FRIDA GIANNINI

ROCK & LOVE

Interview with Frida Giannini by Corrado Rizza

CORRADO Where does your love of rock come from?

FRIDA As I already mentioned in my introduction, my love of rock comes from my uncle Daniele Vellani, my mother’s brother. He was a successful DJ in the 1980s, and he passed on to me a love of music in general. I also inherited from him a passion for LPs, especially those by David Bowie, of whom I am a superfan. In my imagination, Bowie has always been a figure of reference, and from a musical point of view, as I grew older I became enthralled with rock and pop. I started buying books, reading the biographies of other singers, too, or of groups like the Rolling Stones, and of musicians who were around in that period.

C. Was it a marvelous time in London?

F. It was a fantastic time, because there was an absolute revolution in style and fashion, and from a musical point of view as well. It was all very experimental because we were coming from the 1960s, from the Beatles, the touchstone of the revolt of the young and of the musical turnaround in terms of modernity. Eighteen-year-old Bowie was dying to make it big, wear makeup, go beyond music, in a “swinging” London that was actually a revolt against British conformist and conservative society.

C. What can you tell me about fashion during that magical time in London?

F. The air was buzzing. There was Twiggy, the first mini-fashion model with very short hair and incredibly thin, totally competing with French models or the statuesque Jane Shrimpton, David Bailey’s muse. Thanks to Antonioni and a grand Vanessa Redgrave, Shrimpton had a part in Blow-Up (she was an inspiring muse), released in 1966. There were the Beatles, of course, and The Who were already famous. The Stones were becoming stars, and there were Zandra Rhodes, Biba, Ossie Clark—my favorites with their extravagant creations—and Malcolm McLaren, who in those years was one of the first to turn the spotlight on Central Saint Martins and who laid the foundations to then become the precursor of the Sex Pistols and of punk rock in the 1970s along with the person who would later become Vivienne Westwood. They then invented vogueing (on which Madonna rebuilt a whole world . ). In short, what more fertile terrain could there be for the ambitions of the young Bowie? From that point onward, thanks to David Bowie, another world opened up. His style was so unique and special that it will always be recognizable. As I grew older, I bought photos and old books about him. Then I bought the original cover of Diamond Dogs photographed by Terry O’Neill in 1974, and wherever I find myself living I always have all my records and my pictures with me. David Bowie is in my heart—so much so that, to give you an idea of my passion for him (a passion that all my friends and acquaintances know about), when he died I was in Barcelona, and I received a series of phone calls of condolences as if he were a close relative of mine! For me it was truly a day of mourning. I cried alone. It was as if I had always known him. Unfortunately, I have met lots of people in music—almost all of them—but I never had the chance to meet him.

C. Was it because he was a man who fell to Earth, a Martian, that made it hard to meet him? F. He was a Martian in every sense. He was such an innovative Martian that he was the man who came from Mars. Actually, this was also true of the way he lived. He drank milk and ate raw peppers—that was his diet so he could stay thin. It was his diet for years, also because he could swap clothing with his first wife, Angie. He was a borderline anorexic because he had some issues with substance abuse that were associated with these crazy obsessions. He even ended up weighing 108 pounds.

CHIME FOR CHANGE PATRONS, FRIDA GIANNINI AND BEYONCÉ KNOWLES-CARTER, SOUND OF CHANGE LIVE CONCERT, TWICKENHAM STADIUM, LONDON, 2013

FRIDA GIANNINI AND JAY-Z, ROC NATION PRE-GRAMMY BRUNCH, 2011

FROM LEFT: FRIDA GIANNINI, BIANCA BRANDOLINI D’ADDA, GAEL GARCIA BERNAL, LAPO ELKANN, AND PHARRELL WILLIAMS ATTEND THE VANITY FAIR AND GUCCI PARTY HONORING

MARTIN SCORSESE DURING THE 63RD ANNUAL CANNES FILM FESTIVAL AT THE HOTEL DU CAP EDEN ROC, CANNES, 2010

I was also drawn to his tapered, athletic figure, like that of a cat. There were moments when his thinness was truly exaggerated, almost sick-looking, but his hollowed-out face, his differently colored eyes, were totally unique. He was unique in the way he dressed, in the way he moved. He had that chic look in the craziest moments in his life and in the most incredible costumes he wore during his performances. And he had an inborn elegance that others have never had, even though he came from one of the poorest suburbs in England. When he became the famous White Duke, I felt the name was most fitting. David Bowie will always be the White Duke. The name David Bowie is also actually a soubriquet (one of many) of this singing chameleon. His real name was David Robert Jones. You might think you’ve heard it before. Which is the same reason why Bowie decided to change his name. Robert David Jones, better known as Davy Jones, was the leader of The Monkees, a famous pop rock group founded in 1965 in Los Angeles. The risk of not being recognizable and unique enough was not acceptable for someone like the White Duke. But besides this, his aesthetic sense was essential, and I’d like to go back to that and say more about it because my thesis at the Academy was about him, an experience that was helpful to me all the way to starting my career. What fascinated me the most was the uniqueness of his voice, the fact that he went against the tide. There have been different David Bowies but always with the same traits and an inimitable voice. You can listen to a thousand tracks of his, but his voice will always have that intense depth. In the performance he did for the Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert singing “Under Pressure,” his voice attracted all the attention and the audience was completely overpowered. I was still too young to know who he was. When I finally did manage to see him perform in Rome, he was getting on in years, and he had some health issues. I was also disappointed because the way the concert was organized was completely wrong. The tickets were really expensive and an artist like him must have suffered to see that the arena was half empty . . .

“BOWIE’S SONGS WERE UNIQUE. HE WAS INCREDIBLY GLAMOROUS, LIKE NO ONE EVER BEFORE OR AFTER HIM.”

C. I actually saw him in 1987 in Rome with Daniele. But getting back to the tribute to Freddie Mercury F. He was wearing a turquoise suit and Annie Lennox had a painted black mask around her eyes and a huge, dramatic, black tulle skirt. They performed the finale together. It was enough to give you goose bumps. That was a very high moment that I love to watch even today. The way he moved, his voice was unique, strong, like Annie Lennox’s. It was one of the most memorable moments in my life. But getting back to my fascination with him and his aesthetic sense, and to all that Bowie meant to me, besides the value of his music, there are some songs that I find to be the most beautiful ones ever written, like “Heroes,” “Life on Mars?,” songs I can lip-sync because I know every single word by heart, and they bring back fond memories (for example about Daniele). They’re songs that make you dream and really look toward the universe. This genre of music is known as Glam Rock. Bowie’s songs were unique. He was incredibly glamorous, like no one ever before or after him. He sewed his clothes himself. He would buy the most bizarre accessories on Portobello Road. He dyed his own hair. He was a totally self-made man. Sometimes he’d wear women’s boots. He had a very feminine body, an androgynous one that was new for those days. This was followed by all the imitations, and today it’s almost normal. I’d say that sometimes it’s even boring now.

The brilliant thing about David Bowie is that he was the one who thought of these things, he was the one who did these things first: his famous makeup with a lightning bolt—that was his work. His other makeup with a gold circle on his forehead—he invented that, too. For my fortieth birthday I was pregnant and the theme was gold so I painted a star over my eye in David Bowie style. He was 100 percent creative, because he was also someone who knew how to draw: he made some amazing paintings.

FROM LEFT: CAMILLA BELLE, MARY J. BLIGE, MARC ANTHONY, FRIDA GIANNINI, AND JENNIFER

LOPEZ ATTEND THE FIRST ANNUAL UNICEF WOMEN OF COMPASSION LUNCH, LOS ANGELES, 2011

GUCCI A/W 2009–2010, MILAN FASHION WEEK

FRIDA GIANNINI AND STING ATTEND THE LACMA ART + FILM GALA HONORING MARTIN SCORSESE AND DAVID HOCKNEY, LOS ANGELES, 2013

FRIDA’S MUSIC ROOM, ROME, 2021

DAVID BOWIE WITH DYED RED HAIR AND A MUSTARD YELLOW SUIT

DESIGNED BY FREDDIE BURRETTI, LOS ANGELES, CIRCA 1974

With the eye of an expert he collected bizarre objects. He was very curious. There’s a wonderful interview with him in 1999 by the BBC where he predicts the future of the Internet and social media. He predicts their advantages and their limits. It was one of his rare TV interviews. Not much was known about his private life. We know he loved his wife Angie, even though they broke up suddenly, but we also know that he had some major love affairs with men, and this was proven by some of his fellow artists and singers. In some biographies he seems to confirm it himself. And I believe that his alter ego—with his greater appeal—was Mick Jagger! Angie was jealous of him because she was never invited into their menage.

C. His bisexuality was rather out in the open.

F. Yes, but there again it was the first time that bisexuality was exhibited in such a natural way. Imagine what the UK was like in the late 1960s!

C. What emerges—during my interviews of people close to him, I’m talking about musicians I have interviewed, about Gail Ann Dorsey, the American bass guitarist who worked with him for several years—above all is the Artist.

Do you think they had an intimate relationship, but that maybe this kind of confidence didn’t really exist with him?

F. His private life was very reserved. We know very little about his illness, for instance, and, unfortunately, I didn’t have the chance to meet him personally. It seems that his assistant, Coco Schwab, never abandoned him, and vice versa. I think he carefully chose who was on stage with him.

“BOWIE SEWED HIS CLOTHES HIMSELF. HE WOULD BUY THE MOST BIZARRE ACCESSORIES ON PORTOBELLO ROAD. HE DYED HIS OWN HAIR. HE WAS A TOTALLY SELF-MADE MAN.”

C. That may be the reason why he moved to Woodstock, a place that allows stars to live their lives privately, without people stopping you on the street.

F. You mention Woodstock . . . Today, the idea of Coachella makes me grin, because they were taking more pictures of the Victoria’s Secret Angels disguised as hippies than of the new and emerging Indie bands.

C. But also the DJs themselves.

F. Forget about today’s DJs: they act like fashion designers, or at least they try to! In those days, in 1969, it was a time of total revolution in style, mental freedom, and Bowie was an example of all this, to the extent that we all remember the jumpsuits, the turquoise suits with bell bottoms, his fitted jacket with a striped tie, and his red hair, short in the front and long at the back. There’s also the Yamamoto period, which was the only collaboration he did, the first and last. For my thesis at the Academy, I talked about David Bowie the whole time, and I said that for me he set an example, because he invented and created his own look. At a certain point he found Yamamoto to be an interesting partner, but I’m sure it was a mutual collaboration. I’m sure that David designed what he wanted together with Yamamoto. In one biography I learned that his famous Lurex jumpsuit became iconic because before going on stage he cut one of the legs.

C. Because he never met Frida Giannini. This is quintessential Frida!

F. Yes, this is quintessential Frida, Corrado.

FRIDA GIANNINI AND FLORENCE WELCH ATTEND

THE PRIVATE SCREENING OF JAMES FRANCO’S DOCUMENTARY

FILM THE DIRECTOR: AN EVOLUTION IN THREE ACTS , COHOSTED BY GUCCI AND VOGUE FRANCE, HAUTE COUTURE S/S 2014, HOTEL ROYAL, PARIS FASHION WEEK

GUCCI S/S 2014, MILAN FASHION WEEK

FRIDA GIANNINI AND SIR MICK JAGGER ATTEND THE HARPER’S BAZAAR WOMEN OF THE YEAR AWARDS, CLARIDGE’S HOTEL, LONDON, 2013

GUCCI A/W 2006–2007, MILAN FASHION WEEK

BRYAN FERRY AND FRIDA GIANNINI AT RONNIE SCOTT’S, LONDON, 2010

C. Was there a moment when you made a professional choice while thinking of him?

F. I designed a collection called glam rock. It’s a collection inspired by Bowie. On my mood boards there were only photos of David Bowie. I made the famous two-piece blue suit with boots and platform heels and a tie and red hair completely gold, the outfits with diagonal stripes. His elegant rock, his glam rock, his being both chic and extreme. He was incredibly ingenious. And there isn’t a single one of David Bowie’s looks that we don’t all remember. Not just in the imagination of a creative person who is also inspired by his work. But there’s no comparison. I love all kinds of music. I’ve never been a snob when it comes to music.

C. But Bowie is Bowie.

F. I have a beautiful picture of Mick Jagger that I look at now and again. I had my hand over my heart because I thought I’d have a heart attack. There are legends that will always be legends. Part of Johnny Depp’s look has always been his unique scarves, rings—he was inspired by Keith Richards from the Rolling Stones. Led Zeppelin and Robert Plant represented how to dress in the 1970s. Plant was an amazing performer. I saw this with other artists like Jim Morrison rather than Jimi Hendrix, but David Bowie’s uniqueness led me to encourage the company I was working for at the time to sponsor and allow me to devote myself to this exhibition.

C. Tell me about the exhibition.

F. Everyone knew he wasn’t well. I was contacted by the communications department and by the curator of the show, Victoria Brooks. She wanted to talk to me about what David’s worlds meant to me. She interpreted them in an amazing way because there’s a path that accompanies you, how his look was born, how “Life on Mars?” or “Space Oddity” came to be. I knew I had seen something, but not that

“I DESIGNED A COLLECTION CALLED GLAM ROCK. IT’S A COLLECTION INSPIRED BY BOWIE. ON MY MOOD BOARDS THERE WERE ONLY PHOTOS OF DAVID BOWIE.”

much, his wonderful drawings, his self-portraits, works by Basquiat. I found a lot of material, images of his private life rather than his collections, hobbies, makeup. I finally arrived in this room with all the mannequins in his most famous outfits and all these maxi-screens that in a loop continued to tell his story, describe his music, his concerts, and the most famous exhibitions. It was a spine-tingling exhibition and just think, I went there with my three-month-old daughter. I went to the opening by myself, and I went back there after three months. I was very disappointed at the opening because he wasn’t there. I’m assuming he eventually saw the exhibition.

C. He wanted to be on the inside of things!

F. Yes, he wanted to experience them fully, from creation to realization.

C. Which is what happened with the exhibition, with the last thing he did.

F. I think he made some suggestions as to how to set it up and define it. He was a control freak, and rightly so.

C. Even though he did not attend the public event, he gave his blessing. You did an amazing job!

F. I think he was a part of the birth of the exhibition. In fact, I heard that he had collaborated with the curator, visiting the show in the middle of the night, making changes. And when I found out, my joy was solely and instantly: “David Bowie IS,” the title of the exhibition, to which I would add the word “FOREVER.”

The starting point for this journey is the Apollo 11 landing on July 20, 1969, when Neil Armstrong became the first man to set foot on the moon’s surface. The American president at the time was Richard Nixon and he strongly supported NASA’s mission. In addition to reasons related to science and foreign affairs, perhaps Nixon was hoping to distract people’s attention from the widespread protests that were raging among young Americans and Vietnam War veterans. The bloody conflict left its mark in the minds and on the bodies of all those who survived it.

This was the context surrounding the first major figures who would become the absolute icons of the twentieth century.

Muhammad Ali became the world heavyweight champion of the world, but for refusing to be drafted to fight in Vietnam he was convicted and stripped of his title. Thanks also to his great charisma, Ali became a reference for the Black Panther movement.

Marvin Gaye, a famous singer for Motown Records, lost his brother in the Vietnam War and later wrote “What’s Going On,” a song that eventually became the protest hymn aligned with the defense of human rights and the Black Revolution. Unfortunately, the lives of both of these men ended sadly. Ali was diagnosed with Parkinson’s disease in 1984, and that same year Marvin Gaye was murdered by his father. Crossed destinies.

