Research Dissertation of Yao Li

CHARACTERISTIC, SUSTAINABLE, AFFORDABLE: EXPLORING THE FUTURE OF RURAL HOUSING DESIGN IN NORTHWEST CHINA.

Yao Li (201138115) Academic Year 2021 - 2022 A dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the regulations for the degree of Master of Architecture (March) in the University of Liverpool

Supervisor: Dr Jiangtao Du

Submission Date: 10th, Jan 2022 File Name: ARCH521 Yao Li (201138115) Dissertation Word Count: 10,566 1

Acknowledgements Sincerely, I would first thank my supervisor, Dr Jiangtao Du, for his informative support and encouragement.

Secondly, I want to thank the local government consultants of Jiuquan Gansu, who helped me find the archives and local rural development data.

Thirdly, I give my best regards to my wife, Joyce, for her taking care and support the whole time.

2

Abstract China has presented an incredible development speed in urbanisation over the last 30 years. Despite the overall success of the progress, the unbalance and stagnancy of rural area development has shown to be inevitable as resources input here tends to be very limited until recent years. Especially in rural northwest China, this situation of less development is very commonly recognised and concerned. Data from the National Bureau of Statistics of China (NBSC) (2020) has shown that the number of rural families with an annual income lower than RMB 10,000 (≈ 1100 pounds) is still highly significant in the northwest regions. Most of the rural familiars’ current living environment still stay at a level of around 40 years ago.

Consequently, problems such as low cultural identity, unsustainability, low living quality, high volume of waste, and pollution become broadly visible. Therefore, this dissertation explores possible suggestions for future housing design in rural northwest China. The following three topics, architectural and cultural characteristics, sustainability, and affordability are this dissertation's primary focuses.

As the author, I had my chance to participate in a rural housing regeneration project in Jiuquan, a typical north-western developing city in Gansu Province, China. Hence, I believe it could be a reliable sample site to conduct this research since I learned some experience and knowledge during the project that would be worth sharing and discussing.

3

Dissertation structure The introduction chapter will launch three main problems observed in the research site. Secondly, the aim of this dissertation will be indicated. Thirdly, three research questions will be mentioned, and the methodology adapted to each question will be specified accordingly.

Chapter two to five will be the main body of this dissertation. Chapter 2,3, and 5 will separately discuss these three topics, characteristics, sustainability and affordability.

Problems, examples, approaches and principles found under each topic will be discussed correspondingly. Chapter 4 is the site appraisal. The climate and geographical condition of the site and its sustainable development opportunities and constraints will be indicated.

Chapter 6 will be the conclusion. The possible solutions for achieving characteristic, sustainable and affordable rural housing in northwest China will be reviewed and sorted. Limitations of this dissertation will also be noted.

4

Table of Contents Chapter one: introduction.................................................................................................. 6 Problem statement ................................................................................................................. 6 Aim of the dissertation ........................................................................................................ 10 Research questions and methodology ................................................................................. 10 Chapter two: Characteristic ..............................................................................................12 Historical background ........................................................................................................... 12 Architectural culture background......................................................................................... 14 Current problems of rural houses identified in Jiuquan.......................................................23 Case studies .......................................................................................................................... 25 Chapter three: Site appraisal ............................................................................................31 Geography and climate summary of the site ....................................................................... 31 Site sustainable development opportunities and constraints summary .............................34 Chapter four: Sustainability ..............................................................................................37 Passive house design ............................................................................................................ 37 Sustainable energy technologies .......................................................................................... 44 Chapter five: Affordability ................................................................................................49 Possible reasons behind rural poverty ................................................................................. 49 Site opportunities for affordable rural housing ................................................................... 51 Principles for achieving the goal of affordable rural housing ..............................................52 Possible solutions for affordable rural housing ................................................................... 53 Chapter Six: Conclusion ....................................................................................................59 Surmising the possible solutions ......................................................................................... 59 Limitation .............................................................................................................................. 61 List of figures ....................................................................................................................63 Bibliography .....................................................................................................................65 Appendix

5

Chapter one: Introduction Problem Statement Xinhua News Agency (2017) has published an official rural development guideline archive named “Opinions of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council on Deepening Agricultural Supply-Side Structural Reform and Accelerating the Cultivation of New Driving Forces for Agricultural and Rural Development”. It emphasised that contemporary rural development in China should primarily respect local cultural and environmental backgrounds. In addition, sustainable energy resources, public toilets, green sewage treatment systems, and modern waste sorting and disposal systems should be introduced to improve the countryside areas' ecological and environmental quality. Furthermore, local governments should provide new relief policies, funds and constructing support to alleviate the economic pressures of those low-income rural families who cannot afford new houses. Finally, it is remarkable that the archive also highlighted the importance of involving professional architectural design and technical support in rural housing projects. It represented a sign of offering more credits to professional services from an official perspective to the public.

However, in a real-life situation, these nationwide domestic suggestions have not appropriately proceeded in some northwest less-developed rural areas yet. Based on my observation on-site, the contradictions mainly happened in the following three aspects: 1. Lack of social and cultural characteristics: Some existing new built rural housing projects in Gansu were criticised for neglecting the heritage of local culture by superficially imitating the southern Chinese style traditional dwelling features. Two examples (Figure 1&2) below indicate the distinction between a “duplicate” southern rural dwelling and a traditional Gansu courtyard house.

6

Figure 1 (Author's picture in Gansu, 2019): Southern-style house built in Gansu.

Figure 2 (google image): Traditional northwest style courtyard house in Gansu.

2. Unsustainable way of living.

Due to economic reasons, farmers still widely reckon on burning dry crops or coal to fulfil their daily requirement of gaining heat and cooking (Figure 3&4) even though there is already a stable electricity supply in their home. It leads to a high risk of fire hazards and generates massive carbon emissions to the environment.

7

Figure 3 (Author's picture in Gansu, 2019): Outdated way of heat gaining.

Figure 4 (Author's picture in Gansu, 2019): Outdated way of cooking.

3. Low-quality living conditions.

During my time on that regeneration project in Jiuquan, I realised that nearly 80% of the existing farmer’s houses in the project village were in critical condition due to their financial difficulties. Almost all their side walls and roofs had high collapse risks since they were pure earth-based and unpretreated wood-based structures without reinforcements (Figure 5). The interior space suffered from poor airtightness and solar gaining, causing serious dust and moisture problems inside 8

the house. It was rare to see suitable cladding, flooring and suspending ceilings in the interior space (Figure 6). Most of the building fabrics were exposed directly to the living space uncovered.

Figure 5 (Author's picture in Gansu, 2019): Side walls in critical condition.

Figure 6 (Author's picture in Gansu, 2019): Bedroom.

9

Aim of the dissertation As the problem stated above, this dissertation aims to find possible solutions to improve: 1. the cultural identity of country houses, 2. the farmer’s way of living and energy consuming, 3. the living environment quality of those rural families, in Jiuquan mainly or applied in any other northwest cities in China using professional architectural thinking, design and technology methods.

Research questions and methodology Research question one: Characteristic.

What architectural characteristics and heritage should be embodied when conducting new rural housing designs locally? To what extend should local architectural culture background and inhabitants’ lifestyle be respected and reserved?

Research methods: •

Introduce the overall architectural background and inhabitants’ living traditions or customs in Gansu.

•

Use examples to explain the current problems of rural houses in Jiuquan regarding architectural characteristics.

•

Analyse some built cases to find what makes them successful or problematic in inherited traditions.

Research question two: Sustainability.

What are the general or widely believed design and technical methods used in sustainable development? Which of those are available and can be utilised to fit the site situation?

Research methods: •

Make a site appraisal to discover the opportunities and constraints of achieving a sustainable development goal on the site.

• 10

Discuss the potential approaches for carrying out passive house designs.

•

Analyse what low carbon and sustainable technologies could be used on the site.

•

Evaluate the merits and demerits of these solutions.

Research question three: Economic factors.

What is the current financial situation of local rural families, and what caused their difficulties? How to achieve the goal of affordable new country houses?

Research methods: •

Analyse what possibly the reasons could be behind the poverty.

•

Summarise the site’s opportunities and constraints of achieving affordable rural houses.

•

Find possible solutions for affordable rural houses.

Conclusion: Characteristic, sustainable and affordable.

What are the fundamental and optional suggestions regarding characteristics, sustainability, affordability in a northwest China rural housing design? What actions should be avoided when conducting related projects.

11

Chapter two: Characteristic Historical background As a major city in the northwest region, Jiuquan’s cultural and architectural heritage can be explored through the broad background of Gansu province. Gansu is one of the most important cradles of Chinese civilisation. The ancient Silk Road Avenue was the communication and trading centre of northwest China where people with different cultural backgrounds gathered and met. It used to be very prosperous in ancient times and reached its peak of development in the Tang dynasty (A.D. 618-907) (Liu, 2013). Many historically famous architectural heritages originated during that time, Mogao Cave and Jiayuguan Great Wall for examples (Figure 7&8). The main architectural style in Gansu was inherited from architectures in the Hang and Tang dynasty (A.D. 581-907) (Wang, 2009). Even until now, it is still the popularly promoted building style in this area. Han and Tang Dynasty’s architectural exterior features can be noticed on some new built pseudoclassic architectures in Jiuquan (Figure 9). Nevertheless, some criticise these kinds of archaistic buildings as a sign of formalism since they imitate the appearance of historical buildings through painting and prefabricated concrete roofing without paying respect to the traditional structure, crafting techniques, and architectural architecture aesthetics (Long, 2013).

However, frequent wars and severe climate and environmental conditions resulted in Gansu’s development instability until the late Qing Dynasty. Under such difficult conditions, inhabitants from different ethnic groups still efficiently established distinctive settlement and building forms and construction techniques with minimal resources in their long-term development process. They extensively used adobe as their primary construction material to build Low energy consumption and low-cost homes under different geographical conditions (Figure 10,11&12), which harmoniously blended in with the environment (Wang, 2009). These kinds of housing were usually featured with thick earth walls, small windows, flat roofs and private courtyards.

12

Figure 7 (Google image, 2021): Mogao cave of Dunhuang, Jiuquan.

Figure 8 (Google image, 2021): Jiayuguan Great Wall.

Figure 9 (Author’s image, 2019): Pseudo-classic building in Jiuquan.

13

Figure 10 (Wang, 2009): Typical folk houses in the plain area of Gansu.

Figure 11 (Wang, 2009): Typical folk houses in the prairie area of Gansu.

Figure 12 (Wang, 2009): Typical folk houses in the mountainous area of Gansu.

Architectural culture background 1. Living collectively in a village community Even though several Tibetan ethnic familiars in Gansu live separately in prairie or plateau regions, most rural familiars from Han ethnic and some from Hui ethnic (Chinese Muslim) live collectively in village communities (Figure 13). They are generally built near water sources and within walking distance to cultivated lands (Wang, 2009). This living style has promoted a relatively more effective way of farming together and strengthened the bond between different familiars.

14

Figure 13 (Wang, 2009): An example of a village community in Gansu.

2. Gaining heat or cooking through burning Thick compressed earth walls and small openings of earth-based houses have prevented their interior space from overheating during hot summer and caused insufficient solar gaining during cold winter. Therefore, in addition to daily cooking demands, massively burning wood, coal, straw, and dry livestock excrement have become fundamental ways of gaining heat in cold seasons for people who have lived in Gansu for centuries (Lu, et al., 2020). According to Gao (2002), one widely applied heating method called “Chinese heated Kang” can be found in northern China rural regions. The Kang is a heated platform (bed of floor) constructed of brick, stone or adobe. It consists of three parts: a fireplace (may also be used as a cooking stove, a flat surface (where the flue is conserved beneath) and a chimney.

When the fireplace is working during the night or for cooking, the platform will be 15

heated by the flue reaching a surface temperature of 40℃ and radiate heat to the room through air circulation. The heat can be primarily reserved overnight so people can sleep on it. The platform will still be warm enough for people to undertake their household activities during the daytime. The prototype of this domestic architectural heating system was argued initially appeared in the Han dynasty (206 B.C.-A.D. 220) and fully developed in The Qing dynasty (1644-1911).

Figure 14 shows a typical example of how a Kang works. It has been confirmed that the thermal performance of Kang was outstanding in the past, especially when there is no other alternative advanced heat gaining technology in the rural area of northern China (Wang, et al., 2014). Nevertheless, an increasing number of researchers have criticised that this traditional phenomenon may cause severe crisis in respect of indoor air quality, outdoor air pollution, fire risk and living comfort nowadays (Li and Yang, 2006).

Figure 14 (Wang, et al., 2014): Illustration of a typical Chinese heated Kang.

3. Believing in Chinese Feng Shui.

Feng Shui is a traditional Chinese philosophy and wisdom of evaluating and selecting an auspicious site for dwellers. This technology was originated about 3,000 years ago (Xu, 1990). In order to interact with the natural environment in 16

harmony and balance, the ancient Chinese discovered specific rules and logic behind site location, spatial arrangement, building appearance and morphology that can be followed when building their houses. They believed following these rules would bring them good luck and fortune. Some of the terms from Feng Shui were based on experience or learning from nature. Some were purely about spiritual concern (Han, 2001). Although in modern society, at least half of the theories in Feng Shui have been argued to be superstitious, there are still a significant number of them that can be scientifically proved (Wang and Zhao, 2009).

As Feng Shui is so widely popular and has been applied professionally in China, it has a remarkable impact on a wealth of factors such as improving property’s value, expanding businesses, ensuring people's well-being and mental health, greater happiness, better career opportunities and work performance (Bruun, 2008).

Concerning northwest rural housing specifically, some principles from Feng Shui’s hypothesises system and their architectural definitions can be briefly summarised as below: •

Principle: Avoid the front of the building to be directly facing the North, South, West or East. Better choose the southeast or southwest.

Reason: Protect the building from solid solar radiation from the south and wind from the east and west in Gansu.

•

Principle: The site should be flat and close to flowing water resources and mountains with abundant vegetation (northwest mountains are better). The front of the building should be open without obstruction.

Reason: higher liveability and convenience level. Northwest mountain can work as a buffer zone to block the strong wind and dust and satisfy people’s good wish of having solid “backup” behind.

•

Principle: Housing layout should avoid being in sharp or irregular shape (square better) Reason: Arranging furniture and function would be difficult if the room layout is in an irregular shape. It also may harm residents’ feeling of their living

17

comfort.

•

Principle: The layout or the morphology of a house should consider the symmetric principle.

Reason: symmetry is one of the basic principles in Chinese aesthetic and space arrangement.

•

Principle: Doors, gates and entrances should be at the side of a road, corridor or stair, not facing it directly.

Reason: it may influence the efficiency of the circulation and piracy of a house.

•

Principle: The kitchen and toilet should not be instantly noticed when entering a property and should not face the bedroom doors.

Reason: A sense of smell, uncleanness and disordering may occur because Chinese familiars cook usually associated with heavy fumes.

•

Principle: Avoid separate visible beams or other building structures from appearing in interior space.

Reason: It may lead to a sense of repression in a living space and cause inconvenience.

•

Principle: The bed should be placed away from the bedroom door and window, not facing them. No mirror should be visualised from the eye perspective lying on a bed.

Reason: It might affect dwellers' mental health, especially in China, that some people believe mirror can be a media connecting the natural world and the afterlife.

4. Living in a courtyard house Having a courtyard house is considered fundamental for people who live in the rural area of Gansu. A more significant detached house site has provided them with plenty of private outdoor space where they can use as the courtyard. Besides, numerous rural activities also rely on a courtyard space, such as feeding livestock and placing farm implements. From the wealthier southeast area to the lessdeveloped northwest area of Gansu, the layout of a courtyard house tends to be 18

simple and pragmatic (Wang, 2009) (Figure 15). The courtyard house in Jiuquan is generally coordinated with both the enclosed front yard and backyard. The front yard seems to be cleaner, including but not limited to some planted vegetation, paved ground, some outdoor furniture and a parking spot for a motor tricycle or other small vehicles (Figure 16). The backyard will be cruder since it is usually used for livestock, storage for farm tools and straw stacks and firewood, and a parking lot for farming machinery (Figure 17), and a tractor.

Figure 15 (Wang, 2009): Left: Example of a southeast Gansu’s courtyard house; Right: Example of a northwest Gansu’s courtyard house

19

Figure 16 ((Author's picture in Gansu, 2019): Front yard of a rural house in Jiuquan.

Figure 17 ((Author's picture in Gansu, 2019): Backyard of a rural house in Jiuquan.

5. Decorating the houses According to the seventh National census (National Bureau of Statistics, 2020), Han Chinese takes approximately 94% of the overall population of Jiuquan. The rest, 6%, are mainly Tibetan and Hui Chinese. The housing decoration ways of people from different ethnic groups are various. Rural houses built by The Han Chinese usually choose to use local materials only and represent a simple architectural morphology. Wealthier people may spend more money and effort decorating their front gates and exterior walls (Figure 18) since they can be directly visible from the 20

communal street even though their indoor living environment is very crude.

However, rural houses built by Hui and Tibetan Chinese tend to strive more for architectural aesthetics due to religious reasons (Figure 19, 20).

Figure 18 (Wang, 2009): A village alley in Gansu.

21

Figure 19 (Wang, 2009): Decorated sculptural walls found in Hui Chinese dwellings in Gansu.

Figure 20 (Wang, 2009): A Tibetan dwelling’s courtyard in Gansu.

22

Current problems of rural houses identified in Jiuquan 1. Earth-based rural houses in critical condition These are the most common existing rural houses (Figure 21) in Jiuquan, following the local tradition of using compressed earth as the dominant building material.

However, because of poverty, limited resources, and technologies, it has been difficult for local farmers to maintain their houses acceptably or even decorate them. In terms of my observation on-site, extra claddings, such as plaster coating or ceramic tile, might only be recognised in the front of these buildings. There were limited reinforced structures such as brick columns and wood beams that could be visible from the exterior of the building. Signs of collapse could be effortlessly seen on the walls and roofs.

Figure 21 (Author's picture in Gansu, 2019): Typical earth-based rural houses in Jiuquan.

2. Retrofitting exterior but ignoring the interior This phenomenon occurred early when the local Government of Jiuquan started to raise funds for retrofitting low-quality rural houses. Retrofitting measures were only implemented on the street-facing façade, beautifying the look of these rural 23

houses’ front gates (Figure 22). It created a false appearance that these houses look renewed, whereas the central bodies behind their entrances are still in critical condition. People's Government of Gansu Province (Gansu Daily, 2019) has published an official file in 2019, criticising this phenomenon for being formalistic and indicating the importance of conducting solid and high-quality rural development works.

Figure 22 (Author's picture in Gansu, 2019): Only retrofitting the exterior, Jiuquan.

3. Copying southern Chinese style dwellings Considerable efforts and funds were put into some newly built pilot projects in Jiuquan. However, many of them were commented losing local cultural identity by coping with southern Chinese architectural style or even European style with tedious planning and building form (Gansu Daily, 2019) (Figure 23 & 24).

24

Figure 23 (Author's picture in Gansu, 2019): New built southern style rural houses in Jiuquan

Figure 24 (Google image, 2021): Tedious planning and forms of new built rural houses in Jiuquan

Case studies 1. Macha Village Centre by Onearth Architecture (2017) (Figure 25 & 26).

This project is located in The Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region with similar environmental and climate conditions with Jiuquan, Gansu. It showed solid 25

thinking and analysis in material research and local cultural inheritance. Both the local government and residents had considered the building material, earth, as a sign of unsafety and poverty before this project was involved. Nevertheless, Professor Mu and his research team from Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture changed the local people’s prejudice on earth-based houses by constructing these stable and beautiful rammed earth architectures using parametric technologies. It emphasised the extraordinary architectural aesthetics and practicability of natural materials such as earth, rock and timber.

Figure 25 (WAF, 2017): Macha Village Centre, exterior view.

Figure 26 (WAF, 2017): Macha Village Centre, Interior view.

26

2. A controversial project in Dream Home Transformer A recent topical event (Figure 27-30) in China demonstrated a sharp contradiction between the ideology of ordinary people and designers. It happened on a T.V. show called Dream Home Transformer. A well-known Chinese architect was invited to design a house for a rural family in Gansu. It was reported that the project cost clients RMB 1.32 million in total, which was their life-saving. However, the result received overwhelming criticisms from the majority of netizens in different social media (CHINANEWS, 2021). They thought the house was like a rough, unfinished house with no interior decoration, cold, gloomy and uncomfortable. The most frequently indicated controversial point is that the architect was overly concerned about his preference and understanding of architectural aesthetics and functionality instead of respecting what the user demanded. As a professional, the architect would undoubtedly have his reason and design ability to conduct a highquality housing project, but should he also respect the architectural cognition of his clients, who were less educated farmers. The result might be more acceptable if the design was finished in a more evidence-based way.

Figure 27 (CHINANEWS, 2021): Before and after of the project in Dream Home Transformer

27

Figure 28 (CHINANEWS, 2021): The client’s “dream home” type

Figure 29 (CHINANEWS, 2021): Elevation

Figure 30 (CHINANEWS, 2021): “Looks like a rough, unfinished house”.

28

3. Suyun village and Folk Customs Museum of Jiuquan These two built cases are in my research site, Jiuquan. As I visited both, I believe they exhibited a high level of understanding on respecting regional architectural heritage. They were built subjecting to local traditional crafting and construction methods and available on-site materials (Figure 31-35).

Figure 31 (Author's picture in Gansu, 2019): Jiuquan Suyun Village 1

Figure 32 (Author's picture in Gansu, 2019): Jiuquan Suyun Village 2

29

Figure 33 (Author's picture in Gansu, 2019): Suyun Village 3

Figure 34 (Online image, 2021): Folk Customs Museum of Jiuquan

Figure 35 (Online image, 2021): Folk Customs Museum of Jiuquan.

30

Chapter three: Site appraisal for sustainability Geography and climate summary of the site: 1. Location.

