APA Literature Review Format

TheI mpac tofDi f f er entCommuni c at i on St yl esi nMar r i ageSat i sf ac t i on Li t er at ur eRevi ew Nonv e r bal Communi c at i on To a l otofpeopl e,nonv er balcommuni cat i on may be secondar yt ov er bal communi cat i on.Of t ent i mes, i ti sov er l ooked, andmayev enbevi ewedassomet hi ng t hati snoti mpor t ant .

Howev er , t hi spar t i cul araspectofcommuni cat i oncanact ual l y speakal otoft hi ngs.

Nonv er bal f or m ofcommuni cat i onmayconsi stofact i onssuch assmi l i ng,l ooki ng,t ouchi ng,f r owni ng,orev enexpr essi onsofsur pr i se,asseeni n t her esear chst udyofWel nerandShane( 2004) .Womenar ef oundt oshow t hese f or ms ofcommuni cat i ons mor e compar ed t o men.Wel nerand Shane st udi ed di f f er entnonv er balact i onsand behavi or sr el at ed t ot hecl oser el at i onshi p ofa coupl e, anddi scov er edt hatwomenl ookedatt hei rmat esf oraconsi der abl yl onger per i odoft i mecompar edt omen.Forexampl e, t heav er agel engt ht hatawi f el ooks atherhusbandwas7.

5seconds,whi l eahusbandusual l yl ooksathi swi f ef or4.

5 seconds.Howev er ,ev ent houghmenexpr essl essnonv er balcommuni cat i onand emot i on, t heymaynotr eal l ymeant hatt heyar enotpayi ngat t ent i onwhent heyar e bei ngspokent obyt hei rwi v es.

Forexampl e, Wal eyandShawn( 2005)t heor i z edt hat menshow l essemot i onmaybebecauset heywer et aughtandl ear nedt odampen emot i ons,i ncl udi nganger .Assuch,whenahusbandandwi f eendsuphavi nga di sagr eement , t hesi t uat i onmayqui ckl yescal at ei ft hehusbandexpr essesf ul l yhi s emot i onsbyshowi ngvi ol ence.

Thus, i twast her ef or esuggest edt hatal otofmenf ai l t oshowt hei remot i ongener al l ybecauset heyhav eper sonal l yt r ai nedt hemsel v est o besocal l ed‘ emot i onl ess’ , par t i cul ar l ywhenf aci ngconf l i ctsi t uat i ons.

Si er r a,Base,andDyl an( 1984)al sosuggest edt hatt her ei st r ut ht ot hi s.I nt hei r st udygi vi ngat t ent i ononnonv er balcommuni cat i onandi t sr el ev ancet omar i t al compl ai nt s,t hey hav e di scov er ed t hatwi v es who had husbands wi t h good communi cat i onski l l shadt het endencyt ohav eev enmor ecompl ai nt sr egar di ng t hei rhusbands.Assuch, ahypot hesi swasf or med, t hatsi ncemenar eexpect edt o dampen, ort onet hei remot i onsdown, andhavi ngagoodnonv er bal communi cat i on ski l lmaybevi ewedassoci al l yunaccept abl ei nt heper spect i v eoft hei rwi v es.

I ti sv er yi mpor t antt ot akei nt oconsi der at i onwhot hebet t ercommuni cat ori sso t hati tbecomes easi ert ol ear nf r om each ot her ,and f i nd ways on how t o communi cat e ev en mor e ef f ect i v el y .Nol t on ( 1982)di scov er ed t hatt her ei sa r el at i onshi pbet weent hemar i t aladj ust mentofacoupl eandt hei rcommuni cat i on ski l l s.Shehadeachofherpar t i ci pant scompl et et heMar r i ageAdj ust mentTest ( Losch & Wi l l i ams,1961)t oi dent i f yt hei rov er al ll ev elofmar i t alsat i sf act i on.

Af t er war ds,t hecommuni cat i onst yl esoft hecoupl eswer est udi ed,wi t hr esul t s showi ngt hatt hosewhohadl ow mar i t aladj ust mentshowedf ewergoodnonv er bal communi cat i onscompar edt ot hosewi t hhi ghermar i t al adj ust ment .

St i l l , aquest i on shoul dber ai sed:Docoupl esenduphavi nghi ghermar i t aladj ust mentbecauseof t hei rgood communi cat i on st yl es,ordo t heyhav egood communi cat i on si mpl y becauset heyar ehappyandcont entwi t ht hei rmar r i age?

I ngener al ,womenwer edi scov er edt obebet t eratnonv er balcommuni cat i ons acr ossdi f f er entst udi es.Howev er ,bei ngcal l edasanef f ect i v ecommuni cat oral so i nv ol v esbot hencodi nganddecodi ngofmessages.Bynat ur e,womenhav et he t endencyt obemor eexpessi v e.Thus, menwer ef oundt odomor eer r or scompar ed t owomen, especi al l ywhenencodi ngmessages( Col l i er , 1982) .Howev er , i twasal so di scov er ed t hatwomen wer e nott he bet t erdecoder s,ormessage r ecei v er s, compar edt omen.I tmaybepossi bl e, t hough, t hatt hi si sar esul toft hepoorabi l i t y ofhusbandst oef f ect i v el yencodemessages.Thesamet hi ngwasal sodi scov er ed i not herst udi es( Shi neetal . , 1984) .