In 1969 Charles Manson and his Satanic cult were responsible for the infamous Bel Air murders of the actress Sharon Tate (Roman Polanski’s wife, who was pregnant at the time) and four of her friends who were at her home, as well as Leno and Rosemary LaBianca the next day. So brutal were the killings there are some who claim they influenced the music of groups like Metallica, Anthrax, the forerunners of Heavy Metal, and even Marilyn Manson created his stage name by combining those of two American icons . . .

But even before then, the most iconic representative of this trend was Alice Cooper, whose songs were about death, witches, torture, and whose look always featured skulls, bandages, and eyes covered in black mascara, almost a foreshadowing of one of the zombies in Michael Jackson’s video “Thriller.” Alice Cooper performances featured guillotines and other instruments of torture.

Woodstock, revolution, and revelation: by way of clothing and social conventions, as we shall see further on. Just look at Robert Plant and Janis Joplin—the former in concert in 1971, the latter another celebrity who died at the age of twenty-seven and a member of what has since come to be referred to as the “27 Club”—they look like siblings! With their curly hair, their twists and turns, and the magical way they move their hands. Enraged, grandiose voices that express themselves with extreme, writhing movements and inimitable facial expressions. But not just that! What do they have on?

DAVID BOWIE, HAMMERSMITH ODEON, LONDON, 1973

RICHARD NIXON IN THE OVAL OFFICE, 1970

MUHAMMAD ALI STANDS OVER

SONNY LISTON, LEWISTON, 1965

MARVIN GAYE, GOLDEN WEST STUDIOS, LOS ANGELES, 1973

Who does not own a pair of bellb ottom jeans today, preferably ones that are “distressed”? What young girl has not worn her long hair parted in the middle to cover her breasts? And what about their sandals, belts with studs or fringes, shirts or caftans with Moroccan embroidery or Indian style . . . Although they did not know it, they were laying the groundwork for the fashion of the next forty years. Thanks Janis! Thanks Robert!

Here we have probably the two greatest guitar players in history. Jimi Hendrix (another star who died at the age of twenty-seven) and Eric Clapton, who always said he was inspired by Jimi. In this picture, with his military tailcoat and scarves, Hendrix reminds us of Prince, even though the pictures taken of him at Woodstock also remind me of what people wear on vacation in Ibiza or Formentera today: leather sandals, studded belts, embroidered shorts, rings, bracelets . . .

The poetesses of rock, Joan Baez and Patti Smith. In these pictures here (pp. 44, 45) they look like they are the same age and from the same era, with their guitars and distressed jeans, and shoulderlength hair framing their faces. Although they were often photographed wearing rock-star T-shirts and studded belts, their styles and stories were different. Joan Baez’s set at Woodstock in 1969 raised her international musical profile, and she was also in a relationship with Bob Dylan, the two of them sharing their artistic experience. Patti Smith, instead, who came from the small-town American suburbs, moved to New York and the hectic life there in 1975. In the city she shared a room with her closest friend, Robert Mapplethorpe, who was just starting out as a photographer and would later become famous around the world. The two of them lived at the Chelsea Hotel, a go-to destination for artists and musicians at a time when New York City was a cradle for people who would rise to fame in their respective art genres. The city was prey to frenzied artistic activity, and many of the works made then are now auctioned off for millions of dollars. Let us not forget Andy Warhol’s Factory (the American artist was masterfully played by David Bowie in Julian Schnabel’s movie Basquiat ), which hosted the greatest icons and personalities from cinema, art, and music. These same figures would also bring to life the nights at Studio 54, a place where freedom of artistic and visual expression, as well as a whole new way of interpreting objects and clothing, turned them into muses that still inspire us today. Still etched in our minds is the queen of Studio 54: Bianca Jagger’s entrance on a white horse, in sharp contrast with her magnificent fiery red dress—with matching lipstick—made by her friend Halston, the king of jersey, still an inspiration for fashion designers and couturiers around the world.

And now a few words about a figure who was as ingenious as he was unique: Pete Townshend. He started out with The Who at Woodstock in 1969, one of the greatest guitar players and performers ever, paving the way for the culture of the Mods, but also the violent language of the Sex Pistols, influencing The Clash first and Pearl Jam later. Because of his progressive, violent approach, Townshend would destroy countless guitars during his career! Oasis and Blur as well were inspired by this musician and his amazing leaps on stage in striped pants and sneakers, as if he were responsible for their sound and bizarre behavior. But even though many of these bands were British like him, Townshend was merciless, unstoppable, no matter who it was. Townshend believed that the Beatles and The Rolling Stones were the creators of fake rock, one that was too melodious and boring . . . Led Zeppelin was accused of copying him, starting from their “pathetic” guitarist (none other than Jimmy Page). To be honest, I have never heard a single riff by Led Zeppelin that reminded me of The Who, and yet . . . He also went after The Police, whose music he called punk rock . . . But to me they were never like that, with their striped T-shirts—one of my absolute favorite items of clothing. I have a thousand colors and

versions, and I am sure T-shirts will forever be a p art of our wardrobes. No one questions Townshend’s talent and his musical influence, but I am certain that if Instagram had been around in the 1970s, he would have had more haters than followers!

Finally, we come to the “spatial” part. David Bowie with his glam rock trying out innovative sounds with means that were rather unusual at the time—as you can see from the jumpsuit Yamamoto designed for him. But we will have more to say about Bowie later . . .

What I find intriguing instead are the most famous bands from the 1980s to today that Bowie inspired. With much more advanced technologies at their disposal, they made electronic music and the use of synthesizers come alive thanks to the talent of musicians like Andy Fletcher and Depeche Mode. Many of their videos and concerts have something futuristic about them. This is also true for the splendid sets created by Anton Corbijn and for the pictures that were taken for their albums. Andy Fletcher on the keyboards is a master, but he always seems to linger in that sexy, romantic aura thanks also to the guitar as it is played by Martin Gore. Known as “the man with the wings” because of his unmistakable all-white or all-black look, he had a pair of feathery wings he wore like a backpack, eyes with black makeup, and black nail polish, which you could see when the camera showed his hands—offset by rugged combat boots. Added to all this was the sensuous, gruff voice of Dave Gahan, who performed wearing sensual black trousers, Beatle boots with a Texan heel designed by me, and a vest over his naked chest, giving us a glimpse of his sexy tattoos.

Remember Gore’s riff “Enjoy the Silence”? Already etched in music history, once it is inside your head you can not get rid of it. And how can we forget Daft Punk, the Banksy of music, who never show their faces, always dressed like astronauts: golden helmets and uniforms like the ones worn at Area 51? And what about “Get Lucky” with Pharrell Williams on vocals and Nile Rodgers on guitar, the lead performer and undisputed guitarist of disco music and r&b in the 1970s and 1980s with Chic—remember Le Freak? (Yes! A masterpiece!). Nile Rodgers was the producer and composer for musicians of the highest caliber, whom he often accompanied to concerts wearing his typical dreadlocks, white Jamaican hat, and unmistakable black-framed eyeglasses. Lucky us, I would say, and the next generations.

Have fun!

Frida

ERIC CLAPTON, HAMMERSMITH ODEON, LONDON, 1974

JIMI HENDRIX, ROYAL ALBERT HALL, LONDON, 1969

KEITH MOON AND PETE TOWNSHEND (THE WHO), BELLE VUE, MANCHESTER, 1975

DAMON ALBARN (BLUR),

JANIS JOPLIN, WOODSTOCK MUSIC AND ART FAIR,

NEW YORK, 1969

DAVE GAHAN (DEPECHE MODE), THE DELTA MACHINE TOUR, O2 WORLD, BERLIN, 2013

DAFT PUNK, PALAIS OMNISPORTS DE PARIS-BERCY, PARIS, 2007

NILE RODGERS, NORTH SEA JAZZ FESTIVAL AT AHOY, ROTTERDAM, 2018

DAVID BOWIE, “WATCH THAT MAN III,”

“I wanna be free”: the magazine OZ , founded in 1967, shouted this motto from its covers. Designed by some of the most famous illustrators and cartoonists at the time (it was a sort of Charlie Hebdo back then), it was provocative and featured a freedom of layout that had never been seen before in graphic art for magazines. In fact, OZ ’s covers became some of the most exciting ones in those years and contributed to the emergence of a creative avant-garde that—in conservative London—fueled an underground movement.

The magazine quickly took a stand against the British government with a series of covers that heavily criticized the Vietnam War, or that dealt with the theme of drugs and sex, or ridiculed the public morality propagandized by a government that “deviated” the principles of English children and youths. For this reason, OZ was forced to shut down at the end of a trial for obscenity, but the amazing 80,000 copies that were sold in just a few years’ time turned it into a legend and laid the groundwork for the Swinging London that was coming to life in those very same years of protest.

Those were the years when Bowie released “Oh! You Pretty Things” and moved to Haddon Hall. I believe the 1970s were more important than the 1960s for Bowie. The 1960s led to the birth, in London, of some of the greatest creative and musical names, who would contribute to Bowie’s success: first the Beatles, then lifestyle and design phenomena such as Biba, Zandra Rhodes, the model Twiggy, the photographer David Bailey, the “vogueing” of Malcolm McLaren and his partner, a young fashion designer named Vienne Westwood. In the 1960s Bowie tried to free himself, to perform with different bands, to offer his audiences shows that were innovative. But the world and society were not ready yet, and they still were not ready in the 1970s. In those years the London suburbs were rather poor, and one of those suburbs was Brixton, where Bowie came from. Bowie wanted to invent a way to distract people’s attention from that gloomy reality. Why was glam rock born in the 1970s with David Bowie’s contribution? Precisely because he was a visionary, he was always a visionary, and he always looked farther into the future than many others. He wanted to write songs and do concerts that were so amazing they could somehow disguise the UK’s economic problems in those years.

“Get It On” by Marc Bolan was one of his first approaches to T. Rex with The Spiders, the band he was trying to find stardom with. He was not very successful, however, because the world was not ready for this skinny Martian far removed from any aesthetic canon and who wore makeup and his wife’s clothing. David made every attempt to assert himself, learning to use makeup and eye shadow from Marc Bolan, from his friendship with Lindsey Kemp, who also taught him the art of the stage and transformation, and by testing the sounds of new bands like T. Rex, of which Bolan was the leader. Bowie did all this so that he could go before the public—but, alas, that public was unprepared for his aesthetic and sound. Finally, in 1969, “Space Oddity” was released, launching Bowie into the world of fame just a few months before the Apollo 11 moon landing.

Bowie was against the hippie mentality, which had reached its highest point at Woodstock. He decided he would be one of the organizers of the Glastonbury Festival, in 1970, an event that went against the tide, from which great bands would emerge, especially English ones—Pink Floyd first and foremost. The following year Bowie decided he would participate in the festival as an artist as well, but because his performance was scheduled for the dawn, almost everyone was sleeping and only a few actually watched him singing “Changes.” At the time one of his innumerable artistic transformations was underway, though not many know this, and it would be the start of David Bowie’s epic phase.

Among the artists who took a clear stance were John Lennon with “Imagine,” which he wrote specifically for this moment in history, and The Rolling Stones. The Hells Angels and the disaster of the Altamont Free Concert made it clear that the English band had traveled to an America whose government was tired of being criticized for the Vietnam War by people with long hair. In the meantime, in the UK, an underground movement was coming to light, supported by OZ , which, as we saw before, had to shut down at the end of a trial for obscenity. This shows that although the UK has always had more conservative governments than the United States, it still gave birth, from the 1960s to the present time, to the majority of irreverent, revolutionary, and pioneering artists.

The Troubadour was a Los Angeles nightclub whose owner, Doug Weston, was an enlightened visionary and had no concern for rules, do-gooders, or America’s conservative society, which was even more bigoted than England’s. The Troubadour hosted Carole King’s first public performance, as well as Elton John’s. “Sixty Years On” and “Your Song” were both launched in the early 1970s at The Troubadour, and they also represent the birth of an ambassador for women’s empowerment like Carole King and the voice of LGBTQ rights like Elton John. He, too, was responsible for a huge change, which is also due to the scene that gathered around the LA nightclub starting in the late 1960s.

Carole King with James Taylor in their super contemporary looks: she in a blue velvet jacket, blue turtleneck, navy jeans, and long necklace, her hair always free to follow the rhythm of her hands on the piano, reminding us of Janis Joplin; and James Taylor in the days of his angelic beauty, with jeans, a Navajo belt, long hair, and incredible eyes as they sing “You’ve Got a Friend” . . .

Here we are at the moment New York became a star: 1970–1975. Besides Patti Smith, there was also Lou Reed who wrote “Walk on the Wild Side” for a dear friend of his, the transgender Holly. She, too, was part of Andy Warhol’s Factory, and Lou really admired her. But those were hard times, too. There were huge amounts of illegal drugs in circulation, which took a toll on the art scene (Michael Hutchence and everyone else who did not make it come to mind). The problem still exists today. Maybe we just talk less about it, but the truth is that little has changed. First it was called LSD, now it is called something else. But let us be clear about this: creativity and getting high are not linked.

OZ LONDON, 11, APRIL 1968

OZ LONDON, 29, JULY 1970

OZ LONDON, 30, OCTOBER 1970

OZ LONDON, 10, MARCH 1968

OZ LONDON, 3, MAY 1967

OZ LONDON, 1, FEBRUARY 1967

OZ SYDNEY, 6, FEBRUARY 1964

OZ LONDON, 7, OCTOBER 1967

LINDSAY KEMP, “FLOWERS,”

BUSH THEATRE, LONDON, 1974

DAVID BOWIE,

MARC BOLAN (T-REX), PALACE HOTEL, COPENHAGEN,

FOLLOWING PAGES: THE TROUBADOUR, WEST

DAVID BOWIE AT HIS HADDON HALL HOME IN BECKENHAM, KENT, 1970

HOLLYWOOD

ELTON JOHN WITH RAY COOPER ON DRUMS, MADISON SQUARE GARDEN, NEW YORK, 1976

In those years there was one person who in her songs and in the interviews she gave dealt with topics that were totally out of bounds—dangerous ones—for which she was also attacked: divorce, abortion, work, and the vote. I am talking about Carole King and women’s empowerment. In “Natural Woman,” which was also later sung by Aretha Franklin in a version that has gone down in music history, King describes her commitment to fighting for women’s rights.

And I think it was Carole King, because of all the battles she waged, who inspired me and gave me a feeling of urgency as a designer involved in human rights to organize the “Chime for Change: The Sound of Change Live” concert that took place on June 1, 2013, at Twickenham Stadium in London. With Bob Geldof’s Live Aid benefit concert in mind, I turned to the same organization, and thanks to Beyoncé and Salma Hayek, I succeeded in bringing to the stage musicians like Beyoncé and Jay-Z, for the first time together, to sing “Crazy in Love.” Not to mention JLo, Mary J. Blige, Florence and The Machine, Madonna, John Legend, Timbaland, and emerging artists like Rita Ora, Ellie Goulding, Iggy Azalea, and others. I personally designed all the artists’ outfits. The target was health and education, and the proceeds from the sold-out concert went to schools, hospitals, and organizations around the world that support young women.