Figure 36 shows the geographic location of Jiuquan in Gansu and China. It is a prefecture-level city occupying most of Gansu province at its northwest (approximately 191,342 square kilometres). The administrative district of Jiuquan is Suzhou district. The altitude of Suzhou district is approximately 1,500 meters (4,900 ft) above sea level (BUREAU OF NATURAL RESOURCES OF JIUQUAN, 2021).

Figure 36 (Researchgate, 2021): the location of Jiuquan in China

2. Macroclimate Jiuquan is geographically located in a cold desert climate zone. By analysing the data shown in Figure 37 (CHINA METEOROLOGICAL DATA SERVICE CENTRE, 2021), the macro climate keywords of Jiuquan can be concluded below.

31

•

Long and cold winter.

•

Hot and dry summer.

•

Temperature varies widely from day to night.

•

Very few rainfalls.

•

A large amount of evaporation.

•

Low relative humidity.

•

Long sunshine hours.

Figure 37 (CHINA METEOROLOGICAL DATA SERVICE CENTRE, 2021): The climate data for Jiuquan

3. Solar resource.

More than 280 days in Jiuquan are covered with adequate sunlight in a year. The sunshine hours are generally over 3000 hrs/year, and annual solar radiation per square meter is around 5800 megajoules (CHINA METEOROLOGICAL DATA SERVICE CENTRE, 2021).

4. Water resource.

Although being rainless and dry, the site’s water resources are moderate. Niu (2008) stated in his report that the surface water amount of Jiuquan is 3.32 billion cubic meters, and the groundwater amount is about 196.3 million cubic meters. There are seventeen different scales of rivers in the region, and most of them have constant water flow all year round. However, it has also been criticised that the overall quality of water in Suzhou district only reached level 3 (good), which means it meets the suitable potable-water standard but is high on water hardness (high alkalinity) (Yu and Zhang, 2017).

5. Wind resource.

The wind resource in Jiuquan is constantly significant, with a seasonal variation over the year (Figure 38). The dominant wind in a year is mainly from the west, then the east and north, and only a few are from the south direction (Figure 39).

The total wind energy content here is estimated to be 33.95 million kW, and about 32

78% of it can be effectively exploited, which account for 10.6% of the overall content of China (Zhu, et al., 2009).

Figure 38 (Weather Spark, 2021): Average Wind Speed in Jiuquan

Figure 39 (Weather Spark, 2021): Wind Direction in Jiuquan

6. Sand and dust weather.

Sand and dust weather in Jiuquan is called “Huangfeng” in the local dialect when it tends to be severe (Figure 40). It Mainly happens in March and April, and sometimes one storm can last for weeks. This awful weather is caused by the strong prevailing wind in the spring, the loose soil from gobi-desert and newly cultivated land (Cao and Chen, 2016). No significant natural barrier is found between the city and the gobi-desert.

33

Figure 40 (Google image, 2021): Sand and dust storm in Jiuquan

7. Vegetation.

Jiuquan’s economy is based on agriculture, and the dominant land use in the rural area is for cultivation. Subsequently, the primary vegetation type on the site is the crop. Besides, Pinaceae, Salicaceae, Tamaricaceae and Polygonaceae are the commonly seen tree types, and sporadic signs of forests or woods can be found in the suburban rural area of Jiuquan (Pan, 2007).

Site sustainable development opportunities and constraints summary: Topics

Opportunity

Reason

located in a cold desert climate zone

The goals and measures of lowcarbon development are straightforward and clear.

The site has a particular climate variation in different seasons.

Climate changes dramatically during season exchanges.

Maximum air temperature can be up to 30 ℃. minimum air temperature can be lower than -20℃.

There is a potential to use wind power to generate renewable energy on-site (Zhu, et al., 2009) and use the natural wind to ventilate the houses passively.

Jiuquan constantly has significant wind resources.

There is a risk of losing heat through the building surface caused by extreme weather conditions in winter.

Sand-dust storms.

Airtightness design is challenging.

Mechanical ventilation should be required as well to maintain the interior air quality.

Prevailing wind

34

Constrain

Reason

Low precipitation and relative humidity

Abundant water resources

Solar energy

Vegetation

35

Relatively lower Dry and requirement on rain- temperate air in proof and dampJiuquan. proof.

Low risk of rusting and decaying on building fabrics and structures.

There is a potential of using hydropower in Jiuquan.

Rural water supply does not necessarily need to rely on the city grid.

Theoretical hydropower power reserve: 18130 Mw (Wang, 2011).

Abundant groundwater resources.

Generating solar power through solar photovoltaics (solar P.V.).

Pre-heating water through a solar thermal system.

Gansu is one of the leading provinces with the highest solar energy reserve in China (Zhu, et al., 2010).

The site has open flexibility in arranging designated landscapes and vegetations.

Rural areas in Jiuquan are mostly flatlands without too many restrictions on planting caused by topography.

Dry and dusty air may also hurt people’s living comfort level.

The suggested air humidity for better living comfort is between 40% to 60% (Heywood, 2015), whereas some months in Jiuquan have a relative humidity lower than 40%. Air purification devices may be needed for filtering indoor floating dust.

Hydropower People’s Government stations may of Gansu Province disturb the (2018) had to shut balance of the down many site’s ecosubstandard environment. hydropower stations in It is unsafe to Qilian Mountain drink untreated National Nature underground Reserve because of the water directly. negative impact they brought to the rivers’ ecological systems.

The high alkalinity of water resources in Jiuquan (Yu and Zhang, 2017).

It is challenging to The spreading is promote solar restricted by the power underdeveloped ontechnologies in site grid the rural areas of infrastructures, China (Li, 2007). unfriendly starting prices, and the poor acceptability of solar power to low-income farmers (Wang, 2012).

There are limited The signs of large-scale chances of natural forests or woods can summer shading be hardly found on the and winter wind site (Pan, 2007). barriers provided by existing vegetation.

Basic public utilities

36

On-site renewable energy supply might be sufficient to cover the residents’ daily demands on power utilisation, even though most of the rural areas of Jiuquan have already been covered in the grid.

Biomass power would also be a feasible option on the site.

The Government of Jiuquan (2016) (2021) has made announcements regarding securing the power and water supply in the rural area of Jiuquan and their upgrade plans.

Currently, there is almost no grid gas supplied on the site.

Some villages do not have proper sewage treatment systems. Thus, numerous residents there still use pit privies as toilets.

The potential of bringing the gas grid to the site exists, but it is not cost-effective considering the limited funding and the complex construction process (Li, 2018).

It is difficult to link the rural areas’ sewer lines with the city grid, whereas the government plans to build small on-site sewage treatment facilities. (Zhang, 2018).

Chapter four: Sustainability Passive house design: In a cold desert climate, sustainable architecture designs should primarily aim at these principles proposed by Heywood (2015).

•

“The goal is reduced heating-energy needs using buffer zones, insulation and minimal infiltration.”

•

“Permit natural heating using solar gain.”

•

“Allow summer ventilation.”

•

“Super-insulation with thermal mass requires good ventilation in order to prevent overheating.”

The following objectives should be reviewed at an early stage of a housing project to achieve these principles.

1. Building fabric.

The floor, wall, roof, and openings (windows and doors) are the four fundamental components of the building fabric (The Carbon Trust, 2018). Three main goals of maximised insulation continuity minimised thermal bridging, and well-maintained airtightness should be addressed while performing a passive house design with high fabric efficiency (The Passivhaus Trust, 2015). Briefly, for optimal energy performance, the insulation system of a house could be interpreted as an envelope that covers the entire interior space with no interruptions or omissions on its continuity, particularly at structural joints and openings, where gaps and materials with different thermal properties frequently occurred, leading to unnecessary heat gain or waste (Feist, et al., 2020).

37

•

Summary of the site’s current situation of building fabric (Zhao, et al., 2015):

Wall

Roof

Floor

Openings

Approximately 85% of walls were constructed with clay bricks in the 80s without suitable insulation, waterproof and dampproof layers. Only a few families could afford to build concrete or masonry walls.

A timber-framed roof covered with small clay tile, reed or strawboard is the standard roof type.

Some wealthier families may use concrete or lightweight steel roof with a thin embodied insulation layer.

Some may apply a suspended ceiling but without insulation.

Cement or brick are the typical ground floor materials used.

Some families might adopt extra tiling on the ground surface, but only a few fills the gap below the ground floor structure with slags as simple insulation.

Nearly 67% of doors and windows were timber-framed with vulnerable joints and single glazing. Cold wind can easily infiltrate into the interior space due to the low airtightness of these openings.

•

General proposals for improving the building fabric performance of rural houses in Jiuquan Building fabric component: Wall

Typically, about 10% of heat is lost through the fabric of the walls. The goal is to minimise the thermal bridging and achieve a high level of insulation and airtightness (The Carbon Trust, 2018).

Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of the People’s Republic of China Design (MHURD-PRC) (2013): 1: Walls should have a U-value of ≤0.65 W/m2K. 2: Traditional clay standard bricks should be abandoned. 3: Choose on-site or market available insulation materials and construction technologies.

Masonry cavity walls and solid masonry with external or internal insulation are two appropriate choices considering the site’s climate. They are durable, familiar to local labour and have outstanding thermal storage and soundproofing proprieties compared with steel or timber-framed walls (MHURD-PRC, 2013). In addition to some typical masonry materials such as solid/hollow brick, aerated concrete block or cast-in-place concrete, rammed earth is also considerable. Its construction process is complicated but Construction has shown to be a sustainable and cost-effective material, especially in a cold desert suggestion climate, thanks to its low embodied carbon and high specific heat capacity (Egenti and Khatib, 2016). Furthermore, structural insulated panels such as prefabricated concrete with built-in insulation or cross-laminated timber are newly developed building materials and can be optional to our site. They are easy and quick to install, but their thermal performances are challenged in extreme weather conditions (The Passivhaus Trust, 2015).

The external insulation distinctly surpasses the internal insulation on thermal Suggested performance but is a more expensive and time-consuming choice (Wang, et al., 2010). insulation Description

Industrial insulation

38

Natural insulation

name EPS board

adhesive polystyrene granule

expanded perlite

pros Light, cheap, durable, rigid, common, impermeable to moisture.

Light, high compressive strength, less hollowing and cracking. Easy installation.

High compressive strength, no hollowing and cracking, fireresistant, easy installation.

cons High embodied carbon, combustible.

High embodied carbon, combustible.

Not cheap, heavy, high embodied carbon.

name sheep wool or cotton

cellulose

cork, chip, straw

pros Light, costeffective, low embodied carbon.

cons Uneasy to install, combustible.

Light, costeffective, low embodied carbon, flexible.

Uneasy to install, fire-proof relies on extra treatment, damp

Cost-effective, low embodied carbon, onsite available.

Combustible, thick, reduced insulation performance if affected with damp,

The insulation materials were suggested by the design standard for energy efficiency of rural residential buildings (MHURD-PRC, 2013).

Building fabric component: Ground floor Description Design standard (MHURDPRC, 2013)

Typically, around 8% of heat is lost through the ground floor of a house. The goal is to achieve a high level of insulation and airtightness. Any gaps and cracks need to be sealed (The Carbon Trust, 2018).

1: Ground insulation is strongly suggested. 2: Wall insulation should be consecutive until it touches the foundation to minimise thermal bridging. 3: Damp-proof treatment below the ground insulation is advisable.

A solid ground floor is more suitable for the site’s situation than a suspended floor since it is cheaper and more accessible. Traditional beam and block or cast-in-place concrete ground floor will not satisfy the passive design principles on their own unless an Construction additional insulation layer or insulated floor slab is involved. There should be a taped wind tightness membrane and a damp-proof layer between the insulation and the solid method structure and carefully joined in with the wall airtightness and damp-proof layers (The Passivhaus Trust, 2015) (MHURD-PRC, 2013).

name

Suggested insulations (MHURDPRC, 2013)

EPS/XPS board

Industrial insulation pros cons Light and rigid, High embodied durable, carbon, impermeable to combustible. moisture.

XPS board has higher thermal performance but is more expensive and difficult to install.

name

Cork/chip board

Natural insulation pros cons Cost-effective, Combustible, low embodied thick, reduced carbon, insulation produced performance if from timber affected with waste. damp.

In addition to the required insulation layer, slag is a readily available insulation material that can be used as bedding filler below the solid ground structure to enhance the heat preservation ability of the ground floor.

39

Building fabric component: Roof Description

Typically, over 22% of heat in a building is lost through the roof. The goal is to achieve a high level of insulation, water-proof and damp-proof (The Carbon Trust, 2018).

MHURD-PRC (2013): 1: Roof should have a U-value of ≤0.50 W/m2K. 2: Roof insulation is strongly advised.

Design standard

Either a pitched roof or a flat roof can be practical, but the predominant existing type is a pitched roof in the rural area of Jiuquan (Ma et al., 2015).

Construction suggestion (MHURDPRC, 2013) (The Carbon Trust, 2018) (The Passivhaus Trust, 2015).

Suggested insulations

Cold pitched roof The roof is Insulated at ceiling level.

Pros Better thermal performance, easier installation and maintenance, minimised thermal bridging.

Cons Ventilation in the roof must be sufficiently designed to prevent condensation, and a vapour control layer is needed.

Warm pitched roof The roof is Insulated at rafter level.

Pros Enlarged interior space, aesthetic, minimised thermal bridging.

Cons More expensive and harder to install.

Careful detailing is required.

Cold flat roof Insulation is installed below the roof.

Cons Not recommended: there are risks from interstitial condensation.

Warm flat roof Insulation is installed above the roof.

Pros Economical and easy to install Moderate thermal efficiency.

Additional flat rooftop spaces were provided.

Cons Careful detailing regarding weatherproof is required. It might be inaesthetic.

The same as the wall insulation, but damp-proof and water-proof treatments need particular concern. Alternatively, because of the evaporation effect and the shading provided by green vegetation, a planted roof system is a significant way of reinforcing the thermal performance. It may reduce and increase the interior temperature of a maximum of 0.2℃ in the summer and a maximum of 0.5℃ in the winter (He, et al., 2015). However, it may not suit our site since the recommended minimum outdoor temperature for implementing a green roof is above 0℃ (MHURD-PRC, 2013).

Building fabric component: Windows and Doors

Over 26% of a house's heat would be lost through the low-quality windows and doors.

Description The goal is to achieve a high level of airtightness and focus on the U-value of the glazing and the framing (The Carbon Trust, 2018).

MHURD-PRC (2013): 1: U-value (solar-oriented windows) ≤ 2.8 W/m2K; U-value (Outer doors and other windows) ≤ 2.5 W/m2K. 2: Sliding door/window is unadvisable. 3: The Design airtightness level of doors and windows should be higher than level 4 regulated by The standard General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine of the People's Republic of China (2019).

Windows Outer doors Replacing the widely used single-glazing wood Insulated metal doors usually Construction windows with at least double-glazed windows will have a U-value lower than 2.0 suggestion substantially improve rural houses’ energy W/m2K. They are more energyefficiency by reducing approximately 50% of the efficient and durable than 40

heat lost through the windows. The optimal pick conventional timber doors but should be triple glazing. Nonetheless, it may only cost more. A porch entrance with improve the overall efficiency by 5%-10% than double doors works as a buffer double-glazing and cost lots of money (Brinkley, zone between the exterior to the 2020). Furthermore, windows with low-emissivity interior, which minimises the coating are also advised to prevent overheating in infiltration of cold wind (MHURDsummer, as the ultraviolet radiation in Jiuquan is PRC, 2013). intense (Heywood, 2015) Additional insulation barrier such as cotton door-curtain and the insulated curtain is advocated during the cold winter and night times (MHURD-PRC, 2013).

Please refer to appendix a to find details of suggested building fabric constructions.

2. Passive design strategies.

The following potential passive design options can also help to improve a rural house’s energy efficiency.

•

Composite pattern and orientation: Semi-detached, terrace and duplex (Figure 41) are the promoted rural housing types in a cold climate, with lower heating demands than detached houses (MHURD-PRC, 2013). The house’s front should orient towards the southeast or the southwest to avoid facing the southern intense solar radiation and the cold northwest wind in Jiuquan.

Figure 41 (MHURD-PRC, 2013): Left: semi-detached house; Middle: Terrace house; Right: Duplex house.

•

Plan and elevation: The house’s layout should be concise and compact to define legible and wellorganised functions and circulations (Wang, 2017). Occasionally occupied rooms such as bedrooms, toilets, kitchens, office spaces and storage should be placed at the non-solar-oriented side of a house as buffer zones. Conversely, living space should face the sun (Heywood, 2015).

Proposed window-to-wall ratio (MHURD-PRC, 2013): North-wall ≤ 0.3; East/West

wall ≤ 0.35; South-wall ≤ 0.45.

41

•

Passive ventilation and cooling: Ideally, A manually controlled natural cross/stack ventilation system may satisfy the rural occupants’ daily indoor-air circulation and cooling demands without operating additional air-conditioners (Wu, 2017). To achieve this, we usually need air-intake and air-outlet windows to be opposite façades. The airintake opening should be more prominent and account for 15%-25% of the room’s floor area (MHURD-PRC, 2013).

•

Passive solar gaining, storing and shading: MHURD-PRC (2020): Direct solar gaining, Add-ons sunlight room, Solar-heat collecting and storing (Figure 42) are the promoting passive solar gaining design strategies. Direct solar gaining is the most common type. It is costeffective, simple, easy to install and maintain, but only functional during the daytime. Add-ons sunlight room has superior energy performance than the direct one. It can be a buffer zone that constantly reserves and transfers solar heat to a house's rest spaces during the daytime, acting as a significant thermal mass. However, its construction cost may be the highest of the three types, and it may cause overheating problems if not carefully designed. The two models discussed above are suitable for rooms predominantly occupied during the daytime. Solar-heat collecting and storing model is designed for night-used rooms, bedrooms especially since it relies on a thermal mass wall/roof to store solar heat slowly during the daytime and radiate the reserved heat to the room at night. It functions more logically than the other two, leading to a lower indoor-temperature fluctuation. However, it is complex, hard to maintain and may block the outside view causing an uncomfortable living experience (Wang, 2018).

42

Figure 42 (MHURD-PRC, 2020): Passive solar gaining.

The highest summer temperature in Jiuquan can be over 35℃. Therefore, protecting the house from overheating is also challenging. Shading devices such as insulated internal shutters (Figure 43) or curtains can not only offer solar shading in hot summer. However, they can also be activated as an insulation barrier to keep warmth in on a winter night.

Figure 43 (Heywood, 2015): Examples of insulated internal shutters.

•

Vegetation: The site has open flexibility in arranging designated landscapes and vegetations. Hence a simple proposal is: Planting deciduous trees at the south and evergreen trees at the north or west of a house. Deciduous trees will provide summer shading from overheating, but accordingly, they will not interfere with solar gaining in the winter since the leaves will fall to the ground until then. Evergreen trees will work as a natural barrier to weaken the cold

43

winter wind from the northwest (MHURD-PRC, 2013).

Sustainable energy technologies: Burning coal, wood, straw, and dry excrement of livestock are the leading heating method used in the rural area of Jiuquan, which is divergent to our sustainable goal.

Successfully applying a fabric first approach and the recommended passive design strategies will radically improve a house’s energy performance by roughly 70% (Finnegan, 2018). This ratio can be even boosted if these subsequent green energy technologies are considered, apart from our standard electrical heating technologies.

1. Solar power.

Jiuquan has abundant sunshine hours. Thus the potential of taking full advantage of it is positive. Household solar power technologies are usually used as secondary energy suppliers due to their limitations on the weather.

•

Solar Photovoltaics: The estimated cost of utilising a domestic-scale photovoltaic system with 1000-Watt power is about RMB 12000 (12/W). Can generate an averagely of 1200 kW·h electricity per year (JDSOLAR, 2017) which will cover a typical 3person family’s annual power demand of 555 kW·h (185 kW·h per person per year) (Jia, 2015). The unused electricity can be sold to the power grid with a recovery price of 0.42 RMB/ kW·h if the system is incorporated into the network (NDRC, 2013). The payback period would take approximately 10-25 years, depending on different local policies (JDSOLAR, 2017). However, the Solar P.V. system is currently not suggested in the suburban rural area of Jiuquan since its grid infrastructure is still under development but may have lots of potential in the future (DRC-Gansu, 2018).

•

Solar Thermal system: A solar water heater is a simple and basic solar thermal system that provides hot water to a house on a sunny day. This mature technology has been popular in China for several years since it is cheap and straightforward. However, it has

44

been criticised that many products found on the market are suffered from inadequate quality. Subsequently, to choose the right product, please refer to the standards (GB/T 19141-2011) issued by The General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine of the People's Republic of China (2011).

A solar collector is a type of advanced and efficient solar thermal system. In addition to direct hot water supply, it stores excessive solar heat into a wellinsulated underground water tank or other types of thermal mass. It recirculates the heat to the interior when necessary. This technology does not always depend on sunshine weather but does require higher investment and more complicated installation (Zhuge, et al., 2017).

2. Biomass energy.

The site has the advantage of utilising on-site biomass energy since Jiuquan is an agricultural city with plentiful biomass resources.

•

Biomass gas: The local government articulated that several small-scale biomass pit projects will be funded and established sooner in different villages of Jiuquan (Chai and Wang, 2021). If successfully implemented, these projects will offer numerous rural families cheap and clean energy without reckoning on the city gas grid. A household gas boiler or heater is then required.

•

Solid Biomass fuel (CHP): Figure 44 shows two common types of biomass briquette fuel. Compared with coal or directly burning wood/straw, the merits of solid biomass fuel are: fabricated from wastes (chips and straws); lower SO2, NOx and dust emission; higher Effective Combustion Heat; more convenient and acceptable to rural occupants. Unfortunately, the production process of CHP is expensive and involves lots of embodied carbon. Furthermore, the CHP stove (Figure 45) requires a carefully detailed design, and its technology is currently controversial and still under development (Liu, et al., 2020).

45

Figure 44 (Liu, et al., 2020): CHP.

Figure 45 (Liu, et al., 2020): Structure of a wood pellet fuel stove.

