Thesis project sustainability report Andover Estate 2022

University of Liverpool

Re-thinking the future of Post War Housing Estates Andover Estate Project Report 202122-ARCH524

Eirini Kafa 201494716 Laura Roberts 201519830 Yao Li 201138115 Jane Georgi 2015198992

Contents TABLE LIST............................................................................................................................................ 2 FIGURE LIST .......................................................................................................................................... 2 CONTEXT IMAGES OF ANDOVER ESTATE ....................................................................................... 3 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................................... 4 1.1 PROJECT BACKGROUND - EIRINI ....................................................................................................... 4 1.2 KEY OBJECTIVES - EIRINI ................................................................................................................. 6 1.3 LEGAL REGULATORY AND PROCUREMENT- LAURA ........................................................................... 10 2. EXISTING SITE APPRAISAL .......................................................................................................... 14 2.1 ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS – LAURA .............................................................................................. 14 2.2 EXISTING ACCESSIBILITY -YAO LI ................................................................................................... 18 2.3 RESIDENT PROFILE – YAO LI .......................................................................................................... 21 2.4 CARBON AND EXISTING BUILDING CONSTRUCTION – YAO LI ............................................................ 22 3. DESIGN STRATEGIES .................................................................................................................... 25 3.1 METHODOLOGIES - JANE ................................................................................................................ 25 3.2 OVERALL STRATEGIES- JANE ......................................................................................................... 29 3.3 PROGRAMME BRIEF - EIRINI ........................................................................................................... 31 4. SOCIAL SUSTAINABILITY- EIRINI ................................................................................................. 33 5. ECONOMICAL SUSTAINABILITY- LAURA .................................................................................... 35 6. ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY ............................................................................................ 37 6.1 BUILDING INTRODUCTION – JANE .................................................................................................... 37 6.2 CONSTRUCTION STRATEGY – YAO LI .............................................................................................. 39 6.3 LIGHTING STRATEGY - JANE ........................................................................................................... 45 6.4 VENTILATION STRATEGY – JANE ..................................................................................................... 46 6.5 HEATING AND COOLING STRATEGY – YAO LI................................................................................... 48 6.6 ENERGY STRATEGY- LAURA ........................................................................................................... 51 7. CONCLUSION - EIRINI .................................................................................................................... 52 APPENDIX ............................................................................................................................................ 54 BIBLIOGRAPHY ................................................................................................................................... 61 1

TABLE LIST Table 1 Islington Core Strategy Response ........................................................................................... 13 Table 2 Site Conditions ......................................................................................................................... 16 Table 3 Site Opportunities and Constraints .......................................................................................... 17 Table 4 Current Operational Energy and CO2 Emissions .................................................................... 24 Table 5 Methodologies associated with each scenario ........................................................................ 28 Table 6 Description of Interventions ..................................................................................................... 29 Table 7 .................................................................................................................................................. 31 Table 8 .................................................................................................................................................. 32 Table 9 .................................................................................................................................................. 42

FIGURE LIST Figure 1 Ziggurat Building in Central Square Figure 2 Walkway ......................................................... 3 Figure 3 Lock Up Garage Figure 4 Undercroft Garage .......................................... 3 Figure 5 Accessability Figure 6 Residential Units .............................................. 3 Figure 7 ................................................................................................................................................... 8 Figure 8 ................................................................................................................................................... 8 Figure 9 ................................................................................................................................................... 9 Figure 10 ................................................................................................................................................. 9 Figure 11 Site Appraisal ........................................................................................................................ 14 Figure 12 Solar Gain Analysis Central Square ..................................................................................... 14 Figure 13 ............................................................................................................................................... 18 Figure 14 ............................................................................................................................................... 19 Figure 15 ............................................................................................................................................... 20 Figure 16 ............................................................................................................................................... 21 Figure 17 Existing Construction ............................................................................................................ 22 Figure 18 ............................................................................................................................................... 25 Figure 19 Project methodology ............................................................................................................. 26 Figure 20 Focused Site Location .......................................................................................................... 37 Figure 21 Proposed Ground Floor Plan ................................................................................................ 37 Figure 22 ............................................................................................................................................... 43 Figure 23 ............................................................................................................................................... 43 Figure 24 ............................................................................................................................................... 44 Figure 25 Office lighting system ............................................................................................................ 45 Figure 26 Atrium section showing stack ventilation .............................................................................. 46 Figure 27 Office plan with cross ventilation .......................................................................................... 47 Figure 28 ............................................................................................................................................... 49 Figure 29 ............................................................................................................................................... 49

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CONTEXT IMAGES OF ANDOVER ESTATE For more images refer to the Appendix

Figure 1 Ziggurat Building in Central Square

Figure 2 Walkway

Figure 3 Lock Up Garage

Figure 4 Undercroft Garage

Figure 5 Accessibility

Figure 6 Residential Units

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INTRODUCTION 1.1 PROJECT BACKGROUND - EIRINI

Hypothesis: “By using Andover Estate as a testing ground for identifying and restructuring

common conditions, new opportunities for the development of post-war estates will arise which respond to the city’s needs.”