JANE BIRKIN, DON JUAN ,

BEYONCÉ PERFORMING AT CHIME FOR CHANGE: THE SOUND OF CHANGE LIVE, TWICKENHAM STADIUM, LONDON, 2013

CELEBRITIES PERFORMING AT CHIME FOR CHANGE: THE SOUND OF CHANGE LIVE, TWICKENHAM STADIUM, LONDON, 2013: (FROM TOP ROW TO BOTTOM ROW LEFT TO RIGHT) JESSIE J, FLORENCE WELCH, ELLIE GOULDING; JENNIFER LOPEZ, FRIDA GIANNINI, IGGY AZALEA, MARY J BLIGE; BEYONCÉ, RITA ORA, JAY-Z AND BEYONCÉ, MADONNA

EDDIE VEDDER (PEARL JAM), MTV UNPLUGGED , KAUFMAN ASTORIA STUDIOS, NEW YORK, 1992

Now we come to a depressed Kurt Cobain, and a dark, marvelous, handsomest of all Neil Young. Who could ever have imagined that one of the most important guitar players in the history of music, who performed at Woodstock in 1969, along with Crosby, Stills, and Nash, would be the visionary forerunner of one of the most innovative musical currents of the past three decades: grunge. If you look at these pictures and listen to their voices and their rage as they scream into the microphone, it is incredible how contemporary they seem even though all this took place decades ago. Like the checked shirt over torn jeans, a symbol, along with the striped crewneck shirt and the distressed cardigan worn by Kurt Cobain (another star who died tragically and member of the “27 Club”), of the grunge aesthetic from Nirvana onward. And let us not forget the marvelous version of the unsurpassable MTV Unplugged in New York , in which Cobain almost outdoes David Bowie in intensity, as he sings and plays “The Man Who Sold the World.” It is all just history repeating itself.

Eddie Vedder, the lead singer of Pearl Jam, never hid the fact that he had been influenced by guitarists like Pete Townshend and singer-songwriters like Cat Stevens and Bob Dylan. Vedder was a member of the grunge movement, with a more aggressive look than Cobain, but just as handsome and talented. A surfer, always wearing either a checked shirt or a printed T-shirt, surfer bracelets, rigorously black converse sneakers or army boots with tennis socks, and cargo shorts. Eddie was very similar to the Nirvana singer because of his melancholy and intense voice and his existential crises, the only difference being that Eddie also took a political stand for human rights and against the Republican party, managing to defeat his depression, or at least learn to live with it. He has collaborated with many artists over the course of his long career, from Bruce Springsteen to Roger Waters, from Beck to Soundgarden . . . That was where his great friendship with the magnificent Chris Cornell was born. Even their way of dressing was very similar: Cornell’s long curly hair framed his bright green eyes. He was another artist who died tragically. A lot has been said about the fact that Vedder did not go to Cornell’s funeral. He did dedicate a ballad to him, however, “Comes Then Goes,” with a lot of the same powerful expressiveness of the hugely famous “Black” (my favorite Pearl Jam song, and I am sure I am not the only one . . . ). Ironically, it was another great artist who sang at Cornell’s funeral, Chester Bennington, of Linkin Park, the indelible authors of “One More Light,” which I personally love to sing at the top of my voice. Bennington committed suicide soon afterward . . . Marvelous, black grunge, forever damned.

KURT COBAIN (NIRVANA), MOTORSPORT GARAGE, SEATTLE, 1990

NEIL YOUNG, HAMMERSMITH ODEON, LONDON, 1976

EDDIE VEDDER, LOLLAPALOOZA, 1992

EDDIE VEDDER (PEARL JAM), CIRCA 1992

CHRIS CORNELL, 1992

CHRIS CORNELL, FEYENOORD STADION (DE KUIP),

Guns N’ Roses, from Los Angeles, and Bon Jovi, from New Jersey: they burst onto the 1980s scene, between the end of discomania and the start of new wave, and became famous all around the world. And yet they were very different from what was taking place at the time, even though some of their “influences” came from the same place. Guns N’ Roses, led by Axl Rose—truly a bad boy, together with his crazy yet unforgettable guitarist, Slash. His energy was irresistible and he had an incredibly powerful voice. He laid down the law on the matter of trends (their crown of thorns is probably one of the most merchandized logos ever, along with Mick Jagger’s tongue) and looks: who can forget his blond hair and pirate bandana, a baseball cap worn backward, as well as Scottish or leather kilts, combat boots or Dr. Martens? He had some crazy relationships, too, especially the one with Stephanie Seymour, a top model at the height of her career, who even went so far as to have barbed wire tattooed around her right ankle for Axl. One of the band’s biggest hits, “Welcome to the Jungle,” instantly brings to mind “Sympathy for the Devil” by The Stones, which, among other things, they did their own version of in concert.

Quite opposite from this is Jon Bon Jovi, who has been married to Dorothea Hurley since 1989. I was lucky enough to meet them: there is a huge love between them. They are like one soul. And yet rock ’n’ roll turned him into an animal when he was on stage. He was “cleaner,” more of a Good Guy. After all, he did grow up with the “Boss” Bruce Springsteen and with Eric Clapton. But Jon Bon Jovi, too, wore leather chokers and bracelets with studs, combat boots or sneakers of all kinds, as well as long hair that was always disheveled. And obviously very high-rise denim with tank tops.

I have always been intrigued by Axl Rose and his voice, especially the whispered intro in “Patience.” A melodic ballad that is about a love that is over, and that was different from their usual sound. Magical. And “November Rain”: true poetry.

Also impressive was his arrival at the concert in memory of Freddie Mercury, introduced by the legendary Elton John. Together they sang “Bohemian Rhapsody.” Touching.

And yet both bands were influenced in a similar way: they started out with Led Zeppelin (“Whole Lotta Love”), Jimi Hendrix, The Doors, Alice Cooper, Iggy Pop, and The Rolling Stones, to then return to David Bowie’s “transformism.” The scene was also filled with new bands like AC/DC and Van Halen, who accentuated the “bad attitude” of both groups. While for Axl Rose, Led Zeppelin was always the starting point, as shown by the guitar style of Slash, which calls to mind Jimmy Page’s, and that is where you always end up . . .

At the same time Alice Cooper was emerging: together with Van Halen and AC/DC, Alice was strongly influenced by Bowie (even though he has always denied it), besides being a great friend of Keith Richards. Appearing on the scene at the same time was Iggy Pop and . . . we also seem to end up with Bowie!

And how can we forget Steven Tyler of Aerosmith with his leggings, bare chest, and bizarre jackets in bold contrast with the total black and Adidas of Run-DMC in their fantastic version of “Walk This Way”? That may have been the first time in history that rock and rap crossed paths.

AXL ROSE, LATE 1980S

EDDIE VAN HALEN, DIVER DOWN TOUR, MADISON SQUARE GARDEN, NEW YORK, 1982

IGGY POP, THE IDIOT TOUR, RAINBOW THEATRE, LONDON, 1977

CLIFF BURTON AND JAMES HETFIELD (METALLICA), 1984

MARILYN MANSON, ROSKILDE FESTIVAL, ROSKILDE, 1999

BRIAN JOHNSON AND CHRIS SLADE (AC/DC), SYDNEY ENTERTAINMENT CENTER, 1991

It all started with Breton fishermen, who wore these striped shirts for years, based on the idea that if a man fell overboard, it would be easier to see and therefore rescue him if he were wearing it.

In the late nineteenth century, the French Navy adopted it as part of their official uniform. Throughout history, from the Middle Ages onward, the striped uniform was set aside for prisoners and criminals, the marginalized and prostitutes. People imprisoned in Nazi concentration camps wore a striped uniform. In the late 1920s, one enlightened, visionary woman was the first to understand its elegance and transgression, turning the shirt worn by fishermen into the famous unisex marinière jersey, a must-have for all those spending time in the most fashionable beach resorts—for instance, Deauville in Normandy. Who could this enlightened woman be? Madame Coco Chanel, of course! She transformed a simple shirt into an element so iconic and timeless that even Picasso always wore it to match his eccentric clothes. Later, the marinière became an iconic shirt worn by Marella Agnelli, Jackie Kennedy, and even Greta Garbo, stylishly androgynous as long ago as 1929.

Continuing this discussion about cinema, in Europe the marinière was suddenly everywhere on the Mediterranean coast of France thanks to Brigitte Bardot, who left her mark on the French Nouvelle Vague in Biarritz. And across the ocean even before that it had been spread by transgressive figures like Marlon Brando, James Dean, and Elvis Presley.

In fact, as Coco Chanel taught us, the T-shirt was meant to be an innocent piece of clothing, but it could be sophisticated. It could even rock if worn over leather or denim trousers, or with a classic double-breasted navy-blue blazer.

This piece of clothing also exploded in the world of music: Sting, Patti Smith, Lou Reed, John Lennon, Diana Ross, Bob Dylan, Madonna, Lady Gaga, The Who, and Keith Richards, all the way to the Sex Pistols and Johnny Rotten. Then there were Kurt Cobain, Pearl Jam, and Chris Cornell of Soundgarden for whom the shirt was a banner.

The image of Björn Andrésen in Luchino Visconti’s 1971 masterpiece Death in Venice is unforgettable. On the art scene, besides Picasso, in photographs taken of Andy Warhol in 1970 he is often seen wearing a marinière , just like his muse Edie Sedgwick and the famous photographer Henri Cartier-Bresson. From that moment onward the world of fashion once again took over the Breton shirt in designs by Jean Paul Gaultier, Sonia Rykiel, Karl Lagerfeld, and Chanel.

I, too, in my own small way when I designed my first collection as creative director, Spring/Summer 2005, presented colorful striped cashmere sweaters with a white cotton popelin collar, because for me stripes have always represented avant-garde unisex apparel to be worn with everything. In fact, I own a collection of summer and winter marinières , a tribute to the transgressive yet chic style created by Madame Coco Chanel.

ANDY WARHOL, CHUCK WEIN, EDIE SEDGWICK, AND FRED EBERSTADT AT A POOL PARTY, NEW YORK, 1965

DEBBIE HARRY, 1977

BRIAN JONES, 1964

MADONNA, 1992

TRAINING OFFICERS AND CADETS ON A FRENCH SHIP ON THE THAMES, LONDON, 1935

COCO CHANEL, VILLA LA PAUSA ROQUEBRUNE, 1930

KATE MOSS, LONDON, 2009

KURT COBAIN, 1993

KEITH RICHARDS, 1974

After the dark/gothic movement a sort of hedonism emerged in which artists, besides wanting to express themselves with sounds that were more pop, also wanted to appear more captivating. Thus was born new wave/synth pop, which led to the reappearance of figures from the past, but with new looks characterized by eccentric or very sartorial jackets, with checks or pinstripes, bow ties, and broad shoulders. Those were the years of teased, dyed, and frosted hair like that of David Bowie. During that same period, Gianfranco Ferré, Giorgio Armani, and Gianni Versace brought the “Made in Italy” style to the rest of the world, inventing luxury prêt-à-porter. It is interesting to see just how many musicians reinvented their looks in their own way, tired of studs and piercings à la Sex Pistols.

The Cars: the only American group in the movement, who rose to the top of the charts with “Drive.”

The frontman Ric Ocasek always wore a black jacket, thin tie, and bangs stuck to his forehead.

Talking Heads: led by the genial David Byrne, with his Elvis Presley pompadour hairstyle and one eye on British dandy style. They started out with “Psycho Killer” and no one would ever be able to stop them. My beloved Talk Talk: I adored them. When I was a teenager, I had a poster of Mark Hollis (who died in 2019, sadly) hanging up in my bedroom. He was in a sailor’s cap, the kind I continue to wear today. The group made the navy-blue pea coat famous and wrote some of my favorite songs like “Such a Shame” and “It’s My Life,” to name only two.

The Jam: “Town Called Malice,” with the legendary Paul Weller. Ostensibly inspired by the Beatles, in their look as well, they introduced a more refined, chic rock. For me Weller, with his natural elegance, continues to be an icon of unsurpassable style.

The Smiths: with “This Charming Man” they took Morrissey to the Olympus of pop music. An unmistakable voice and style, with a New Wave shock of hair, white shirt, 1950s eyeglasses that no rocker had ever worn before, he would later become a soloist, inspiring bands of the caliber of Radiohead, Muse, and many others.

Simple Minds: Jim Kerr, the composer of some memorable songs like “Alive and Kicking” and “Don’t You.”

A real super dandy, a great composer and musician, and formerly married to the actress Patsy Kensit. Pet Shop Boys: I give them the Palme d’Or for that period. With pieces like “West End Girls” and “Always On My Mind,” they were a sophisticated, chic, new band on the music scene. With their dandy jackets and bow ties, they seemed discreet but were actually ingenious.

Human League: they came and they left, sort of like a one-hit wonder but with an eccentric and unique dandyism, a perfect look, and even two women in the band!

Marc Almond: another unique one-hit wonder, with “Tainted Love,” played by everyone everywhere, and his pointy face, hat thrown back, lipstick, and black eyeliner. I have always adored him.

Lastly, just to draw a line because there would be too many names besides Spandau Ballet and Duran Duran, who arrived later and imposed the aesthetic canons of those days, how can we forget Roxy Music and Bryan Ferry: “More Than This” . . . Absolutely the most stylish and effortlessly elegant singer of this era.

SMITHS (FROM LEFT): MORRISSEY, MIKE JOYCE, ANDY ROURKE, AND JOHNNY MARR, 1985

ULTRAVOX (FROM LEFT): BILLY CURRIE, CHRIS CROSS, MIDGE URE, AND WARREN CANN, PARIS, 1982

SIMPLE MINDS (FROM LEFT): JIM KERR, CHARLIE BURCHILL, DEREK FORBES, MICK MACNEIL, AND BRIAN MCGEE, 1981

THE HUMAN LEAGUE

KRAFTWERK, POSED GROUP PORTRAIT FOR THE MAN MACHINE ALBUM COVER, 1978

TALK TALK (FROM LEFT): SIMON BRENNER, MARK HOLLIS, LEE HARRIS, AND PAUL WEBB, 1982

FRANKIE GOES TO HOLLYWOOD (FROM LEFT): HOLLY JOHNSON, PAUL RUTHERFORD, MARK O’TOOLE, PETER GILL, AND BRIAN NASH, CIRCA 1985

ECHO AND THE BUNNYMEN (FROM LEFT):

IAN MCCULLOCH, LES PATTINSON, PETE DE FREITAS, AND WILL SERGEANT, BLACKPOOL, 1981

THE CARS (FROM LEFT) : DAVID ROBINSON, RICK OCASEK, GREG HAWKES, BENJAMIN ORR, AND ELLIOT EASTON, BOSTON, 1978

THE JAM (FROM LEFT):

BRUCE FOXTON, RICK BUCKLER, AND PAUL WELLER, SAN FRANCISCO, 1977

DAVID BOWIE, 1977

Many of the musicians mentioned up to now had a leather fetish: a bomber, a biker, but, above all, the Perfecto—that is, a black leather motorcycle jacket, one of the most iconic items of clothing ever. Invented by Schott for the US Air Force during World War II, Elvis Presley was one of the first to wear it in the 1950s. In the world of cinema, James Dean, Greta Garbo, Steve McQueen, and Marlon Brando all contributed to turning it into a cult object. Elvis was the breaking point, though, managing to inspire most of the pop culture that followed: the image of the guitarist with his pompadour straddling a motorcycle along with bikers became a common sight. Of course, during one of his performances a motorcycle jacket probably was not the most comfortable thing to have on—I imagine that at the time it was made from horse leather—but it still became a status symbol. I have always loved it, and own several vintage ones, designed both by me and by other designers. The Madonna Bomber jacket—which is not a motorcycle jacket—was truly gratifying. The star wanted it for her tour in every single shade, and it became a must for many years. But just as gratifying was the Perfecto in calfskin, deerskin, and crocodile! However it is worn, the leather jacket has always been popular. Here we see it on David Bowie, Freddie Mercury, and Dave Gahan—and how can we forget the blond-haired Billy Idol and the entire punk movement? Anyway, there is not a single fashion company in the world that has not interpreted this piece of clothing in its own unique way, with or without sleeves, embroidered, studded, in different shades (Michael Jackson’s red jacket!), quilted, with a white fur collar or a fake shearling. The Perfecto is a must-have in everyone’s wardrobe, and even in freezing weather, everyone still insists on wearing it over a T-shirt! Most importantly, everyone can wear it and mix it with whatever they prefer. This is its strength and immortality.