3. Heat pump.

There are three types of heat pumps: air-source heat pump, ground-source, and water-source Heat pump. They have the same basic working principle. They extract heat from the exterior (ground/water/air) and convert it into thermal energy to heat the interior. The power consumption of heat pumps is only one-third of electric heating (Zhou, et al., 2020).

• 46

Air-source HP:

Generic Air-source HP is the economical option among the three but requires a working temperature of ≥ 7℃ to reach total efficiency. Conversely, the average temperature of Jiuquan in winter is below 10℃ . Therefore, its temporarily not recommended in our case (MHURD-PRC, 2020).

•

Water-source HP: It is also not suitable for us because of the cold weather and limited water resources in Jiuquan.

•

Ground-source HP: Figure 46 shows an example of how a ground-source heat pump works.

Benefits: highest efficiency, stable, lower running cost (Zhuge, et al., 2017), Weakness: ample ground space required, highest start-up price, complex maintenance (Zhou, et al., 2020).

Figure 46 (MHURD-PRC, 2013): how a GSHP works.

4. Light-emitting diode (LED) lighting.

Under the circumstance of fulfilling the minimum household lighting demand, A LED lighting system can reduce about 65% of the power needed and has a longer life than a regular energy-saving lighting system. However, it has a higher initiating price, and it may cause severe pollution if not well-treated when recycling because it contains mercury (Cai, et al., 2015).

5. Off-site clean energy.

47

Jiuquan has profuse wind, solar and waterpower resources. The local government announced related development programmes in earlier years, including large-scale hydropower stations, solar farms, and wind farms. While the relevant technologies are still under development until recently, the likelihood of providing cheap and renewable power to the public in the future is still considerable (Wang, 2011).

48

Chapter five: Affordability Possible reasons behind rural poverty: 1. Macroeconomic condition of Gansu province.

According to the data shown on the official site of the National Bureau of Statistics of China (NBSC) (2020), Gansu province has continually ranked at the bottom positions in the GDP Statistics of all the provinces in China in the last ten years. The average rural disposable annual income of Gansu province is about RMB 10,344 in 2020, which is still far lower than the national average level of RMB 17,131.

However, the overall development trend tends to be positive since Gansu province has been made a key poverty alleviation target. Gansu’s poverty population had significantly decreased from 5.52 million (26.6% of the total population) in 2013 to 177 thousand (0.9% of the total population) in 2019 (Xu, 2021).

2. Unpleasant environment.

Gansu’s development is restricted by its geographical location, harsh climate and limited natural resources. It is remote from the economic, political and cultural centre of China, cold and arid, which has led to difficulties in agricultural production and development. Additionally, the per-capita-water-resources of Gansu is around 1114 m3 which is Less than half of the national average value and its cultivated-water resources per acre is only a quarter to the average (Yang, 2016).

3. Low productivity.

Jiuquan’s economy is based on agricultural development, whereas its modernisation of agriculture still stays at a preliminary stage. Manual cultivation is still the typical production method, and modern agricultural machinery has not been widely popularised. Investment in agricultural science and technology accounts for 0.24%~0.31% of the total agriculture GDP of Gansu, which is an only half level of the average national standard (Yang, 2016).

4. Demographic constraints.

Rapid urbanisation has made the rural area less attractive to the younger generations and local labours, which aggravated the stagnancy of rural 49

development and education (Hu, 2010). Consequently, the problems of ageing and labour migration in the rural area of Jiuquan are severe. Young people from rural families would strive for staying in cities even though they cannot afford their properties, leaving only the empty-nest elderly and leftover children in the countryside area (Calderon, 2020).

5. Conservative Ideology.

Because of the low education level of local farmers, it has been difficult for the government to implement poverty relief measures and introduce modern technologies in rural areas. Some rural residents reckon the government’s poverty alleviation as their life saver since their minimum living allowances are guaranteed.

Thus, an awareness of reaping without sowing has gradually appeared in their mind. As a result, they become even idler and deprived. Besides, some seniors have lived their whole life in poverty. They become accustomed to this plain style of living and have no desire to improve their life quality even if they can purchase new houses or furniture. Furthermore, some would prefer if the government could pay them cash rather than raise funds to retrofit their houses or environment. They usually have no appreciation for their local authority's help (Yang, 2016).

6. The contradiction and deviation between plan and reality.

Not all policies and development schemes formulated by the governments or specialists are rational. Some may not represent deliberateness regarding the reallife situation in rural areas (Yang, 2016). For instance, during my practice in Jiuquan, the initial calculated fund was 40,000 RMB per family for renovating dilapidated houses inside out. However, it eventually tended out that the specified fund was only enough to retrofit the exterior. Both the first party and the client were unsatisfied with that result and rejected any additional costs, leaving the contractor in an awkward dilemma. In addition, there are strict legal procedures and controls on the implementation of poverty alleviation projects and the use of funds. In contrast, farmers' lack of legal knowledge frequently makes it difficult to prepare relevant documents, resulting in inconveniences to completing projects.

50

Site opportunities for affordable rural housing: 1. Poverty relief policies and projects.

The national authority of China has already made a series of poverty relief policies and developing schemes transparent to the public from a macro perspective over the last 20 years. Specifically, the 14th Five Year Plan (appendix b) of a rural town called Zhongzhai (total population: 19663) in Jiuquan can be used as a reference.

Briefly, this small town has established the following main developing targets by 2025: •

Zero poverty population by 2025 (average per capita annual income > 2300 RMB (NBSC, 2017)).

•

Invest more in strengthening infrastructure construction (road, power grid, landscaping, transportation). RMB 60 million has already been invested.

•

Accelerate the development of modern agriculture and increase the efforts to attract investment.

•

Invest more in affordable and high-quality rural housing. RMB 70 million has already been put in.

•

Improve residents' well-being by funding community, elder care, and other public service facilities.

•

Strengthen education by funding students from poverty families in their primary education to achieve a 100% of School-age enrolment.

Such plans have provided political backup for affordable rural housing design in Jiuquan.

2. Open-site planning and design.

The planning and design of rural housing in Jiuquan is less likely to be restricted by the site’s geographical conditions. Most of the allocated lands are flat and open and within 30 mins driving distance to the city. The primary issue is the rationality and efficiency of planning and architectural design.

3. The potential of raised income of rural families.

Local farmers will have more opportunities to work and improve their incomes, 51

with a group of large-scale agricultural enterprises settled in their villages. An example is Jiuquan Green Eco-Industrial Park, nominated as a national modern agricultural demonstration park (appendix b). Increased income is the essential factor affecting the affordability of housing for rural families (Calderon, 2020).

4. Encouraging the use of renewable energy.

The local government encourages renewable energy technologies to be applied in rural areas. Houses using electric heating, heat pump, solar thermal heating, and biomass energy will be partially repaid with a subsidy for their floor area (Wang, 2020). In this case, the cost of installing renewable energy equipment is significantly reduced for rural families.

5. Low-interest mortgage and subsidised construction.

The No. 1 central document 2020 (MARA-PRC, 2020) has clearly stated the country's determination to eradicate poverty across the board. One favourable policy is the provision of government subsidised interest loans to farmers.

Depending on the severity of dilapidated rural houses, additional subsidies ranging from RMB 2,000-20,000 are given to fund the construction of their houses.

Principles for achieving the goal of affordable rural housing: 1. How much is considered an affordable price for a rural dwelling?

Using the fixed market price list for construction materials in Jiuquan City, Gansu Province 2021 (appendix c) as a reference, and then considering the average annual income of farmers in Gansu, I estimate that the reasonable price range of affordable housing for rural families should be between ten and twenty times their annual income, from RMB 100,000 to 200,000.

2. Strict control and supervision from planning to completion.

Gansu Daily (2019) has indicated several mistakes been made in some earlier rural housing development projects of Gansu. To be specific, in order to cope with inspections and meet the appointed completion date, a few government officials decided to use the specified funds to build fence walls to block the front of those dilapidated rural houses instead of retrofitting them (Figure 47), creating a fake 52

impression of no dilapidated houses could be identified. Another mistaken example is that due to inadequate regulation, one big project is undertaken by multiple contractors and each of these contractors also has its small subcontractors. Consequently, a large proportion of money from the budget was earned by those contractors, and the fund been put into actual construction work was very limited then. These cases have been broadly criticised for being formalism and useless moves of wasting human resources and money. Avoiding these situations would require both the designer and the local government to be more responsible for their roles as regulators and executors in an affordable housing project from the beginning to the end.

Figure 47 (Google image 2017): “Shame covering fence wall” found in Zhang County, Gansu.

3. Planners and architects should conduct evidence-based designs.

Planning or designing affordable rural houses should primarily consider rural occupants’ actual demands and difficulties rather than what the government or designer subjectively believe they need (Fan, et al., 2010). It is unwise for them to only reckon on theories and what specialists suggest without deeply investigating the real-life situation. Evidence-based design is essential in people’s well-beingrelated projects (Cushing and Miller, 2019).

Possible solutions for affordable rural housing: 1. Client-specific design 53

The concept of an affordable home should be explicitly defined by its user, as its affordability is relative and subject to them directly, not the designer or the Government (Cushing and Miller, 2019). As a detailed extension of evidence-based design, A client-specific design aims at an adequate understanding of target user groups before designing. This method is mainly used to avoid uneven distribution and waste of resources. Take Yinda (appendix d), another wealthier rural town in Jiuquan, as an example. Until 2020, the town has 14 administrative villages and 9,324 families with a total population of 30,859 and a per capita disposable income of RMB 20,261. The rural houses’ vacancy rate is less than 15%. Assuming we are designing an affordable housing project for a village in this town, a detailed background survey is essential: •

How many people are interested in buying or building a new house.

•

How many members do they usually have in a family?

•

Age level of family members and their lifestyle and acceptability of modern technologies

•

Their estimated budge.

•

Their desire on housing functions and scale.

The reality may not be limited to the issues involved in the above aspects. However, designers and regulators should also be critical of the use’s opinions as numerous of them have limited knowledge of architectural professionals. A sensible way for designers is to rationally guide the users to accept the proposal considering their needs and professional design approaches instead of feeding elusive ideas to them.

2. Co-housing or kitchenless community?

The co-housing or shared kitchen might be a feasible design solution for affordable rural housing on our site. Puigjaner (2018) shared her co-housing and kitchenless city researches over the years at her wheelwright Prize Lecture at Harvard University (Figure 48-51). She articulated the history of many spontaneously formed or designed shared-living communities worldwide. Most of the cases tended to be successful in reducing wastes and housekeeping, gender equality and 54

offering opportunities for jobs and affordable living. In brief, this model introduces the concept of shared kitchens, utility, socialising and activity spaces within a living community. It could be either regulated by the local authority or the residents themselves. Respecting the situation that a large proportion of the population in the rural area of Jiuquan is empty-nest elderly and leftover children, this economical co-living idea may help motivate them to care for each other and gain a sense of belonging in a community.

Nevertheless, most successful cases in Puigjaner’s research were based on their traditions. There were also ineffectual attempts, such as the shared space was not well-defined and got abandoned. Some residents tended to be vigilant and might have a solid repulsion to live collectively with others. As I observed, our site has a collective living tradition but does not possess that kind of shared-kitchen tradition in its history, whereas it could still be an explorable option.

Figure 48 (Puigjaner, 2018): Shared kitchen in Mexico City.

55

Figure 49 (Puigjaner, 2018): Shared kitchen in Quebec.

Figure 50 (Puigjaner, 2018): Shared living space in Japan.

Figure 51 (Puigjaner, 2018): The shared kitchen in Senegal: A rural tradition.

56

3. Development of rural cultural tourism.

Another optional solution is to integrate the concept of rural tourism into affordable rural housing projects. Gansu province was ranked the first of the top ten best travel destinations in Asia by Lonely Planet (2017). Besides, the Government of Jiuquan (Zhao, 2018) also emphasised supporting rural cultural tourism projects. Thus, rural tourism in our site has lots of potential in increasing rural family’s income, homestay, country-style cuisine, party house, etc. A positive sample is the renovation project of Xindong village in Jiuquan (Suzhou District news, 2020). Rural houses’ abandoned backyards were redesigned and turned into characteristic rural restaurants and entertainment spaces to receive visitors run by the homeowner (Figure 52-54). This project helped the rural families retrofit their homes and benefited from the additional income it brought. However, in order to attract and serve visitors, such projects often require more budget on decoration and facilities and are likely to be limited by whether if there are delightful natural landscape resources or not.

Figure 52 (Suzhou District news, 2020): The renovated back yard’s gate.

57

Figure 53 (Suzhou District news, 2020): The renovated back yard.

Figure 54 (Suzhou District news, 2020): Rural style food provided.

58

Chapter Six: Conclusion Surmising the possible solutions.

The fundamental and optional suggestions regarding characteristics, sustainability, affordability discussed in this dissertation and reasons for selection are summarised below. Actions that need to be avoided are also listed.

Hierarch

Characteristic

Tang Dynasty Chinese Architectural Style: Detailed features are not necessarily required, but the overall style, construction structures and aesthetic features are suggested to refer to when conducting rural housing designs.

Reason: Inherited from local history and promoted by local government.

Earth-based construction tradition: This style Fundamental should be reserved, but its construction suggestions technologies need to be upgraded. Modern rammed earth could be a solution Reason: The typical northwest dwellings’ characteristic.

Sustainability

Affordability

A fabric first approach: Choosing the suitable material and construction method is essential.

Reason: It is the priority for energy-saving in a rural house. The other sustainable approaches depend on an energyefficient building fabric to perform better.

Poverty relief policies and projects: Government support policies and projects must be carefully reviewed for subsidies and assistance.

Reason: Overcoming poverty has been the focus of the local government's work in recent years.

Passive design strategies: Composite pattern, orientation, plan, elevation, passive ventilation, direct solar gaining and shading.

Reason: The site has provided flexibility on site selection and comprehensive design control and decision making.

Ethnic minorities: The Sustainable energy customs and architectural technologies: Electrical culture of ethnic heating, solar thermal minorities need to be water heater, biomass gas, respected.

LED lighting.

Reason: for the diversity Reason: These are of the development of technologies that are different cultures. strongly supported by Poverty Alleviation Policies.

59

Strict control and supervision from planning to completion: Both the designer and the local government need to be more responsible in their roles as regulators and executors.

Reason: To make sure the fund and endeavour are used in the right place.

Evidence-based design: (A client-specific design).

Understanding the client’s demands before designing.

Reason: To avoid uneven distribution and waste of resources.

Optional suggestions

60

Living styles: Believing in Chines Fengshui. Be critical and selective on this term by discarding the dross and taking the essence.

Reason: Fengshui has been widely popularised in China and is particularly valued by rural living groups.

Living in a village community: Rural housing should be planned in settlement groups with centralised functions, services and transport.

Reason: More convenient and efficient.

“Kang” --- a heated bed or wall: The already built Kang should be preserved at this stage. Some living styles of local farmers should be respected and preserved to some extent.

Reason: Many aged rural occupants have been accustomed to this way of living. Forcing them to accept new technologies and modern living style is irrational.

Living in a courtyard house: If space and budget permit, farmers should be given the option of living in a detached courtyard house.

Reason: It is the fundamental privilege of living in a countryside area compared with a city.

Passive design strategies: Planned vegetation, Addons sunlight room and solar heat storing wall/roof.

Reason: Efficient and lowcarbon passive house strategies but cost more money.

Co-housing and shared kitchen: Introducing shared spaces, services and responsibilities to rural residential communities.

Reason: Cases worldwide have shown this concept to be successful in numerous aspects.

However, such an attempt might be risky on our site.

Sustainable energy technologies: Solid Biomass fuel, solar thermal collector, Heat pump, offsite renewable energy.

Reason: They are efficient and low-carbon technologies but may cost more money and are under development.

Rural cultural tourism: Equipping the traditional rural houses with the function of tourism hospitality.

Reason: It is one of the key proposals in the Rural Renewal Programme, maximising farmers' benefits. However, it might be restricted by the site’s tourism resources.

Not suggested actions

Home decoration: Families who can afford to do so can choose to spend more on decorating their homes to preserve and honour traditional architectural aesthetics.

Reason: Modern rural residential architecture should focus more on functionality and practicality, but pursuing architectural aesthetics is also encouraged if budget allows.

Formalism: Imitating only the appearance of historical buildings without paying respect to their traditional structure, crafting techniques and architectural aesthetics.

Formalism: Caring only about the exterior look of a house rather than the quality of its interior space.

Losing local architectural culture identity: Copying the building styles from other regions of China.

Traditional heated Kang in future rural housing: It may have high efficiency in heat gaining, but it is not a clean and sustainable method.

Unsponsored projects:

Untested strategies: Be critical of any theoretically viable passive design decisions. Test them onsite if possible.

Non-evidence-based design:

Immature technology: Do not apply any underdeveloping technologies in a sustainable housing design project without carefully checking their feasibility on-site.

Irresponsibility:

Limitation.

•

Constrained by the COVID-19 situation, I have not had any chance to revisit the research site since 2019. Most of the related research works were conducted remotely according to online information. Misjudgements regarding the site specifically could happen in this dissertation.

61

•

The site, Jiuquan, is only one small city in the northwest China region. The result and solutions concluded may not be suitable to adapt to all the other northwest cities since they may have distinct geographical conditions and cultural backgrounds.

•

The research topics of this dissertation covered a wide range of knowledge domains. Thus, arguments made may not be comprehensive, and some objectives may have been missing.

62

Figures list Figure 1 (Author's picture in Gansu, 2019): Southern-style house built in Gansu.

Figure 2 (google image): Traditional northwest style courtyard house in Gansu.

Figure 3 (Author's picture in Gansu, 2019): Outdated way of heat gaining.

Figure 4 (Author's picture in Gansu, 2019): Outdated way of cooking.

Figure 5 (Author's picture in Gansu, 2019): Side walls in critical condition.

Figure 6 (Author's picture in Gansu, 2019): Bedroom.

Figure 7 (Google image, 2021): Mogao cave of Dunhuang, Jiuquan.

Figure 8 (Google image, 2021): Jiayuguan Great Wall.

Figure 9 (Author’s image, 2019): Pseudo-classic building in Jiuquan.

Figure 10 (Wang, 2009): Typical folk houses in the plain area of Gansu.

Figure 11 (Wang, 2009): Typical folk houses in the prairie area of Gansu.

Figure 12 (Wang, 2009): Typical folk houses in the mountainous area of Gansu.

Figure 13 (Wang, 2009): An example of a village community in Gansu.

Figure 14 (Wang, et al., 2014): Illustration of a typical Chinese heated Kang.

Figure 15 (Wang, 2009): Left: Example of a southeast Gansu’s courtyard house; Right: Example of a northwest Gansu’s courtyard house Figure 16 ((Author's picture in Gansu, 2019): Front yard of a rural house in Jiuquan.

Figure 17 ((Author's picture in Gansu, 2019): Backyard of a rural house in Jiuquan.

Figure 18 (Wang, 2009): A village alley in Gansu.

Figure 19 (Wang, 2009): Decorated sculptural walls found in Hui Chinese dwellings in Gansu.

Figure 20 (Wang, 2009): A Tibetan dwelling’s courtyard in Gansu.

Figure 21 (Author's picture in Gansu, 2019): Typical earth-based rural houses in Jiuquan.

Figure 22 (Author's picture in Gansu, 2019): Only retrofitting the exterior, Jiuquan.

Figure 23 (Author's picture in Gansu, 2019): New built southern style rural houses in Jiuquan Figure 24 (Google image, 2021): Tedious planning and forms of new built rural houses in Jiuquan Figure 25 (WAF, 2017): Macha Village Centre, exterior view.

Figure 26 (WAF, 2017): Macha Village Centre, Interior view.

Figure 27 (CHINANEWS, 2021): Before and after of the project in Dream Home Transformer Figure 28 (CHINANEWS, 2021): The client’s “dream home” type Figure 29 (CHINANEWS, 2021): Elevation Figure 30 (CHINANEWS, 2021): “Looks like a rough, unfinished house”.

Figure 31 (Author's picture in Gansu, 2019): Jiuquan Suyun Village 1 Figure 32 (Author's picture in Gansu, 2019): Jiuquan Suyun Village 2 Figure 33 (Author's picture in Gansu, 2019): Suyun Village 3 Figure 34 (Online image, 2021): Folk Customs Museum of Jiuquan Figure 35 (Online image, 2021): Folk Customs Museum of Jiuquan.

Figure 36 (Researchgate, 2021): the location of Jiuquan in China 63

Figure 37 (CHINA METEOROLOGICAL DATA SERVICE CENTRE, 2021): The climate data for Jiuquan Figure 38 (Weather Spark, 2021): Average Wind Speed in Jiuquan Figure 39 (Weather Spark, 2021): Wind Direction in Jiuquan Figure 40 (Google image, 2021): Sand and dust storm in Jiuquan Figure 41 (MHURD-PRC, 2013): Left: semi-detached house; Middle: Terrace house; Right: Duplex house.

Figure 42 (MHURD-PRC, 2020): Passive solar gaining.

Figure 43 (Heywood, 2015): Examples of insulated internal shutters.

Figure 44 (Liu, et al., 2020): CHP. Figure 45 (Liu, et al., 2020): Structure of a wood pellet fuel stove.

Figure 46 (MHURD-PRC, 2013): how a GSHP works.

Figure 47 (Google image 2017): “Shame covering fence wall” found in Zhang County, Gansu.

Figure 48 (Puigjaner, 2018): Shared kitchen in Mexico City.

Figure 49 (Puigjaner, 2018): Shared kitchen in Quebec.

Figure 50 (Puigjaner, 2018): Shared living space in Japan.

Figure 51 (Puigjaner, 2018): The shared kitchen in Senegal: A rural tradition.

Figure 52 (Suzhou District news, 2020): The renovated back yard’s gate.

Figure 53 (Suzhou District news, 2020): The renovated back yard.

Figure 54 (Suzhou District news, 2020): Rural style food provided.

