensor networks.

Cone Cells: Eye cells located in the central portion of the retina, which is used for day-time vision (photopic vision), distinguishing color, and sharp contrast.

Context and Relevance: The background, setting, or situation sur rounding an event, and the meaning or importance of something in relation to the context. This is understood by comparing what is known against what is unknown and measuring that against the baseline. It is important to note that Culture is Context.

Cooper’s Color Code: Cooper’s Color Code is a system for de scribing the levels of awareness.

Cornea: The clear covering over the pupil; this portion of the eye bends most of the light rays to focus and it ensures that nothing enters the pupil.

Cortisol: This catecholamine is a natural diuretic that is most com monly associated with the flight/flee response, or in combination with other catecholamines causing a “Combat Cocktail”.

Counterinsurgency (COIN): Comprehensive civilian and military efforts taken to simultaneously defeat and contain insurgency and address its core grievances.

Dead Space: This is space that is unobservable due to one’s per spective and location (i.e. the other side of a building or hilltop). The only way to capture this is to have an overhead view of the area, physically move to change perspective, and/or to have an other individual positioned to relay information about that space.

Demographic: An overt, population characteristic of a person, such as race, age, income, or educational attainment.

Detailed Search: A visual search technique using the overlapping strip method to carefully scan from near to far.

Direction: Referred to within Proxemics, this is a Kinesic cue or ob servation that suggests the authoritative order or command that manages or guides someone or something either overtly or covert ly. (see M.A.D.E.).

Dissemination (Intelligence Cycle): During this phase of the intel ligence cycle, personnel collect information and communicate it to the command element.

Divided Attention: Dividing one’s attentional processing between more than one task.

Dopamine: This catecholamine is a “feel good” chemical that is in duced as a reward to the brain that will cause repetitive behaviors.

EENT: The End of Evening Nautical Twilight, which is the time when the Earth’s atmosphere is illuminated just after Sunset, which caus es Mesopic lighting conditions (see Mesopic Vision).

Effective & Efficient Communication: This is the process used to speed up communication by passing more accurate BOLO infor mation, ensuring that information flows not just laterally but and down the chain of command, and by having redundant means of communication (P.A.C.E. plan). The three main parts are; “What do I know?”, “Who needs to know?” and “Have I told them yet?”.

Emotion–Memory Link: See Memory–Emotion Link.

Endorphins: Naturally occurring opium -like chemicals in the brain and nervous system that are released to relieve pain.

Entourage: One or more people following in a beta position to another. Entourage is a proxemics cue.

Ethical: The decision conforms to a standard of what is implied, established, sanctioned, or accepted as notions of right and wrong (this is associated with a group, family, community, organization, unit, or department).

Explicit Bias: These biases reflect attitudes or beliefs that one en dorses at a conscious level (common examples are prejudice and racism).

Explicit Knowledge: Explicit knowledge can be written down, transmitted, and understood by others—basic facts and formulas.

Flushing: Developing an extremely ruddy appearance across the face and body. Flushing is a biometric signal.

Focus Lock: An observational challenge in which the observer be comes fixated on an object. To prevent this, it is important to main tain peripheral vision.

Focused Attention: Attention directed solely to a specific stimulus.

Four “F”s: The four main areas of concern for the Limbic System that drives human beings to feed, fight, fornicate, and/or flee. These “Four F’s” occur on an unconscious level and are autonomic or built-in.

Fovea Centralis: This is a small depression in the retina located in the center of the macula where visual acuity is it’s best. This is where the center of the Functional Field of View is focused on the densely packed Cone cells. The sharp central vision used to read comes from this portion of the eye.

Functional Field of View: The actual area of light information that our eyes and brains actually perceive is measured angularly. It is different from person to person, but on average, it is 6° for Males and 11° for Females.

Geographic Profiles: The necessary or preferred landscape fea tures associated with a particular person, group, or type of activity. Geographic profiles are related to the geographics layer.

Geographics: One of the six layers of HTMBPR, geographics is the study of the physical geography, weather, and human terrain of an area, as well as the interpretation of the relationship or interaction between people and their physical surrounding (see Natural Lines of Drift, Habitual Areas, and Anchor Points).

Geometries: One of the five law enforcement multipliers, geome tries of fire, observation, and communication should be employed using a P.A.C.E. plan. Interlocking geometries ensure that person nel can cover the seams and gaps of their operational area.

Good Shepherd: One of the five law enforcement multipliers, good shepherds, build trusted networks, with local allies, commu nity leaders, local security forces, NGOs, and even within their own teams.