In comparison with the rest of the United Kingdom, the city of London appears to follow a noteworthy trend regarding the low use and ownership of private cars (Mayor of London 2015, 4). Changes in policy to discourage car ownership in London is resulting in Londoners continuously shifting away from private transport, due to the cost and stress it carries. The close proximity of local facilities, traffic congestion, limited car parking, the ultra-low emission and congestion charge zones set public transportation as a better alternative (Mayor of London 2015, 8).

As a consequence, garages are being abandoned, a phenomenon observed particularly in housing estates that feature plinth and undercroft garages; spaces that are also too small to occupy modern cars (Chaplain, 2017). This project aims to explore the opportunity that is being presented, of how inactive spaces could be reused for the regeneration of post-war housing estates. The main goal is to produce a toolkit able to identify an estate’s current conditions and to reactivate their context through repeatable architectural and programmatic operations. The study focuses on the Borough of Islington, the most densely populated town, which is also amongst the ones with the most council-owned housing estates and the lowest level of car ownership (Transport for London 2013, 11). Several housing estates in Islington were compared and Andover Estate was selected as a testing ground, since it is the largest one within the borough, it features the most available inactive garages and a unique calibration of shared spaces (McLaughlin 2015, 15).

Andover Estate is a mixed development of 1950s, 1960s and 1970s architecture, that achieved high density with mostly low-to-medium rise residential blocks (Tsoskounoglou 1995, 341). Along the Andover Road is the formerly known Old Andover Estate, featuring 5-storey red-brick buildings, built in the 1950s. The rest of the estate’s layout follows a repetition of semi-private courtyard gardens that are being clustered by residential blocks. Ten clusters are observed in the masterplan, comprised by 24

storey and 4-storey dwelling blocks, which are accessed at ground and first floor level. In the middle of the estate, three stepped triangular high-rise residential blocks are grouped around the Central Square, which facilitates a community centre, a row of local shops and a day nursery. The Central Square is linked with the boundary roads through two main pedestrian thoroughfares that run from the Sevens Sisters Road up to Moray Road and from Hornsey Road up to the Square (Islington Planning Committee 2017, 9).

However, its layout is being frequently questioned, characterised as a maze of alleyways, elevated walkways, incoherent pedestrian pathways, dead frontages and underutilised public spaces (Islington Planning Committee 2017, 9). Andover Estate follows the Radburn Housing Design, an idea based on the segregation of the cars from the pedestrians, creating two different access and movement networks within the estate. Foremost is a footpath system that affords the main mean of movement within the estate, periphery and focal points. Contradictorily, the vehicle system is kept at the outskirt of the estate, penetrating into the residential area with the aid of cul-de-sacs and providing access to open parking bays, car parks and undercroft garages on the peripheries of each cluster (Fagence 1973, 470). There was an opportunity for a third movement system through the elevated walkways that give access to the upper levels of the residential units and that also overlook the outside periphery of each cluster, the culde-sacs and the peripheral roads. However, the walkways are not interlinked and therefore a continuous walkway network was never formed (Tsoskounoglou 1995, 346-347).

On account of the efforts to restrict vehicular traffic to the edge of the estate and to free its central spine for pedestrian use only, a perceived boundary was formed, resulting in no visual link between the estate’s outside and inside. The high density and the relatively small size of the site, the buildings’ brick landscaping, the non-transparent balustrades, the high garden walls and the dense vegetation, restrict the view even further. While there is a contrast between the narrow alleyways and the openness of the two main thoroughfares, a significant degree of enclosure portrays the estate. As a consequence, the public spaces that have dim to no surveillance, are mostly deserted (Tsoskounoglou 1995, 350-351).

The maze-like urban layout of Andover Estate caused poor permeability and security, which contributed to the estate gaining a poor reputation. In the mid-80s the local press was frequently highlighting the anti-social behaviour that took place in the non-surveillanced spaces (Tsoskounoglou 1995, 370). Such publicity resulted in the formation of a stigma around the estate, a problem that most estates have; they

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are viewed as problematic places that house problematic people, while that might not be necessarily the case (Dean and Hastings 2000, 7). Today, such notoriety can blight the residents’ lives and can even affect their social, economic and educational opportunities (Hastings 2004, 233).