Addi t i onal f i ndi ngsbySal v at i er r aetal .al sosuggestt her ol et hatf ami l i ar i t ypl ays i nt heef f ect i v enessofnonv er balcommuni cat i on.I nbot hst udi es,t hepar t i ci pant s hav eencodedanddecodedmessagest ot hei rmat es.Thei nt er act i onwasr ecor ded andt henev al uat edbyj udgeswhot r i edt odecodet hei nt er act i ons.Bot hoft he st udi esshowedt hatt hespouseswer ebet t erski l l edatdecodi ngt hemessagesof t hei rpar t ner s, i mpl yi ngt hatcoupl esmayact ual l ybecomemor esuccessf ulwheni t comest oi nt er pr et i ngt henonv er balcommuni cat i onoft hei rspousesov ert i me.

Fl i r t i ngCommuni c at i onSt y l e s Fl i r t i ngi susual l yassoci at edwi t hi nt hest ar toft her el at i onshi pofacoupl e.I t happenswhenoneshowsi nt er esti nanot her .Asdemonst r at edi nBel landHor an’ s st udy( 2012) , r ecei vi ngaf f ect i oni sr el at eddi r ect l yt or el at i onalsat i sf act i on.Ont he ot herhand, gi vi ngaf f ect i oni sr el at edt ocommi t mentwi t hi nar el at i onshi p.

Howev er , al otofpeopl ewonderi ff l i r t i ngcont i nuesi ncommi t t edr el at i onshi ps,i ncl udi ng mar r i age.I st her est i l l ar easont of l i r twi t hi nmar r i age?I fso, howdobot hhusbands andwi v esdi f f eri nt hei rst yl esoff l i r t i ng?I nEr aandBoot h’ s( 2014)st udyont heai m off l i r t at i on, t heyhav edi scov er edt hatamaj orr easonf orf l i r t i ngi namar r i agewast o est abl i shapr i v at ewor l dbet weent hecoupl e,t husmot i v at i ngsex.Theyhav eal so di scov er edt hatwomenwer emor el i kel yt ouseat t ent i v ef l i r t i ngt hanmen, i nwhi ch womenshowsahugeamountofconcer nf orherhusband.I nasepar at est udyby Lewi s( 2009) ,howev er ,menwer eal sodi scov er edt ouseat t ent i v ef l i r t i ngt omake t hei rwi v esf eelconf i dentandbeaut i f ul .I naccor dancet oapr evi ousst udy ,Lewi s f oundt hatmenf l i r tt oencour agesext ypi cal l y ,whi l ewomenf l i r tt of ocusonf un at t ent i on, andi nt er esti nt hei rpar t ner s.

Ref er ences Bel l , B. V.&Hor an, H.( 2012) .The“ why”and“ how”ofcommuni cat i onwhi l ef l i r t i ng.Quar t er l yCommuni cat i on, 62( 6) , 467480.

Col l i er ,H. A( 1982) .“ Fl i r t i ng i si mpor t anti n mar r i age” :The i mpactoff l i r t at i ous communi cat i on bet ween coupl es.Resear ch St udi es i n Communi cat i on, 12( 2) , 5762.doi :12.

435/ 235346456457 Er a, G. A.&Boot h, A. D.( 2014) .Mar i t alcommuni cat i onandi nt er act i on:Al ongi t udi nalvi ew.Jour nalofCl i ni calandConsul t i ngPsy chol ogy , 59( 2) , 4954.

Lewi s, Y .( 2009) .Ther ol et hatconf l i ctr esol ut i onpl aysi nr el at i onshi pmedi at i onbet weenmar i t alqual i t yandendur i ngvul ner abi l i t i es.Jour nalof Fami l yCommuni cat i on, 11( 5, 152171.doi :10.

34543/ 124325436 Losch,H. A.&Wi l l i ams,H.( 1961) .I nv esti naf f ect i on:A st udyonr el at i onalqual i t i esandex changet heor y .Communi cat i onQuar t er l y ,60( 6) , 296415.Doi : 12/ 1234/ 5346346.

23235.

46346 Nol t on,T .( 1982) .Nonv er balcommuni cat i on,sat i sf act i onandmar i t aladj ust ment .Ther ol eofdecodi ngr el at i onshi pr el at edt or el at i onshi p i r r el ev anti mpact .Communi cat i onMonogr aphs, 71( 3) , 3453.doi : 12.

3545/ 2325 Sal v at i er r a, D. A. , Sean, G. A. , I sa, J. G. , &Wal l ace, G. A.( 2009) .Shor tmar i t al adj ust mentandt est si npr edi ct i on: Thei rv al i di t yandr el i abi l i t y .Fami l y Li vi ngandMar r i age, 23( 5) , 253257.

Si er r a, H. J. , Base, W.&Dyl an, Q.( 1984) .Mi sunder st andi ngsi nmar i t al communi cat i on: Ar esear chonnonv er bal communi cat i onamongcoupl es.

Jour nalofSoci alandPer sonal i t yPsy chol ogy , 41( 8) , 123134.

Wal ey ,E. F . ,&Shawn( 2005) .Nonv er balcommuni cat i onaccur acyamongmar r i edcoupl es:Rel at i onshi pswi t hcompl ai nt s.Jour nalofSoci al Psy chol ogy , 45( 7) , 10001003.

Wel ner , H.&Shane, H.( 2004) .Rel at i onalmai nt enance, commi t mentandsat i sf act i oni nmar r i age:Ananal ysi s.Fami l yCommuni cat i onJour nal , 10( 5) , 214230.doi :12.

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