Guardian Angel: One of the five law enforcement multipliers, these are the alert officers (at least in buddy teams), placed in a co vert position that protects their units: -using an ambush mentality, unseen by potential criminals/suspects, watching over their units.

Habitual Area: An area where most individuals within a given group or sect would frequent without reservations. Habitual areas are related to geographics.

Hard Target: A person, unit, or vehicle that is protected against attack. The opposite of a hard target is a soft target.

Heuristics: One of the six layers of HTMBPR, heuristics are rapid methods of mentally imprinting, and labeling observed behaviors. They are “tactical shortcuts” for the brain.

Hippocampus: This portion of the limbic system is responsible for the transfer of short-term memory to long-term memory, as well as spatial memory that enables navigation.

Histamines: Natural body chemicals that trigger an inflammatory response. Histamines are related to the biometrics layer.

Histamine Cross: Blushing in the face that indicates anger, em barrassment, or physical exertion. A histamine cross is a biometric indicator.

HTMBPR: The process of identifying behavioral cues, synthesizing them into a meaningful pattern, and then making sense of that pat tern, ideally, left-of-bang. Once a conclusion is made, using that decision to act, and then using the previously observed cues to substantiate those decisions using artifacts and evidence that coalign within a legal, moral, and ethical framework that works in con junction with SOPs, TTPs, and UOF/EOF/Deadly Force continuums.

HUMINT: “Human Intelligence,” it refers to gathering intelligence through interpersonal contact.

HVI: High-value individual/s who garner some form of power, lead ership, significance, or importance, whether formal or informal. See POI.

Hypothalamus: This portion of the Limbic System controls a variety of functions within the body. Most notably, it controls temperature regulation in which the brain uses to provide “warning through heat.”

Iconography: The traditional or conventional images or symbols associated with a subject and especially a religious or legendary subject. Also, the imagery or symbolism of a depiction, design, works of art, an artist, or a body of art.

Ideology: A person’s worldview, ideologies are the ideals, goals, and expectations that guide actions. Ideologies can be political, cultural, or religious.

Implicit Bias: This is the bias in judgment and/or behavior that re sults from subtle cognitive processes that often operate at a level below conscious awareness and without intentional control. These biases are flexible and can change with one’s perspective, motive, or environment.

Iris: This is a thin circular structure within the eye that is responsi ble for controlling the size and diameter of the pupil, which then controls the amount of light that is allowed into the eye to interact with the retina. It is a sphincter muscle that acts like the aperture of a camera.

Isopraxism: The impulsive tendency to mirror the actions of others. See Mimicry.

Kinesics: One of the six layers of HTMBPR, kinesics, involves inter pretation of body language, gestures, paralanguage, facial expres sions, and other nonverbal cues.

KOCOA: An acronym used to remember high priority terrain fea tures: Key terrain features, Observation points, Cover, Conceal ment, Obstacles, and Avenues of approach.

Law Enforcement Multipliers: A supporting means that signifi cantly increase the relative effectiveness of an individual or unit while actual force ratios remain constant (see Tactical Cunning, Tac tical Patience, Geometries, Guardian Angel, and Good Shepherd).

Left -of -Bang: This is the ability to observe pre -event indicators PRIOR to a life -changing event taking place with enough time or distance to make proactive decisions.

Legal: This is the letter of the law (federal, state, or municipal), including department policy & procedure, as well as the spirit of the law.

Lexicon: Vocabulary of a person, language, or branch of knowl edge.

Limbic System: The limbic system is a complex set of structures that combine higher -level functions and primitive emotions within one system. The functions the parts of the limbic system are re sponsible for ultimately are geared for the survival of the body (see Four “F”s).

Long-Term Memory: The theoretically unlimited information stor age center of the brain.

Macula: The small oval -shaped and pigmented spot in the center of the retina where the structures are specialized for high acuity central vision.

MDCOA: Most Dangerous Course of Action, this is the most dan gerous outcome based on observed cues and previously experi enced similar conditions.

Memory–Emotion Link: Associating an emotional response to something that is learned (i.e., a memory).

Mental File-Folder: A set of knowledge and experience about something that is stored in memory. An organized cluster of pre -conceived ideas, associated behaviors, and contextual informa tion. Formally called a schema.

Mental Simulation: Also referred to as “Train the Brain.” The pro cess of imagining how one’s predictions about a scene may play -out.

Mimicry: When used as a precise keyword, mimicry refers to a per son mirroring the body language or kinesics of another. It is associ ated with the proxemics layer of HTMBPR. See Isopraxism.