1.2 KEY OBJECTIVES - EIRINI

Proposals for the regeneration of the estate could assist in tackling the above issues, as well as other matters regarding better quality of life for both the residents of the estate and the public that visits it.

This study aims to explore 5 main topics, those being:

Densification. The population of London is rapidly growing, rising the demand for new houses.

Annually, a minimum of 65,000 homes needs to be built, yet the target is not being met (First and Sherwood 2017, 1). In the past few years, Islington has experienced significant growth in population, outpacing the growth of London overall (Islington Council 2019, 29).

A. How can housing estates be part of the solution to increasing the housing supply?

Regeneration Debate. Approaches to housing estate regeneration typically stir disagreements (Hill, 2015). Plenty estates’ tenants link regenerations with something that is done ‘to them’ rather ‘for them’, prioritising the attraction of a wider audience (Birch, 2018). Unfortunately, past regeneration programmes demonstrated a narrow approach and therefore struggled to have a significant social impact (Pinoncely, 2016).

B. How can the residents of the estate benefit from the regeneration?

Stigma. The problems of an estate are primarily a result of external influences and structures rather than a consequence of the internal characteristics and tendencies of the residents (Hastings 2004, 245). People that have little to none direct experience with the estate, have no knowledge about its development. Therefore, stigma is mostly an outcome of the perception and partial ignorance by the 6

outsiders who are not familiar with the estate, sustaining prejudgment. The relationship between ignorance, stigma and isolation is mutually reinforced (Hastings and Dean 2003, 178-179).

C. How can the public engage more with the estate?

D. How can the flow of people be increased?

Islington 2041 Goal & UK 2050 Net Zero Goal. The council of Islington wants to encourage active lifestyles and to foster social cohesion. In order to achieve this vision, a goal to be less reliant on motorised vehicles was set, where 87% of all journeys within the borough will be made only by public transport, cycling or walking by 2041 (Islington Council 2019, 3). Moreover, the United Kingdom is committed to a Net Zero target, which legally binds it to eliminate 100% of all greenhouse gas emissions by 2050 (La Roche, 2017).

E. How can housing estates contribute to the achievement of these goals?

Automobile & 15-Minute City. While the car is still seen as a ‘social norm’ that represents a symbol of freedom, status, independence and convenience, it partakes to several negative impacts. Such are physical inactivity, noise and air pollution and the diminution of social interaction (Mayor of London 2015, 8). ‘15-Minute City’, a residential urban concept, takes into account the aforementioned and states that all the daily necessities can be achieved by merely walking or cycling from one’s home. Main necessities include living, working, healthcare, education, commerce and entertainment (Moreno et al., 202, 100). Goal of the concept is for its users to be able to experience a better quality of life with more opportunities and time to interact with others (Moreno et al., 202, 1006).

F. How can a housing estate be converted into a community that is not depended on cars?

The goals of this thesis can be summarised as the establishment of a sustainable community; that being a place where people desire to live and work in, either in the present or the future. A place that meets the needs of its diverse users, contributing to a higher quality of life. A place that is inclusive, safe and that offers equal opportunities to all (Sustainable Development Commission 2007, 6).

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Figure 7

Figure 8

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Figure 9

Figure 10

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1.3 LEGAL REGULATORY AND PROCUREMENT- LAURA

The legal and regulatory requirements will be considered alongside the overall aims of the project and help to inform the brief and design details. We started the project looking at the original design intensions and regulations as put in place by the Greater London Council so as was done in the 1960’s for Andover Estate. The interventions from this project will be forward thinking looking at what regulations could be in place soon and how we can respond to and exceed current regulations (GLC, 1978).

Sustainability Regulations With planning changing the UK government has also promoted more localised energy systems, and Islington Council response is the GreenSKIES project funded my Innovate UK (LSBU Open Research, 2022).

The GreenSKIES project Uses heat pumps to create a local energy system to contribute to the decarbonising of the grid. The Heat pumps are used to capture energy in underground systems, substations, sewers supermarkets and date centres. (Innovate UK 2022,11) They also contribute to providing electricity for car ports, allowing these to increase in number, in response to the regulations associated with the ultra-low emission, and congestion charge zones (Mayor of London 2015, 8).

Transport and access Regulation A primary focus for Islington council and current regulations is transport, Islington council are working to make Islington carbon neutral by 2030 and create healthier lives and communities (Islington Council, 2019). Therefore, they have set out many goals within their Transport Strategy documents to make small steps to achieve these wider aims, including bans on non-local through traffic, to ultimately result in 87% of all journeys to be made through walking, cycling or public transport (Islington Council, 2019).

This project will respond to this through restructuring existing transport routes within Andover estate and opening new routes. Promoting the use of walking cycling and public transport and reducing the prominence and priority of cars within the estate.