THE RAMONES (FROM LEFT): JOEY, JOHNNY, DEE DEE, AND TOMMY

OF ROCKET TO RUSSIA , NEW YORK, 1977

MARLON BRANDO, 1953

KATE MOSS, NEW YORK, 1994

MADONNA, NEW YORK, 2005

ELVIS PRESLEY, BURBANK, 1968

SID VICIOUS, LOUISIANA, 1978

LOU REED, 1985

MARC ALMOND, LONDON, 1987

MICK JAGGER, SAN ANTONIO, 1975

MICHAEL JACKSON, 1990

DAVID GAHAN, CANADA, 1988

MADONNA, “WETTEN, DASS..?,” ZDF TELEVISION, MANNHEIM, 2005

MADONNA, MTV EUROPE MUSIC AWARDS, LISBON, 2005

A DANCE

MADONNA,”CONFESSIONS ON

FLOOR,” LONDON, 2005

SIOUXSIE SIOUX (SIOUXSIE AND THE BANSHEES), CALIFORNIA HALL, SAN FRANCISCO, 1980

After the fireworks of rock ’n’ roll in the early 1980s with Guns N’ Roses, Bon Jovi, Bruce Springsteen, and many other bands, a new aesthetic musical movement was born, especially in the UK, which was diametrically opposed to its predecessors.

The post-punk/dark movement was born in the underground clubs of London and Manchester, but always in marginal contexts to avoid Thatcherite control.

Unquestionably, one of the initiators of the movement was Siouxsie and the Banshees, who claimed the scene and the top of the charts with “The Passenger.” This was alternative rock, also known as Gothic, which would be embraced by so many hugely successful artists in those years. Siouxsie always had dark black hair and eyes that sometimes reminded you of the divine Marchesa Casati, and other times of the makeup worn by Kubrick’s hoodlums in A Clockwork Orange . She never chose one specific designer over another, many of whom were becoming known in those years—like Vivienne Westwood and Malcolm McLaren—but rather went to Camden, in north London, to buy all-black outfits, pins, studs, army boots, and to get her tattoos and piercings. Siouxsie also had no qualms about buying leather bondage clothing in sex shops. In those years, probably thanks to her, characters like Jude Blame were born, a stylist and accessories designer, better known as the person who created Boy George’s look, and Zhandra Rodes, a designer who covered her designs with safety pins. But getting back to Siouxsie: where did Robert Smith get his inspiration for his hair? From her. The lead singer of The Cure, as well as composer, musician, and producer, in that period he imposed a very personal aesthetic, with pieces like “Just Like Heaven” and “Lullaby,” which is more romantic. He anticipated the 1990s and has gone down in music history as one of the greats.

THE CURE (FROM LEFT): SIMON GALLUP, PORL THOMPSON, ROBERT SMITH, LOL TOLHURST, AND BORIS WILLIAMS, RADIO CITY MUSIC HALL, NEW YORK, 1985

ROBERT SMITH AND DAVID BOWIE, DAVID BOWIE’S 50TH BIRTHDAY CELEBRATION CONCERT, MADISON SQUARE GARDEN, NEW YORK, 1997

SIOUXSIE SIOUX, LONDON, 1980

MALCOLM MCLAREN AND VIVIENNE WESTWOOD, LONDON, 1977

We already talked about The Factory, Warhol, the creative frenzy in New York between the mid-1970s and the early 1980s, from which a group of young artists, who were unknown at the time, emerged. One of them was Jean-Michel Basquiat—innovative, ingenious, and with a bad heroin habit (another member of the infamous “27 Club”), who in a New York City nightclub met a very young Italian-American singer who was just starting out. Their love affair was short but intense, and also encouraged by the artistic fervor of those years. This relationship helped the young artist—Madonna—to come into contact with producers who believed in her, launching her in the firmament of pop music.

I am lucky to have met her and spent time with her, to have collaborated with her on charity projects . . .

A very determined, tough woman, with a dry sense of humor.

The first movie I saw as a teenager was Desperately Seeking Susan: and that is when my Madonna mania began!

I dyed my hair, started wearing leggings below the knees and boots, and teased my hair to hang over my forehead . . .

Those were the days of “Like a Virgin,” “Everybody,” “Lucky Star,” when this girl from Michigan was starting out without having any specific talent (and with a voice that was not so impressive)—but she had a strong personality. She was brazen and had a taste for being provocative and creative and she had her own very personal look. The height of her success came with “Into the Groove,” my absolute favorite disco piece. She has always been like a chameleon: from White Virgin, with lace, corsets, and fishnet stockings, to erotic bondage predator armed with her whip. And then there is the Texas horseback rider with curly hair and a plaid shirt, an acrobatic dancer wearing a high-cut bodysuit and muscle warmers for Confessions on a Dance Floor ; pitch black as Maleficent for Frozen, an actress for Evita, Jean Paul Gaultier’s muse for the “Blond Ambition World Tour,” where she became famous for her corsets with conical-shaped breast cups, fetishes in the world of fashion and style.

She has driven us for forty years, influencing fashion and the look of many young girls from different generations, and the designers for whom she was a muse and an inspiration. She has cut records that have left their mark on the times, won Grammy Awards, is a member of the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame, sold millions of records . . . And in spite of the many ups and downs, the latter always emphasized by the press and the public with a cynicism that I find unjustified, I would like to portray her the way she is and the way she will always be: a true pop icon. Do not touch Madonna!

MADONNA, 1980S

MADONNA, 1983

MADONNA, “MATERIAL GIRL,”

MADONNA, 1990S

MADONNA, “WHO’S THAT GIRL?,”

MADONNA, “PAPA DON’T PREACH,”

LOU REED, VICTORIA PALACE THEATRE, LONDON, 1977

Grace Jones. The legend arrived in Paris from Jamaica, her homeland, and thanks to her diverse and androgynous style and almost-perfect body, she strode down the catwalks for the most famous Parisian fashion designers—YSL, Issey Miyake, Claude Montana—and soon becoming the muse of such great photographers as Helmut Newton and my beloved Guy Bourdin, a visionary master of color. But it would take a wonderful little genius, who passed away in 2017, to make her an icon of her day and age. The partnership between Grace and Azzedine Alaïa would last until the death of this great fashion designer. But for Grace, it was not enough to dominate the catwalks and appear on the covers of magazines like “one of the many.” Enter Jean-Paul Goude, her companion, who, through videos and photos, turned her into New York’s undisputed pop icon in the 1970s and 1980s.

Grace came to Studio 54 wearing an extravagant look and performing in a way that enchanted everyone, from Andy Warhol to Keith Haring. But in those years the New York scene was not limited to the glittering and very exclusive Studio 54. The city also offered different realities, more underground and borderline . . . Keith Haring chose Grace Jones as the protagonist of a performance in which she was completely naked save for the artist’s white graffiti tattoos all over her body. And it was in those years that the androgynous Grace entered the world of music, combining electronic and disco, and performing a magnificent version of “La Vie En Rose.” My favorite song will always be “Slave to the Rhythm,” and I think that she and Bowie, with their sensual, low voices, would have been perfect singing together. However, I realize that “I’m Not Perfect (But I’m Perfect for You)” is the best possible combination of art and creativity for an unforgettable performance. The producer was the untiring Nile Rodgers, who included Warhol and Haring in the video. Haring, in turn, also produced a large-scale canvas for Grace to use as a huge skirt. By mixing the reggae of her native Jamaica, Bowie’s New Wave, and her strong personality, she became a magnetic, sexy, but enigmatic figure, whom I could not possibly overlook along my journey. She reminds me of Gloria Gaynor or Sylvester, whose falsetto was the exact opposite of Grace’s husky one.

Sylvester was an incredible artist: look at how he changes in the picture on page 161. A predecessor of drag queens Priscilla and RuPaul, he did not come out until he arrived in New York. His family was unsupportive, and in the city he was free to make music and wear what he wanted. Not everyone could get into Studio 54, however: the “cut-off point” was Paradise Garage, where all the most famous members of the underground scene hung out, including Sylvester, Keith Haring, and Robert Mapplethorpe.

PATTI SMITH AND ROBERT MAPPLETHORPE,

AND

DAVID BOWIE (AS ANDY WARHOL)

JEFFREY WRIGHT (AS JEAN-MICHEL BASQUIAT)

GRACE JONES AND ANDY WARHOL ATTEND THE PREMIERE PARTY FOR GREASE , STUDIO 54, NEW YORK, 1978

TWO TONS O’ FUN AND SYLVESTER, HAMMERSMITH ODEON, LONDON, 1979

JOE DALLESANDRO

AT THE PARTY GIVEN BY DAVID BOWIE AT THE CAFE ROYAL, LONDON, 1973 (FROM LEFT): LOU REED, MICK JAGGER, AND DAVID BOWIE WITH LULU (STANDING)

JERRY HALL, ANDY WARHOL, DEBBIE HARRY, TRUMAN CAPOTE, AND PALOMA PICASSO, STUDIO 54, NEW YORK, CIRCA 1970S

CAPOTE

Thus far we have talked about Icons, disco music, pop and soul, and rock.

Now to “The Queen” Diana Ross and “The King” Michael Jackson. Legends. Singers we will never forget. Eccentric style, verging on kitsch, but still so “sparkling” their looks have been copied by many. Diana, already a famous star, soon became like a godmother to the young Michael, who was just starting to make a name for himself in the music industry because of his voice and personality as a member of the Jackson 5, the band he had with his brothers.

Diana Ross was influenced by soul and blues music, and by Billie Holiday, and she embarked on her career in the early 1960s with the Supremes. But because she was also inquisitive and smart, she realized the world was changing around her and was drawn to the new music trends. In 1969 (that year again!) she decided to start a career as a soloist, and in 1970 she embraced disco music with a series of hits that we still dance to like crazy today! In 1970 she was ready to sing “Ain’t No Mountain High Enough,” followed by “Love Hangover,” “Upside Down” . . . by then the Disco Queen was invincible. But still waiting for her was the legendary “I’m Coming Out” produced by who? Why Nile Rodgers, of course . . . Little did she know she would be sending a message to the LGBTQ community, which from that moment onward would use the words “coming out” to express their sexual orientation. So now she was also a gay icon! What else? Here are some of the images of outfits worn by Diana during those years. Later, I am going to tell you who some of her musical and fashion heirs were. She never tied herself to one famous designer—rather, she chose LA designers who mainly dealt with red carpet fashion, like Bob Mackie, her favorite, or Tracy Chambers. Whitney Houston, a sophisticated, unforgettable voice, always elegant, a dramatic life, but without Diana’s vigor, although she was constantly trying to approach her class. Mariah Carey, she as well with a voice that could shatter glass, but not rock, not an icon like Diana (forgive me, Mariah, you know I love you) but the sequins are all they really share . . . Alicia Keys, an excellent artist, when she plays the piano you get goose bumps. But her music is not disco, her songs do not stick in your head, and you do not find yourself humming them in the shower. Donna Summer is more or less from the same generation.

We asked her to sing her most famous piece—”I Feel Love”—for a great perfume video directed by the visionary filmmaker Chris Cunningham, in which her specially designed floral-print dress and the flowers in the surrounding meadow moved to the rhythm of the music. Gloria Gaynor has a great, powerful voice, and “I Will Survive” will live on forever. Donna would rearrange it in 1996. Rihanna is the youngest (I met her when she was just getting started and I collaborated with her on various projects) and she is looking for her own style. She is so fierce that when she does find it she is going to nail it.

How can we forget, after her recent passing, Tina Turner, “Queen of Rock’n’Roll and ’80s Pop.” With great strength and courage, Tina freed herself from the physical and psychological violence Ike Turner subjected her to, becoming a feminist icon, a phoenix who conquered the world with her energy and her famous legs (her nickname was “The Legs”), which her manager even went so far as to have insured.

How can we ever forget her quick moves in minidresses and booties that always left her legs exposed, to the joy of her fans. In a famous interview that has gone down in history, she said: “I am as famous for my legs as much as my voice.” She was simply the best! For her looks, her voice, her performances, and her successes, Beyoncé is the heir to the title of “The Queen.” Great performer, great voice, and already with a series of huge hits. It is a big responsibility to have to follow in the footsteps of “The Queen” Diana Ross, especially as concerns style . . .

But the “Natural Woman” whom all of these great female artists came after and to whom “Respect” is due is the legendary Aretha Franklin. A virtual bow to her.

WITH MICHAEL JACKSON’S SILHOUETTE

DIANA ROSS, LOS ANGELES, 1975

DONNA SUMMER, LOS ANGELES, CIRCA 1970S

GLORIA GAYNOR, BUS PALLADIUM, PARIS, 1975

WHITNEY HOUSTON, PARIS-BERCY, 1988

ALICIA KEYS, MTV VIDEO MUSIC AWARDS, STAPLES CENTER, LOS ANGELES, 2012

RIHANNA, ANTI-WORLD TOUR, BARCLAYS CENTER, BROOKLYN, 2016

MARIAH CAREY, CHRISTMAS TREE LIGHTING CEREMONY, THE WHITE HOUSE, WASHINGTON, DC, 2013

BEYONCÉ, MTV VIDEO MUSIC AWARDS, THE FORUM, INGLEWOOD, 2014

DIANA ROSS, GREAT LAWN IN CENTRAL PARK, NEW YORK, 1983

ARETHA FRANKLIN, INAUGURAL EVE PROGRAM FOR NEWLY ELECTED US PRESIDENT JIMMY CARTER, JOHN F. KENNEDY CENTER FOR THE PERFORMING ARTS, WASHINGTON, DC, 1977

DAVID BOWIE, 1984

HILLARY DUFF, BEVERLY HILLS, 2014

KENDALL JENNER, MILAN, 2017

KATE MOSS, LONDON, 2016

KRISTEN STEWART, LONDON, 2012

RIHANNA, NEW YORK, 2016

KAIA GERBER, MILAN, 2017

LADY GAGA, NEW YORK, 2018

GIGI HADID, LOS ANGELES, 2016

MICK JAGGER LEANING ON HIS STYLIST, PIERRE LAROCHE, DURING THE ROLLING STONES’S TOUR OF THE AMERICAS, 1975

PATTI SMITH, LOS ANGELES,

MATT BELLAMY (MUSE), OXEGEN MUSIC FESTIVAL, PUNCHESTOWN, CO. KILDARE, 2010

MICHAEL JACKSON, DODGER STADIUM, LOS ANGELES, 1984

MATT BELLAMY, PECHANGA ARENA, SAN DIEGO, 2019

FREDDIE MERCURY (QUEEN) PERFORMING WITH DRUMMER ROGER TAYLOR, MAGIC TOUR, WEMBLEY STADIUM, LONDON, 1986

DAVID BOWIE, 1976

And now to today. After Muse, Daft Punk, Arcade Fire, Beyoncé, I have asked myself this question: who might be David Bowie’s female alter ego on the contemporary scene?

Thanks to her skills as a vocalist, musician, actress, and performer, I have no doubt: Lady Gaga. And she has never hidden the fact that Bowie has influenced her work. As you can see from the images, I have at times copied the same look, the same makeup, and the famous lightning bolt, to which I added a spider

But, above all, leaving her artistic talent aside, we need to acknowledge her amazing ability to completely transform on stage, on her album covers, during photo shoots, where she looks different each time while still maintaining a very strong identity and personality. I came close to meeting her during the Grammy Awards in LA, when I approached this strange and alien sculpture surrounded by models resembling vestals. “Nice to meet you, Gaga,” I said to her, but she was inside a plastic egg and I do not think she heard me. When she got up on the stage, the eggshell broke and out came Gaga. Wow! All covered in buttery latex, her eyebrows dyed so she would look like an otherworldly creature, in a design by Hussein Chalayan to launch her new single “Born This Way” (2011). Whether you like her music or not, we were all on our feet at the Staples Center dancing and cheering. I will never forget the fantastic duet by Eminem and Rihanna, who also won a Grammy for Record of the Year, with Arcade Fire for Best Pop Performance, and the rock moment of a very fit Mick Jagger wearing a peacock jacket and shirt, singing “Everybody Needs Somebody to Love.” What can I say? For me it was like walking on sunshine.