Mnemonics: Mental tricks that aid memory and retention.

Monocular Vision: Objects seen with only the left or right eye; monocular visions only sees in two dimensions.

Moral: The principles of right and wrong based on one’s own per spective, beliefs, or upbringing that are taken into consideration.

MPCOA: Most Probable Course of Action, this is the most likely outcome based on observed cues and previously experienced sim ilar conditions.

Muscle Memory: See Automaticity.

Natural Lines of Drift: Referred to within Geographics, these are paths of least resistance or routes that are used repeatedly. They become observable and predictable pathways through obstacles that provide evidence of how animals or people interact within the geographic space.

Negative Space: This refers to the space surrounding the subject or main focus of a picture, also known as the background. This is the absence of mass or empty space. When the eye and the brain use perceptual fill, it fills in using the associated negative space, which can be dangerous.

Neuroplasticity: This is an umbrella term for the brain’s malleable ability to reorganize itself physically and functionally due to be havior, emotions, thinking, and environment. One can effectively “re -wire” their brain through the use of memory-emotion links, practice, and repetition. This is best accomplished by making new information “sticky.”

Nomenclature: The devising or choosing of names for things, es pecially in a science or other discipline.

Nystagmus: This is involuntary eye movement that is typically caused by the ingestion of alcohol or drugs. Nystagmus is a bio metric cue.

OBE: Overwhelmed by events. This occurs when a non -standard observation takes place, and a person is so shocked by the expe rience that they “freeze” and may also be subject to the effects of a Combat Cocktail.

OODA -Loop: This is the decision cycle to observe, orient, decide, and act, developed by military strategist and Colonel John Boyd USAF.

Over-watch: A tactical technique in which one element is located in a position of cover, so as to support another element by provid ing observation, cover fire, or other security protections.

Pavlovian Effect: Also known as classical conditioning, this occurs when a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stim ulus. Usually, the conditioned stimulus is a neutral stimulus, the un conditioned stimulus is biologically potent, and the unconditioned response to the unconditioned stimulus is an unlearned reflex re sponse. After pairing is repeated (some learning may occur after only one pairing), a conditioned response is exhibited to the condi tioned stimulus when the conditioned stimulus is presented alone (e.g., The behavior of children when the jingle of an ice cream truck or the sound of its engine is heard in the neighborhood).

Perception: The cognitive process by which sensory information is organized and interpreted to produce a meaningful experience of the world. Also, the first level of situational awareness is called perception. See Situational Awareness.

Perceptual Fill: Rather than perceiving holes in our vision, the hu man brain “fills -in” portions of the visual scene that are masked by the eye’s natural blind spot. (Also referred to as Visual Fill).

Photopic Vision: This is a bright light or daylight condition where the cone cells have reached full adaptation. It usually takes about 5 minutes for the cone cells to become engaged.

POI: Person of Interest, referred to within Proxemics using the M.A.D.E. acronym.

Positive Space: This refers to the subject or focus of a picture, also known as the foreground, and the human eye is naturally attracted to it. This is anything that has mass or physically takes up space. People are inclined to look from positive space to positive space.

Precipitating Event: An action or activity that brings about a cer tain outcome; the cause. When identified before a critical event, precipitating events are pre -event indicators.

Pre-Event Indicators: An observable cue that suggests a certain future event will occur.

Pre-frontal Cortex (PFC): The pre -frontal cortex (also the frontal lobe or forebrain) is responsible for executive thought, problem -solving, processing complex thoughts, and causing emotions. Be sides distinguishing between right and wrong or predicting future outcomes, the PFC regulates social filters and repression of social ly inappropriate behaviors. Other executive functions include fine motor control, speech, and poly -phasic skills.

Prototype: An original form or instance of something that serves as a typical example for items of the same category.

Prototypical Matching: Regarding decision-making, a prototypi cal match is a “close enough” match based-on a prototype.

Proxemic Push & Pull: Body language that either draws -in or pushes -away others. A proxemic push occurs when a person or group uses body language to create distance to another person. A proxemic pull occurs people use body language to invite others toward them. Both are associated with the proxemics domain.

Proxemics: One of the six layers of HTMBPR, proxemics, involves the interpretations of spatial relationships in order to determine the dynamics of human interactions. Proxemics is the act of betraying affiliations through the dynamics of proximal space.

Pupil: This is the “hole” in the eye that allows light to pass through the lens in the eye, which then strikes the retina to excite cells in the eye that transmit electrical impulses to the brain.