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Homes Requirement The percentage of homes required for different populations is not regulated nationwide, however suggestions are made on how local authorities can put strategies in place for different needs. Affordable housing is to be assessed based on past trends and the state of the housing market, aimed at ‘households who cannot afford to access suitable housing in the market’ (GOV.UK, 2022A) even the page of guidance on ‘Housing needs of Different Groups’ published by the UK government does not mention providing accessible housing, it needs to be considered for this thesis project.

Islington’s Housing strategy focuses on five housing priorities, these are stand up for private renters, build new council homes, maintain council homes well, prevent homelessness and support rough sleepers off the streets, support residents to live well in their homes and communities (Islington Council, 2022,5 A) The project we are undertaking largely responds to supporting residents’ wellbeing in their homes and communities, as well as providing new council homes.

Islington strategy also has a principle in place to achieve these priorities, which include Challenging inequality, Early intervention and prevention, community as partners and modern, agile and create.

These help to set the tone as to the expectation of these new priorities, supporting residents’ community partners such as London Fire Brigade and working with experts to engage with residents (Islington Council, 2022.6. A).

In terms of sustainability all new homes need to be ‘zero carbon ready’ therefore it is important that we understand the existing materials in the areas we are retrofitting, to ensure that this is possible (Gov.UK 2020).

Islington core planning strategies Planning is changing to require core strategies from every borough, making the process more local.

Therefore, it is important to understand current goals, whether they align with the vision of Andover this project proposes, and where conflicts arise.

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Strategic Policies (Islington Council, 2011).

CS9 Protecting and enhancing Islington’s built and historic environment CS 1 Sustainable Design

Impact on Andover Estate

Response from this project

•

This policy aims to make environments safer and more inclusive with high quality architecture.

•

•

Promote zero carbon development, promoting decentralised energy networks, minimise on site emissions, reach best practice water efficiency targets, Protect existing ecology, Adapted to climate change minimising overheating, Managed sustainability, Encourage sustainable transport choices, Working with communities and partners to improve wider public realm.

•

• •

• • •

•

CS11 Waste

•

This policy will not make a large difference to Andover Estate as there are already waste and recycling facilities.

•

CS12 Meeting the housing challenge

•

•

CS13 Employment Spaces

•

Within this report the parameters are set for 2025, however there are newer schemes set past this date, Improving diversity of housing. The residential space and design standards were increased to allow space in such a dense area.

Employment spaces are being encouraged to locate themselves within

•

Methods of design will be tested and established to make post war estates more inclusive and create safer more active routes.

This project will carry out in analysis on all forms of passive and mechanical energy systems, making sure the most efficient methods are used, The large amount of public realm development within this scheme will promote energy efficiency, where possible increasing the efficiency of existing homes.

This project will take this further to enhance the existing facilities as part of the landscaping plan, ensuring recycling facilities are easily accessible to everyone. The project will also look at waste from construction and demolition, reusing materials where possible.

Through this project there will be a large focus on providing new types of housing for the estate, as well as extending the domestic. Responding to the density of the area it is important to provide accessible and equal living space on the estate.

Our project will not follow this strategy, but will create more local business opportunities, 12

CS14 Retail and Services

•

CS15 Open space and green infrastructure

•

CS16 Play Space

•

CS17 Sports and Recreation Provision

•

the town centres, due to them being near public transport. However, Andover Estate is near public transport, and this takes opportunities away from Andover Estate.

The current plan for retail and services restricts them to the current town centres, however this limits opportunities for opening Andover Estate as part of the community.

Andover Estate is in the highest priority area for increasing provision for small open spaces especially parks The play space strategy looks at providing more inclusive play spaces that can connect different communities.

Additional sports and cultural centre provisions will be needed in the north and centre of Islington, access to these needs improving. More swimming pools will be needed in the next 15 years.

Table 11 Islington Core Strategy Response

allowing the estate to fulfil more needs of Its residents

•

Similarly to employment spaces, we want to encourage retail and services within the estate to serve the existing and new community.

•

Introduction of a new park in the north of Andover Estate.

•

Within Andover Estate the project aims to bring more prominence and pedestrian traffic to places of existing play spaces. These will be optimised to fit our proposal, and this connection will allow all communities equal access.

Our project proposes a sports centre including a swimming pool, and outside easy access facilities.

•

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2. EXISTING SITE APPRAISAL

2.1 ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS – LAURA

Figure 11 Site Appraisal

Figure 12 Solar Gain Analysis Central Square

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Site appraisal Key Points

Condition

Geographical location

•

Andover Estate is in the Finsbury Park Region the north of Islington, a borough Located North of Central London.