DAVID BOWIE, ZIGGY STARDUST AND THE SPIDERS FROM

SHOW, HAMMERSMITH ODEON, LONDON, 1973

LADY GAGA,

LADY GAGA PERFORMING AT THE 53RD GRAMMY AWARDS, STAPLES CENTER, LOS ANGELES, 2011

LADY

DAVID BOWIE, GLASS SPIDER TOUR, AUSTRALIA, 1987

DAVID BOWIE, THE ZIGGY STARDUST TOUR, LONG BEACH ARENA, CALIFORNIA, 1973

LADY GAGA, THE CHROMATICA BALL TOUR, DODGER STADIUM, LOS ANGELES, 2022

SHES TO ASHES

In “Ashes to Ashes” the astronaut from “Space Oddity” is back. The memorial of the ill-fated Major Tom serves as a plot device to describe the “Bowie 1970s”—exciting years professionally, but difficult ones on a personal level. The main character of the piece that accompanies Humanity’s first steps on the Moon is celebrated by Bowie, with a dedication that sounds like a funeral oration—“ashes to ashes, dust to dust”—before he disappears into outer space. The Major in the 1980s song was different from the one in 1969: the first incarnation is closely linked to the positive atmosphere of the hippie years, while the version in Scary Monsters (and Super Creeps) is the offspring of Bowie’s bitter analysis of his life up to that point, which included drugs, excesses, and divorce from his wife Angie. Bowie’s Harlequin (for many years his last mask) clearly suffers as he crosses the video clip. This is one of the most expensive and innovative video clips of the 1980s, thanks to the sound/image dialectics, mixed in with fragments of experience and dreamlike-surreal visions, eventually expressing the solitude of the musician locked away in a world of his own.

Bowie does not want to look back, and he says farewell to his great past with an epitaph filled with angst and melancholy, analyzing, between cynicism and severity, the first act of his career (I’ve never done good things / I’ve never done bad things / I never did anything out of the blue)

LACKSTAR

As concerns Blackstar : “By the time he made his surprise reemergence in 2013 with his first album in a decade, The Next Day, [Bowie] had pulled off a feat that no other rock star has quite managed, regaining all of the heady mystique of his breakthrough years, and then some. He was a legend, a living ghost, hiding in plain sight, walking his daughter to school, taking cabs, exercising alongside ordinary humans in workaday gyms in Manhattan and upstate in Woodstock. With his family, he said, he was David Jones, the person he had been before he assumed his stage name. He had, at last, truly fallen to Earth, and he liked what he found there.” (From Brian Hiatt, “Inside David Bowie’s Final Years,” Rolling Stone, January 27, 2016.)

Indeed, the last three years of life before he died were, for the White Duke, a moment of prolific, amazing inventiveness: “In 2014, he began work on another, even better, album, Blackstar, while also helping bring to life an ambitious off-Broadway show, Lazarus , based around his old and new songs. He died on January 10, two days after the release of Blackstar and a month after the opening of Lazarus . His passing occasioned the kind of worldwide grief not seen since the deaths of Elvis Presley and Michael Jackson. [Anthony Edward] Visconti, who knew of Bowie’s illness, noticed the tone of some of the lyrics early on. ‘You canny bastard,’ Visconti told him. ‘You’re writing a farewell album.’ Bowie simply laughed.” (From Brian Hiatt, “Inside David Bowie’s Final Years,” Rolling Stone, January 27, 2016.)

ODY

When you think about rock, you think about the body, too, and when you think about David Bowie, you think about both the body and rock. And from this point of view, the body is in fact one of the key elements in our deepest understanding of rock music, a distinguishing trait that marks the personal and collective identity of a form of sound, where physicality is of primary importance, equal to the musical code itself, both of which are in a dialectic relationship with the languages of the performing arts and media technologies. In short, rock consists of a body on the stage, endowed with artificial appendages, from the electricity to the amplification, from the look to the images. The origin of rock as the music of the body comes from very far away: from jazz music and, before that, from the singing and dancing of Black Africa. In so-called primitive societies, from Senegal to Nigeria, from Mali to the Congo, like in other parts of the planet, music has always expressed a symbolic value with strong magical-religious elements. In the African world the sound is part of a ritual in which the spirit and the flesh, prayer and ceremony, dancing and singing, voice and orchestra are intertwined. In jazz, which, from an anthropological standpoint, developed thanks to the mingling of African and American cultures, the body has only to a certain degree preserved the transcendent aspect of the musical action: in Gospel music and the blues there’s an almost mystical physicality, while in jazz that has evolved thanks to its encounter with European models. The body is sublimated by the musical instrument and at times by the human voice as well. The jazz musician who improvises on the sax or the piano, or the singer who does scat or sings in vocalese, manifests their corporeality at the moment of the performative act, thereby eliminating the traditional (and typically Western) distinction between performance and instantaneous creation. With respect to jazz, rock represents both one step backward and one forward in terms of the body’s expressiveness. Rock can be traced back to African-American music—the blues, boogie, R&B, and jazz itself—simplifying every harmonious, tonal, rhythmical exploration, instead conferring greater credibility, which is often absolute, to the physical impact of the performer: almost always the singer or the guitarist with an electrical instrument. The public, in turn, introjects what it sees, thus dispensing a projective sign vis-à-vis its own idol, assuming the same corporeality while listening live or to recorded music in a public place. But listening is no longer the same in rock; and at the moment of the performance, unlike modern jazz where participating in concerts has become a ceremony much like that of a classical music event, rock shakes the bodies, triggering those on the receiving end of the communication in an almost tribal way: the performer (the rock star) and the listeners (a young audience) become one when the

physical contact occurs, eventually metaphorically identifying with each other. When the metaphor appears weak, it simply means that the performer’s stardom has shed its legendary aura, or it has moved too far away from the sources of inspiration or from the primitive fire. In short, he or she is not a real performer.

HANGES

“Changes” was a key piece in Bowie’s repertoire, believed by many to be a sort of manifesto of the White Duke’s music. Like many songs over the course of history, at first it almost went unnoticed, but in time it became a symbol of its author and of pop culture. It is important to recall that “Changes” came out as a 45rpm on January 7, 1972, and it was also the first single lifted from the album Hunky Dory (1971), Bowie’s fourth studio album and, like the three previous ones, not a major success. It was, however, reappraised when The Rise and Fall of Ziggy Stardust and the “Spiders from Mars” came out, which took it to the number three spot in the UK’s top ten list eighteen months after it was first released.

Today, “Changes” is legendary since it is the very last piece that the singer performed live before retiring from the scene.

There has always been a lot of talk around the meaning of “Changes.” Although at first it might sound like an ode to the rapid transformation and never-ending changes in Bowie’s roles, upon closer examination the song reveals a wry reflection on the critical changes in human life. Behind the catchy refrain, Bowie recalls his career and the many false starts (“a million dead-end streets”). But he is not just thinking about his failures and his self-reinventions; he is above all reflecting on the image of the artist as it is perceived by his fans in the many frustrating attempts to create a work that will endure the test of time.

“Changes” is thus an all-important piece in the history of the song, one of the few that joins the traditional pop song structure with genuinely autobiographical lyrics. The author, by referring to himself as almost a liar, seeks an existential balance, underscoring the problem of having to believe in his own public image and at the same time denying the emergence of a genuine identity.

Many music critics have also noticed that the stuttering sound of the line “Ch-ch-ch-ch-changes” might be a nod to the song “My Generation” (1965), written by Pete Townshend for The Who. The phrase “I hope I die before I get old” in the latter composition becomes “Pretty soon now you’re gonna get older” in Bowie’s version. The suggestion here is that even in the world of rock music, time passes for everyone, so it is better to be prepared to accept this stark truth. In addition to its existential-philosophical theme, “Changes” also deals with generational conflict: the clash between the young and the old. This is in part due to the poetics of a young Bob Dylan, for instance in “The Times They Are A-changin.’” And the times really were changing for everyone.

EATH

David Bowie died during the early morning hours between January 10 and 11, 2016, just two days after the release of his last great recording effort, Blackstar. The death of the White Duke shocked the entire music and art world, where he left a void that will never again be filled completely. At the time no one knew exactly where he died; the media reported that it was in some unidentified place, presumably a cancer clinic in New York state. As the liver cancer he had been struggling with for years grew worse, Bowie chose euthanasia to put an end to the atrocious pain caused by the illness. In the days following the tragedy, his friend Robert Fox confided that the singer had wanted to try out a new experimental cancer treatment, but that when he realized his end was approaching fast he chose assisted suicide instead. Very few people knew of his decision at the time.

IAMOND DOGS

Diamond Dogs by David Bowie. In spite of his importance as a pop star, in the early 1970s Bowie was unable to obtain the rights to adapt the dystopian science-fiction novel by George Orwell, 1984, so that he could turn it into an opera in the glam rock style. Regardless of this setback, Bowie wanted to use the theme of a dystopian society, so he turned to Fritz Lang’s film Metropolis . The results of his efforts were hits like “Rebel Rebel.” Without the original sarcastic comment on atypical cultural values, however, the lyrics, especially on the A side of the LP, seem out of place, capable only of being adapted to a few good ballad or hard-rock riffs. In the second half of the album, the future London minstrel explores Orwell’s ideas via narrative, in the style of William Burroughs, that is rather more explicit, starting with the titles of the pieces that are, unsurprisingly, “1984” and “Big Brother.” And yet it is hard to listen to the album as something very complex or structured, because the songs it contains are not coherent with respect to the themes expressed in the opening track “Future Legend”: the latter song envisions a world with “glitter apocalypse” and humanoid inhabitants in a wild race, like packs of ravenous dogs. Listening to it today, we realize that Diamond Dogs is half-finished with respect to the previous Ziggy Stardust ; however, it continues to be one of the best concept albums ever because of its perfectionist completeness.

DWARDS

David Bowie, going by the name of Edwards. In 1972, David Bowie publishes The Rise and Fall of Ziggy Stardust, a rock “classic” and one of the most successful albums ever according to the public as well as the critics. Forty years later, a cover of “Starman” (one of the best songs on the album) performed in a Soul version by an unknown vocalist named Milky Edwards becomes a huge hit on YouTube. Other covers of Bowie’s work under the name Edwards appear on the web. The narrative created was of an artist, Milky Edwards, who has been gone for decades and has suddenly been reborn. But it is all just a fabrication, discovered after a group of music fans did some research to try to clear things up. The cover of the album, a still image in the YouTube video, seems to represent more of a 1960s style, while the record was released a decade later. The “new” recording can be manipulated digitally, in a totally different way with respect to the sound of vinyl played on an “old” record player. And the fact that Milky and his band The Chamberlings suddenly go from being virtually unknown to the limelight seems too easy, especially when listeners are told that the singer has been dead for years, with the aggravating circumstance that there is no authentic information about him or the members of his group either on the Internet or in books and magazines. Some fans believe, however, that it does not matter whether his recordings are counterfeit. They feel that the music is too great to be ignored, regardless of its possibly fraudulent origin. Still today, Milky Edwards and “his” “Starman” have many listeners on YouTube and on other social media, in spite of the fact that he is likely an abstract entity and therefore a historical impostor.

ASHION

The music of the younger generations, from the 1950s to the present day, is not disconnected from the epic changes that also revolutionized fashion. Casual, prêt-à-porter, unisex: a more or less spontaneous patchwork transformed bourgeois taste that had once been linked to Parisian couture or to the equally fine styles of Italian dressmakers. Before the fashion designers of the 1980s—Italians, above all, but also Japanese, English, American, who were highly skilled at exploiting the postmodern generational trends for the purpose of showy, superficial, materialistic, and oligarchic hedonism—there was a great deal of creativity in the fashion world, and this included David Bowie as an emblem and a precursor.

Fashion in the days when Bowie first appeared on the stage, with models like Veruschka, Twiggy, and Jane Asher, who were closely tied to the hippie phenomenon, was divided into two major currents. On the one hand, some of the most famous brands even reached into the figurative arts: Paco Rabanne, for instance, was a key figure in op art and programmatic or kinetic art. On the other, there was a more spontaneous taste aimed at more freedom. The “let’s take fashion back” look had actually begun after World War II, and was especially true of men’s fashion, in which middle-class American youths were drawn to a proletarian style, i.e. jeans, T-shirts (Calvin Klein), motorcycle jackets, and sneakers.

In the 1950s, British teenagers reacted to this dominant American way of dressing with irony and a rock style that made them look like old-fashioned adults. The London Teddy Boys listened to American rock ’n’ roll, but they danced with their hair greased back and wore long drape jackets in pastel colors with velvet trim, reminiscent of the nineteenth century. Viewed as subcultures and often linked to juvenile delinquency, these were actually youth cultures in which rock and fashion were combined; they became two schools of thought that would remain almost unchanged in the history of the relationship between sound and look: the clothing worn by the Teddy Boys would later inspire mod and Brit-pop fashion, and from the casual stars and stripes came blue-collar fashion, typically worn by singer-songwriters.

The British were explicitly the most referential and experimental: this Edwardian style suggested the desire to have fun, parodying classical elegance and an increasingly off-putting attitude; and already starting with the Beatles and with almost all of the British beat there was a clear contrast between dark outfits (black ties, jackets, and buttons) and a rebellion from the head (long hair) to toe (boots with heels). Glam rock in a leotard, representing the celebration of androgyny with new sexual identities (also visible in some of Bowie’s costumes), was destined to be reconverted into a sort of neo-dandyism in double-breasted and pinstripe suits worn by the rock stars themselves, while posing as fashion models. Rising up from the ashes of punk, as well, was a drier, plainer attire (the shirts and grisaille worn by Joy Division) that was later caricatured with pomp and kitsch by the arbiter elegantiarum of synth pop: almost an expanded or exaggerated Armani Style for Brian Ferry, Duran Duran, Spandau Ballet, and so on. Needless to say, it was again Bowie and his Berlin period that foreshadowed a return to classical male elegance. And then there were the American musicians who presented themselves in stage costumes from the start, from the New Orleans jazz musicians to swing to R&B, donning impeccable attire from tailcoats to black tie, from tuxedos to the wide-striped shirts worn by the Beach Boys. This desire for transgression can also be seen in the way, after the war, African-American musicians dressed for the stage: Bebop musicians wore porkpie hats in Lester Young style that also became the title of a famous jazz instrumental by Charles Mingus. Even more famous, and first worn by Cab Calloway, was the zoot suit, in which the jacket, tie, and hat were deliberately wide, showy, long, and tacky. However, some soloists chose to wear a black beret and sunglasses, symbolizing a more intellectual relationship between themselves, the world, jazz, and clothes. In terms of appearance there are also powerful analogies between boppers and beatniks.

In the years when Elvis Presley loved his lamé jacket, the Beat Generation established the rules as concerned what to wear in public, much like Brecht’s eliminating of the “fourth wall” separating the artist from the performer. In the cabarets, bars, jazz clubs, and coffee shops of Greenwich Village where Jack Kerouac and Allen Ginsberg performed, sweaters and sandals for both men and women were all the rage. The new minstrels made their own contribution, too: a young Bob Dylan was the very image of the person for whom the last thing on his mind was what he was wearing, committed exclusively to making his audience appreciate him for what he sang and had to say. The show itself was of secondary importance.