64

Bibliography Brinkley, M., 2020. Triple Glazed Windows: Do They Make Sense? Homebuilding Renovating. [Online] Available at: <https://www.homebuilding.co.uk/advice/triple-glazed-windows-do-they-make-sense> [Accessed 19 Dec 2021].

Bruun, O., 2008. An introduction to feng shui. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press [Book].

BUREAU OF NATURAL RESOURCES OF JIUQUAN, 2021. [online databases] Available at: <http://zrzy.jiuquan.gov.cn/> [Accessed 20 Nov 2021].

Cai, X.Y., Weng, J. and Du, F., 2015. The Analysis of the Situation on LED and Energy-saving Lamps in the Rural lighting. Light & Lighting. [Journal] 39(3), pp. 33-35.

Calderon, F., 2020. Strategies for the Promotion of Affordable Rural Housing. In: Leal Filho W., Marisa Azul A., Brandli L., Gökçin Özuyar P., Wall T. (eds) Sustainable Cities and Communities. Encyclopedia of the U.N. Sustainable Development Goals. Springer, Cham. [Ebook] Available at <https://doiorg.liverpool.idm.oclc.org/10.1007/978-3-319-95717-3_88>.

Cao, H. and Chen, S.Q., 2016. Jiuquan shi sha chen bao tian qi de qi hou yin zi fen xi (Climatic factors analysis of sandstorm weather in Jiuquan). Modern Agricultural Science and Technology. [Journal] 2, pp.220-222.

Chai, X.F. and Wang, Z.L., 2021. Jiuquan shi da li tui jin nong cun qin g jie neng yuan jian she (Jiuquan is largely promoting the construction of clean energy technologies in rural areas). People's Government of Jiuquan. [Government archive] Available at:

<http://www.jiuquan.gov.cn/zhengwudongtai/bumendongtai/20211117/1139361112aa2d59714.htm > [Accessed 24 Dec 2021].

CHINA METEOROLOGICAL DATA SERVICE CENTRE, 2021. [online databases] Available at: <http://data.cma.cn/data/weatherBk.html> [Accessed 18 Nov 2021].

CHINANEWS, 2021. “Bai wan gai zao fang” zheng yi bei hou, hao heng yang fang neng liu zhu xiang chou ma? [Online news] Available at: <https://m.chinanews.com/wap/detail/chs/zwsp/9615513.shtml> [Accessed 29 Dec 2021].

Cushing, D.F. and Miller, E., 2019. Creating Great Places: Evidence-Based Urban Design for Health and Wellbeing (1st ed.). New York: Routledge. [e-book] <https://doiorg.liverpool.idm.oclc.org/10.4324/9780429289637> Development and Reform Commission of Gansu Province (DRC-Gansu), 2018. Gansu sheng guang fu fu pin shi shi xi ze (Poverty alleviation policy in terms of developing photovoltaic energy in Gansu Province). [Government archive] Available at: <http://www.gansu.gov.cn/art/c103795/c103843/c103853/201808/205000.shtml> [Accessed 23 Dec 65

2021].

Egenti, C. and Khatib, J.M., 2016. 13 - Sustainability of compressed earth as a construction material.

Sustainability of Construction Materials. 2nd ed. [Book Chapter], pp. 309-341. Wolverhampton: Elsevier Ltd. Fan, D.Y., Chen, Y.M. and Chen, S.X., 2010. Study on the Designing Strategy of New Countryside Housing.

Journal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences. [Journal] 38(18), pp.95-102.

Feist, W., Pfluger, R. and Hasper, W. Durability of building fabric components and ventilation systems in passive houses. Energy Efficiency. [Journal] 13(8), pp. 1543–1559.

Finnegan, S., 2018. New financial strategies for sustainable buildings: practical guidance for built environment professionals. 1st ed London: Routledge [Book].

Gansu Daily, 2019.Sheng we sheng zheng fu guan yu jian chi nong ye nong cun you xian fa zhan zuo hao quan sheng “san nong” gong zuo de shi shi yi jian (Implementation opinions of People’s Government of Gansu Province on giving priority to the development of agriculture and rural areas) [online] Available at: <http://www.gansu.gov.cn/gsszf/c100050/201905/175889.shtml> [Accessed 28 Nov 2021].

Gao, Q.H., 2002. The Chinese Domestic Architectural Heating System [Kang]: Origins, Applications and Techniques. Architectural History. [Journal] 45, pp.32-48.

Han, K.T., 2001 Traditional Chinese Site Selection-Feng Shui: An Evolutionary/Ecological Perspective, Journal of Cultural Geography. [Journal] 19(1), pp.75-96.

He, Y., Yu, H., Chen, P.D. and Zhao, M., 2018. Thermal performance evaluation of a new type of green roof system. Energy Procedia. [Journal] 152, pp.384-389.

Heywood, H., 2012. 101 RULES OF THUMB for Low Sustainable Buildings and Cities. 1st ed. Newcastle: RIBA Publishing [Book].

Heywood, H., 2015. 101 RULES OF THUMB For Low Energy Architecture. 1st ed. London: RIBA Publishing [Book].

JDSOLAR, 2017. Solar Panel Products. JDSOLAR.CN [Online] Available at: <http://www.jdsolar.cn/page5.html?product_category=57> [Accessed 18 Dec 2021].

Jia, Y.Q., 2015. Study on Difference of Household Electricity Consumption in Northwest China in Urbanization Construction. Resource Development & Market. [Journal] 31(6), pp. 731-735.

Li, N., 2018. Gansu nong cun shi shi tian ran qi “jin xiang ru cun” gong cheng de ke xing xing fen xi (feasibility analysis of promoting gas grid in the rural area of Gansu). Gansu Agriculture. [Journal] 13, 66

pp.44-46.

Li, Y.G. and Yang, X.D., 2006. Chinese Kangs – Thermo-fluid Principles, Present Status and Future. di si jie quan guo zhi leng kong tiao xin ji shu yan tao hui (The 4th National Seminar on new Technology of Refrigeration and Air-conditioning). Nanjing [Conference].

Li, Z.P., 2007. qian tan wo guo nong cun tai yang neng pu ji (My opinions about the popularisation of solar energy technologies in rural China). Solar Energy. [Journal] 12, pp.68.

Liu, L.S., Wang, D.J. and Duan, R.Z., 2020. A review on the clean heating technology using biomass fuel for rural areas. Huadian Technology. [Journal] 42(11), pp. 106-116.

Liu, Z.C., 2013. Gansu li shi wen hua zi yuan yu hua xia wen ming (History and Cultural Resources of Gansu and Chinese civilisation). The Silk Road. [Journal] 6, pp.7-12.

Lonely Planet, 2017. Lonely Planet's Best in Asia 2017. [Online] Available at: <https://www.lonelyplanet.com/articles/best-in-asia-2017> [Accessed 2 Jan 2022].

Long, M., 2013. lun fang gu jian zhu she ji zhong zi xin xing de ti xian --- cong dui Xi 'an gu cheng gai zao de ping lun tan qi (The expression of confidence in archaistic architecture design --- From the case study of retrofitting the historical building in Xi 'an). DA WU TAI. [Journal] 1, pp.139-140.

Lu, K. et al., 2020. Xin neng yuan fa zhan xia de xiang cun zhen xing (Rural revitalisation through new sustainable energy resources development). Rural Power Management. [Journal] 1, pp.41-42.

Ma, C., Liu, Y.F., Wang, D.J. and Wang, Y.Y., 2015. Analysis of Thermal Performance and Energy Saving Strategy of Rural Residence Building in Northwest China. Journal of Xi'an University of Architecture & Technology (Natural Science Edition). [Journal] 47(), pp. 427-432.

Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China (MARA-PRC), 2020. The No. 1 central document 2020. [Government archive] Available at: <http://www.moa.gov.cn/ztzl/jj2020zyyhwj/> [Accessed 3 Jan 2022].

Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of the People’s Republic of China, 2013. Design standard for energy efficiency of rural residential building. StandardNo: GB/T 50824-2013. [PRC National Standard] Available at: <http://www.mohurd.gov.cn/gongkai/fdzdgknr/tzgg/201301/20130105_224721.html> [Accessed 14 Dec 2021].

Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of the People’s Republic of China, 2020. nong cun di qu bei dong shi tai yang neng nuan fang tu ji (shi xing ban) (An Atlas of Passive Solar Greenhouses in Rural Areas (trial edition). [Government archive] Available at: <http://www.mohurd.gov.cn/gongkai/fdzdgknr/tzgg/202007/20200727_246493.html> [Accessed 20 Dec 2021].

67

Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of the People’s Republic of China (MHURD-PRC), 2020. hu wai kong qi yuan re beng gong nuan ying yong ji shu dao ze (shi xing) (Technical Guidelines for the Application of Household Air Source Heat Pumps for Heating (trial)) Available at: <http://www.mohurd.gov.cn/gongkai/fdzdgknr/tzgg/202007/20200727_246493.html> [Accessed 14 Dec 2021].

National Bureau of Statistics of China, 2017. Zhong hua ren min gong he guo 2016 nian guo min jing ji he she hui fa zhan tong ji gong bao (Statistical Bulletin of the People's Republic of China on National Economic and Social Development in 2016). [online databases] Available at: <http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/zxfb/201702/t20170228_1467424.html> [Accessed 20 Dec 2021].

National Bureau of Statistics of China, 2020. [online databases] Available at: <http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/> [Accessed 20 Nov 2021].

National Bureau of Statistics of China, 2020. The seventh National census [online databases] Available at: <http://www.stats.gov.cn/ztjc/zdtjgz/zgrkpc/dqcrkpc/> [Accessed 29 Nov 2021].

National Development and Reform Commission of China (NDRC), 2013. fa zhan gai ge wei chu tai tong zhi wan shan guang fu fa dian jia ge zheng ce (Announcement about improving the pricing policy of photovoltaic power generation issued by The National Development and Reform Commission).

[Government archive] Available at: <https://www.ndrc.gov.cn/fggz/tzgg/ggkx/201309/t20130903_1070735.html?code=&state=123> [Accessed 23 Dec 2021].

Niu, Z.P., 2008. Jiuquan shi shui zi yuan xian zhuang ji ke chi xu fa zhan gai kuang (Current situation of water resources in Jiuquan its sustainable development). Jiuquan shi shui wu ju (Bureau of Water Supply of Jiuquan) [Government report] Available at: <https://www.docin.com/p-736190806.html> [Accessed 21 Nov 2021].

Onearth Architecture, 2017. "Macha Village Centre." World Architecture Festival. [Online] Available at: <https://www.worldbuildingsdirectory.com/entries/macha-village-centre/> [Accessed 03 Dec 2021].

Pan, X.Q., 2007. Jiuquan di qu ye sheng zhi wu zi yuan yan jiu (Research on Wild Vegetation Resources in Jiuquan). Agricultural Science-Technology and Information. [Journal] 10, pp.20-21.

People’s Government of Gansu Province, 2018. Gansu Sheng ren min zheng fu ban gong ting guan yu yin fa Gansu qi lian shan guo jia ji zi ran bao hu qu shui dian zhan guan ting tui chu zheng zhi fang an de tong zhi. Gansu Sheng Ren Min Zheng Fu Gong Bao. [Government report] 3, pp.10-19.

People’s Government of Suzhou District, 2016. Suzhou qu ren min zheng fu guan yu dui quan qu nong cun yin yong shui an quan gong cheng gong shui xing xi jin xing gong gao de gong shi ( The announcement made by People’s Government of Suzhou District regarding water supply and safety in the rural area) [online] Available at: <http://www.jqsz.gov.cn/html/287622802130.html> [Accessed 13 Dec 2021].

68

People's Government of Jiuquan City, 2021. Jiuquan shi ren min zheng fu guan yu zhi chi Jiuquan dian wang gai ge fa zhan de shi shi yi jian (Implementation opinions of People's Government of Jiuquan on supporting upgrade and development of the power grid) [online] Available at:

<http://www.jiuquan.gov.cn/xinxigongkai/zhengfuwenjian/jiuzhengfa/20210926/144010923d84fafeb 54.htm> [Accessed 13 Dec 2021].

Puigjaner, A., 2018. Wheelwright Prize Lecture: Anna Puigjaner, “Kitchen stories”. Harvard GSD. YouTube [lecture recording] Available at: <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sEt7maYnw3c> [Accessed 4 Jan 2022].

Suzhou District News, 2020. guan che shi wei quan wei hui jin shen, Suzhou qu xiang cun zhen xing zeng yan zhi, tian nei han. Sohu News. [Online] Available at: <https://www.sohu.com/a/415431039_224409> [Accessed 6 Jan 2022].

The Carbon Trust, 2018. Building fabric guide. [Online PDF] Available at: https://www.carbontrust.com/resources/building-fabric-guide. [Accessed 10 Dec 2021].

The General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine of the People's Republic of China, 2019. Graduations and test methods of air permeability, watertightness, wind load resistance performance for building external windows and doors. StandardNo: GB/T 7106-2019. [PRC National Standard].

The General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine of the People's Republic of China, 2011. Specification of Domestic Solar Water Heating Systems. StandardNo: GB/T 19141-2011. [PRC National Standard].

The Passivhaus Trust, 2015. How to build a passivhaus: Rules of thumb. [Online PDF] Available at: <https://www.passivhaustrust.org.uk/news/detail/?nId=473> [Accessed 10 Dec 2021].

The Xinhua News Agency, 2017. Zhong gong zhong yang guo wu yuan guan yu shen ru tui jin nong ye gong gei ce jie gou xing gai ge jia kuai pei yu nong ye nong cun fa zhan xin dong neng de ruo gan yi jian (Opinions of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council on Deepening Agricultural Supply Side Structural Reform and Accelerating the Cultivation of New Driving Forces for Agricultural and Rural Development). Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China. <http://www.njhs.moa.gov.cn/tzggjzcjd/201711/t20171102_6314792.htm> [Accessed 21 Nov 2021].

Wang, B., 2017. mei li xiang cun xian she bei jing xia de xin nong cun zhu zhai she ji yan jiu (Research on the design of new rural housing in the context of developing pleasant countryside areas). Science & Technology Industry Parks. [Journal] 15, pp.184-185.

Wang, F.Y., 2020. Research on Renewable Energy Electricity Price Subsidy and Optimisation in China.

Study & Exploration. [Journal] 3, pp.9938-9839+9853.

69

Wang, G. and Zhao, P., 2009. On scientific nature of geomantic omens in architecture. Shanxi architecture. [Journal] 22, pp.64-66.

Wang, J., 2009. XI BEI MIN JU (folk house in the northwest China). 1st ed. Beijing: China Architecture & Building Press [Book].

Wang, P.S., Yang, M., Yang, X.D. and Shan, M., 2014. Thermal performance of a traditional Chinese heated wall with the in-series flow pass: Experiment and modelling. Energy and Buildings. [Journal] 84, pp.46-54 Wang, Y., 2012. The Research of Promotion & Application for P.V. Generation in Rural and Remote Areas of China. Beijing: Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences. [Master degree dissertation].

Wang, Y.L., Bi, Y.Q. and Zhang, H., 2010. Research on Thermal Insulation Technology of Rural Residential External Walls. Journal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences. [Journal] 38(11), pp. 6038-6040.

Wang, Z.Q., 2011. jia kuai shui dian feng guang dian zi yuan kai fa, zhu tui Gansu jing ji she hui fa zhan--dui wo sheng xin neng yuan kai fa ti zhi de si kao he jian yi (Accelerating the development of hydropower, windpower and solarpower resources to boost the economic and social development of Gansu province -- Thinking and suggestions on the new energy development system of our province).

Gansu Water Resources and Hydropower Technology. [Journal] 47(12), pp.1-5.

Wang, Z.R., 2018. Research on solar energy south wall heating of Jiuquan rural residence. Shanxi Architecture. [Journal] 44(22), pp.193-194.

Wu, S., 2017. Study on Ventilation Technology of Passive House in Northern Rural Areas. Shengyang: Shenyang Architectural University. [Master degree dissertation].

Xu, J.H., 2021.2020 nian gan su tuo ping gong jian bao gao (Report of Poverty eradication in Gansu by 2020). New West. [Journal] Z1, pp. 64-68.

Xu, P., 1990. Feng-Shui: A Model for Landscape Analysis. In Proceedings of the Council of Educators in Landscape Architecture. [Book] pp.183-193. Washington, DC: Landscape Architecture Foundation.

Yang, Z., 2016. Research on the Anti-poverty in Rural Areas of Gansu Province with the Objective of Comprehensive Well-off Society. Lanzhou: Lanzhou University. [PhD dissertation].

Yu, L and Zhang, C.S., 2017. Jiuquan shi Suzhou qu yin yong shui yuan di sui zhi zong he ping jia (Comprehensive Evaluation of The Quality of Drinking Water in Suzhou District, Jiuquan). Information of Agricultural Science and Technology. [Journal] 15, pp.46-47.

Zhang, Y.F., 2018. Jiuquan shi jin nian “ce suo ge ming” reng wu qing dan chu lu (The “toilet revolution” of Jiuquan). Gansu Daily [Online] Available at <http://gansu.gscn.com.cn/system/2018/04/18/011956007.shtml?utm_source=UfqiNews> [Accessed 70

14 Dec 2021].

Zhao, S.Y., Hao, Y.H. and Fu, S.J., 2015. Energy Consumption Status and Energy Saving Retrofit Scheme of Rural Residential Buildings in Northern China Areas. Building Energy Efficiency. [Journal] 43(2), pp.

114-117.

Zhao, Y.D., 2018. su zhou qu fa zhan xiang cun lv you da zao xiang cun zhen xing xin yin qing (Su Zhou District develops rural tourism to create a new picture for rural revitalisation). [Government report] Available at: <http://www.jiuquan.gov.cn/zhengwudongtai/quxiandongtai/20180907/1452061318634d.htm> [Accessed 4 Jan 2022].

Zhou, S.H., Sun, H., Wang, C.L. and Liang, Y., 2020. Policy-driven clean heating modes in the rural areas of the northern China. Natural Gas Industry. [Journal] 40(3), pp. 146-156.

Zhu, B., Li, C.H. and Fang, F., 2010. Solar Energy Resource Assessment in Gansu Province. Journal of Arid Meteorology. [Journal] 28(2), pp.217-221.

Zhu, B., Li, C.H. and Lu, D.R., 2009. Gansu jiuquan qu yu feng neng zi yuan ping gu (Wind energy resource assessment of Jiuquan, Gansu Province). Journal of Arid Meteorology. [Journal] 27(2), pp.152-156.

Zhuge, X.G., Su, D.T., Ma, J.Z. and Yan. Y.P., 2017. qian tan shi he wo guo bei fang nong cun de qing jie neng yuan qu nuan fang shi (Analysis of clean energy heating methods suitable for rural areas in northern China). Journal of Beijing Vocational College of Agriculture. [Journal] 31(6), pp. 46-52.

71

Appendix a: Selected pages from Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of the People’s Republic of China, 2013. Design standard for energy efficiency of rural residential building.

StandardNo: GB/T 50824-2013. [PRC National Standard] Available at: <http://www.mohurd.gov.cn/gongkai/fdzdgknr/tzgg/201301/20130105_224721.ht ml> [Accessed 14 Dec 2021].