Access to Site

•

The site can be easily accessed through public transport, 'since many bus stops are located around it and the Finsbury Park Station is only a 7-minute walk away, as shown in figure 11.

Prevailing wind direction

•

Solar energy and Heat Analysis Vegetation

•

Prevailing winds are from from the west, apart from 3.7 weeks in April when it comes from the north. (Figure 11) (WeatherSpark 2022) The highest percentage of solar energy is captured on the ziggurat Building located in the central square. (Figure 12) There are large quantities of mature trees, mostly planted 40 years ago, that include Lime, Norway Maple, London Plane, Cherry and Sycamore. Tree avenues are planted with trees of consistent species, vulnerable to host species-specific pests.

Current mature trees found on the estate include Lime, Norway Maple, London Plane, Cherry and Sycamore (Design and Access Statement 2017, 61).

The current materials used on the estate are concrete and brick construction with a high thermal mass that can store a large amount of heat throughout the day.

The ‘Greenscies’ project currently taking place in Islington aims to use the waste heat recovery system by 2025. By 2028 there will be more power from localised renewable sources, replacing what currently comes from distant coal and gas power stations. By 2030 the waste heat system will overtake gas resulting in a carbonneutral Islington (Islington Council. 2022 B).

The average highest temperature, 22°C occurs in July and August and the average lowest temperature,4°C occurs in February.

•

• Thermal mass

•

Power supply

•

Macro Climate

•

Orientation

Space on site

•

The highest amount of rainfall occurs in October at 55mm, and the least occurs in March at 31mm. The rainfall is most consistent between June and September with a range of 7mm, with highs of 42mm, and lows of 35mm.

•

The Cloud cover coincides with the trend of the rainfall; however, it is classed as clearer between early April and mid-October, while the other months of the year are largely overcast. (Weather Spark 2022)

•

The largest access road adjacent to the estate is the Seven Sister Road, south of the estate, travelling two ways northeast to southwest. The two adjacent roads from Seven Sisters that surround the other two sides of the estate are Durham Road to the Northeast and Hornsey Road from the southeast.

•

For a generalised overview, most dwellings are oriented with aspects to the Northwest and Southeast, or ninety degrees to that from the Northeast to Southwest. This forms a collection of squares and courtyards that connect the two orientations of buildings.

Due to a large amount of vegetation, there is a lot of open space in the form of the main square and courtyards within the clusters.

These spaces define the quality of the estate and create a parklike environment.

There is a hierarchy of ownership within these spaces that was not presented when the estate was first built. The clusters are now gated spaces resulting in the courtyards being private for the

•

•

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•

cluster’s residents. The main square is public and there is a current program of activity this year, such as a yearly festival for local people.

Due to the small size of the garages and the reduction in car use, there are a lot of unused spaces left within the garages and associated spaces.

Table 2 Site Conditions Site appraisal Evaluation

Opportunities

Constraints

Geographical location

A central location in Islington, well connected to public facilities, workplaces, and public transport facilities.

Access to Site

There are many pedestrian routes through the estate to the train stations.

This provides opportunities for businesses and connections between residents and the public.

Passive ventilation can be harnessed in new designs, allowing for less energy for mechanical ventilation systems.

Islington is an expensive area to live in London (Source). Andover Estate is a more affordable area within Islington, and it is important not to gentrify this area as part of this work.

The car and pedestrian networks are organised in way that discourage people of using them.

Prevailing wind direction

Solar energy and Heat Analysis

Due to the orientation of the sun through the day and current roof orientation, solar energy can be harnessed on many existing roofs, particularly on the Ziggurat Building.

Opportunity for storing heat energy within new interventions.

Possibilities for use of solar thermal panels, photovoltaic panels, or solar water heating panels.

Vegetation

Provides solar shading Allows opportunities for ecosystems Reduces the need for large gardens Has potential for use as community engagement projects Good for health and wellbeing

Wind tunnels can be created by higher buildings, therefore new interventions need to consider the impact they could have on the current local wind conditions for the site.

High upfront costs of photovoltaic panels and high roofs could prove this to be economically inefficient.

Overheating through large roof areas, and large solar gain may occur in both the existing flats and new interventions, so methods to reduce this impact and to provide appropriate ventilation are important.

Shading created by overhanging walkways may have a detrimental effect on providing natural daylight into garage spaces when repurposing their use.

Can enclose areas and make them feel dark.

Needs regular maintenance.

The current avenues of the same species of trees can be detrimental when it comes to species-specific infections.

(Urban Forest Nursery, 2022)

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Reduction of flooding Thermal mass

Potential to use new interventions alongside current conditions to harness more thermal energy from the existing high mass materials (Gupta and Tiwari, 2016).

