Dissertation Literature Review Sample

TheI mpac tofPhysi c alI nt i mi dat i oni nt he WayCyber bul l yi ngHappens Li t er at ur eRevi ew Pr e v al e nc eofCy be r bul l y i ng Thet er m‘ cyber bul l yi ng’i sar el at i v el ynew one,andhasr ecent l yt ur ned i nt oasoci alphenomenoni nt hemoder nsoci et y .Mostoft het i me,i tl eav es st udent sunabl et odealwi t ht hei rbul l i es,l eavi ngt hem f eel i nghel pl essand al one.Fowl er , Jor danandCamper( 2014)conduct edast udyon1825st udent s i nf ourUni v er si t i esi nFl or i da,anddi scov er edt hat24.

1per centamongt he par t i ci pant shadbeenvi ct i msofcyber bul l yi ngdur i ngaper i odof12mont hs.

Thesenumber sar enotj ustshocki ng,butt heyal soshow t hatonei nf our peopl e hav e exper i enced becomi ng vi ct i ms oft hi s scenar i o.Thi s dat ai s i nt er est i ng because when i ti s compar ed wi t h st udi es conduct ed among y oungerst udent s, t henumber sar eunbel i ev abl ydi f f er ent .Wel ner , VanHei gen andEgger( 2014)al sof oundt hatamong2, 45813t o14y earol dst udent s, l ess r epor t ed exper i enci ng bei ng cyber bul l i ed.A si mi l ardi scov er y was al so pr esent edbyWal schandGr ey( 2011)whof oundt hatabout10521218y ear ol dst udent s,11.

1per centhadadmi t t edbecomi ngvi ct i msofcyber bul l yi ng.

Thi sst udyconcl udest hatt hephenomenonofcyber bul l yi ngseemst obemor e pr ev al entamong st udent s as t hey getol der .Wesl ey etal .( 2014)al so ment i onedt hat30.

8per centhadf al l envi ct i msoft hesocal l edt r adi t i onal bul l yi ng.

Thi spr esent st hequest i on ast o whyt her ei sl esspr ev al enceamong y oungerst udent s.Onepossi bl er easoni st hatt heymaynothav eenough accesst ot hemet hodsandt ool susedi ncyber bul l yi ngcompar edt owhat st udent satuni v er si t yl ev elhav e.Anot herr easoni st hatt heymaynotbeas exposed t ot echnol ogi caladv ancement sy etas t he ol derones.These cont i nuest or ai sesomequest i onsr egar di ngt hepr obl em ofcyber bul l yi ng, and whatcl assi f i est hest udentper pet r at or s, i ncl udi ngt hei rr easonsf ordoi ngt hi s t oot her s.

Peopl ewhobul l y .Onei mpor t antf act ort hatshoul dbegi v enat t ent i onwhen anal yzi ngt hei ssueofcyber bul l yi ngi sunder st andi ngt hedi f f er entt ypesof peopl ewhoar econsi der edast heaggr essor s.Thev er yf i r stt hi ngt hatshoul d bedi scussedi nanal yzi ngi st hemat t erofgender .St al l oneandVanWest en ( 2010)di scov er edt hatwheni tcomest ot hei ssueofcyber bul l yi ng, mal esar e l essl i kel yt obecomet heaggr essor swi t hot hermal eswhoar er epor t edas vi ct i msofcyber bul l yi ngf armor eof t encompar edt of emal es.Theyal sonot ed t hat36.

2per centoft hest udent swer eact ual l yunawar eoft heact ual genderof t hebul l i es.Thi si squi t ei nt r i gui ngbecausei ti st hev er ysameper cent ageas t henumberofbul l i edmal es,andi tonl ygoesont oshow t hatabout1i n3 st udent sdonotknowwhot hei raggr essor sar e, addi ngt ot hest i gmaandf ear t hati sof t enassoci at ewi t hcyber bul l yi ng.

Typesofvi ct i ms.Var i ousr esear cher shav econduct edt hei rownst udi es r egar di ngt het ypesofpeopl ewhobecomevi ct i mst ocyber bul l yi ng.Thi si s of t en cal l ed ‘ cyber vi ct omol ogy’ .Al l en and Cook( 2013)per f or med ast udy , concl udi ngt hatt hegenderoft hevi ct i msgr eat l yv ar i eddependi ngont het ype ofcyber bul l yi ng done.I thasbeen di scov er ed t hatmal esar e usual l yt he r ecei v er sofdi r ectcyber bul l yi ng.Ont heot herhand, f emal esar emor el i kel yt o be cyber bul l i ed i ndi r ect l y ,such as bei ng vi ct i ms ofonl i ne gossi p.These f i ndi ngsseem t or emai nt r uei nsoci al nor mswher et hemal esar eof t envi ewed asconf r ont at i onal , whi l ef emal esar ebei ngst er eot ypedf orgossi pi ng.