建筑321---标准查询下载网

建筑321---标准查询下载网

建筑321---标准查询下载网

建筑321---标准查询下载网

建筑321---标准查询下载网

建筑321---标准查询下载网

建筑321---标准查询下载网

建筑321---标准查询下载网

建筑321---标准查询下载网

建筑321---标准查询下载网

建筑321---标准查询下载网

建筑321---标准查询下载网

建筑321---标准查询下载网

建筑321---标准查询下载网

建筑321---标准查询下载网

建筑321---标准查询下载网

建筑321---标准查询下载网

建筑321---标准查询下载网

Appendix b: The 14th Five Year Plan of Zongzhai, Jiuquan (translation) Government Archive

Available from People's Government of Zongzhai Town Authorized officer: Ranchao Li Contact number: +86 13809376500

肃州区总寨镇 国民经济和社会发展第十四个五年规划 （2021—2025） “十四五”时期是“两个一百年”奋斗目标的历史交汇期， 是全面建成小康社会后全面开启建设社会主义现代化国家新征程 的关键五年，也是总寨镇全面提高群众收入、优化经济结构、加 快城镇化进程、实现高质量发展的关键时期。为全面落实习近平 总书记新时代中国特色社会主义思想，进一步调整产业结构，转 变经济增长方式，全面推进乡村振兴战略实施，实现全镇经济社 会高质量发展，特制定本规划。 一、发展基础 “十三五”时期，在肃州区委、区政府的坚强领导下，镇党 委、政府团结带领全镇广大党员干部群众，不断深化镇情认识， 创新完善发展思路，抢抓机遇，攻坚克难，实现了经济和社会各 项事业协调发展，为“十四五”时期的经济高质量发展和社会事 业全面进步奠定了坚实的基础。 （一）经济运行态势良好 “十三五”期间，总寨镇始终把发展作为第一要务，全力以 赴抓产业、上项目、惠民生、促和谐，经济社会发展步入快车道， 经济运行态势良好。五年来，牢牢把握项目是发展的关键，坚持 项目招引与落地并重，招引农业类投资项目 34 个、基础设施建设 类项目 77 个、工业类项目 6 个、财政预算内投资项目 12 个，完 成固定资产投资 24.47 亿元，招商引资 9.28 亿元，向上争取资金 - 1 -

2460 万元，人均可支配收入由 2016 年的 14842 元提高到 2020 年 的 19813 元，年均增长 8%，在宏观经济形势趋紧的大环境下，项 目支撑带动发展作用明显增强，各项指标成效显著。 （二）产业体系不断完善 “十三五”期间，大力实施工业强镇战略，不断完善工业园 区基础设施建设，铺设圆梦路、东园三街等道路 5.1 公里，架设 电力线路 10 公里，敷设供水管网 3.1 公里，新建日处理污水 300 吨污水处理站一座、污水管网 13 公里，园区硬件设施不断提升， 为企业入驻创造了良好的条件。积极招引种子生产、农产品加工、 建材加工等支柱产业入园，至目前园区入驻企业 107 家，基本形 成商贸物流、种子加工、农产品加工、建材加工产业聚集区，园 区年产值达到 6 亿元，利税达 1 亿元，带动解决周边就业 3000 人。 紧紧依托国家现代农业示范区和中以（酒泉）绿色生态产业园建 设，不断提升农业产业化水平，持续培育壮大设施蔬菜、高原夏 菜、畜禽养殖、经作制种、劳务输转等五大特色支柱产业，其中： 投资 3.52 亿元，新建玻璃温室 88600 平方米，新建改造日光温室 1304 座 2159 亩，戈壁园区建设面积达到 5300 亩；建成丝路寒旱 集团 2000 亩粤港澳大湾区“菜篮子”供应基地，金盛源合作社 6000 亩“粮改饲”青贮玉米种植基地，金丰公社 1300 亩土地全程托管 示范点等千亩以上种植业基地，带动全镇流转土地 1.3 万亩，实 现土地流转收入 600 万元；建设标准化畜禽养殖场 7 个，集中养 殖小区 5 个，改造提升规模养殖场 8 个，畜禽饲养量达到 80 万（头） 只。大力发展高效经作制种和甜叶菊、洋葱、孜然等经济作物产 业，种植面积达 2 万亩。持续壮大劳务经济，累计培训技能型劳 - 2 -

动力 2058 人，输转劳动力 27715 人，实现劳务收入 6.35 亿元， 有力促进了农民增收。农业社会化服务体系不断完善，培育省级 示范合作社 8 家，市级示范合作社 16 家，区级示范合作社 11 家， 省级家庭农场 1 家，市级家庭农场 9 家，区级家庭农场 3 家。投 资 260 万元建成肃州区戈壁生态农业产业人才实训基地，培训农 业实用技术人才 2000 人次。农村改革进程不断加快，完成 3 个村 “三变”改革，9 个村全部完成集体产权制度改革。 （三）脱贫攻坚成效突出 坚持把脱贫攻坚作为“一号工程”，认真贯彻落实中央、省 市区脱贫攻坚部署要求，紧紧围绕“两不愁三保障”，紧盯脱贫 攻坚重点任务，实行领导干部包挂机制，制订落实“一户一策”， 持续完善帮扶机制，落实帮扶责任，强化帮扶效果，全面推进“3+1” 冲刺清零后续行动，抓实住房安全、饮水安全、教育医疗等问题 整改，积极争取扶贫项目和扶贫资金，持续提升产业扶贫力度， 对 411 户贫困户发展种植业、养殖业、设施农业及其他增收产业 的，落实补助资金 166.16 万元，其中新建圈舍 25 座，改建圈舍 44 座；40 户建档立卡户调引基础母牛 81 头，135 户建档立卡户调 引基础母羊 2072 只；新建日光温室 4 座，搭建钢架拱棚 11 座； 架设户用分布式光伏发电 196 户。落实扶贫小额贴息贷款 245 户 988.4 万元。全镇 444 户建档立卡贫困户、1084 名建档立卡贫困 人口全部脱贫。 特别是 42 户未接通自来的农户全部接通了自来水， 彻底结束了水窖水饮水的历史。 （四）人居环境不断提升。

- 3 -

围绕美丽宜居乡村建设总体目标，全力推进农村人居环境面 貌再上新台阶。深入贯彻实施农村人居环境整治三年行动，持续 推进农村厕所、垃圾、风貌三大革命，新改建卫生厕所 2005 户， 新建公厕 7 个，完成土炕改造 783 户，实施危旧房改造 337 户。 争取资金 7462 万元，集中开展“三沿一部”环境综合整治行动， 打造西店村 6 组、9 组，单闸村 5 组等 11 个市级和区级高标准环 境综合整治示范点，以点带面推动 56 个居民点综合整治，探索总 结出“民间工匠+农户”“土地增减挂钩+环境卫生整治”等人居 环境建设经验模式。 （五）民生福祉持续增强 坚持把民生作为最大的政绩，统筹社会发展各项事业，发放 大病医疗救助、临时救助、低保等各类民政救扶资金 9977.72 万 元，城乡居民养老金、耕地地力补贴、农机购置补贴等惠民惠农 资金通过一卡通足额发放。农村养老保险、医疗保险参合率、参 保率历年达 98%以上。坚持教育优先发展，完成中心小学和中心幼 儿园改造提升，适龄儿童全部入园。高度重视卫健工作，镇卫生 院、村卫生室基础设施进一步提升，基本医疗卫生服务全覆盖。 投资 65 万元对中心敬老院住房、消防等设施进行了规范提升，9 个村全部建成互助老人幸福院，民生福祉持续增进。 （六）基础设施日趋完善 “十三五”期间，全镇不断加大基础设施建设投入力度，累 计投入资金 6300 余万元，重点实施了污水处理、电网改造、农村 道路建设等一系列重大项目，建成“四好农村路”15 公里，铺设 供排水管网 34.9 公里，改造电网 11.1 公里，建成污水处理站 3 - 4 -

个，修建渠道 270 公里，架设太阳能路灯 310 盏，全镇基础设施 条件明显改善。土地整治步伐加快，全力推进了 2.8 万亩高标准 农田建设，建成千亩以上土地流转示范点 5 个，全镇土地流转面 积占到耕地面积的 50%。信息化水平大幅提升，实现了全部居民点 通宽带、通光缆，镇内各类企业全部接入互联网。公共服务基础 设施日益健全，建成乡村大舞台 1 个、组级文化室 37 个、配套健 身设施 52 套，先后举办文化艺术节 3 届，各类文化活动 26 场次， 群众性文化体育活动进一步丰富。 （七）生态环境明显改善 “十三五”期间，牢固树立“绿水青山就是金山银山”的发 展理念，持续加强生态环境保护治理,区域环境质量不断提升，饮 用水水质达标率和优良率均达 100%。强化问题整改，建立问题清 单、任务清单和责任清单。严控秸秆焚烧、农业面源污染治理、 生活污水处理“三大保卫战”，按照“组保洁、村收集、镇转运、 区处理”的农村生活垃圾收运处理模式，累计配置垃圾斗 124 个， 生活垃圾收集转运率达到 100%，实现了垃圾处理社会化服务。严 格落实河、湖长制管理，将镇域内 6 个污水处理站委托有资质的 第三方运营，加大了排污整治力度。推进国土绿化工程，积极开 展义务植树活动，对重点区域路段、居民点见缝增绿、见缝插绿， “十三五”期间，义务植树 20 万株，同时累计投入 90 万元，对 黄斑星天牛进行化学防治，对虫害木进行伐放清理，切实筑牢生 态安全屏障，厚植生态优势。大力发展循环农业，通过实施废旧 农膜回收、尾菜处理等工程，促进农业“废弃物”资源综合利用， 农用地膜回收率达到 80%。 - 5 -

（八）社会治理稳步推进。 “十三五”期间，我们坚持“和谐平安”为第一责任，乡村 治理不断加强，深入开展平安创建活动，社会治理成效明显，“平 安总寨”建设纵深推进。建立“5+4+4+1”的矛盾纠纷排查化解机 制，认真落实三级排查、三级化解，严格落实信访维稳责任制， 农副产品销售款兑付、砖厂关停复垦等一批信访积案得到了有效 化解，实现了“小事不出村，大事不出镇，矛盾不上交，服务不 缺位”的社会治理目标，不断完善治安防控体系，治安形势明显 好转。深入开展“七五”普法宣传教育，进一步提高广大干部群 众的法律意识和法治观念。强化重点人群管控措施，不断加强特 殊人群管理教育。开展了对留守儿童、留守妇女、空巢老人、易 肇事肇祸精神病人、社会闲散等特殊人群的帮教、管控，救治救 助和社会关爱体系进一步完善。扎实开展了扫黑除恶专项斗争， 社会大局保持和谐稳定，群众安全感进一步提升。 二、面临形势 “十四五”时期，是全面建设现代化新总寨新征程的起步时 期，也是总寨加快新旧动能转换最为关键的时期。 放眼宏观形势，我们面临乘势而为的良好机遇。当今世界正 经历百年未有之大变局，国际国内发展环境正发生着复杂而深刻 的变化，国际“孤立主义”抬头，以美国为首的西方发达国家意 图在全球范围内孤立中国，切断更多国家与中国的联系，从而起 到打击中国经济、遏制中国发展的目的。随着全球经济增长放缓， 全球贸易保护主义抬头和“去全球化”思潮泛起，境外疫情加速 蔓延，德尔塔变异毒株致多国疫情反弹，我国云南瑞丽、江苏南 - 6 -

京等地相继出现确诊病例，防控形势依然十分严峻。今后我们将 面临更多逆风逆水的外部环境。进入新发展阶段，虽然受到疫情 冲击，但经过抗疫大战，我国疫情防控措施体系逐步完善，2020 年中国是更是成为全球唯一实现正增长的主要经济体，这表明， 我们的社会主义制度有着不可比拟的优越性。同时，随着新一轮 科技革命和产业变革加速演进，产学研用深度融合，国内大循环 活力日益强劲，我国巨大的内需市场潜力将充分释放，国内发展 环境稳定，为我镇发展现代农业、调整结构、补齐产业链条提供 了难得机遇。 置身省市区发展，我们拥有借势发力的有利条件。习近平总 书记指出：“一带一路”是甘肃最大的机遇，作为“一带一路” 和西部陆海新通道重要节点城市，“十四五”时期，省委、省政 府赋予酒泉丝绸之路经济带甘肃重要节点城市和省域副中心城市 的战略定位，在市委“两极四点”决策部署和区委加快建设经济 繁荣、社会文明、环境优美、人民幸福的酒泉首善之区和现代化 省域副中心城市战略布局中，区委、区政府又赋予我镇与上坝镇 联动组成县域发展副中心的战略定位，将在政策、项目、资金上 予以大力支持。同时，总寨小城镇建设纳入全区“十四五”规划 综合试点工作，对我们加快城乡融合发展、发展商贸物流、推进 新型城镇化建设提供了有利契机。 立足总寨实际，我们具备蓄势待发的区位优势。立足于酒泉 城区“东大门”和商贸物流节点镇定位，312 国道、连霍高速、兰 新高铁、肃航公路、酒额铁路穿镇而过，区位、交通优势进一步 凸显。经过多年接续奋斗和一批重点项目的实施，全镇产业基础 - 7 -

和基础设施建设水平得到进一步提升。历经各种考验和锻炼，我 们锻造出一支忠诚担当、干事创业的干部队伍，成为推动总寨转 型发展的中坚力量。这些得天独厚的优势，是总寨历经风雨坎坷、 实现前位发展的制胜法宝，也为总寨抢抓机遇、推进高质量发展 奠定了坚实基础。 综合来看，未来五年，是我们弥补基础短板的攻坚期、产业 结构调整的关键期、缩小发展差距的窗口期，机遇大于挑战，可 以大有作为。

三、指导思想、基本原则、发展目标、战略布局 1.指导思想：高举中国特色社会主义伟大旗帜，以习近平新 时代中国特色社会主义思想为指导，认真学习贯彻党的十九大和 十九届二中、三中、四中、五中全会精神，全面落实习近平总书 记视察甘肃重要讲话和指示精神，紧扣全面建成小康社会奋斗目 标，主动融入市委“富民兴陇走前列、加快建设省域副中心城市” 总体部署和“两极四点”战略布局，紧紧围绕区委加快建设经济 繁荣、社会文明、环境优美、人民幸福的酒泉首善之区奋斗目标， 牢固树立新发展理念，以高质量发展为主题，以深化供给侧结构 性改革为主线，以改革创新为根本动力，以满足人民日益增长的 美好生活需要为根本目标，充分发挥我镇区位优势，努力建设产 业发展、农民富裕、美丽宜居、文明和谐的现代化新总寨。 2.基本原则： ——坚持党的全面领导。坚持和完善党领导经济社会发展的 体制机制，始终同以习近平同志为核心的党中央保持高度一致， 不断提高构建新发展格局、推动高质量发展的能力和水平。 - 8 -

——坚持以人民为中心。牢固树立以人民为中心的发展思想， 把人民对美好生活的向往作为奋斗目标，让人民群众的安全感更 有保障、获得感更可持续、幸福感更加充实。 ——坚持新发展理念。始终把新发展理念贯穿发展全过程、 各领域，加快建设现代化经济体系，实现更高质量、更有效率、 更可持续的发展。 ——坚持深化改革开放。坚定不移以深化改革激发发展活力， 以扩大开放倒逼深化改革，坚决破除制约和影响高质量发展的体 制机制制度障碍，提高资源配置效率，充分调动全社会投身发展 的积极性，激发广大干部群众干事创业的精气神，持续增强发展 动力。 ——坚持创新驱动。深入实施创新驱动发展战略，坚持把创 新放在现代化建设全局的核心地位，把创新贯穿经济社会发展各 环节、全过程，不断完善创新体系，持续催生发展新动能，塑造 发展新优势。 ——坚持系统观念。把系统观念融入经济社会发展的各方面、 各环节，加强前瞻性思考、全局性谋划、整体性推进，正确处理 主要矛盾和次要矛盾、局部和全局的关系，实现发展质量、结构、 规模、速度、效益、安全相统一。 3.发展目标： 坚持目标导向和问题导向相结合，坚持守正和创新相统一， 持续解放思想，创新担当实干，推动今后五年经济社会发展在以 下五个方面实现新突破： ——经济发展实现新突破。坚持以经济建设为中心不动摇、 - 9 -

推动经济保持较高的增长速度，至 2025 年，全镇生产总值年均增 长 8%以上，农业增加值年均增长 7.5%以上，固定资产投资年均增 长 10%以上，农民人均可支配收入年均增长 8.5%以上，突破 3 万 元。 ——美丽乡村建设实现新突破。到 2025 年，通过争取实施全 域综合整治项目和土坯房改造项目，辖区内九个行政村均实现集 中居住，配套完善公共服务设施，全面改善居住环境，争创全国 文明乡镇和国家卫生乡镇。 ——保障和改善民生实现新突破。社会各项事业长足发展， 教育、文化、卫生设施得到全面改善，全民思想道德、科学文化 和健康素质明显提高，九年义务教育普及率达到 100%，城乡居民 社会养老保险参保率达到 100%，新农合参保率达到 100%，人民群 众普遍享受公平优质的社会公共服务。 ——社会治理现代化实现新突破。深入贯彻习近平法治思想， 建立完善政治、自治、法治、德治“四治融合”的乡村社会治理 体系，坚持法治总寨、法治政府、法治社会一体建设。社会管理 服务更加完善，公民合法权益得到有效保障；社会保障体系更趋 完善，保障覆盖面达到全区领先水平；民主法制建设进一步加强， 社会安定有序，人民安居乐业。 4.战略布局： 以行政区划为基础，依据资源环境承载能力，结合镇区建设、 产业发展、基础设施和生态建设等发展需要，实行点轴开发，形 成“一轴两翼三点四区”的镇村空间布局结构（“一轴”即：以 312 国道为镇村东西向的经济发展轴；“两翼”即：镇域西南面以 - 10 -

工业园区和中以（酒泉）绿色生态产业园为核心的戈壁生态农业 产业区和镇域中北部以土地流转、高原夏菜、青贮玉米为核心的 耕地产业区；“三点”即：总寨镇镇区商贸节点、工业园区商贸 节点、沙格塄百源养殖牛羊养殖交易节点；“四区”即：一是以 沙河村为主的设施农业及集中养殖区；二是以三奇堡村为主的一 二三产业融合发展休旅区；三是以西店村、店闸村为主的劳务输 出区；四是以总寨、单闸、清泉、双闸村为主的经作、制种种植 区）。做精做大做强特色产业，以“111238”的农业产业发展思 路，引进奥凯种机、大禹节水等龙头企业，发挥百源养殖、博辉 牧业等大场大户带动作用，逐步完善全镇“万亩高原夏菜、万亩 优质饲草、万亩经济作物、2 万亩高蛋白饲用玉米、3 万亩粮食作 物、80 万头（只）畜禽养殖”的产业发展布局。 一是实施现代产业体系战略。构建以现代农业做推动、循环 经济做牵引、现代服务业做支撑、新型产业为后续动力的现代产 业体系。带动引导社会投资，通过着力改善以交通、水利为主的 基础设施，夯实发展基础；通过循环经济构筑以现代高效节水农 业及农副产品深加工为基础的特色产业链条，不断升级和优化产 业结构，发展壮大产业聚集区，形成资源整合平台。 二是实施基础设施战略。以新型城镇化建设为契机，把基础 设施建设放在重要位置，全力抓好小城镇道路、污水处理、亮化、 绿化等重点工程，提高小城镇承载力；坚定不移走农业“集约化、 机械化、信息化、品牌化”“新四化”发展道路，加大农村道路、 节水灌溉管网、土地整治、5G 基站等基础设施建设，改善农业生 产条件，充分运用智慧农业，为转变农业生产方式、降低生产成 - 11 -

本、解放劳动力、农民持续增收打好基础。 三是实施社会保障战略。坚持“以人为本”发展理念，以促 进城乡均衡发展为主线，以提高公共服务和社会保障能力为重点， 加快发展文化、教育、卫生、养老体系等社会事业，让群众共享 改革发展成果。 四是实施区域融合战略。实施区域融合策略，实现城乡统筹 发展，推动农民向城镇和新型社区集中、土地向规模经营集中、 工业向园区集中；破除城乡二元分治体制，实现六个一体化，即 规划一体化、产业一体化、基础设施一体化、市场体制一体化、 公共服务设施一体化、管理体制一体化。 五是实施生态环境战略。大力发展节水农业、环保农业、循 环农业和特色农业，积极调整土地开发利用结构和种植结构，创 建生态良好、农民增收、生活富裕、经济发展、人与自然和谐相 处的生态经济发展模式。

四、“十四五”规划重点任务 （一）优化农业产业结构，加快现代农业发展 “十四五”期间，全镇要积极适应经济发展新常态，立足区 位优势，进一步优化农业结构，坚持优质、高产、高效的发展方 向，积极落实市场引导、政策扶持、示范带动、科技支撑等措施， 依托国家级现代农业示范区建设，落实中以（酒泉）绿色生态产 业园建设重点，大力发展设施蔬菜、高原夏菜、经作制种、规模 养殖等为主的支柱产业，加快农业结构转型升级。 ——做精设施蔬菜产业。抢抓国家“一带一路”发展战略和 全省加快河西戈壁农业发展的重大机遇，依托肃州国家现代农业 - 12 -

示范区、国家农业产业化示范基地等“国”字号发展平台，着力 推进生态、高效、节水、绿色、循环型戈壁生态农业发展。抓好 戈壁绿色生态产业园区农业产业园区建设，进一步完善园区水、 电、路、林等基础设施，同时积极配合区园区办配套建设蔬菜冷 藏库、恒温库、物流网络和蔬菜运输车等服务设施，形成从生产、 储藏、流通、销售一条龙的服务体制，增加戈壁果蔬附加值。加 大戈壁农业产业园区老旧温室改建提升工程，增加经营效益。依 托戈壁农业产业园，打响戈壁农业品牌，做精蔬菜产业。到“十 四五”末，全镇新增日光温室面积 1000 亩，建成 50 亩以上温室 小区 5 个，百亩以上集中连片塑料大棚小区 5 个，全镇蔬菜种植 总面积达到 2.5 万亩，总产量达到 9.5 万吨。 ——做强高原夏菜产业。坚持把发展高原夏菜种植作为调整 产业结构、促进农民增收致富的特色产业来抓，遵循“试验、示 范、推广”的原则，大力推行“农户+基地＋企业”的发展模式， 积极撬动“小农户”与现代农业“攀上亲”，积极引导群众连片 开发“高原夏菜”生产基地，同时持续发挥好丝路寒旱集团 2000 亩粤港澳大湾区“菜篮子”供应基地示范带动作用，以高标准农 田建设为契机，建成以西店村、三奇堡村为核心的万亩高原夏菜 生产基地，使高原夏菜产业真正托起农民的“致富梦”。 ——做大经作制种产业。按照一村一品、一村一业的发展思 路，立足产业基础，突出地域特色，大力发展现代种业，以清泉、 总寨、单闸等村为主，突出发展以瓜菜花卉为主的高效经作制种， 打造成重要的花卉、蔬菜制种生产基地；以单闸、西店、三奇堡 等村为主，大力发展玉米制种，巩固提升玉米制种基地建设水平。 - 13 -

力争到“十四五”末，建成 3000 亩高效蔬菜、花卉制种生产基地、 5000 亩玉米制种生产基地。引进推广高标准农田全程无人机械化 及智慧农业示范区建设，依托实施高标准农田整理项目，进行集 中土地流转，规划建成 5000 亩高效玉米制种园区。通过园区的带 动、示范引领，鼓励、扶持制种企业发展制种专业小区、专业村， 逐步建立一村一品、集中连片、特色鲜明的专业化制种基地。 ——大力发展规模养殖。坚持高产、优质、高效的现代畜牧 业生产方向，按照“区域化布局、规模化养殖、标准化生产、产 业化经营”发展思路，抓园区、建大户、引良种、强服务，加快 发展现代设施养殖业。加大标准化规模养殖场（小区）扶持建设 力度，重点抓好百源养殖现代畜牧业全产业链牛羊养殖区、绿野 源蛋鸡养殖场、旺苗种禽养殖孵化场、博辉牧业蛋鸡养殖场等 4 个养殖基地的建设与管理，扶持发展单闸、沙格楞综合养殖小区 等，鼓励千家万户分散养殖，积极推进规模化、标准化生产，提 高养殖管理和产品质量安全水平。力争到十四五末，全镇新改扩 建标准化养殖场 10 个，带动全镇畜禽饲养量稳定保持在 80 万头 只以上。对照三年倍增计划，依托全省牛羊大县平台，以店闸村 金顺源合作社 6000 亩“粮改饲”青贮玉米种植基地为中心，大力 发展饲草产业，构建种养结合，高效循环的现代草畜产业生产经 营体系。全镇设施养殖量占总饲养量的比重达到 48%以上，畜牧业 收入在农民人均纯收入中所占比例达到 25%以上 （二）完善农业社会化服务，构建现代农业新体系 ——加大农业科技培训力度。立足国家级现代农业示范区这 一重要平台，积极引导农业科研推广人员结合自身专业特长，走 - 14 -