Using the new technologies, the council is implementing in Islington within Andover Estate there are opportunities for incorporating these technologies as part of this project.

Opportunities to collect rainwater for irrigation of the estate

Sorting too much heat could cause overheating during hotter months and make it hard to heat areas in cooler months, so ventilation will have to be considered.

Due to the large, centralised energy system Andover Estate uses, there is limited scope for more local systems to contribute.

Orientation

A lot of the dwellings have a south-east facing garden, which can have a large amount of direct sunlight

Direct sunlight can cause glare and overheat.

Space on site

The current number of unused spaces provides opportunities for the estate's needs, like densification and new educational and social facilities.

The corner plots and open spaces often contain mature vegetation that currently has a positive impact on the estate’s environment and would have to be considered if this space is required for the development.

Power supply

Macro Climate

Rain though the year particularly in the winter limits the use of a large amount of outdoor space for functions.

Table 3 Site Opportunities and Constraints

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2.2 EXISTING ACCESSIBILITY -YAO LI Existing Estate Access and Movement Networks

Figure 13 Problems Identified: •

The calibration of walkways and roads are not offering safe zones for pedestrians, but rather barriers.

•

The main access points to the estate tend to be weak in representing a sense of entry, that would welcome the public in.

The architectural image of Andover Estate should be improved at the main access points by enhancing the sense of a proper gateway. Also, the road and pedestrian networks of the estate need to be optimised in such a way that would not interrupt each other and therefore providing a more pedestrianfriendly environment.

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Existing Green and Outdoor Public Space Accessibility

Figure 14 Problems identified: 1. Approximately half of the existing green spaces are fenced or gated, observed to be unused.

2. The outdoor public spaces such as small plazas, playgrounds and seating areas are very limited in the estate, taking only 4,5% of the site area.

The project strategies should take into account the above and propose a more defined public spaces that foster social life, both for residents and visitors. Such proposal can take action by optimizing the existing circulation to redefine the boundary between public and private and bringing more accessible greenery to the public.

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Existing estate housing accessibility

Figure 15 Problems identified: 1. No lifts in the estate, only 2 temporary ones were observed.

2. It does not provide easy access for elderly and disabled residents living in the upper floor flats because of the long distances.

3. Not all the housing units have ramp access 4. The staircases have a higher depth than the standard (170-200mm for each step).

Andover Estate presents accessibility issues, especially for disabled people and elder. The project should consider optimising the existing access and circulation networks to accommodate the needs of all the users.

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2.3 RESIDENT PROFILE – YAO LI

Figure 16 (Resident Impact Assessment, 2021)

Key Points that might influence the project 1. 40% of residents are over 45 years old.

2. 16.3% of residents are aged under 16 years old.

3. 10.2% of residents are disabled 4. 35% of residents are aged between 16-44 (young adults, adults and couples) The project strategies should consider the elderly people, children, and disabled people to provide a more comfortable and convenient living environment. Furthermore, since a huge number of residents are young professionals, affordable or tenement housing should be considered, as well as amenities that facilitate their needs.

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2.4 CARBON AND EXISTING BUILDING CONSTRUCTION – YAO LI Current Construction, Material and Embodied CO2 Conditions While the Greater London Council (GLC, 2022) was the designer of Andover Estate, many original archives related to its design and construction have gotten lost when the GLC was disbanded in 1988.

In order to collect the necessary data, the project had to depend on a field trip’s observations (November 2021), as well as Studio Partington’s provided information. The existing construction components, materials and embodied carbon are summarized in Figure 17 below. The structure is a mix of prefabricated concrete panels and load-bearing masonries. In-situ concrete was used for the basement parking ground, first-floor slab, and balconies. Other internal partition walls were most likely built with typical load-bearing brick or block. The external walls have a cavity structure, with two masonry skins separated by a 50-75mm gap. Limited by lack of original detail drawings, the listed embodied carbon values of the materials are picked from the ICE database (Circular Ecology, 2019) as a guide to their general range. The estimated values provide an opportunity to roughly calculate and analyse the embodied carbon condition of the existing housing units in Andover Estate.

Figure 17 Existing Construction Taking a typical one-bed-flat as an example, its embodied carbon was calculated based on its floor area and the estimated construction details. The approximate results show the embodied carbon to be around 800 to 1200kgCO2e/m2, which is more than twice the aspirational value (<500kgCO2e/m2) of 22

the embodied carbon benchmark suggested by LETI Climate Emergency Design Guide for small scale housing in the UK (LETI, 2020). Factors that may have contributed to such high embodied carbon could be the (a) conventional constructing way of the 70s, (b) surge of buildings using factory-made large format concrete panels and (c) lack of consideration regarding the whole life-cycle carbon assessments of building projects. Hence, materials and construction technologies embodied with low CO2 should be primarily considered in the new strategies of the project in order to offset its current condition of high embodied carbon.

