Func t i onal i t yModelasBasi sf or Tec hnol ogyManagement( TM) Li t er at ur eRevi ew Thel i t er at ur er evi ew begi nswi t hashor tbackgr oundoft heconnect i on bet ween Technol ogy Li t er acy and Technol ogy Management . Thi s i s consi der edast hemostbasi cpost ul at i onwhi chwi l lbei mpl ement edi nt hi s r esear ch pr oj ect .Thi s al so pur poses f ort echnol ogy t o be i dent i f i ed and under st oodi ni t sv ar i et yofmani f est at i ons,pr act i t i oner sandst udent sofTM shoul dhav eahol i st i cappr oacht ot echnol ogy , aswel l asi t sr el at edf unct i onal char act er i st i cs.I ti si mpor t antuponTM t oof f erpr act i cal andt heor et i cal t ool s t ot hi send,doi ngsoi nt er msofaccept edr esear chpr i nci pl esi nt hef or m of t echnol ogi calpar adi gm ( Johnson&Phi l i ps, 2005) . Av ar i at i onoft het hemei nv ol vi ngt echnol ogypar adi gmsi st hesocal l ed t echnoeconomi cpar adi gm.I ti sapar t i cul art hemewhi chbecamepopul aras a r esul t of a school of t hought whi ch may be char act er i z ed as NeoSchumpet er i ans. Among t he t hought l eader si ncl ude Chr i st opher Fr eeman,Gi ov anniDosi ,andCar l ot t aPer ez,whost at edacaser egar di ngt he r eci pr oci t yi n bet ween t echni caland economi c change,as pr esent ed by di f f er ent t echnol ogi cal r ev ol ut i ons,i ncl udi ng t he associ at ed f or mat i on r egar di ngadi st i nct i v epar adi gm i nv ol v edi nt het heor et i calanal ysi soft he act ualr el at i onshi p( Pet er son,2003) .Per ez( 2004)suggest si mpl ement i nga ser i esofr ev ol ut i onsi nt het echnoeconomi cf i el d, whi chi sat hemeaddedt o t hedi st i nct i v ebehavi orofpr oduct i onandf i nanci alcapi t al , r espect i v el y .Wi t h t he age ofcommuni cat i on and i nf or mat i on t echnol ogi es,now r eachi ng mat ur i t yt owar dst heendoft het echnoeconomi cr ev ol ut i ons.
The cur r entf ocus oft he shi f t si nl i t er at ur er evi ew t o a new er ai n t echnol ogi cal pr ogr essobser v est hei r r upt i onasi tcont i nuest omer gewi t ht he r emnant soft het echnoage.Thi sl i t er at ur er evi ew wi l lf ur t herpr esentacase i nv ol vi ngconv er gentt echnol ogi esi nor dert obecomet hemai nf ocusoft he st udy( Lucas, 2010) . Anot heri ssuet hatcomesi nt opi ct ur ei sgeogr aphyandt echnol ogy .Onone hand, t hi sr esear chappeal st ot hei nt er nat i onal char act erofbot hTM di sci pl i ne aswel last hedi scour ser egar di ngt hi ssubj ectar ea.Ont heot herhand,t hi s st udypr oj ecti sbasedi nAf r i ca, f orAf r i ca, aswel lasi t speer sami dstabi gger gr oupofot herdev el opi ngeconomi es.Asi def r om t hef actt hatt her ei senough evi dencewhi chshowst hatt heeconomi esl ackt heabsor pt i v ecapaci t yt ot ake adv ant ageofi nt er nat i onal t r ansf er soft echnol ogy( Wi l mer , 2008) , t her ei sal so av ai l abl eevi dencet hatt hesout her npar tofAf r i caneedst of ur t heri mpr ov eher compet encei npr oduct i on, aswel lasgener at i onofknowl edgef ort echnol ogy t r ansf er s( Hi pp& Benson,2006) .Asamat t eroff act ,t heent i r edi scour se r egar di ngt heDi gi t alDi vi deasi ti sshowni nt hedev el opi ngeconomi esa vi ndi cat i onoft hement i onedvi ews,asshownsuf f i ci ent l ybyLosch( 2008) . Ul t i mat el y ,howev er ,sel ect i ngmar ket sf orgat her i ngdat ahi ghl ydependson t hepar t i cul arr esear chmodel , t hedat acol l ect i onv agar i es, aswel last hedat a r equi r ement s. I ti sKohl( 1964)whof i r sti nt r oducedt hepar adi gm,encompassi ngor i gi n, pr ogr ess,andev ol ut i onofSci ence.Hei sacknowl edgedgener al l yashavi ng beensuccessf ul i nf or mal i zi ngdi f f er entpar adi gmsascompet i ngandev ol vi ng r ul esandnor msf orr esear ch, ev eni fhei saccusedf orl osi ngcont r olov ert he t er m, andnev err eal l ydef i ni ngi taccur at el y . Asar esponset ot hedebat ewhi ch f ol l owed, hef ur t herdescr i best hatapar adi gm i sadi sci pl i nar ymat r i xwhi chi s consi stofsymbol i c gener al i zat i ons,shar ed commi t ment s orheur i st i cs, concr et esol ut i onst ot hepr obl ems, shar edv al ues, andt hesocal l edex empl ar s ( Rompi ns&Chr i st i anson, 2002) .