出机关，深入基层一线，建立工作联系点，服务农业科技示范基 地和园区。继续开展送科技下村组活动，围绕日光温室标准化生 产、温棚立体种植、农作物高效栽培、设施养殖等关键技术，搞 好教育培训、科技示范，提供现场技术咨询、田头专家会诊、长 期技术指导、农业科技信息等技术服务，加快新品种、新技术、 新机具引进、试验、示范和推广运用。 ——加强动植物疫病防控。大力推进天牛防治、动物防疫、 苹果蠹蛾等工作，强化预警预报，细化防控措施，完善应急预案， 确保农业生产安全。建立健全农产品质量安全监管体系，完善镇 村两级农产品质量安全监管机构，对产地环境、投入品使用、生 产过程、生产质量实行全程监控。全力推进农产品质量安全责任 追溯体系建设，严格落实农产品产地准出和市场准入制度，农产 品质量抽检合格率稳定在 99%以上。 ——加强农业减灾防灾能力建设。完善农业灾害监测体系， 增强农业抵御自然灾害能力和可持续发展能力。加快发展“三农” 保险，扩大农业保险覆盖面。健全农村流通体系和农产品市场体 系，推进农产品交易市场和配送中心建设。探索推广农作物联网 工程和农业电子商务，强化农业信息服务，实施“互联网+现代农 业”行动，鼓励农产品经营主体开展电子商务交易，发布农产品 产销信息，促进农产品产销链接，加快发展农业信息化水平。 ——稳步推进农业产业化。深化农村“三变”改革和集体产 权制度改革，积极引导龙头企业、大场大户和经营管理能人创办 专业合作经济组织。加快培育壮大龙头企业、农民专业合作社、 家庭农场、种养大户等新型农业经营主体，培育省级示范合作社 5 - 15 -

个以上，市级示范合作社 10 个以上，积极推进村党组织领办创办 合作社，发展壮大村级集体经济。坚持“依法、自愿、有偿”原 则，大力培育专业大户、家庭农场、专业合作社等新型农业经营 主体，每年新增流转面积 3000 亩以上，农民来自流转土地的收入 年均增长 10%以上。加强农产品品牌建设，申报培育“三品一标” “甘味”农产品 10 个以上，认证绿色农产品 5 个以上。 3、加快发展劳务输转。“十四五”期间，我镇劳务经济工作 积极开辟劳务市场，通过拓宽劳动力就业渠道促进农民收入，把 劳动力技能培训纳入重要日程。大力实施“育才工程”“雨露计 划”，加强农民工的职业技能培训和就业指导，协调培训机构、 综合服务机构、中介组织和经纪人队伍，建立健全稳固的劳务市 场，切实转变观念，使劳动力由体力型向技能型转变。持续做大 劳务经济，围绕提升劳动力素质，年培训技能型劳动力 300 人次 以上，实现年输转劳动力 5500 人次以上，有组织输转 4200 人次 以上，年劳务收入达到 1.3 亿元以上。通过发展二三产业，积极 落实劳动力密集型企业吸引劳动力就地转移，同时营造就业创业 条件，鼓励有志青年回乡创业。帮助解决农民工面临的问题，督 促用工单位建立健全平等协商制度、劳动合同制度，及时化解劳 务纠纷，调节劳动争议，并配合区劳动监察部门调处劳务案件， 全力保障农民工权益。 （三）加快招商引资和项目建设，助推工业经济发展 紧紧抓住总寨地处城郊，交通便利，产业密集的优势，大力 发展农产品加工、新型建材、商贸物流等产业，通过延伸产业链 条，完善配套服务，吸引企业、资金、项目、人才和技术到城镇 - 16 -

聚集，不断增强城镇发展活力，带动城镇快速发展。 ——加大招商引资力度。依托总寨工业园区和东洞新能源综 合利用示范园区，东洞滩光伏产业园这一工业发展基地，高铁综 合服务区、巨龙物流港和春光市场这一商贸物流区，加大招商引 资力度，鼓励和引导社会资本参与交通、水利、电力、通信等基 础设施建设以及农业资源开发等领域，营造民间资本与外来投资 相互交融、相互促进的发展格局，积极引进新能源产品加工、建 筑建材等新型产业，坚持走科技含量高、经济效益好、能源消耗 低、环境污染少、人力资源优势得到充分发挥的新型工业化道路， 努力推动全镇工业经济快速发展，让工业经济成为推动全镇经济 发展的新引擎。打好招商引资攻坚战，营造良好的“导商、稳商、 富商、扶商”的招商引资氛围，破除小进则止、小富则安的小农 意识。结合区上招商引资新政策、新机遇，树立机遇意识，大力 优化投资环境，提高招商引资的成效。做好跟踪服务，加快招商 项目落地生根，提高项目履约率。完善招商引资目标管理考核办 法，提高招商引资质量水平。 ——加快工业园区发展。积极拓宽投融资渠道，多方筹资配 套完善工业园区基础设施，健全完善项目入驻政策，提高管理服 务水平，全力推进招商项目落地建设。着力解决好项目规划用地 手续、招投标、建设工程审批等领域痛点堵点问题，按照项目分 类管理原则，加强清单管理和“店小二”跟踪服务机制、切实转 变政府服务方式，推动建立新型政商关系，营造高效的投资环境， 吸引更多客商投资兴业，使园区入驻企业达到 150 家以上，初步 形成以农产品加工区、新型建材加工区、种子生产加工区、园区 - 17 -

服务商贸区为主的四区布局，园区承载积聚功能进一步增强。以 总寨镇工业园区西园建设为契机，在圆梦东路、东园三街，园区 供水管网建设的基础上，继续实施园区供排水、道路、绿化、亮 化等为主的基础设施建设工程，重点解决总寨镇工业园区供排水 和道路的问题，提高园区承载力。 ——扶持重点企业发展。积极争取项目资金，重点扶持一批 科技含量高、发展潜力大、经济效益好的企业打造品牌，带动园 区发展。积极引进开发洋葱精油、洋葱胶囊、速食包（袋）食品 等新产品，提高产品附加值。严把企业入园关口，入驻企业由数 量向质量转变，从工业小镇向科技小镇、制造小镇转型，积极招 引一批新能源、装备加工制造、农产品精深加工、冷链物流等补 链强链项目企业，力争到 2025 年园区产值达 10 亿元以上。 （四）大力发展商贸物流，加快推进现代服务业 充分利用便利的交通条件和现有的产业基础，依托总寨镇和 上坝镇联动组成县域发展副中心及总寨小城镇建设综合改革试点 政策支持，以西店、店闸全域整治为契机，大力发展商贸物流、 农产品交易等第三产业，重点打造三大商贸节点。 ——建设总寨镇集镇商贸节点。通过改善镇区基础设施条件， 加强市场管理，规范市场秩序，整治马路市场，建设农机交易市 场和劳动密集型企业，促进房产开发、畜禽交易、电子商务、农 产品交易等产业发展，将镇区打造为辐射周边的区域商贸物流中 心，为农业人口向镇区转移打好基础。 ——建设工业园区商贸节点。发挥三奇堡村、工业园区地处 城郊、工商企业较多、流动人口密集的优势，大力发展农产品交 - 18 -

易、餐饮住宿、物流集散等产业，促进人口聚集，打造新的经济 增长点。 ——建设沙格楞百源养殖牛羊养殖交易商贸节点。依托沙格 楞村百源养殖畜牧业全产业链园区，建设牛羊养殖、活畜交易、 牛羊屠宰、病死牲畜无害化处理及管理中心五大模块，形成从饲 料加工、牛羊养殖、卫生防疫、活畜交易、生产加工到市场销售 的一个完整产业链，形成牛羊养殖交易商贸节点。 ——加快发展中心村社区服务业。在中心村和自然村规划建 设社区服务中心、农技综合服务站、超市、农资放心店、互助老 人幸福院、活动中心、幼儿园、卫生室等服务设施，实施服务网 络全覆盖，努力提升三产增加值。力争到 2025 年，全镇各类工商 业企业达到 80 家以上，商户达到 330 家以上，年吸纳就业人口达 到 5000 人以上。 ——加快电子商务发展。抢抓电子商务迅速发展的政策机遇 和有利时机，坚持政府推动与市场主导、示范引领和整体推动、 借力发展和本土培育相结合，依托全镇优势产业和重点行业，推 动电子商务全面普及应用。镇上依托农业社会化服务中心和巨龙 现代农业社会化服务站，建设电子商务服务站，各村依托新型农 业社会化服务站，建设村级电子商务服务点，到十四五末，实现 “一镇一站、一村一点”建设目标，以拓展全镇特色农产品销售 渠道。 （五）切实改善基础设施条件，稳步推进美丽乡村建设 以提高集镇产业支撑能力和公共服务品质为发展重点，加快 推进以人为本、集约高效、绿色健康的新型城镇。 - 19 -

1.加强镇区建设，提升镇区品质。着眼于优化群众生活区、 农产品主产区、生态功能区三大空间布局，按照全域整治、点面 结合的思路，巩固拓展农村人居环境整治三年行动成果，认真准 备做好国土空间规划、群众宣传动员等各项前期工作，全力争取 全域综合整治项目，提升镇区聚集带动功能。把基础设施建设放 在镇区发展的重要位置，多渠道筹措资金，实施集镇“五大改造” 工程，不断完善镇区各项设施，集聚镇区商气人气，提升镇区的 辐射带动能力。全力抓好道路、污水处理、亮化、绿化等重点工 程，新建道路 2.6 公里，更换路灯 145 盏。加大镇区破损建筑整 修改造力度，粉刷装饰沿街门面，设置灯箱广告，整修绿化带， 补栽补植常青树，加强环境卫生、供排水和公共服务设施的管理， 不断提高人居环境质量和生活质量。加快镇区文化体育、休闲娱 乐等公共服务设施建设，打通政府门前场地，建成文化体育广场， 并配套完善集镇公厕、休闲桌椅等设施，努力营造设施配套、功 能齐全、生态优美、生活便利的宜居环境。到 2025 年,常住人口 城镇化率年均提高 2%，户籍人口城镇化率年均提高 1.5%,成为辐 射周边的区域商贸中心。 2.加快基础设施建设。坚持城乡统筹发展思路，进一步加大 农村道路、节水灌溉管网、土地整治、5G 基站等基础设施建设， 改善农业生产条件，充分运用智慧农业，为转变农业生产方式、 降低生产成本、解放劳动力、农民持续增收打好基础。 ——加快道路建设力度。至“十四五”末，全镇“四好农村 路”覆盖率达到 100%，由村村通覆盖到户户通。对破损严重的清 泉、双闸、总寨等通村主干道路进行铺油罩面，确保到 2025 年所 - 20 -

有村全部都通沥青路面,村组道路通畅率达到 100%,年均增长 14%。 积极争取资金，对总寨工业园区道路进行铺设。加大土地流转小 区内田间道路的铺设，重点在西店、三奇堡、店闸、清泉、总寨、 双闸村开展田间道路疏通工程，为建成土地流转服务中心搞好基 础铺垫。大力发展城乡公共交通，支持发展农村客运服务，扩大 农村客运覆盖范围，到 2025 年客运班车通达率达到 100%,实现城 乡公共交通一体化。 ——加快供排水工程建设。加强村镇供水基础设施建设，完 善供水社会化服务体系，保障饮水安全。积极争取项目资金，新 建供水管网 30 公里，逐步关停镇域内自备饮用水源井，人饮水由 龙源水业统一供应，进一步提升人饮水安全；结合西店、店闸村 全域整治项目，规划建设生活污水处理站 2 个，实现污水集中处 理。 ——加快土地整理和高标准农田建设。继续抓好 2.72 万亩高 标准农田整理项目，完成项目设计农田道路、渠系建筑物、林业 工程等其他工程。积极申报实施单闸、沙格楞、沙河村高标准农 田建设项目，改善农田水利基础设施条件，降低农业生产成本， 为土地规模化流转、推进农村综合改革和农业人口转移创造条件。 ——加快电力及通信设施升级改造。抓好镇域内电网建设改 造，改造老旧电力线路，基本建成覆盖全镇的智能电网。提升光 纤宽带渗透率和接入能力，实现行政村光纤和 5G 网络普遍覆盖， 大力推动全镇的经济、社会、民生等各大领域的信息化建设，推 动民生智慧化，提升城镇管理效率和品质，同时为无人机植保、 机械无人操作打下坚实的基础。 - 21 -

3.大力实施绿色生态大镇建设。以西店、沙河美丽乡村示范 村建设为样板，改善示范村道路、绿化等基础设施条件，加快文 化、教育、医疗卫生、养老等社会事业发展，实施农村人居环境 整治巩固提升 5 年行动，用活用好农村土坯房改造、土地增减挂 钩、全域综合整治、抗震房建设等项目政策，进一步提升人居环 境，同步推进农村改厨改厕和污水治理，改造农村厕所 1000 户以 上，建成农村土坯房改造示范点 5 个以上，乡村振兴示范村 3 个 以上。 （六）切实加大民生保障投入，推进社会事业可持续发展 坚持“以人为本”发展理念，以促进城乡均衡发展为主线， 以提高公共服务和社会保障能力为重点，加快教育、医疗、文化 等事业发展，让发展的红利覆盖全体群众。 ——巩固全面脱贫成果。持续保持对建档立卡贫困户、低保 户和低收入家庭等易返贫农户的关注，继续利用好各级帮扶政策。 新发生“两不愁三保障”不达标的及时解决，确保无新增绝对贫 困人口。持续落实好产业、就业、教育、医保等各项扶贫政策。 对摘帽的脱贫户在攻坚期内实行“脱贫不脱政策、脱贫不脱帮扶、 脱贫不脱项目、脱贫不脱监管”，对已脱贫的农户在一定时期内 让其继续享受现有帮扶政策。提高现有扶贫产业的持续发展能力， 探索扶贫投入的保值增值方式，将财政专项扶贫投入转化为长期 保值资产，重点实施光伏扶贫产业，明确扶贫资产的所有权和收 益权，保障广大农户通过产业获得持续稳定的收益。推进脱贫攻 坚与乡村振兴有效衔接，确保建档立卡贫困户与其他农民一起迈 上乡村振兴和农村现代化建设新征程。 - 22 -

——加快发展教育事业。全面贯彻党的教育方针，办好人民 满意的教育，把教育优先发展落到实处，优化学校布局调整，撤 并牌路、沙河、西店三所村校，提升全镇教学办学条件，提高教 育质量。持续实施“雨露计划”，资助引导农村贫困户初中、高 中毕业生和青壮年劳动力接受学历教育和技能培训，提高贫困人 口素质，增强就业创业能力。加强教师队伍建设，在抓好业务能 力和自身素质提高的同时，重点要提高教师的责任心和使命感， 净化教师心灵，使之真正成为人类灵魂的工程师；增加教育基础 设施建设投入，全面改善办学条件，使学前三年儿童受教育率达 到 98%以上，办学阶段适龄儿童入学率达到 100%，九年义务教育 阶段入学率达 100%，无辍学学生。 ——大力发展卫生事业。深入贯彻实施“健康肃州”行动， 推进“健康总寨”建设，加强医疗卫生服务体系建设，坚持医养 结合的发展思路，普及和深化公共卫生服务，提升医疗服务水平， 把提升群众健康水平作为事业发展的出发点和落脚点，解决群众 关心、关注的热点难点问题，维护好广大人民群众的健康权益， 为人民提供均等、优质、高效的健康服务。争取项目资金，对总 寨中心卫生院进行新建改造，加强村卫生室医疗设施投入和规范 化运行，提高乡村医生队伍水平，持续提升医疗服务保障能力。 持续提升群众健康水平，推动卫生发展从以疾病治疗为中心向以 健康促进为中心转变，65 岁以上老年人免费体检覆盖率达到 90% 以上。不断完善医疗卫生机构突发公共卫生事件应对组织体系和 应急处置预案，及时处置突发公共事件。继续落实新冠病毒等疫 情防控工作措施，加强检疫卡建设，积极开展疫情防治知识宣传 - 23 -

教育。加大村级卫生室建管力度，推进村级卫生室规范化、标准 化建设，进一步提高村级卫生服务水平。严格按照区级制定的人 口长期发展战略，优化生育政策，增强生育政策包容性，提高优 生优育服务水平，促进人口长期均衡发展，推进人口发展以“数 量控制为中心”向“实现长期均衡发展”，切实提高人口素质。 ——加强文体事业发展。大力弘扬社会主义核心价值观，不 断发展文化、广播、电视事业的发展，提升文体惠民工程效能， 不断完善公共文体服务体系建设，强化非遗保护传承，打破各村 地域限制，积极推进信息资源共享，培养文艺骨干及非遗传承人， 创新编排群众喜闻乐见、健康向上的文艺节目，争积极取店闸村、 总寨村等村综合文化服务中心提升改造项目，积极开展全民健身 活动，抓好各村的文化广场建设，组装高标准的健身器材，广泛 开展群众性文化活动，满足不同人群的文化娱乐休闲健身需求， 丰富群众精神文化生活。加强文物保护力度，依法依规保护好镇 域范围的各类历史文物。 ——健全完善民生保障。夯实基本生活救助制度，规范完善 最低生活保障制度，健全各项专项救助制度，完善急难社会救助 制度，促进社会力量参与社会救助，深化社会救助“放管服”改 革，实现各项社会救助无缝衔接。到“十四五”末，全面建立起 管理制度化、操作规范化的最低生活保障、临时救助和住房、教 育、就业、法律援助等救助制度，逐步解决中低收入群体因病返 贫及看病难、住房难、上学难等难题，切实保障特殊困难群体的 生存、生活、学习等权利。加强政策宣传，强化美德教育，宏扬 正气，树立良好的社会风气。进一步加大解困工作力度，做好困 - 24 -

难家庭人员的思想稳定工作，加强和规范农村低保规范化管理， 着力保障和改善民生，健全特困供养经费保障机制，切实做到应 保尽保、按标施保，保障金按月发放。建立特困供养标准自然增 长机制，努力提高特困供养对象生活水平。 ——推动养老助残事业发展。实行全民参保，巩固社会养老 保险成果，积极应对人口结构变化，完善养老服务体系，满足人 民群众对养老的需求，推进建设“以居家为基础、村（社区）为 依托、机构为补充、医养相结合”的养老服务体系。规划建设养 老服务设施，加快村（社区）老年人日间照料中心建设和农村特 困人员救助供养服务机构等服务设施建设。推进医疗卫生与养老 服务融合发展，形成医养结合、以养为主的多样化养老服务模式。 继续落实好高龄老人生活补贴，尤其 80 岁以上老人特殊生活补贴 要落实到位。落实好国家规定的残疾人各项优惠政策，尤其是一、 二级重度残疾人享受政策要全面落实，重度残疾对象被列入最低 生活保障待遇。执行和落实好 60 岁以上残疾老人养老保险补、合 作医疗补助政策。配合各类慈善机构和个人及红十字协会，每年 捐助各类残疾人需要的补助器材和重大疾病减免手术费用。 （七）切实加强精神文明建设，弘扬文明新风和社会正气 “十四五”期间，坚持以习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思 想为指导，以建设社会主义核心价值体系为根本，依托新时代文 明实践所（站），大力开展全域志愿服务活动，围绕新时代新的 奋斗目标，整体推进精神文明创建活动向纵深发展，倡导文明行 为，树立文明形象，营造文明环境。持续开展文明村镇创建活动， 进一步巩固提升区级、市级和省级文明村成果。积极开展一系列 - 25 -

创评活动，结合环境卫生综合整治，开展“美丽庭院”“最美家 庭”和“五星级文明户”的创建评选活动，大力倡导文明健康的 生活方式和行为习惯。大力实施美丽乡村建设，鼓励广大群众“三 改”，不断改善群众生活环境，提高人民生活质量。深入开展理 想信念教育和形势政策教育，扎实推进“讲文明、树新风”活动， 大力弘扬先进模范的崇高精神和感人事迹，在全社会形成珍惜荣 誉、树立正气、乐于奉献、愿意贡献的良好风尚。全面推进未成 年人思想道德建设，净化社会化环境，促进青少年健康成长。广 泛开展群众性文化活动，充分发挥镇村组文化阵地作用，每年各 村至少组织开展 1 次文化活动，丰富农民的精神文化生活，弘扬 文明新风和社会正气。 （八）深入践行绿色发展理念，推进生态经济协同发展 坚持践行生态文明新发展理念，将生态环境建设放在经济和 社会发展首位，推进山水林田湖草沙生态保护和修复工程，持续 改善环境质量。 ——坚持造林绿化、加强林地保护。全面推行“林长制”， 全力抓好林木保护，落实苹果蠹蛾、黄斑星天牛病虫害防治措施， 严厉打击滥砍滥伐、无证采伐违法行为。推进国土绿化工程，积 极开展义务植树活动，持续实施农田防护林更新改造、村屯绿化， 切实筑牢生态安全屏障，巩固林业生态建设成果。 ——坚决打击破坏生态行为，强化生态环境修复和综合治理。 加强生态环境和基本农田保护，严守耕地保护红线，加大对偷挖 砂土、土地撂荒、违规占用耕地、侵占基本农田、违建乱建等违 法行为执法力度。全面落实矿区环境恢复与综合治理，重点开展 - 26 -