Current Operational Energy and CO2 Emissions Further information related to the existing conditions of Andover Estate include operational energy and Co2 emissions can be found in Appendix 5 (Energy Performance Certificate of a 4-bed mid-terrace house in Andover Estate). However, the key features are summarized in the table below.

Feature

Description

Evaluation

Energy rating

Current rating: 63(D).

Potential rating after improvement: 85(B).

The energy performance of this property is barely acceptable since the average rating in England and Wales is 60 (D).

Environmental impact rating

Current rating: D. CO2 emission: 3.7 tonnes Potential rating after improvement: 1.3 tonnes of CO2 (B).

Lower than the average household CO2 production (6 tonnes).

The primary energy use: 241kWh/m2 per year

LETI benchmark (LETI, 2020) of energy consumption for small scale houses: 35kWh/m2 per year. The current energy use of the sample property is significantly higher than the aspirational value, which means a high electric bill as well.

Cavity wall without added insulation.

50-75mm air gap functions as insulation but its energy performance is insufficient compared with a superinsulated wall structure.

Primary energy use

Wall

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Roof

Pitched roof with no insulation.

Very poor energy rating that affects the building with high heat loss and low airtightness.

Window

Fully double glazed UPVC windows.

Moderate energy performance.

Floor

Solid floor without insulation.

Heating and Hot water

Boiler and radiators, mains gas.

Lighting

Low energy lighting system.

It has a negative impact on the energy performance of the house.

A gas heating system is an efficient and budget-friendly choice but has higher CO2 emissions than an electric heating system.

Average performance.

Table 44 Current Operational Energy and CO2 Emissions Note: Grey means average. Green means positive. Orange means critical Although the overall energy performance of the above-analysed typical house unit in Andover Estate stays at an average household level in England and Wales, it still reveals some critical problems. Such are the extremely high domestic energy consumption, poor insulation and negative carbon impact.

Taking these aspects in consideration should be essential for the future design strategies of the project.

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3. DESIGN STRATEGIES 3.1 METHODOLOGIES - JANE

Figure 18

Background research for this thesis project began in a previous semester during the ARCH520 module, where Andover Estate was also used as the area of exploration. The project focused on rethinking the shared spaces of housing estates through the sense of home. The investigation of the estate employed the use of unconventional survey tools, the results of which provided a unique understanding of the existing conditions. Social aspects that prompted this study included the stigma that has frequently surrounded the estate, as well as the topic of ownership surrounding council housing. With the opportunity of the garage spaces present, it was crucial that an approach for retrofitting was developed.

Understanding the sense of home that surrounds these spaces offered a more holistic approach to the future conversion of these spaces.

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From this previous project, the importance of shared spaces in housing estates was emphasised due to their relationship to the home and also the social elements that they can host. These spaces were shown to be an expansion of the domestic which should be reflected in any future development of the estate. It was also evident that further studies into the requirements for retrofitting the garage spaces needed to be conducted to form a greater strategy.

The thesis began by exploring the original design intentions of the architecture and principles of the estate followed by identifying its existing conditions and the opportunities they presented. With these opportunities at the forefront, it was essential to consider the needs of existing residents as well as the needs of the city.

Figure 19 Project methodology

Fig. 19 illustrates the method that the project has followed. By creating master plans for Andover Estate governed by three different scenarios, a set of parameters are produced that result in several design 26

outcomes. By studying the masterplans, several site wide conditions were identified. For every condition recognised, an operation was developed, paired with an aim. Each scenario had a different approach to the what the future role of the estate could be, based on the existing urban conditions. Below is a summary of the three design scenarios.

Scenario One - Celebrating the Island This design scenario focussed on reinforcing the existing ‘urban island’ formation of the estate created by a lack of through roads, large perimeter routes, and inward facing buildings. The estate would become a destination for locals, through the introduction of new services and a pedestrianised centre, with the access and movement of the car restricted only to the periphery of the estate.

Scenario Two - Reorganising the Clusters By designing new clusters, the interface of Andover Estate can change offering a new relationship between public and private spaces. There is scope to provide new types of housing within the clusters, which can diversify the current housing stock. Due to the aging population of the estate, accessibility to upper-level flats was identified as a component this scenario could address.

Scenario Three – Connecting to the City Andover Estate can be successfully reconnected to its context by reassessing access to the site and the ground floor uses through the retrofitting of garages and creation of new roads through the estate.

Interface between the estate and the city is a crucial element of this scenario, providing opportunity for an improved relationship and positive interaction.