Pupil Dilation: A physiological response in which the eye’s pupil varies in size. It can have a variety of causes, from reaction to light to narcotics use or observation of an attractive person/item. Pupil dilation is relative to the iris muscle, and it is associated with the biometrics layer.

Retina: The area along the back of the eye that contains two types of light receptors (see cone cells & rod cells) for vision.

Rhythm: A stimulus, such as a musical beat or footprint, that recurs at regular intervals. Nature has its own rhythm, but usually without regularity. Something in nature that is spaced at regular intervals will stand out as an anomaly from the natural state of the environ ment.

Right-of-Bang: The time frame following a critical incident. Actions that occur right -of -bang are generally reactive. SOPs and TTPs are typically considered “Right-of-Bang.”

Rod Cells: Eye cells located peripheral to the cone cells, which are used for night vision and peripheral vision; they do not see color but are attracted to motion.

Rubble: Broken fragments of materials resulting from the decay or destruction of a building or buildings.

Rule of Three: This “rule” reminds personnel that in most cases, a single cue is not enough evidence upon which to make a deci sion—unless that cue is substantial (e.g., an immediate threat to a person)—however, once three cues or anomalies have been de tected, a decision must be made.

Schema: See Mental File-Folder.

Sclera: This part of the eye is commonly known as the “white of the eye.” The sclera aids humans with non -verbal communications and identification of the Functional Field of View.

Scotopic Vision: This is low light, no light, or dim condition where the rod cells have reached full adaptation. It takes the average per son approximately 30 minutes to reach nighttime adaption

Second-Order Effects: The reaction to (or effects of) a first -order effect. The secondary or downstream outcome of an incident.

Sense-Making: A process in which a person or team engages in an effort to understand perceived cues, interpret their relationships, and anticipate the trajectory of a situation. In other words, sense -making is the ongoing process of giving meaning to one’s expe riences.

Sensory Systems: The physiological systems used to perceive the world: sight, sound, smell, touch, and taste.

Sequencing: Sequencing occurs when the brain creates a group ing or anticipates a pattern based upon a sequence of observed cues; these perceived groupings or patterns may be accurate or inaccurate. Sequencing usually begins to take place in the seventh instance of a cue.

Situational Awareness (SA): An individual’s overall understanding of the operational environment, including the time and location of key components, comprehension of their meaning, and a projec tion of their status in the near future. In other words, SA is an inter nal understanding and integration of the perceived stimuli.

Social Camouflage: Things that are said or behaviors that are dis played in an effort to blend into the baseline or hide in plain sight (Keywords “Something I say or do to hide in plain sight”).

Soft Target: See Hard Target.

Sticky Messages: Simple, concrete, messages or “touchstones” that have an emotional appeal and include compelling storylines (see Neuroplasticity).

Substantiating Evidence: Evidence that is inconclusive by itself, but when considered with other evidence, helps “build a case.”

Sustained Observation: Expanding conscious energy to observe an area or people over time to develop the baseline.

Tacit Knowledge: Knowledge gained through hands-on practical experience that cannot be written down or easily transmitted. See also Explicit Knowledge.

Tactical Cunning: One of the five law enforcement multipliers, tac tical cunning, is the art of “getting into the mind of your adver sary,” anticipating how they view you and then employing clever and crafty way to out-think and out -adapt the adversary.

Tactical Patience: One of the five law enforcement multipliers, tactical patience, is the manipulation of the operational tempo in order to obtain the most advantageous situation.

Tactical Shortcut: See Heuristics.

Template: A design or pattern that guides the design or construc tion of identical items. In other words, a template is an exact spec ification.

Template Matching: In decision-making, a template match is an exact match of a person, place, or item.

Theory of Close Enough: Because of the brain’s need to make order out of chaos, it will heuristically simplify its perceptions. This can be dangerous when limitations or issues occur, such as percep tual fill, “bad” heuristics, or biases occur that can cause an officer to make an inaccurate decision based on their cognitive reality.

Third-Order Effects: The reaction to (or effective of) a second -or der effect. The tertiary or far downstream outcome of an incident. See Second -Order Effects.

Top-Down Processing: The influence of contextual effects on what is perceived. Contextual effects can include emotions, expecta tions, motivation, culture, and experiences.

Urban Masking: Items or artifacts that are used to disguise or mask a person, group, object, or activities in an environment. Actively at tempting to blend into the baseline or hide in plain sight (Keywords “Something I use to hide in plain sight”).

Working Memory: Also called “short -term memory,” working memory handles the interim processing of incoming information. Information in working memory is stored for only a few seconds un less it is rehearsed, and it is limited by the brain’s channel capacity.

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