Whent hi si scombi nedt oget herwi t hmet hods, t heor yandst andar ds, al lof t hesecomponent sof f err esear cher samapt hatcanbeusedf orr esear ch, and di r ect i onsf ormapcr eat i on.Ev ent houghKohlpr esent shi sasser t i onsal most ex cl usi v el y ,t oget herwi t hexampl escomi ngf r om par adi gms,nat ur alsci ence, aswel last hei rf unct i oni ng whi ch ar enow consi der ed asomni pr esenti n v ar i ousacademi cdi scour sesacr ossal ldi sci pl i nesandsci ent i f i cendeav or s out si det hewor l dofnat ur alsci ence.Thesehav eal sobenef i t t edsi gni f i cant l y bypar adi gmat i cout l i nesdur i ngt hel asthal facent ur y( Nor t on, 1989) . Technol ogi calchangef ur t hert r ansf or msi nput sandout put si neconomy , gener al l yl eadi ngt osomecostef f ect i v eappr oachesi nuseorpr oduct i onof ser vi cesandgoods.Howev er , t echnol ogycannotsol el ybeconsi der edast he onl yeconomi cmeansav ai l abl e,wi t houtconsi der i ngt hedi f f er entl ev el sof t echnol ogi calcont r oland knowl edge ov ert echnol ogi calpr ocesses.As a r esponset ot echnol ogi cal compl exi t yandpr ogr ess, managementhast or ef i ne i t st ool si nor dert of ur t herunder st andi ngt echnol ogy . Ref er ences Hi pp,L. P . ,&Benson,Y .( 2006) .Rel at i onshi pbet weenoper at i onsmanagementandt heor ydr i v enr esear ch.Oper at i onsManagementJour nal , 15: 4556. Johnson, F . , &Phi l i ps, W. T .( 2005) .Sust ai nabi l i t yassessmentont echni calsyst ems:Syst emsanal ysi susi ngEcoEf f ectEqui pment .St ockhol m: St ockhol mI nst i t ut eofTechnol ogy . Kohl , T .( 1964) .Par adi gm Shi f t :Par adi gm Def i ned.NewYor k, NY :ABSPr ess. Lucas, M.( 2010) .Theanat omyoft echnol ogy–AnExpl or at i v eEssay .Technol ogy , Knowl edge&Pol i cy , 18( 5) :127145. Losch, E.( 2008) .Managi ngandMeasur i ngTechnol ogi calAnal ysi s.ManagementRevi ew, Summer :6378. Nor t on,T .( 1989) .Rat i ngt heEf f ect i v enessofManagement :wi t hCaseSt udi esi nt hef i el dofTel ecommuni cat i ons.New Hampshi r e:McMi l l an Pr i nt . Per ez, C.( 2004) .Or i gi nsoft echnomet r i cs:hi st or i calev ol ut i onandf ut ur econdi t i on.Soci alChangeJour nal , 74: 945980. Pet er son, Y .( 2003) .Moder nManandModer nSci ence.Fl or i da:TheFl or i daPr ess. Rompi ns, Y . , &Chr i st i anson, D.( 2002) .TheNewTechnol ogyi nDev el opment :I TOppor t uni t i esandChal l enges.NewYor k:ABCPr ess. Wi l mer , J.( 2008) .Thet heor yoft echnol ogy–changeandcont i nui t ycombi ned.Ohi o:St at eUni v er si t yPr ess.