Lastly, hippies around the world, with their rainbow attire, seemed to foreshadow multiethnicity and today’s ecological philosophy of recycling, reusing, repurposing, theatrically inventing the pantomime of everyone being equal to everyone else but different at the same time. Their attire also included military uniforms from different historical eras, psychedelic shirts, floral print skirts, the nude look, peasant vests, Dutch clogs, Indian saris, turbans, multicolored scarves, hand-dyed fabrics, cowboy hats, top hats, and bowler hats. Movies about Woodstock and the Isle of Wight tell us that the musicians and the audience dressed the same way. David Bowie would enter the scene soon afterward, changing things forever.

UNKY

In the 1970s, ambiguous, perverse, decadent glam rock is affirmed by its American precursors (MC5, Stooges, New York Dolls) and thanks to its genuine heroes of visual and performative transformations: exceptional musicians and image-men (the British Elton John, David Bowie, Roxy Music, Queen, and the Americans Lou Reed and Iggy Pop) or the gruesome street artists of disguise and masquerade (Kiss). By the end of the decade, punk comes into play. It is, after all, a violent reaction to consumeristic degeneration, in spite of the fact that its musical counterpart never achieves either stylistic perfection or even a bare minimum of technical-communicative sufficiency. The purpose of punk lies in the self-destruction of the formulas (by that time rhetorical) of youth music, hence, Sex Pistols, Clash, Siouxsie and the Banshees, and Crass in the UK, Nina Hagen in Germany, and the Blank Generation with the trendsetter Patti Smith (who is also a poet) in the United States. There is a big leap from the loud sound of punk to that of “Saturday Night Fever”: disco-dance, low-quality music with a few exceptions in those who chose to continue in the soul tradition by way of the new funk music (Earth, Wind & Fire, Al Jarreau, Gil Scott Heron, Funkadelic, Patti Labelle). David Bowie would embrace this type of music as well, albeit sporadically, with a wonderful album Young Americans , which is an explicit tribute to Black music!

LAMOUR

David Bowie, between glamour and decadence: “We can be heroes, just for one day.” When he debuts in the late 1960s, he almost goes unnoticed. David Bowie starts out like any of the long-haired vocalists crowding the British scene, surrounded by an effervescent Swinging London whose youth pop keeps churning out new lifestyle models. The turning point for the blond ephebe takes place at the start of the following decade. He walks onto the stage to show off his aloof androgyny, a look created by feminine makeup and outfits as sexy as they are showy. The set is one of carefully calculated science-fiction eccentricity, which in turn manages to underscore even more the manifest ambiguity of both the character and the representation.

With Bowie, for the first time ever pop music knowingly achieved and expressed two new objectives: on the one hand, it openly manifested performance disguises that could signify sexual ambivalence and freedom of the body; on the other hand, it emphasized these needs in explicitly baroque style, in part related to avant-garde experiences on a visual level, thus accentuating pop music’s nature as a mise-en-scène with a dramatic connotation. Before then pop music had almost always concealed the artists’ homosexuality or bisexuality, and when it was revealed, it was never the main aesthetic. Furthermore, rock in particular had never afforded too much importance to the stage design and technical arrangement of the live performance. With Bowie, instead, this became linked to both the music and to the records that were its direct expression. And as concerned sound, in the middle of those progressive years, David Bowie returned to the song format—to rock that was sung and was very simple, yet never banal, and which often, with great originality, revisited current and recent pop. Unsurprisingly, the major point of reference was the underground rock of The Velvet Underground, whose singer, Lou Reed, would be launched as a soloist by Bowie himself later, curating his records as his producer. Bowie did not rest on his laurels: by the late 1970s he had given up the en travesti image. He stopped wearing the clothes of an extraterrestrial and no longer wore his hair long or painted his eye. Instead, he presented himself on stage with hair that was carefully combed in an old-fashioned way and he wore the most refined masculine Savile Row classical and elegant outfits. His look was still important, but now he was exclusively focused on researching the music, which was periodically updated. Within a song format that is often exaggerated, Bowie experimented with all the genres of contemporary pop, even transitioning from the most extreme ones of electronic music (the period with Brian Eno as producer) to heavy metal (his records with the group Tin Machine). He even managed to make soul and dance his own.

Although he may not have been a musical innovator in the strict sense of the term, David Bowie was one of the pop icons of the twentieth century. He was able to vampirize diverse types of sound and turn them into music “by” David Bowie, whose unique voice and ability to write songs with ease were legendary. Many later pop artists knowingly— or perhaps unknowingly—borrowed from him the idea of changing constantly. But Bowie always managed to be uniquely himself, both artistically and in other ways.

IPPIE/PUNK

Bowie’s body is born from British beat. It foreshadows New Wave. It becomes glam. It sums up entire worlds: it harbors within it the genealogy of the physical body of all of rock history. In early rock ’n’ roll, the body’s message was twofold: exuberance that went from the sexual attraction of the cult personality (e.g. Elvis the Pelvis) to the physical exercise of dancing in pairs, an acrobatic performance in every respect, not without erotic connotations. The rock ’n’ roll body, which is gradually identifiable in the musician, in the fan, in any young person, thus on either side of the stage, shows off its muscles, strength, machismo, and energy, which is channeled in an anarchic and irrational rebellion that, most of the time, will serve as a guide for all of the rock that follows to the present day. The only significant variant was the “Flower Power” period. The hippies who protested against the system were fighting for equality that involved men and women: their long hair, Indian-style tunics, unisex fashion, thin, ephebic, and androgynous bodies running freely across the fields at Woodstock, on the Isle of Wight, and at other festivals were the physical counterpart to music that, through psychedelia, had soft, seductive, hypnotic, and bittersweet rhythms suited to communicating a spiritual understanding, where the mind/body dualism was almost erased. Later, rock would undergo other, different glorifications; in punk and its derivatives, musicians and the public attempted, to various degrees of awareness, to give meaning and culture to the body, in which natural sounds, frenetic rhythms, wild dances, awkward gestures, torn clothing, piercings, and tattoos could be dared. Rock and the body symbolized the cathartic attempt to manage anger and instinct, to dominate fatigue and pain in contemporary society, with a boldness that sought to exorcise the fear and anxiety of the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. It was a subculture or a series of “styles,” as the English sociologists would say, a revolt against style. Through punk and its corollaries, besides the exaltation of the body, a vindication of the epidermic (and visceral) contact, of the physical performance, of the death mask took place, verging on blood and sweat and material violence and resulting in a series of self-harming effects: the punks of yesterday and today, who harm themselves by humiliating their bodies, are doing nothing other than asking for help in an absurd, terrible, desperate way, perhaps asking the adult world to understand and to listen.

MAGE

Everybody knows that “rock” means music. Any classification of it would note that it is objectively a sound language. Hence music, but not just that: the reason for rock’s success, in the more than half a century of its existence, is that it manifests itself as communication that transcends the acoustic element to become image. This is image in the sense of body, event, performance, icon, as David Bowie taught us. This is what the White Duke’s trajectory was about, not only as a youth phenomenon but, most importantly, as a contemporary synesthetic product, as a highly unique episode within the mass media.

In Bowie, rock and image are one, in many different ways and with various meanings: Bowie’s sound as the icon of the twentieth century, from the audiovisual flow of the video clips to the universal fashion look, from the album covers perceived as an unprecedented perspective of design to the theatricality of the musical performance in symbiosis with the eye and the ear. For Bowie, the relationship with the image is as always indissoluble—the same as for many other rock stars—thanks to interdisciplinary aesthetics and interpretations where rock and image intersect. At times, depending on the period, Bowie aims for erudite or intellectual elements, thus interweaving exclusive relationships between youth music and contemporary art.

TALY

While visiting Monsummano Terme, Tuscany, a journalist accidentally made a mistake in writing the correct title of Bowie’s song, saying, in fact: “Shy, a bit lost, he arrived in the city of shoes in the scorching hot summer of ’69 to sing ‘Ragazzo solo, ragazza sola,’ the Italian version of ‘Space Oddity.’” The organizers of the contest knew very little about the Englishman. He was one of many contestants. He was an English rebel, a “rather strange” type with a unique metallic voice. The sponsor they assigned him was the shoemaking company Fiorella (in those days the shoe market was flourishing). The company paid for his stay, and for three days he became the champion of footwear and the idol of the young locals, who bowed to him each time he traveled back and forth from the hotel to City Hall (where the singing took place). Although they did not know who he was, they were very curious about him.

ONES (DAVID ROBERT)

“I went to Woodstock once and I hated it. It was just too cute for words.” But while explaining his love of the nearby Catskill Mountains, he added: “This isn’t cute. It’s stark and it has a Spartan quality about it.” While Bowie had purchased previous properties under his real name, David Robert Jones, he kept his residence in the Catskills wrapped in secrecy. When he wasn’t devoting himself to culture, he painted and made sketches and self-portraits with charcoal. Bowie and his wife Iman and daughter Alexandria divided their time between Manhattan and Woodstock. Even today, most of the residents of Woodstock have no idea where his house is. But that doesn’t mean that Bowie wasn’t friendly with his neighbors. According to The Sun, Bowie enjoyed introducing himself with a handshake and a disarming “Hi, I’m David.” Bowie also used his place in the country to overcome his fear of driving. He could often be spotted driving around with his wife and daughter, and he was often seen in the local bars nursing a beer.

Large estates and numerous “No Trespassing” signs as well as video cameras provided all the privacy a solitary pop star needed, according to the sources interviewed by The Sun. This haven was no doubt an invaluable source of comfort for the rock star in the last days of his life. One of Bowie’s friends told The Sun: “After decades of frenetic city living, David finally found peace in the mountains, and that’s where I am sure some of his remains will go.”

UBRICK

Paradoxically, it was Stanley Kubrick’s masterpiece 2001: A Space Odyssey (1968) that turned music into science fiction. Unsurprisingly, no sooner was it released than the newcomer David Bowie was inspired to write the song “Space Oddity.” Three years later, the mysterious obelisk that is a leitmotif for the entire film was placed at the center of the cover of the album Who’s Next by The Who and used as a urinal. This made Kubrick so angry he refused to make the film version of the group’s fanta-rock-opera Tommy. An obelisk can also be seen in the middle of a café table on the album cover of Presence (1976) by Led Zeppelin.

AZARUS

“Lazarus” is like an epitaph, as was deduced after Bowie’s death, just two days after Blackstar was released on January 8, 2016. Almost as if to bid farewell one last time to music and art, Ziggy Stardust wanted this superlative final album to make his death “marvelous.” Released on December 17, 2015, as the second track on the album, “Lazarus” would be Bowie’s last single, an incredible epitaph with which David bids farewell to life. The lyrics, according to the statement made by the record producer Tony Visconti, are a sort of self-epitaph, as are the other tracks on the record.

The character with button-like eyes, already in Blackstar, is the protagonist of the official video. Bowie plays the part, while living in a squalid hospital room, a tormented poet who disappears as he closes the doors of a wardrobe behind him.

OT

“I’ve never responded well to entrenched negative thinking. When I’m faced with ‘that won’t work’ or ‘don’t let’s try that,’ I try to put judgment on hold for as long as possible. Then, when I need to listen to something critically, I put myself in a place that has nothing to do with the industrialized process we’re going through, being in a studio and all that. I’ll pretend that I’m on a ship, say, and I’m looking out to sea and there’s a distant fog on the horizon. I will listen to the piece of music from that place and see what it does to me. I use those kinds of tricks all the time. It amazes me sometimes that even intelligent people will analyze a situation or make a judgment after only recognizing the standard or traditional structure of a piece. They will then confront the whole thing with a standard reaction, and a standard reaction will not allow for deviancies. It’s the kiss of death in creating something.” (David Bowie)

RIGINS

There are three schools of thought concerning the origins of rock and the relationship between rock and the younger generations. The first sees the natural, spontaneous, genuine genesis of rock as a collective youth phenomenon in America and in England that quickly spread to other Western countries. The second one points to the significant influence of the cultural industry in inventing and shaping the needs and consumerism (i.e. rock first and foremost) of the young. They later became a new target for much of the expanding market, and needed to be exploited. A third school of thought mediates between the first two: it sees rock as a coalescing of forces and potential, in which art and consumerism, rebellion and conformism, pure ideals and vile money (hence poverty and wealth), revolution and reaction, artisanship and industry, genius and ignorance, creativity and serialization, spontaneity and artificiality all live together, notwithstanding their differences. Since the advent of rock ’n’ roll, music has never been the same, and this can also be said for the lives of the young, Western society and culture, and contemporary life. Rock quickly influenced all pop music. Today, as in the past, the success of a rock group all depends on whether a performer is good. In this sense, rock, starting from the 1960s, took over from cinema in making stars, bestowing the musician (whether a singer, guitarist, or group leader) with

the required charismatic allure. By refusing to conform, and by exploiting his or her identification with the public, especially as regards the previously mentioned generational issues, the star made the rules in every aspect of the imagination, whether common or fantastic, from fashion to lifestyle, from taste to desire, from sexuality to hedonism. And all this, in turn, created a mythical aura not only as concerned the protagonists of a milieu that has existed for over half a century (filled with several golden ages), but also toward a microcosm gradually made up of technology, media, places, objects, and existential aspects.

OP ART

It all goes back to the 1960s when two neologisms were coined: pop art and pop music. These two terms soon traveled around the world: they were quickly adapted to the jargon of everyday language, signifying two phenomena that were apparently distant but actually shared many sociocultural aspects from the same period in time. Pop art is a “cultured” form of Anglo-American painting that focuses on ironically re-creating contemporary urban imaginary. It especially does so by portraying the objects and fetishes of today’s reality. Pop music instead connotes popular (light, “extra-cultured”) music that was born from the media and the industrialized milieu, whose unique forms and contents are intrinsically linked to modern technology and to mass communication. Although pop art is often described as a new avant-garde cultural experience, and pop music represents both pop music relegated to mere object for passive consumption, along with innovative, cultured, and refined rock, the truth is that in both phenomena we find similar creative drives and affinities, during a period when aesthetics moved in the direction of the reproducibility and the fruition in a series of cultural products. Today, however, almost forty years after the dual origin of pop, rock and image almost switched roles: pop taste became generalized or was extended to all sectors of expressive languages and human communication. Since the 1960s, and increasingly in the periods that followed, thanks to the watershed of pop, music and the avant-gardes, rock and visual images, sounds and art have pursued one another. They have analyzed, embraced, and influenced one another, eventually sharing many common projects or delicate works in symbiosis. David Bowie foreshadowed many of these things, keeping high the level of almost mystical participation and collaboration, from Hunky Dory to Blackstar

EALITY

The first time he felt the pain, David Bowie was singing a song called “Reality.” It was an evening in June 2004 during a long tour that had taken him all the way to the stifling heat of a small building in Prague. “Reality,” the title-track to his album of the previous year, was about facing mortality and putting illusions aside. At the age of fifty-seven, Bowie had been doing just that for some time. He was finally sober and had given up smoking. He was taking medication to lower his cholesterol, and was working out with a personal trainer. That night, as always, he looked agelessly, extraterrestrially thin, his long blond hair covering his smooth forehead, a fluorescent scarf around his neck. But while he stood at the center of the stage singing “Now my death is more than just a sad song” (a reference to his renditions of Jacques Brel’s “My Death” during the apocalyptic period of Ziggy), he found himself having trouble breathing. Raising his hand to his chest he stopped singing, leaving the piece unfinished. “He looked over his shoulder at me,” the bass guitarist Gail Ann Dorsey recalled. “He was just white, pale, transluscent almost . His shirt was just drenched . . . He was just standing there, posturing, but not singing . . . Looking down at the audience . . . I could see their expressions in the front row . . . they went from joy and dancing to looking kind of concerned.” A bodyguard rushed onto the stage and helped Bowie off. He had suffered a heart attack.