砂石粘土矿区的地质环境综合治理和建材及非金属矿山地质的恢 复治理。 ——持续推进河湖长制工作。全面落实河湖长制，巩固河湖 长制从“有名”向“有实”转变的良好局面，强化河湖日常巡护 管理，常态化推进河湖“清四乱”专项整治行动，依法打击偷采 盗采、破坏河道等违法犯罪行为。 ——持续开展环境卫生整治行动。以“三沿一部”为重点,加 大重点区域路段环境卫生集中整治，清理居民点周边垃圾杂物。 全面实施“片长制”管理，依托巾帼家美积分超市、新时代文明 实践站（所），广泛开展群众宣传动员，常态化开展“清污消土” 志愿服务和日常保洁活动，全面落实周打扫、月评比、季考核的 环境卫生整治长效机制，推动环境卫生实现精细化管理，整体提 升乡村品质魅力。 ——深入推进大气、水、土壤污染防治行动。全面实施城镇 环境综合整治工程，加大环保基础设施建设力度，做好生态环境 保护工作，严控周边水体、大气和土壤环境造成污染。加强秸秆 焚烧、扬尘等管控，积极争取污水处理项目，新建改建扩建污水 处理设施，推进生产生活污水处理水质达标。按照“组保洁、村 集中、镇转运、区处理”的农村生活垃圾收运处理模式，优化垃 圾分类收运作业体系，提升垃圾分类收运能力，加强城镇污水和 垃圾及工业废弃物处理设施建设和运营管理，提高城镇生活垃圾 和污水处理率。大力发展循环农业，通过实施废旧农膜回收、尾 菜处理、农药包装物回收等工程，抓好秸秆和禽畜粪污资源化利 用，至 2025 年，畜禽养殖废弃物综合利用率达到 85%以上,废旧农 - 27 -

膜回收利用率达到 80%以上,农作物秸杆综合利用率达到 90%以上, 农药化肥利用率达到 40%以上,尾菜处理利用率达到 50%以上。 （九）不断强化社会综合治理，努力促进社会安定和谐 坚持以人为本，创新社会治理，把加强法治教育作为社会管 理创新的重点，强化工作措施，坚持多元共治，推进平安总寨、 法治总寨建设，实现社会治理现代化，以防范化解重大风险为着 力点，形成全民共建共治共享的社会治理新格局，全面推进社会 治理体系和治理能力现代化，健全高效管理工作机制，提升公共 安全水平，努力创建全区社会治理现代化示范镇。 ——深入推进法治政府建设。加强规范性文件管理监督，严 格落实规范性文件审核制度，认真落实行政规范性文件备案制度， 坚持严格落实行政执法“三项制度”，健全依法化解纠纷机制， 依法有效化解社会矛盾纠纷，全面推进党务、政务公开，推动法 治政府建设。以维护公共安全、建设“平安总寨”为目标，织密 社会治安防控网络，创新建立“平安总寨幸福指数”。健全社会 治安防控机制，运用现代科技手段提高道路交通、公共安全、乡 村治理能力。 ——营造良好社会法治环境。建设覆盖全镇的公共法律服务 体系，推进镇公共法律服务工作站、村级公共法律服务室、标准 化司法所、标准化综治中心建设，推动公共法律服务向村组延伸。 以“八五”普法规划为依托，深化普法宣传教育工作，实现“谁 执法谁普法”工作常态化，推动法治文化建设，在沙河村、三奇 堡村、双闸村、总寨村建成四个法治文化宣传精品示范点，加强 干部队伍的学法用法，以及重点人群的普法教育，加强中小学法 - 28 -

治宣传教育，深入开展多层次多形式法治创建活动，创建省级民 主法治示范村 2 个，市级民主法治示范村 7 个，开展“法律明白 人”培训工程，新增“法律明白人”1000 人，促进全镇群众尊法 学法守法用法。 ——深入推进网格化管理。按照“以网格化管理、社会化服 务为方向,健全基层综合服务管理平台”的要求，完善社会治理服 务规范化运行机制，推进社会治理与便民服务、政务服务有机融 合、无缝对接。完善总寨镇网格化综合管理体系，按照基层治理 “一张网”要求，推进网格管理全覆盖，建成一级网格 1 个，二 级网格 9 个，二级专属网格 5 个，三级网格 57 个，形成镇、村、 组三级管理网格体系，充分发挥“两长四员”作用，形成镇村组 管理网格的单元网格三级管理体系，制定网格职能清单、服务清 单、数据清单、责任清单、流程清单，构建“一网通办”的协同 机制。将基层党组织建在网格上，将社会治安综合治理、公安、 民政、执法、应急管理、生态环境等涉及基层治理部门工作纳入 网格，制定网格职能清单、服务清单、数据清单、责任清单、流 程清单，构建跨部门跨层级协同机制。 ——深化平安创建活动。常态化开展扫黑除恶专项斗争，继 续实施平安和谐细胞工程，不断加强社会治安综合治理，严厉打 击邪教和利用宗教形式进行的非法活动，建立良好的社会秩序。 加强社区矫正人员和流动人口等特殊人群服务管理，强化法制宣 传教育，切实增强人民群众安全感。不断推进“雪亮工程”“天 眼工程”实施，形成以综治信息化为支撑、以网格化管理为基础、 以公共安全视频监控联网应用为重点的“群众性治安防控工程”， - 29 -

为人民群众的生产生活正常运行提供良好的保障。深入推进涉法 涉诉信访制度改革，构建源头防控、排查梳理、纠纷化解、应急 处置的社会矛盾综合治理机制。坚持专群结合、群防群治，增强 预防和处置突发事件的能力。至十四五末，全镇治安案件、刑事 案件发案率、万人呈诉率较十三五期间显著下降。 ——健全完善治安防控体系。有效整合人防、物防、技防资 源，扎实推进“六网合一”，全面推行“四巡一防”为主体的立 体化、智能化防控体系建设。构建以镇社会管理服务中心为支撑， 村级便民服务站为基础的服务网络，全面提升社会管理服务水平。 规划在每个社区设置警务室，提高社会治安防控能力和服务群众 的能力。 ——全力维护社会大局稳定。加大建房、养殖等违法用地和 违法开荒案件的查处力度，各村要按照属地管理的原则，加大宣 传力度，教育农户未经批准不得从事开荒、占用土地、破坏基本 农田等违法行为，鼓励农户进行监督举报，国土部门对举报查实 的，还要进行奖励。积极发挥人民调解作用，规范和加强行业性、 专业性人民调解组织建设，扩大调委会规模，推进乡镇、社会组 织中人民调解组织建设，实现村委会人民调解组织全覆盖。积极 争取人民调解经费，推动加大购买服务力度，提高专职人民调解 员的占比，优化队伍结构。以土地纠纷、邻里纠纷等常发案件为 重点，深入开展矛盾纠纷大排查、大调处活动，确保矛盾纠纷调 处率达到 100%。完善人民调解、行政调解和司法调解联动机制， 最大限度化解社会矛盾。严格落实信访领导责任、领导包案、联 席会议等制度，坚持用法治方式处理信访问题，逐步把信访问题 - 30 -

纳入法制轨道解决，有效规范信访秩序。 ——严格落实安全生产责任制。认真贯彻执行《安全生产法》， 落实“党政同责、一岗双责”安全生产责任制，强化主体责任、 监管责任，全面排查整治安全生产隐患，创新监管方式，突出源 头治理，切实做好企业、学校和食品药品、道路交通、建筑施工 领域、消防等重点领域安全工作，特别是要高度重视火灾和道路 安全事故预防，确保安全生产形势持续稳定。 ——持续推进防灾减灾。按照“以防为主、防抗救结合”的 方针，实现从注重灾后救助向注重灾前预防转变，提升综合减灾 应对能力，提高全民防灾减灾意识，切实保障人民群众生产生活 安全。加强应急救灾物资储备能力建设，强化灾害预警，健全应 急预案，提高突发公共事件应急处置能力，提高村组和重点区域 防灾应急能力，推进“平安社区”、“综合防灾减灾示范社区” 创建活动，健全农村公共安全体系，增强预防和处置突发事件的 能力，努力为经济社会转型跨越发展创造和谐稳定的社会环境。 五、保障措施 1.加强组织领导。实行全部工作责任化，重点工作项目化， 对重点工作实行领导、部门包抓责任制。严格按照一项重点工作、 一名主抓领导、一个责任部门、一套工作方案、一套工作目标的 “五个一”要求，采取“定包挂领导、定蹲点人员、定完成时限” 的办法，把责任落实到镇村领导班子成员和部门工作人员身上， 要针对每项重点工作制定具体的工作计划和进度要求，确保如期 完成规划目标和各项任务。 2.加强沟通协调。大力倡导“高效率、快节奏、盯着干、马 - 31 -

上办”的工作作风，真正把心思放到干事上，把精力放到抓落实、 搞服务上，以扎实的工作作风促进工作落实。各部门要树立重点 工作一盘棋的工作意识，围绕“十四五”规划的重点，主动配合， 相互支持，努力形成上下步调一致，同心协力，共谋发展的工作 氛围，迅速在全镇上下形成团结一心，跨跃奋进的崭新局面，为 经济社会发展创造良好的环境。 3.加强督促检查。进一步整合资金，加大对设施农业、美丽 乡村等重点工作进行扶持，确保各项工作落到实处。镇党委、人 大、政府将成立督查组，定期不定期地对重点工作进展情况进行 督促检查，进一步健全完善目标管理责任制和考核奖惩机制，通 过定期督查、观摩评比、现场推进等有效措施，加大重点工作任 务的指导落实力度。

- 32 -

Appendix c: fixed market price list for construction materials in Jiuquan City, Gansu Province 2021 (translation) Available from:

Authorized person: Fang Wu Contact number: +86 13893706265

甘肃省酒泉市2021年（四季度）建筑材料定额价格单 标准 甘（建）2018－03 依据说明 序号

商品名称

甘肃省建筑行业2018－03Ｊ51（发改委）核价方式

计价方式

市场价

优惠报价

平调价（税费另计）

配送情况

备注

1

河沙

按吨

￥

170.00 ￥

165.00 包配送费

河沙滤网

2

石沙

按吨

￥

185.00 ￥

170.00 包配送费

晒网

3

地基混合石

按吨

￥

225.00 ￥

210.00 包配送费

4

基础开挖

按方

￥

55.00 ￥

50.00 包配送费

5

土方运输

按方

￥

35.00 ￥

30.00 包配送费

6

夯填土

按方

￥

75.00 ￥

70.00 包配送费

7

水泥

按吨

￥

850.00 ￥

830.00 包配送费

8

C15混凝土

按吨

￥

295.00 ￥

290.00 包配送费

9

Ｃ20混凝土

按吨

￥

325.00 ￥

320.00 包配送费

10

Ｃ25混凝土

按吨

￥

385.00 ￥

365.00 包配送费

11

Ｃ30混凝土

按吨

￥

420.00 ￥

415.00 包配送费

12

12直钢

按吨

￥

5,860.00 ￥

5,820.00 包配送费

13

14直钢

按吨

￥

5,580.00 ￥

5,580.00 包配送费

14

16直钢

按吨

￥

5,460.00 ￥

5,430.00 包配送费

15

18直钢

按吨

￥

5,375.00 ￥

5,350.00 包配送费

16

20直钢

按吨

￥

5,220.00 ￥

5,200.00 包配送费

17

3Ｘ3钢丝网

按平方

￥

26.00 ￥

25.00 包配送费

18

2Ｘ4空心砖

按方

￥

265.00 ￥

260.00 包配送费

19

青砖

按方

￥

335.00 ￥

315.00 包配送费

20

加砌块

按方

￥

268.00 ￥

260.00 包配送费

21

轻纸隔墙

按平米

￥

385.00 ￥

365.00 包配送费

22

铝合金窗户

按平米

￥

385.00 ￥

380.00 包配送费

23

塑钢窗户

按平米

￥

325.00 ￥

320.00 包配送费

24

木结构窗户

按平米

￥

585.00 ￥

550.00 包配送费

25

双层加胶中空合金窗 按平米

￥

452.00 ￥

420.00 包配送费

26

三层加胶中空合金窗 按平米

￥

585.00 ￥

550.00 包配送费

27

外墙保温

按平米

￥

135.00 ￥

125.00 包配送费

28

外墙保温

按平米

￥

186.00 ￥

175.00 包配送费

29

琉璃瓦

按平米

￥

68.00 ￥

65.00 包配送费

30

青瓦

按平米

￥

85.00 ￥

80.00 包配送费

31

一体式树脂瓦

按平米

￥

26.00 ￥

24.50 包配送费

32

5mm结构钢

按吨

￥

7,860.00 ￥

7,500.00 包配送费

33

墙面水泥批灰

按平米

￥

18.50 ￥

18.00 包配送费

34

110PVC排水管

按米

￥

25.00 ￥

23.00 包配送费

35

50PVC下水管

按米

￥

15.00 ￥

12.00 包配送费

36

30PPR给水管

按米

￥

55.00 ￥

53.00 包配送费

37

20PPR给水管

按米

￥

26.00 ￥

25.00 包配送费

38

300PE污水管

按米

￥

116.00 ￥

112.00 包配送费

39

16PEV地暖管

按米

￥

18.60 ￥

18.30 包配送费

40

3Ｘ4入户铜芯电缆

按米

￥

55.00 ￥

53.50 包配送费

41

ＢＶ6平电线

按100米

￥

485.00 ￥

460.00 包配送费

42

ＢＶ4平电线

按101米

￥

286.00 ￥

265.00 包配送费

43

ＢＶ2.5平电线

按102米

￥

225.00 ￥

215.00 包配送费

44

通用五孔插座

按只

￥

8.00 ￥

6.50 包配送费

45

通用单开单控开关

按只

￥

9.60 ￥

8.00 包配送费

46

家庭通用电控箱

按项

￥

385.00 ￥

380.00 包配送费

47

多媒体通用箱

按项

￥

185.00 ￥

180.00 包配送费

48

0.6国标轻钢龙骨

按支

￥

11.50 ￥

11.00 包配送费

49

3Ｘ3木龙骨方

按米

￥

1.50 ￥

1.40 包配送费

50

防水（卷材）

按平米

￥

155.00 ￥

135.00 包配送费

51

防水（柔性）

按平米

￥

286.00 ￥

265.00 包配送费

52

0.9mm石膏板

按张

￥

28.50 ￥

28.00 包配送费

53

0.9mm欧松板

按张

￥

95.00 ￥

93.00 包配送费

54

15mm中纤板

按张

￥

86.00 ￥

82.00 包配送费

55

18mm中纤板

按张

￥

128.00 ￥

116.00 包配送费

56

18mm橡木板

按张

￥

485.00 ￥

468.00 包配送费

57

18mm颗粒板

按张

￥

156.00 ￥

142.00 包配送费

58

800Ｘ800地砖

按片

￥

45.00 ￥

38.00 包配送费

59

400Ｘ800墙砖

按片

￥

12.50 ￥

11.50 包配送费

60

300Ｘ300地砖

按片

￥

7.50 ￥

7.00 包配送费

61

12mm强化地板

按平米

￥

128.00 ￥

120.00 包配送费

62

15mm多层实木地板 按平米

￥

225.00 ￥

220.00 包配送费

63

内墙基础粉刷

按平米

￥

21.50 ￥

21.00 包配送费

64

内墙乳胶漆

按平米

￥

14.50 ￥

14.00 包配送费

65

内墙墙布

按平米

￥

55.00 ￥

53.00 包配送费

66

内墙墙纸

按平米

￥

38.00 ￥

36.50 包配送费

67

生态室内门

按套

￥

960.00 ￥

950.00 包配送费

68

复合室内门

按套

￥

1,150.00 ￥

1,100.00 包配送费

69

实木烤漆门

按套

￥

1,850.00 ￥

1,800.00 包配送费

70

防盗门

按套

￥

4,580.00 ￥

4,500.00 包配送费

71

钛合金卫生间门

按平米

￥

560.00 ￥

535.00 包配送费

72

钛合金厨房门

按平米

￥

655.00 ￥

635.00 包配送费

73

通用马桶

按套

￥

780.00 ￥

685.00 包配送费

74

通用蹲便

按套

￥

385.00 ￥

365.00 包配送费

75

智能马桶

按套

￥

2,850.00 ￥

2,800.00 包配送费

76

花洒

按套

￥

1,150.00 ￥

960.00 包配送费

77

浴室柜

按套

￥

3,250.00 ￥

2,850.00 包配送费

78

电热水器

按套

￥

2,680.00 ￥

2,550.00 包配送费

79

燃气热水器

按套

￥

2,860.00 ￥

2,800.00 包配送费

80

整体橱柜

按米

￥

1,350.00 ￥

1,300.00 包配送费

81

整体衣柜

按平米

￥

1,150.00 ￥

1,100.00 包配送费

82

其它隔断柜

按平米

￥

1,150.00 ￥

1,100.00 包配送费

83

吸油烟机

按套

￥

2,960.00 ￥

2,900.00 包配送费

84

天然气灶

按套

￥

860.00 ￥

850.00 包配送费

85

电磁炉

按套

￥

450.00 ￥

420.00 包配送费

86

单人床

按张

￥

1,350.00 ￥

1,320.00 包配送费

87

双人床

按张

￥

2,800.00 ￥

2,600.00 包配送费

88

沙发

按套

￥

5,680.00 ￥

5,500.00 包配送费

89

茶几

按组

￥

2,130.00 ￥

2,100.00 包配送费

90

电视柜

按组

￥

2,280.00 ￥

2,250.00 包配送费

91

餐桌

按张

￥

1,350.00 ￥

1,320.00 包配送费

92

椅子

按把

￥

455.00 ￥

420.00 包配送费

93

３’射灯

按只

￥

12.50 ￥

12.00 包配送费

94

9’照明灯

按只

￥

22.80 ￥

22.50 包配送费

95

一体式浴霸

按套

￥

935.00 ￥

920.00 包配送费

96

平板灯

按套

￥

125.00 ￥

120.00 包配送费

97

客厅主灯

按套

￥

685.00 ￥

680.00 包配送费

98

餐厅灯

按套

￥

556.00 ￥

550.00 包配送费

99

卧室灯

按套

￥

385.00 ￥

350.00 包配送费

100 木工工费

按日

￥

350.00

人工到场

101 瓦工工费

按日

￥

320.00

人工到场

102 小工工费

按日

￥

220.00

人工到场

103 焊工工费

按日

￥

450.00

人工到场

104 水工工费

按日

￥

400.00

人工到场

105 电工工费

按日

￥

400.00

人工到场

106 粉刷工工费

按日

￥

260.00

人工到场

Appendix d: The 14th Five Year Plan of Yinda, Jiuquan (translation) Government Archive

Available from People's Government of Yinda Town Authorized officer: Jinsheng Li Contact number: +86 13993759884

肃州区银达镇 社会发展第十四个五年规划和2035 年远景目标 （2021—2025）

一、发展形势 （一）主要成就 “十三五”期间，银达镇党委、政府以党的十九大和十 九届二中、三中、四中、五中全会精神为指导，紧紧围绕“富 民、强镇”两大主题，重点抓好肃州国家现代农业（种业） 产业园、银达戈壁农业产业园建设、美丽乡村建设、基础设 施配套、社会治安综合治理、文化繁荣、党风廉政建设等重 点工作，实现了全镇经济社会各项事业的跨越式发展。 1.多措并举抓基层、筑堡垒，党的建设不断加强。认真 贯彻落实新时代党的组织路线，巩固和扩大党的群众路线教 育实践活动成果，持续转变工作作风，全面推进“四抓两整 治”，深化“基层党建质量提升年”活动。坚持党对意识形 态工作的领导，深入推进思想文化建设，加强党员的教育管 理，常态化分析研判意识形态工作，牢牢掌握意识形态工作 的领导权和话语权。投入资金 500 余万元，新建党群服务中 心 3 个，文化剧场 2 个，提升整顿软弱涣散党组织 6 个，扎 实开展“最美银达人”评选活动，14 个村新时代文明实践站 1

全部挂牌运行。不断壮大村集体经济，村集体经济收入 5 万 元以上的达到 5 个，创建 3 个区级示范党支部和 1 个市级样 板党支部，党支部建设标准化水平稳步提高，党组织的凝聚 力和战斗力不断提升。 2.持之以恒抓项目、促投资，发展基础更加牢固。坚持 把项目建设作为拉动经济增长的核心抓手，持续在谋划、争 取、招引、落地上精准发力。精心谋划争取项目，谋划编制 项目建议书70余个，以设施农业发展、基础设施建设、文化 旅游、民生改善为重点，积极争取农田水利，土地整理，镇 村公路，社会保障，教育、文化、卫生事业发展等方面的项 目，为实现跨越式发展提供强有力的支撑。累计完成项目资 金争取3.1亿元，依托高标准农田建设项目、土地整理项目， 完成渠道建设260余公里；积极向上争取道路补助资金，铺 筑通村道路100余公里，有效发挥了项目建设在调结构、补 短板、引领发展新动能等方面的关键作用，为经济社会持续 健康发展注入了新活力。 3.坚定不移抓产业、促增收，现代农业快速发展。积极 引导群众大力发展现代高效设施农业，建成肃州国家现代农 业示范区核心区，累计新建百亩拱棚蔬菜小区 30 个，新增 拱棚蔬菜 6000 余亩，高效精作制种面积达 2.5 万亩，秋菜 复种面积年均达到 0.5 万亩，高质量完成了第一、二、三届 酒泉蔬菜种业博览会各项筹备和保障工作。不断提升畜禽养 2

殖水平， 新建标准化养殖场 3 个，全镇畜禽饲养量达到了 193 万头只。大力发展劳务经济，年培育年收入 2 万元的劳动力 800 人以上。林果产业加快发展，建成特色林果百亩示范小 区 2 个，林下经济示范点 1 个；规范提升省级示范合作社 5 家、市级示范合作社 11 家，并顺利通过验收。 4.全力以赴抓建管、促提升，人居环境不断改善。全力 打造美丽建设，依托美丽乡村建设项目，建成六分村、佘新 村两个省级美丽乡村，全镇实施绿化美化、居民点提升整治、 危旧房改造、河道治理、一事一议等村容村貌整治项目六大 类 152 项，改建提升银达、怀茂两个集镇、新改建高标准居 民点 10 余个，建成银达、六分、拐坝桥、怀中、蒲上沟、 佘新为代表的环境整洁示范点 50 余个，建成 14 个清洁村庄， 完成 14 个积分超市创建任务，新建水冲式公厕 8 座，新改 建农村户厕 3600 余户。同时，综合运用“清、拆、建、围、 绿、刷、整、配、管”等措施，拆除乱搭乱建 360 余处，疏 通居民点消防通道 100 余条，有力提升了镇村整体形象，加 快了全镇新农村建设进程。持续推行“日保洁、周清扫、月 评比、季通报、年考核”、“逢五环境卫生大扫除”的管理 办法，有效减少了道路、居民点“三堆”等影响环境卫生的 现象，人居环境不断改善。 5.坚持不懈抓治理、促监管，生态文明步伐加快。牢固 树立绿水青山就是金山银山的发展理念，持续加强生态环境 3