Whi l et her ear eaf ew st udi esl ooki ngatt hegenderoft hevi ct i ms,sev er al ot her sdor esear choncer t ai nt hi ngsl i ket hechar act er i st i csandper sonal i t i es oft hevi ct i ms.Fr ayetal( 2014)di scov er edt hatt her ear eal otofr easonswhy peopl ef al lvi ct i ms ofcyber bul l yi ng.Among t hese r easons i ncl ude t hei r per sonalappear ance, i ssueswi t hi npeer s, aswel lascont r ast i ngvi ews.

Davi d,Randol fandOr i on( 2015)conduct edast udyi nv ol vi ngvi ct i ms,aswel l as t hei r demogr aphi cs,l ooki ng at t he r easons why peopl e ar e bei ng cyber bul l i ed.

Someoft her esul t si nt hest udyaddr essedsev er al ot herr easons f orbei ngcyber bul l i ed, di scov er i ngt hat14per centoft hevi ct i mswer ebul l i ed becauseoft hei rsexualor i ent at i on.

Al loft hese f act or s ar e hi ghl yi mpor t antbecause t hey f i ti nt ot he cl assi f i cat i onoft r adi t i onalbul l yi ngt hatal otofpeopl ear ef ami l i arof .Att he samet i me,i tal soshowst hati tnow t r anscendst ot hecyber wor l dnow.Thi s f ur t herl eadst omor equest i onsr egar di ngt her el at i onshi pbet weent heset wo, and how cyber bul l yi ng has f ur t her i nf l uenced t he way har assment i s cont i nui ng.

Bul l yandvi ct i mr el at i onshi p.Ther el at i onshi pt hatexi st sbet weent hebul l y and t he vi ct i m i s anot hert hi ng t hati sr esear ched heavi l y among t he pr of essi onal s.Bay erandLee( 2009)per f or medast udyi nv ol vi ng532mi ddl e schoolst udent s,concl udi ngt hatj ustbel ow hal foft hest udent sf el lpr eyt o cyber bul l yi ngandt r adi t i onalbul l yi ng.Thi sal sopr ov est r ueamongsev er al ot herst udi es.Wal t eret .al .( 2014)al soconcl udedt hatt hosewhower ebul l i ed i nat r adi t i onal wayhadhi gherl i kel i hoodt of al l i ngvi ct i mst ocyber bul l yi ng.An i nt er est i ngr el at i onshi pbet weent hebul l i esandt hevi ct i msi st hatst udi esal so show t hat t hose who become vi ct i ms hav et he t endency t o become aggr essor si nt hevi r t ualwor l donl i ne.

Ref er ences Al l en,G. ,&Cook,Y .( 2013) .Cyber bul l yi ngamongadol escent st hr oughmobi l ephones:Ther ol et hatgenderandst at uspl ay .Communi cat i ons: Communi cat i onResear chJour nal , 40( 2) , 109120.Doi :10.

1313/ common20130007.

Bay er ,B. ,&Lee,K.( 2009) .Becomi ngaCyber vi ct i m:Rout i neAct i vi t i es,Theor y ,andAnt i Soci al i t yofCyber bul l yi ngi nSoci alMedi a.Jour nalof Communi cat i oni nCanada, 42( 3) , 373399.

Davi d, Y . , Randol f , U. , &Or i on, P . ( 2015) .

St or i esofbul l yi nganddeal i ngwi t ht hepr obl em.

Communi cat i on, I nf or mat i onandSoci et y , 20( 3) , 234256.

Doi : 12.

3425/ 1432sd34.

2015.

234 Fowl er , X. , Jor dan, D. , &Camper , E.( 2014) .Ef f ect sofbul l yi ng, cyber bul l yi ngandt hest i gma.Psy chol ogyToday , 29( 2) , 4671.

Fr ay , J. ( 2014) . Cyber bul l yi ng among Uni v er si t i es: I mpact s, Exper i ences and Per spect i v es. Resear ch i n Educat i on Jour nal , 1.

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35325/ 3435/ 254 St al l one, S. , &VanWest en, K.( 2010) .Ther el at i onshi pbet weent r adi t i onalbul l yi ngandcyber bul l yi ng.Jour nalofSt udentTechnol ogy , 2( 1) , 1215.

Wal sch, K. , &Gr ey , A.( 2011) .Rout i neact i vi t i esofapot ent i alcyber bul l y .Jour nalofCommuni cat i on, 42( 1) , 345356.

Wal t er , C. , Jacob, T . , &Far mer , H.( 2014) .Whybul l i ed?Jour nalofEf f ect i v ePsy chol ogy , 32( 3) , 134156.

Wel ner , T . , VanHei gen, A. , &Egger , O.( 2014) .Ther el at i onshi pbet weenst andar dbul l yi ngandvi r t ualbul l yi ng.Comput erToday , 2( 1) , 1214.

Wesl ey , H. , Dr amm, Q. , Cobb, E.( 2014) .TheCyber bul l yi ngPr ot ocol .Moder nComput erPsy chol ogy , 5( 2) , 1214.