EED, LOU

Lou Reed’s definition of rock seems to fit Bowie’s personality perfectly. Reed believed that rock was a product of urban culture typical of the twentieth century, and was invented so that someone could put together a story in a way that was delightful and complementary to the mind and the body.

OCK

Rock is a music genre that originated in the United States in the mid-1950s. It quickly spread to the rest of the world, soon becoming popular music that was universally shared by the young, by the record industry, and by the media, within an articulated show business world that grew increasingly globalized.

Rock initially began as a type of dance linked to a style of song, which in turn came from African-American R&B. Nevertheless, what was new about rock, during the first years epitomized by Elvis Presley (1925–1977), was the way it readapted certain elements of blues, R&B, boogie, jump, jazz (the rhythm, the timbre) with others that were characteristic of country and western, bluegrass, and hillybilly, white spiritual (the melody), as well as of modern pop songs and musical comedies (the harmony). It absorbed other influences as well.

However, rock’s impact on the public and society, and the way it was communicated through the media, transcended intrinsic musical aspects, as it affected the imagination of new audiences: young people from fifteen to twenty years old, who up until then had been excluded, neglected, absent from the social limelight.

Rock thus became a banner of the generation that was born during World War II, which had grown up while experiencing various postwar crises and wanted to deal with its adolescent and post-adolescent years in an alternative and independent way. It wanted to look out onto the outside world with its own identity, which expressed, perhaps even with naivety, anger, or candor, a special view of the world, things, and people.

Since then, rock has cyclically served as a value-bearer of cultures, desires, utopias, and the feelings of new generations struggling with the authority of their fathers or older siblings. It should come as no surprise that rock’s regeneration at various levels, eventually resulting in the overturning of or hostility toward what preceded it, always comes, more or less, one decade after the other (i.e. the 1950s, 1960s, 1970s, 1980s, etc.), almost as if to affirm the generational changes in a lively dialectic between past and present, present and future.

CIENCE FICTION

In a few years’ time, more or less between 1965 and 1975, rock underwent a great aesthetic metamorphosis, becoming the magical receptacle of ultra-imaginary cultural stimuli, where science fiction was also a focal point of youth counterculture. Mysterious galaxies and expandable (or parallel, closed, infinite) universes are pretexts (or contexts) for folk singers, pop stars, and rock bands who sing about revolutionary utopias or existential mysticism. Suffice it to recall, in this sense, the close relationships between the new science fiction and a phenomenon like psychedelia—not only in rock music but also in painting, drawing, cinema, ecology, decoration, self-analysis—projected toward a multicolored future with uncertain borders, even reformulating and revamping the theories of Albert Einstein on the possible (and multiple) spatiotemporal dimensions.

In the early 1970s, some European musicians were especially responsible for connecting rock with sci-fi, as part of a great progressive trend (Pink Floyd, ELP, Genesis). British space rock is the first to be launched. The Ziggy Stardust album and tour mark a point of no return that will set the standard beyond rock and science fiction, as well as within two very great cultures that, whether separate or united, provided one masterpiece after another from then to the present time (Zappa, Magma, Kartner, Rush, Radiohead, Flaming Lips, Daft Punk, Gorillaz) for present and future humanity . .

PACE

In the second half of the twentieth century, science fiction and music went hand in hand, sharing the collective imaginary in two distinct phases. The first of these concerned the race to conquer space by the two superpowers, the United States and the USSR, engaged in a Cold War that included sending their spaceships into orbit, from Sputnik to the Apollo program’s missions for the first-ever Moon landing. Neil Armstrong’s mission, much like a contrappasso in the Divine Comedy, allegorically passed the baton, exactly one month after July 16, 1969, to the first mega-gathering of young people associated with a music festival (Woodstock), the half a million hippies who gathered there ready to applaud Jimi Hendrix, Carlos Santana, or Crosby, Stills, Nash (and Young). More for philosophical reasons than an interest in NASA’s voyages, these young people set out, with a visionary eye and hallucinogenic filters, to view the stars and the galaxies in the sky. It was Rudolf Steiner’s Age of Aquarius (also sung in the rock musical Hair ), and these people believed in solidarity, democracy, brotherhood, sisterhood, and ecology.

In between Sputnik and Apollo 11 was the so-called space age (the “peaceful” consequence of the atomic age) that, on an everyday level, well beyond the scientific research, invested whole sectors of everyday life: a style of American design that gradually influenced clothing, cars, interior design, pots and pans, packaging, and the most far-fetched gadgets, inspired, indirectly, by astronaut (or cosmonaut) suits, missiles, artificial satellite mechanics, the luminous panels of huge calculators, and control room interiors, from which the orders were given for trips beyond the Earth’s atmosphere. (Bezos, Branson, Musk, among others, are still trying to do so today.) This aesthetic and emotional atmosphere had its own music called space age pop—see Francesco Adinolfi’s Mondo exotica. Suoni, visione e manie della Generazione Cocktail (2000) for a thorough analysis—which was able to exploit the song format, updating the sound effects that have historically become vintage, but that at the time seemed projected toward a positive twenty-first century —a century in which humanity would be able to boast of numerous colonies on the Moon and on Mars (and perhaps on an asteroid or two).

Space age pop, a futuristic offshoot of bachelor pad music, was perhaps better at symbolizing modern-day unbridled consumerism than the actual progress in technology or the new frontiers in astrophysics and astronomy. Officially beginning with Les Baxter’s Music Out of the Moon (1947), space age pop is a subgenre that combines jazz and rock, at times reconverted by marketing strategies to only the cover titles. This was the case with Duke Ellington’s celebrated LP The Cosmic Scene (1958), whose orchestra was renamed Spacemen, but with the customary ingenious songlist only partly updated, and rhythm that was faster than the jazz original. As for jazz, we must not overlook the work of Sun Ra, an American pianist, jazz composer, and leader of bands with the most imaginative and famous names (a base Arkestra later became Astro Intergalactic Infinity, Cosmo Discipline, Solar, Intergalactic Research, Myth Science). The band turned science fiction related to Egyptology, esotericism, pseudoarcheology, cosmology, and ufology into an essential feature of sensationalizing freedom. With its great performances (similar to off-off theater), the recordings it was associated with, whose titles were rather eloquent ( The Nubians of Plutonia, The Heliocentric Worlds, Interstellar Low Ways, Space Is the Place), only in part expressed the beauty of dancing on a live set.

PIDERS

David Bowie used some amazing backing bands throughout his career, but none of them came near the explosive combination of the trio Spiders from Mars. Guided by the super-talented guitar player Mick Ronson, these “Martian spiders” were powerful fuel for the futuristic spaceship launched by an androgynous Bowie at the peak of early 1970s glam rock. From The Man Who Sold the World (1970) to Pin Ups (1973), by way of such masterpieces as Hunky Dory, The Rise and Fall of Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars , Aladdin Sane, the contributions of Ronson (guitars), Trevor Bolder (bass guitar), and Mick Woodmansey (drums) were a centerpiece of Bowie’s work.

TARS

A modern icon of pop culture, not without intellectual or messianic aspirations at times, rock through its most absolute stars (mentioned in the first chapter) metaphorically provides a history lesson about the second half of the twentieth century and the beginning of the twenty-first: after Elvis’s first album (1956) came the Beatles with Rubber Soul (1965) and the outrageous Rolling Stones of Aftermath (1966), both of them in different ways the champions of British beat music. There was the singer-songwriter Bob Dylan with Blonde on Blonde (1966), combining folk and rock; the electric guitar player Jimi Hendrix who in Electric Ladyland (1968) reinvented the sound of the Fender Stratocaster; the composer Frank Zappa who, from Freak Out! (1966) to Hot Rats (1969), combined doo-wop with Igor Stravinsky in dada fashion. Lastly, there’s David Bowie, who invented and reinvented the theatrical nature of pop. The history of rock could be written with these six names alone: it was their music in the fab 1960s that led to all the rest.

But we could go on forever, and by using the categories of journalists and sociologists (for lists, charts, groupings) recall that rock has had countless definitions through the ages. Suffice it to recall Mick Jagger’s words more than twenty years ago when he said that the critics never ceased to point out to him the weakness of the writing of their songs and that they were almost always right. It was not an excuse to say that it was not important because it was just rock. It was important to do something that would be successful as well as meaningful. And as for the questionable taste ascribed to rock music fans, it was blamed on their youth and unworldliness.

ECHNOLOGY

Rock as urban music and new industrial folklore established its capitals (London, Liverpool, Memphis, New York, San Francisco, Seattle, etc.) and even baptized its buildings (garages, clubs, discos, studios) from which ceremonies often moved to the outdoors (Monterey Pop, Woodstock, and the Isle of Wight, the forebears of rock as a sign and a dream of peace, love, and music). Rock also featured collective rituals that were soon codified behaviorwise, from drug use to the focus on one’s look and hedonism. The result are lifestyles that express various levels of transgression: anarchy, ecology, nihilism, rebellion, mystical journeys, Eastern philosophies, clashes between youth gangs, the struggle against power, the extravagant luxury of rock stars.

Cutting-edge technologies were used in the recording and the reproduction of sound: phonographically, the gradually perfected relationship with supports like 45 and 33rpms, CDs, and iPods/Mp3s is intrinsic. The success of the jukebox, the job of the radio DJ, film-concerts and rockumentaries at the movies, the televised images of video clips, and the download of compressed audio files also reveal that rock is essential to the relationship between science and performance, or rather, between music, technology, and communication.

HINKING

“Nearly all the synth work on Heathen is mine and some of the piano. We had a joke going that for every song, I would put together a layer of sound that I liked and Tony, grinning like a Cheshire cat, would say, ‘But surely those are pre-sets, David?’ The thing is, most ‘professional’ synth players will listen to a song and then will want to program their own sound for it. They have an inbuilt enmity and elitism toward presets, even though some of these same guys programmed those sounds originally, and with a lot of care. I love presets. And if I say that ‘No, don’t change the sound I want the preset,’ their face will drop and a look of disdain appears. However, I got my way most times and the odd sounding homemade quality that Pete Townsend liked about this work is generally me tinkering around.” (David Bowie)

ARHOL

1971: Andy Warhol by David Bowie. Twenty-five years before he played Andy Warhol in the 1996 movie about the graffiti artist Basquiat, David Bowie had performed an acoustic tribute to the king of pop art on the album Hunky Dory. The piece features echoes of flamenco and psychedelia, thought-provoking lyrics that range from sweet nostalgia to double entendres , beginning from the way the painter’s name is pronounced at the start. The most emblematic lines remain: “I’d like to be a gallery / Put you all inside my show,” where, besides the bold amorous metaphor, gallery also stands for Gallery, the New York venue of the Warholian microcosm. They say that Bowie sang the piece for Warhol, who remained quiet for a while, eventually whispering to him: “I like your shoes.”

HEN

“Sometimes you stumble across a few chords that put you in a reflective place. Slip Away started like that. It’s odd but even when I was a kid, I would write about ‘old and other times’ as though I had a lot of years behind me. Now I do, so there is a difference in the weight of memory. When you’re young, you’re still ‘becoming’; now at my age I am more concerned with ‘being.’ And not too long from now I’ll be driven by surviving, I’m sure. I kind of miss that ‘becoming’ stage, as most times you really don’t know what’s around the corner. Now, of course, I’ve kind of knocked on the door and heard a muffled answer. Nevertheless, I still don’t know what the voice is saying, or even what language it’s in.” (David Bowie)

ILL

Bowie’s Final Will and Testament

The world had to bid farewell to a creative force like no other. I had to say goodbye to my alien friend who, one day, landed unexpectedly with his spaceship in my yard and took me on the voyage of a lifetime. Someone who trusted me to guide him with a hunting rifle for a first look at the world through wild and marvelous eyes . . . For once I fully understand the essence of that brilliant song . . . “And I’m floating in a most peculiar way, and the stars look very different today” . . . which constantly consoles me that our Starman is no longer of this Earth . . . “Planet Earth is blue and there’s nothing I can do . . . ” If you can hear me, Major Tom, thank you. You are loved. Although Bowie asked that there be no public memorial for him, there were projects to honor his contribution to music underway elsewhere. At the tribute the following month at the Brit Awards ceremony, President Max Lousada said: “Naturally, we wish to honor his extraordinary life and work at the forthcoming Brit Awards and pay a fitting tribute to one of our greatest icons.” Bowie was also honored at a commemorative concert held at Carnegie Hall in New York on March 31, 2016. The concert to celebrate Bowie’s legacy was announced a few hours before he died and tickets sold out quickly. Mick Jagger and Paul McCartney “would play at the concert commemorating David Bowie in New York.” The organizers said that “up to twenty artists” would play Bowie’s classics. The Roots, Cyndi Lauper, The Mountain Goats, Heart’s Ann Wilson, Perry Farrell, and Jakob Dylan were all scheduled to participate. Other stars also got in line to pay tribute. Tina Turner said: “A piece of my heart has broken. Not only was David a passionate supporter of my career but, more importantly, a very special person in my life. An icon. Irreplaceable loving friend. I am missing him greatly.” Madonna dedicated a song to Bowie while she was performing in Houston, Texas, as part of her Rebel Heart tour. She covered his 1974 success, “Rebel Rebel,” as a montage of images of Bowie were projected on the screen behind her. When she finished she fell to the ground.

The Queen of Pop later tweeted: “Paying tribute to my favorite rebel!” The American indie rock band Arcade Fire, who collaborated closely with Bowie, also released a statement: “David Bowie was one of the band’s earliest supporters and champions. He not only created the world that made it possible for our band to exist, he welcomed us into it with grace and warmth. We will take to the grave the moments we shared; talking, playing music, and collaborating as some of the most profound and memorable moments of our lives.”

Elton John praised Bowie for having waged his battle with cancer with dignity. John said: “But what I loved about him toward the end was his incredible privacy during what must have been ten years of incredible bad luck battling with illnesses, heart attacks, cancer, whatever. He kept it private in an age where everyone knows everything about everything. He kept it to himself . . . he made two albums without anybody knowing he was making them. He had, obviously, [been] treated for his illnesses without anyone knowing or anyone saying anything . . . and that is the mystique of the man, because we know David Bowie the figure, the singer, the outrageous performer. But actually, we don’t know anything about him. And that’s the way it should be in music and should be in any art form whatsoever.”

Bowie died on Sunday. Ivo van Hove, the director of Bowie’s musical Lazarus, said: “I’m not sure if he planned his death, but it seems a bit too coincidental. He certainly planned for Blackstar to be released when it did—his birthday. It’s too coincidental. On the song ‘The Girl Loves Me’ he asks, ‘where the f*** did Monday go?’ I’ve got no evidence, but I think he did. It was like Mozart writing his requiem or the famous Dennis Potter who kept writing scripts on his deathbed.”

OODSTOCK (THE TOWN)

This is your typical North American town with white clapboard houses and a church in the center, where a huge, richly decorated Christmas tree is raised each year, and every street corner and every shop window is adorned with red and green to welcome the holiday season.

Woodstock is trendy because it is located in a beautiful area known as Catskill Park. There you can take walks, go on excursions, go fishing, and ride a mountain bike in the summer, while in the winter there’s alpine and crosscountry skiing. The entire area has managed to preserve its rural atmosphere. Urban development has been carefully planned, limited to just a few condos, while almost all the residences are estate houses, chalets, or detached houses on a large piece of land, often many acres.