保护治理,区域环境质量不断提升。强化问题整改，研究各类 环保问题整改方案，建立问题清单、任务清单和责任清单， 逐条逐项对标整改，中央、省级环保督察反馈意见整改率达 到100%。强化污染防治，深入实施蓝天、碧水、净土三大 保卫战，“气十条”“水十条”“土十条”防治计划有序推 进，“河长制”“湖长制”全面落实。强化造林绿化，大力 实施农田防护林建设等绿化工程，加大湿地草原保护力度， 环境 保护意识已深入人心。 6.倾心尽力抓民生、促保障，群众福祉不断增进。认真 践行以人民为中心的发展思想，各项惠民实事有效落实，群 众获得感和幸福感不断增强。严格落实“两不愁三保障” “五 个一批”“六个精准”和省、市、区精准扶贫工作要求，结 合“3+1”冲刺清零行动，聚焦突出问题，扎实有效的推进 脱贫攻坚工作，巩固扩大脱贫攻坚成果。教育事业加快发展， 养老金、城乡低保连续提标，兜底性政策全面落实。新建怀 茂中心幼儿园，银达、怀茂 2 所小学顺利通过了省级教育均 衡发展评估验收。进一步加强了敬老院管理，不断增强“五 保”老人集中供养能力，严格落实低保听证评议制度，听证 覆盖率和保障准确率均达到 100%。严格落实计划生育奖励 扶助政策，各类奖励资金发放率均达到 100%。严格落实惠 农资金“一册明、一折统”，不折不扣地发放各类惠农资金。 7.高位推动抓特色、创亮点，文化旅游快速发展。立足 4

红色文化底蕴，突出湿地特色资源，发挥城郊区位优势，围 绕旅游产业开发，全力打造“文化旅游名镇”特色品牌。依 托酒航路、湿地景观大道两条通道，以毛主席按语碑、肃州 好人馆、六分湿地大景区、明长城古址等特色文化旅游资源， 以继承和弘扬银达文化为己任，先后建成了文化剧场 2 个， “农家书屋”14 个，文化活动室 95 个，并配备了文化活动 器材 1200 套件，在文化阵地的带动下，全镇建起了农民业 余艺术团 1 个，农民体育协会 1 个，自乐班 38 个，歌舞班 14 个，社火队 14 支，为银达文化的发展奠定了坚实的人才 基础。 8.聚力创新消隐患、保平安，社会大局和谐稳定。积极 开展平安村、平安单位创建活动，深入开展“五大行动”， 加大扫黑除恶宣传，群众知晓率进一步提高，扫黑除恶专项 斗争取得阶段性胜利。深入开展矛盾纠纷排查，千方百计化 解信访积案，全面启动综治联防队巡逻机制，开展 24 小时 不间断巡防，深化治理成效。着力加强重点行业、重点领域、 重点人员监管，定期开展走访摸排，持续强化安全生产、食 品药品和产品质量安全监管，安全形势稳中向好。 9.锲而不舍抓作风、促效能，自身建设持续加强。坚持 以思想政治建设统领各项工作，牢固树立“四个意识”，切 实增强“四个自信”，自觉践行“两个维护”。扎实开展“七 五”普法工作，顺利通过省级中期督查验收，全民法制观念 5

明显增强。深入推进法治政府建设，严格依照法定权限和程 序行使权力、履行职责，重大事项决策严格执行公众参与、 专家论证、风险评估、合法性审查、集体讨论决定“五步走” 程序，学法用法实现常态化。严格落实“三重一大”“三不 一末”工作制度，认真执行各项决议，主动接受人大法律监 督和政协及社会各界民主监督，高效办结党代表、人大代表 意见建议 80 余件，有效解决了一批群众反映强烈的突出问 题。认真贯彻中央八项规定实施细则精神，严格落实党风廉 政建设“一岗双责”，加强审计监督，狠抓廉洁从政，持续 高压反腐，严肃查处违纪违规行为，政风建设取得新成效。 紧盯“慵、懒、散、慢”等作风顽疾，深入开展“转变工作 作风改善发展环境建设年”活动，镇村干部作风明显好转， 风清气正、忠诚履职、担当作为的干事创业环境得到不断巩 固和发展。 （二）存在问题 1.产业发展特色不够突出，制种产业规模效益不明显， 品牌化建设意识不强，经济总量还不大、质量效益总体还不 高。 2.大项目好项目谋划储备不多，制约项目落地的瓶颈还 未破除，基础设施欠账大，公共服务不均衡，民生领域还有 不少短板。 3.个别干部思想解放程度不够，干事创业精气神不足， 6

工作作风不够扎实，行政效率有待进一步提高。 （三）发展机遇 “十四五”时期是我国全面建成小康社会、实现第一个 百年奋斗目标之后，乘势而上开启全面建设社会主义现代化 国家新征程、向第二个百年奋斗进军的第一个五年，我们发 展的重要战略机遇期没有改变，但机遇和挑战又有新的变 化，进入新发展阶段，贯彻新发展理念，我们要用足用好用 活改革政策，让全镇群众共同分享改革带来的巨大实惠。当 前，经济形势复杂多变，农产品市场价格波动较大，经济下 行压力依然存在，社会不稳定因素和一些遗留问题依然突 出。但综合分析，我们也迎来了多重有利机遇叠加的良机。 从国内形势看，全国上下进入经济发展新常态，各领域改革 深入推进，发展中面临的体制机制障碍逐步解决，发展活力 将进一步增强；国家支持西部发展、建设丝绸之路经济带， 为我们加快改善基础条件、实现产业转型升级带来了难得机 遇。从市区形势看，市委、区委高度重视现代农业示范园区 建设，银达作为戈壁农业产业园和现代种业产业园所在地， 具备产业基础和地理位置两大绝对优势，为我们推进一三产 业深度融合发展、促进设施农业晋位升级奠定了坚实的基 础；市委打造酒泉东片文化旅游经济圈的定位，区委对乡村 观光旅游和湿地保护开发的高度重视，进一步肯定了我们打 造宜产、宜游、宜商、宜居的新型现代化小城镇建设的发展 7

方向。从自身形势看，我镇地处城郊，大力实施乡村振兴战 略，加之人文历史遗迹较多，旅游资源丰富，发展设施农业 和文化旅游产业具有得天独厚的优势。六分西湖湿地、清水 河湿地、天锣城沙漠公园、赛车城建设等项目的全面落地， 将给我们创造更多的发展机遇。也有利于我们争取更多的项 目、资金支持，有的放矢的破解村组发展难题，改变贫困面 貌。只要我们审时度势、把握趋势、顺势而为、乘势而上， 必将获得更多更有效的政策和项目支持，创造大有作为的经 济社会发展新格局，不断满足人民群众过上幸福美好生活的 新期待。

“十四五”发展规划 “十四五”是“两个一百年”奋斗目标的历史交汇期， 也是银达镇脱贫攻坚平滑过渡乡村振兴的关键期，更是进一 步调整产业结构，转变经济发展方式，推动经济社会向高质 量发展的机遇期。科学编制和实施好“十四五”规划，引领 经济社会发展，作用重大，意义深远，要进一步解放思想、 主动作为、勇于担当，奋力开创高质量发展新局面、开启现 代化建设新征程。 一、指导思想 高举中国特色社会主义伟大旗帜，深入贯彻党的十九大 和十九届二中、三中、四中、五中全会精神和习近平总书记 8

系列重要讲话精神,统筹推进“五位一体”总体布局，协调推 进“四个全面”战略布局，坚定不移贯彻新发展理念，坚持 稳中求进工作总基调，大力实施乡村振兴战略，以推动高质 量发展为主题，实现全镇党建及经济建设高质量发展。 二、主要目标 到 2025 年，经济增长质量明显提高，经济结构明显优 化，旅游产业基本形成，城镇建设进一步完善，公共服务更 加健全，社会事业全面进步，人民生活质量大幅提高，民主 法制建设和精神文明建设取得新进展。 三、2035 年远景目标 全镇经济总收入达到 35 亿元，比“十三五”末增加 9 亿元，年均增速 8%以上；农民人均可支配收入达到 3.5 万 元，文化旅游融合度明显提升，对经济增长的贡献率达到 50%以上；镇村基础设施更加完善，产业结构更趋合理，生 态环境持续改善，人民群众思想道德、科学文化、健康素质 持续提高，法治意识不断增强，社会保障体系进一步健全， 人民生活水平进一步提高,社会大局持续和谐稳定。 四、发展重点与主要措施 第一产业： 以生产经营规模化、标准化、专业化、集约化为目标， 立足银达制种产业种植、繁育、科研的实践，加快农业发展 方式转变，提高农业综合产出效益，促进农民收入持续较快 9

增长。积极落实市场引导、政策扶持、示范带动、科技支撑 等措施，大力发展设施蔬菜、高效制种、现代草食畜牧业和 高效特色产业为主的现代农业。 做精蔬菜产业。抢抓国家“一带一路”发展战略和全省 加快河西戈壁农业发展的重大机遇，着力发展生态、高效、 节水、绿色、循环型戈壁生态农业，积极引进企业、专业合 作社，依托银达戈壁农业产业园，打响戈壁农业品牌，做强 蔬菜产业。加大戈壁农业产业园区温室改建提升工程，提高 管理水平，增加经营效益。温室新增面积 600 亩，拱棚蔬菜 面积达到 1 万亩，蔬菜种植面积达到 2 万亩，建成 1000 亩 以上的色素辣椒示范基地 3 个，高原夏菜面积达到 1 万亩， 秋菜复种面积达到 1 万亩。配套建设农产品质量监测、加工 流通、冷链储运及电子商务平台，增加戈壁果蔬附加值。 做强种子产业。以“立足酒泉、辐射全国、面向全球” 的发展方向，依托国家现代种业产业园，打造集种子繁育、 研发、生产、加工为一体的现代种业高地。优化种业生产布 局，提高种子研发繁育能力，办好现代种业博览会，积极培 育种业龙头企业，创建培育全国知名种子品牌。实施高标准 农田整理项目，引进龙头企业 30 家以上，辐射带动银达村、 拐坝桥村、蒲上沟等村连片发展制种产业。新建种子展示区、 种业商务区、休闲观光区、种子时光隧道等重大项目，经作 制种面积 3 万亩以上。通过五年的发展，全力打造省域乃至 1

全国知名蔬菜花卉“种子硅谷”。 大力发展特色养殖。突出“标准化、规模化、集约化” 养殖效应，引导养殖大户联合建园，动员禁养区关停户在新 天墩发展养殖，建立健全畜牧防疫体系，严控重大疫病的发 生，确保畜牧业生产安全，增加畜牧业的科技含量，要在品 种更新上，科学饲养上，经营管理上来一场革命，摒弃传统 的养殖方式，建立起新型的饲养模式，提高规模化、集约化 和标准化水平，打造绿色有机、安全、环保畜牧业，积极改 建规模化养殖场 2 个，养殖总量达到 200 万头只以上，彻底 解决畜禽粪便污染，扩大和增加无害化处理设施；积极联系 对接，加大特色水产养殖服务力度，在六分、西坝、南坝等 村辐射带动周边农户发展特色水产，打造“种养加销”一体 化循环产业。 第二产业： 实施“工业强镇”战略，依托本地区的区位优势和资源 优势，按照相关产业政策和产业发展方向，充分发挥政府引 导和市场配置资源的决定性作用，承接产业转移和资本转 移，加快资源转换，着力发展农畜产业加工，商贸物流两大 产业。重点依托镇域范围内脱水蔬菜、农副产品加工企业， 加快订单农业发展，结合高标准农田、土地整理等项目，积 极引进企业发展农产品种植、加工、销售一体化经营模式。 同时，积极加大冷链物流、种子加工等项目的推广建设，带 1

动商贸物流产业发展。 第三产业： 立足资源优势，扩大开放抓招商，增强经济发展的活力。 抓好现有产业经济的培育、扶持和壮大，经过五年的努力， 实现以文化旅游、休闲娱乐等第三产业为支柱的产业结构。 1、文化旅游。未来五年银达文化旅游要实现由旅游资 源优势向旅游产业优势的大转变，到 2025 年基本形成一个 较为完善的旅游大格局。组织编制《银达旅游发展规划》， 推进现有景点的升级改造，完善提升景区配套设施，依托六 分湿地、银达红色文化、清水河湿地景区、花城湖景区、天 锣城沙漠公园、赛车城等重大项目，力争将六分村打造成省 级旅游村，银达村打造成市级特色村。要围绕“农家风情” 突出民俗、文化特色，建设以“民俗、红色文化”为主的一 批彰显银达文化特色的文化旅游项目。要不断扩大对外宣 传，积极参加各种旅游宣传推介活动，争取更多的媒体宣传 关注。要动员全镇党员、干部和广大从业人员积极主动地参 与旅游业的建设和发展，到 2025 年全镇要实现真正将旅游 产业作为造福百姓的支柱产业。 2、劳务经济。开辟劳务市场，扩宽劳动力就业渠道， 增加农民收入，把劳动力技能培训纳入重要日程，加强就业 指导，由体力型向技能型转变，常设培训机构，培育组织劳 动力有序输出综合服务机构，中介组织和经纪人队伍，开辟 1

建立稳固的劳务市场，通过发展二三产业，积极实施沙漠公 园及赛车城项目等劳动力密集型企业，积极吸引劳动力就地 转移，同时创造条件，鼓励有志青年回乡创业，拓宽就业渠 道。 五、基础设施建设 1、生态保护。坚持建设与保护并重的原则，用全新的 理念发展生态建设，因地制宜，做到人工造林与自然封育结 合，近期效益与远期效益结合，建设与保护结合，生态效益 与经济效益并举。坚持“保护优先、预防为主、综合治理” 的原则，调动各类投资主体和社会各界参与生态建设的积极 性，扩大造林规模，增加科技含量，提升生态建设质量。树 立全新的生态观，强化保护，倡导生态文明，严惩乱砍滥伐， 毁林毁草，乱批乱占行为。增强人民的环保意识，争取低碳、 节俭的生活方式，在生产经营中体现科学环保意识，不乱施 化肥，不乱用农药，合理处置秸秆、垃圾、粪便等。全面实 现改水改厕，保持环境卫生，巩固环境卫生整治成果，坚持 卫生环境长效机制。营造“优美、洁净、舒适”的人民环境。 强化对镇域企业的监管，禁止一切乱排污和对环境水源由影 响的生产经营行为，减少污水排放，实行循环用水、节约用 水。严格控制废渣、废气、污水对环境的影响。 2、水利基础建设。积极争取高标准农田、土地整理等 项目，配套建设渠路等农田设施。要把水资源保护有效利用 1

纳入重要日程，做到保护到位、利用科学、配置合理。合理 开发地下水，做到科学利用，对地下水的开发要进行有序管 理，严格执行“封一打一”的地下水开发利用原则。农业用 水要推行节水灌溉，逐步减少大水漫灌，要依托国家项目， 更新老化陈旧的水利设施，改善农用水利条件，降低用水成 本，增强抵御自然灾害的能力。 3、公路基础设施建设。要加强对现有镇内沥青路路况 的保护力度，防止水毁和人为破坏。同时要加强“断头”道 路建设，保证各个通村公路的畅通，到 2025 年，实现新增 村组道路 100 公里以上，全面构建镇、村、组三级公路网络， 提高全镇的道路通达能力。 4、电力基础建设。争取国家项目，实施农村低压线路 升级改造工程，集中整治农村居民点电线、网络线路，农村 电网改造率达 100%，工业用电和农业用电要线路单设，杜 绝线路滥用、相互影响的现象，供电可靠率达 100%。实现 农村电网改造率全覆盖和农村电网目标化管理。 六、集镇建设。 科学合理、量力开发建设，搞好规划建设与管理，完善 城镇功能，增加承载能力，改善人民环境。 一是科学合理布局。以银达集镇为中心，以怀茂、杨洪 为副中心，在镇域规划和村庄规划的基础上，科学合理编制 国土空间规划。同时，吸纳人口，增加人口密度，支持城镇 1

化建设，逐步将科技，教育，文化，商贸，餐饮，运输，金 融，信息等服务的聚集，形成城镇经济和产业支持体系。 二是完善基础设施。“十四五”期间将逐步对镇区进行 扩张，完善镇区的基础建设，目前，两个集镇的基础设施： 给水，供暖，弱电，排污功能已齐全，主要是加强运行顺畅， 后期管理，绿化，美化，亮化工程，“十四五”期间重点是 完善管理。开发建设镇区的工程，热力，自来水，排污等方 面的功能全面完成，镇区主街道的亮化，美化，绿化，硬化， 净化工程多突出文化气息。 三是强化城镇管理。城镇管理是城镇建设一个重要组成 部分。通过组建一个过硬的管理队伍，不断提高街道环境卫 生管理水平和环卫队素质。坚决打击沿路、沿村乱建乱搭的 违章建筑和违法占地行为，做到统一规划，统一管理。进一 步提升城镇文明程度，提升城镇品味，树立良好的地区形象， 不断改善居住条件和提高群众生活质量。 七、社会事业 1、科技事业。“十四五”的重点要在引进、消化、应 用科技上下功夫，一是客观实际地提高科技成果的转换率， 重点是面对农村抓好农业实用技术的推广普及，千方百计增 加农牧业的科技含量，提高科技对经济的贡献率加大工作力 度，建立完善农民科技培训体系，建设培训基地，开展多层 次、多形式的培训活动，大幅度提高农民的科技文化素质。 1

2、社会保障。建立健全可靠的社会保障体系，以养老、 医疗为保障核心，以扶危、助残、救孤为重点，以社会福利、 社会救助、社会互助为重要内容，构建与我镇经济发展水平 相应的社会保障体系。对扶贫开发中的精准扶贫、农村最低 生活保障，特困群体救助，做到制度化，应保尽保，重点施 保，农村低保实现政策规范内应保尽保，农村养老全部参保 到位，弱势群体的生产生活全部有所保障。 3、教育事业。加强教师队伍建设。抓好教师的师德建 设，在抓好业务能力和自身素质提高的同时，重点要提高教 师的责任心和使命感，净化教师心灵，使之真正成为人类灵 魂的工程师；增加教育基础设施建设投入。全面改善办学条 件，使学前三年儿童受教育率达到 98%以上，办学阶段适龄 儿童入学率达到 100%，九年义务教育阶段入学率达 100%， 无辍学学生。 4、卫生事业。重点规划落实银达镇中心卫生院建设， 提高两个卫生院的医疗条件和就诊水平。全面抓好村级卫生 室的规范化建设，村级卫生室要达到基础实施齐全，医生水 平提升，不断提高公共卫生服务水平，提高处置突发公共卫 生事件的应急能力，认真执行农村合作医疗制度，提高参合 率，扩大覆盖面，巩固发展农村新型合作医疗成果，解决农 民群众看病难、看病贵的问题。 5、文化体育事业。提升文体惠民工程效能，不断完善 1

公共文体服务体系建设，抓好送文化下乡活动，强化非遗保 护传承，打破各村地域限制，积极推进信息资源共享，培养 文艺骨干及非遗传承人，创新编排群众喜闻乐见、健康向上 的文艺节目，争积极取文化室和文化剧场建设，积极开展全 民健身活动，抓好各村的文化广场建设，组装高标准的健身 器材，满足不同人群的文化娱乐休闲健身需求。 八、精神文明与民主法治建设 精神文明与民主法制建设是经济社会发展保驾护航的 一项重要工作，是社会发展到一定时期的标志性工作，是推 动科学发展，促进社会和谐，全面完成“十四五”规划的精 神动力和法治保障。 1、精神文明建设。要把提高人的文明责任作为首要任 务来抓，把发展生产力同提高公民的思想意识和科学文化素 质结合起来，用正能量占领人的思想领地，要崇尚社会公德、 职业道德、家庭美德和个人品德，打造平台，争取各种形式 创建精神文明，特别要通过典型的树立弘扬正风，用实现中 华民族伟大复兴的“中国梦”凝聚力量，鼓舞斗志。 2、民主与法制建设。要把依法治国方针扎实贯彻落实 到位，要按照党委总揽全局、协调各方的原则，充分发挥党 的领导核心作用，支持和保证人大依法履行职责，加强法律 监督;支持和保证人民政协履行职能，要重视党管武装工作； 强化基层民主政治建设，健全民主选举、民主决策、民主管 1

理和民主监督制度，进一步完善提高村民自治。要加强党对 工会、武装、共青团、妇联等群众团体的领导，更好地发挥 群众团体的桥梁纽带作用，为银达的科学发展跨越发展献计 出力。 3、加强基础民主建设。“十四五”期间，要扎实推进 党务公开、政务公开、村务公开，健全民主选举、民主管理、 民主决策、民主监督制度，保障人民群众的知情权、参与权、 表达权和监督权，保证群众的合法权益，引导人民群众依法 管理自己，提高全镇的法制化水平，增强全民的法律意识和 观念。同时，要加大执法力度，依法防范和严厉打击违法犯 罪活动，确保治安平稳有序;进一步完善应急预案，加强应急 救援队伍建设，提高应对突发事件处置能力;深入推进扫黑除 恶专项斗争，健全防范打击长效机制，强化综合治理，及时 排查化解各类矛盾纠纷，强化信访工作，规范信访接待处理 方式，规范网格化管理模式确保人民群众安居乐业、社会和 谐稳定，平安创建率达 100%。

1