While strolling along the rather typical streets, the traces of a recent past are still evident: bright colors and floral prints continue to be worn by the townspeople as they stroll by or work in stores that sell records, clothes, antiques, vintage objects, or crafts. Even American tourists won’t leave Woodstock without taking home some curious, unique,

and original souvenir. However, if you look beyond the shops with the aura of the utopia of the 1960s, you will find small museums and art galleries that offer excellent exhibitions. In general, every form of creativity is celebrated here. In 1829, when the town was first settled, several painters from the Hudson River School got their training here. The town was popular with artists, poets, musicians, novelists, and many other culture enthusiasts who were seeking inspiration or the opportunity to work without distractions. Woodstock symbolizes a place for all those who wish to express themselves through forms and contents that they can then further develop. Woodstock is one of the most iconic places in the United States.

(INCOGNITO)

X, as in incognito, is about Bowie reappearing briefly, for two short 2005 concerts, with what was his favorite band in those days, Arcade Fire. “I feel good,” he told a reporter during rehearsal. He went onstage twice more: in May 2006, in London, to pay tribute to one of his sources of inspiration, Syd Barrett, and to sing “Arnold Layne” (as well as “Comfortably Numb”) together with David Gilmour. Six months later he sang three songs at a gala event accompanied by Mike Garson, and a duet with Alicia Keys to the notes of “Changes.” It would be his last live performance.

AY

The last yays of approval for Bowie arrived with a second concert in Germany, where he sang “Ziggy Stardust” for the last time. Although he didn’t miss a single note, Bowie collapsed backstage and was forced to undergo surgery for a blocked coronary artery. He would never go on tour or give interviews again. He grew so secretive that he chided one of his closest collaborators, Tony Visconti, for revealing that they watched British comedy during studio breaks. That night was David Bowie’s last as a public figure.

IGGY

1972: The Rise and Fall of Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars by David Bowie. This was early Bowie in his most successful and congenial guise. Ziggy Stardust is the alien who comes to Earth and becomes an ambassador of rock, accompanied by the Spiders from Mars. For the first time ever, rock that can underscore the central role of the song format brings to the forefront both theatricality and performance, thanks to a singer-composer who changes strategies several times while seeking a look, but without taking anything away from the intrinsic quality of the songs. The London singer and composer (born David Jones) debuted during the Beat era, invented glam rock in the 1970s, was among the first artists to use synth and to launch electronic music, also as a producer. He continued to reflect on the meaning behind making pop music as it relates to art and performance, incorporating a taste for the decadent and avant-garde in his records and his concerts. He was likely the first artist to be successful with a mass audience thanks to his theatrical kind of pop, in which the look, the set, and the costumes were as important as the music itself. Because of its intrinsic qualities and explicit dualism, the concept album The Rise and Fall of Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars is his masterpiece, and “Rock ’n’ Roll Suicide” is an epic piece.

I have always liked challenges. That’s why, in the journey of creating this book, I wanted to draw portraits of my muses, my idols. And I had a lot of fun moving my pencil and my hand in a way that was totally new and different for me. My way!

F.G.

DAVID BOWIE

GRACE JONES

ARETHA FRANKLIN

EDDIE VEDDER

ERIC CLAPTON

TINA TURNER

KURT COBAIN

DAVID BOWIE

DIANA ROSS

JEFF BUCKLEY

CHRIS CORNELL

BON JOVI

MICHAEL JACKSON

AXL ROSE

BEYONCÉ

KATE MOSS

ROBERT PLANT

Endsheets: Science History Images/Alamy Stock Photo/Ipa p. 7: D.R., p. 9: S. Schapiro/Corbis via Getty Images, p. 10: (top right) PA Images/Alamy Stock Photo/Ipa, (top left and center) D.R., (bottom) D.Venturelli/WireImage for Gucci/Getty Images, p. 12: (top left fashion shows) D. Venturelli/WireImage/Getty Images, (top right) Photo by J. Merritt/Getty Images for LACMA, (bottom) C. Gallay/Getty Images for UNICEF, p. 13: D.R., p. 14: Terry O’Neil/Iconic Images, p. 15: Launchmetrics/Spotlight, p. 17: (top left) D. Venturelli/WireImage/Getty Image, (top right) Chris Jackson/Getty Images for Gucci, (fashion shows) Catwalking/Getty Images, p. 18: (top right) Chris Jackson/Getty Images for Gucci, (top left) B. Farrell/Patrick McMullan via Getty Images, (top right) D.M. Benett/Getty Images, (bottom fashion shows) Launchmetrics/Spotlight, p. 20: B. Farrell/Patrick McMullan via Getty Images, p. 22: Courtey NASA Archive, pp. 24–25: MediaPunch Inc/Alamy Stock Photo/Ipa, p. 26 Courtesy NASA Archive, p. 27: Rolls Press/ Popperfoto via Getty Images/Getty Images, p. 28: George Silk/The LIFE Picture Collection/Shutterstock, p. 29: Jim Britt/Michael Ochs Archive/Getty Images, p. 30: AP Photo/LaPresse, p. 31: Universal Images Group North America LLC/Alamy Stock Photo/Ipa, pp. 32–33: Barry Z Levine/Getty Images, p. 34: John Dominis/The LIFE Picture Collection/Shutterstock, p. 37: Courtesy Everett Collection/Mondadori Portfolio, p. 38: Ilpo Musto/Shutterstock, p. 39: David Redfern/Redferns/Getty Images, p. 40: Kevin Cummins/Getty Images, p. 41: Mick Hutson/Redferns/Getty Images, p. 42: Richard E. Aaron/Redferns/Getty Images, p. 43: Henry Diltz/Corbis via Getty Images, p. 44: Pictorial Press Ltd/Alamy Stock Photo/Ipa, p. 45: Michael Putland/Getty Images, p. 46: (top left) Rainer Jensen/Picture Alliance via Getty Images, (bottom left) Miguel Medina/AFP via Getty Images, (bottom center) Dimitri Hakke/Getty Images, p. 47: Sukita, pp. 48–51: Courtesy Estate of Richard Neville, p. 52: Debi Doss/Hulton Archive/Getty Images, p. 53: R. Bamber/Shutterstock, p. 54: Hulton Archive/Getty Images, p. 55: Jorgen Angel/Redferns/Getty Images, pp. 56–57: Pictorial Press Ltd/Alamy Stock Photo/Ipa, pp. 58–59: Valerie Macon/AFP via Getty Images, pp. 60–61: Ron Pownall/Corbis via Getty Images, p. 62: Jim McCrary/Getty Images, p. 64: ScreenProd/Photononstop/Alamy Stock Photo/IPA, p. 65: Gie Knaeps/Getty Images, p. 66: Theo Wargo/WireImage/Getty Images, p. 67: Duncan Raban/Popperfoto via Getty Images, pp. 68–69: Tullio Puglia/Chime for Change/Getty Images, pp. 70–71: (from top row to bottom row from left to right) Ian Gavan (seven pics) Karwai Tang/Ian Gavan/Yosra El-Essawy/Larry Busacca/Chime for Change/Getty Images for Gucci, p. 72: Kevin Mazur/WireImage/Getty Images, p. 74: Ian Tilton/Retna/Photoshot/Ipa, p. 75: Legon 108/Shutterstock, pp. 76–77: (left) Henry Diltz/Corbis via Getty Images, (center top) Photo by Jeff Kravitz/FilmMagic, Inc/Getty Images, (center bottom) Anna Krajec/Michael Ochs Archives/Getty Images, (right) Kristin Callahan/Everett Collection/Mondadori Portfolio, p. 78: Kevin Mazur/WireImage/Getty Images), p. 79: D.R., pp. 80–81: Gie Knaeps/Getty Images, p. 82: MediaPunch Inc/Alamy Stock Photo/Ipa, pp. 84–85: Adam Scull/PHOTOlink/Ipa, pp. 86–87: (left) Kevin Mazur/WireImage/ Getty Images, (center top) The Stewart Bonney Agency/Shutterstock, (top right) (center bottom) Kevin Mazur/WireImage/Getty Images, p. 88: Aaron Rapoport/Corbis via Getty Images, p. 89: MediaPunch Inc/Alamy Stock Photo/Ipa, pp. 90–91: Fin Costello/Redferns/Getty Images, p. 92: Ian Dickson/Redferns/Getty Images, p. 93: Pete Cronin/Redferns/Getty Images, p. 94: Niels van Iperen/Getty Images, p. 95: Richard E. Aaron/Redferns, pp. 96–97: D.R., pp. 98–99: Bob King/Redferns/Getty Images, p. 100: Evening Standard/Hulton Archive/Getty Images, pp. 102–103: Bob Adelman Estate, p. 104: (clockwise) Richard Creamer/Michael Ochs Archives/Getty Images, Daily Mirror/Mirrorpix via Getty Images, Image/Getty Images, Murray Close/Sygma/Sygma via Getty Images, p. 105: (left) Granger/Shutterstock, (center) Mu Kei/GC Images/ Getty Images, (top right) Barry King/WireImage/Getty Images, (bottom) Graham Wiltshire/Getty Images, p. 106: Chris Walter/WireImage, p. 107: Retro AdArchives/Alamy Stock Photo/Ipa, p. 108: John Atashian/Getty Images, pp. 110–111: Terence Spencer/Popperfoto via Getty Images, p. 112: (top left ) Michael Putland/Getty Images, (top right) Virginia Turbett/Redferns, (bottom left) Fröhling/Kraftwerk/Getty Images Images, (bottom right)Inc/Globe Photos/ZUMAPRESS.com/Alamy Stock Photo/Ipa, p. 113: (top) Ron Pownall/Getty Images, (center)Michael Putland/Getty Images, (bottom left) Janette Beckman/Getty Images, (bottom right)Tim Roney/Getty Images, pp. 114–115: Chris Walter/ WireImages/Getty Images, pp. 116–117: Lynn Goldsmith/Corbis/VCG via Getty Images, pp. 118–119: Michael Putland/Getty Images, p. 120: Sukita, pp. 122–123: Sire Records/Michael Ochs Archives/Getty Images, pp. 124–125: (top row from left to right): Michael Ochs Archives/ Getty Images, K.Mazur/WireImage, (central row from left to right) Sunset Boulevard/Corbis via Getty Images, Catherine McGann/Getty Images, Hulton Archive/Getty Images, Ron Bull/Toronto Star via Getty Images (bottom row from left to right) Richard E. Aaron/Redferns/Getty Images, Evan Agostini/Getty Images, Fin Costello/Redferns/Getty Images, David Corio/Redferns/Getty Images, pp. 126–127: Kirk West/ Getty Images, pp. 128–129: (from left) Ralph Orlowski/Getty Images, MJ Kim/Getty Images for MTV, Dave Hogan/Getty Images, p. 130: Larry Hulst/Michael Ochs Archives/Getty Images, pp. 132–133: Ebet Roberts/Getty Images, pp. 134–135: KMazur/WireImage/Getty Images, pp. 136–137: Michael Putland/Getty Images, pp. 138–139: Daily Mirror/Bill Kennedy/Mirrorpix via Getty Images, p. 140: Verhorst/Redferns/ Getty Images, p. 142: (clockwise) Sunset Boulevard/Corbis via Getty Images, Ebet Roberts/Getty Images, Deborah Feingold/Corbis via Getty Images, Album/Mondadori Portfolio, p. 143: (clockwise) Warner Brothers/Album/Mondadori Portfolio, Pictorial Press Ltd/Alamy Stock Photo, ZUMA Press, Inc./Alamy Stock Photo/Ipa, Vinnie Zuffante/Getty Images, pp. 144–145: Marco Piraccini/Archivio Marco Piraccini/Mondadori Portfolio via Getty Images, pp. 146–147: colaimages/Alamy Stock Photo/Ipa, pp. 148–149: Steve Granitz/WireImage/Getty Images, p. 150: Photo by Ian Dickson/Redferns/Getty Images, pp. 152–153: Allan Tannenbaum/Getty Images, pp. 154–155: Lynn Goldsmith/Camerapress/ Contrasto, p. 156: Douglas Kirkland/Corbis via Getty Images, p. 157: Sharok Hatami/Shutterstock, pp. 158–159: Ron Galella, Ltd./WireImage/ Getty Images, p. 160: Anthony Barboza/Getty Images, p. 161: Max Redfern/Redferns/Getty Images, p. 162: Jerry Schatzberg/Getty Images, p. 163: Jack Mitchell/Getty Images, p. 164: Bettmann/Getty Images, p. 165: Ron Galella Collection via Getty Images, pp. 166–167: Images Press/IMAGES/Getty Images, p. 168: © The Andy Warhol Foundation for the Visual Arts Inc, by SIAE 2023, pp. 169–175: D.R., p. 176: Motown Productions/Nikor Productions/Paramount Pictures/Alamy Stock Photo/Ipa, p. 178: © themjworld/DeviantArt, p. 179: Harry Langdon/ Getty Images, pp. 180–181: (top row from left to right) Jeffrey Mayer/WireImage, Frederic REGLAIN/Gamma-Rapho via Getty Images, Kevin Mazur/Getty Images for Fenty Corp, Jeff Kravitz/FilmMagic/Getty Images, (bottom row from left to right) Deville/SIPA/Ipa, Saul Loeb/AFP via Getty Images, p. 182: Kevin Winter/MTV1415/Getty Images for MTV, p. 183: Sonia Moskowitz/Getty Images, pp. 184–185: Rob Verhorst/ Redferns/Getty Images, pp. 186–187: Sahm Doherty/Getty Images, p. 188: ZUMA Press, Inc./Alamy Live News/Ipa, pp. 190–191: (top row from left to right) Beverly News/Shutterstock, Neil Mockford/Alex Huckle/GC Images/Getty Images, Beretta/Sims/Shutterstock, Splash News/ Shutterstock 2023/IPA, Splash News/Shutterstock 2023/IPA, (bottom row from left to right) Melodie Jeng/Getty Images, Wow/Star Max/GC Images, Kristin Callahan/Ace/Shutterstock, pp. 192–193: D.R., p. 194: Christopher Simon Sykes/Hulton Archive/Getty Images, p. 195: Suzan Carson/Michael Ochs Archive/Getty Images, pp. 196–197: D.R., p. 199: Niall Carson/PA Images via Getty Images, p. 200: Doug Pizac/Ap/ LaPresse, p. 201: Daniel Knighton/Getty Images, p. 202: Suzie Gibbons/Redferns/Getty Images, p. 203: Andy Willsher/Redferns/Getty Images, p. 204: Guy Aroch/Trunk Archive, p. 205: Steve Schapiro/Corbis via Getty Images, p. 206: Pictorial Press Ltd/Alamy Stock Photo/IPA, p. 207: David Gahr/Getty Images, p. 208: Kevin Winter/WireImage/Getty Images, p. 210 Chris Walter/WireImage/Getty Images, p. 211: Kevin Mazur/WireImage/Getty Images, pp. 212–213: Mark Ralston/AFP via Getty Images, p. 214: Debi Doss/Redferns/Getty Images, p. 215: Kevork Djansezian/Getty Images, p. 216 Patrick Smith/Getty Images, p. 217: Bob King/Redferns/Getty Images, p. 218: Pictorial Press Ltd / Alamy Stock Photo/Ipa, p. 219: Jeff Kravitz/Getty Images for Live Nation. The Publisher may be contacted by entitled parties for any iconographic sources that have not been identified

Author Frida Giannini

Co-authors

Corrado Rizza, Guido Micheloni

Art Direction

Riccardo Ruini

Graphic Design

Stefano Luceri

Project Coordinator

Simona Silvano

Translation Sylvia Adrian Notini

Graphic Assistant to Frida Giannini

Beatrice Bifano

PR Consulting

Giulia Masla

Distributed in English throughout the World by Rizzoli International Publications Inc. 300 Park Avenue South New York, NY 10010, USA

ISBN: 978-88-918368-0-9

2023 2024 2025 2026 / 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

First edition: November 2023

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior consent of the publishers.

This volume was printed at GRAPHICOM, Vicenza

Printed in Italy

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