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Scenario Celebrating the Island

Reorganising the Clusters

Connecting to the City

Environmental Methodology Revaluate the existing road structure and landscaping whilst retrofitting the unused garages.

Investigate existing thresholds in order to redefine them.

Understand where new roads can be created and what impact this would have on the existing

Social Methodology Understand where points of interest for residents and nonresidents can be created.

Improve new access to dwellings which are more accessible to produce a more user friendly and inclusive estate.

Develop programmes that can form overlaps in usership between estate dwellers and workers

Economical Methodology Develop areas of specialised commerce and function to attract visitors.

Understand what new housing can be achieved by considering ownership and funding.

Assess the opportunity for workspace and other lettable facilities so that the estate can form a part of everyday life for users inside and outside of the estate.

Table 5 Methodologies associated with each scenario

The identification of conditions and sites across the estate have all prompted different design responses. These are repeatable conditions which are present across Andover Estate and in other post war estates. Clusters, blind facades, corners, infill sites and garages all offer different opportunities and constraints. The operations that have developed demonstrate the need for retrofitting and new construction. Using a combination of outcomes from the scenario exercises allowed for a closer focus on the most successful elements of each plan. These operations include reorganising clusters, creating bridges, adding corner buildings, forming an avenue, enhancing the gateway and infilling. Table 6 displays a descriptions of the various interventions

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Scenario Celebrating the Island

Condition Blind Façades and garages

Operation Bridges

Avenue Reorganising the Clusters

Clusters and garages

Cluster intervention

Connecting to the City

Corners, infill garages

Corner buildings

Infill gateway Garage retrofit

Aims Connect blind facades by providing a destination for locals with a community nature Provide a new type of street with work and leisure functions Create new leisure facilities and housing that benefit different types of users Offer a connection to the outside of the estate though the reinterpretation of a public house Provide new types housing to diversify the existing stock.

Generate work within the estate though office and workshop space

Table 6 Description of Interventions The project has taken a masterplan form so that the estate in its entirety could be considered. Use of the scenario methods presented both master planning opportunities and smaller scale interventions.

There is a combination of methods used which have stemmed from all the scenario masterplans. This format aids in the creation of principles to form a tool kit for other estate regenerations. Stemming from this, a part of the masterplan was chosen to design in further detail, showcasing some of the suggested interventions. In doing so, the scale of the toolkit can be widened, offering a variety of techniques and transferable rules.

3.2 OVERALL STRATEGIES- JANE

As there are several interventions and buildings planned for the estate, it is important to establish some strategies that govern them all. To help do this, strategies can be separated into guidance for retrofitting and guidance for new buildings.

Strategies for Retrofitting The Whole Life-Cycle Carbon Assessments guidance recommends that “retrofit or reuse of any existing built structures, in part or as a whole, should be a priority consideration as this is typically the lowest 29

carbon option” (Greater London Authority, 2020, 17). Due to this, both types of garages present will be retrofitted as well as part of the existing flats to demonstrate how these elements can be approached in other estates. Below are some strategies for retrofitted buildings.

1. Maintain a large percentage of existing structure to avoid replacing structural elements 2. Provide adequate lighting in the dark garages 3. Insulate where possible 4. Avoid inconvenience for residents

Strategies for new buildings.

New buildings in the estate will offer a variety of functions and take various forms. Below are some elements that each design should consider 1. Each intervention should share the same material language to maintain a level of consistency.

2. Identity of the new proposals should be strong, helping to indicate a new identity for the estate 3. Circulation of existing buildings must be considered and improved where possible 4. New spaces should be affordable 5. Use of passive design principles to create a more carbon-friendly scheme, whilst also keeping running costs low for residents.

6. Avoid overlooking and casting of new shadows when creating new buildings as the site is already dense and buildings are close together.

7. Maintain the 4-storey height of most buildings.

Landscaping It is evident that the naming of roads and areas in Andover Estate can be confusing and do not present themselves clearly. Part of the landscape strategy will involve the naming of spaces. Naming the spaces, the typology associated can determine the type of landscaping required. Keeping as many of the existing trees is also a desirable option as the existing landscape is an asset to the site. When the landscape is designed, the following should be considered: 1. Safety should be at the forefront of all design intensions 2. Cyclying should be welcomed in the landscaping, allowing for cycle storage.

3. Landscaping should be considered especially around the perimeter of the of the site as it can aid in encouraging users to enter the estate

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3.3 PROGRAMME BRIEF - EIRINI Establishing a sustainable community with Andover Estate, that is not depended on the use of cars, means that all the daily necessities of the residents should be incorporated in the site. Providing a programmatic brief that responds to the residents’ requirements, regarding living, working, healthcare, education, commerce and entertainment, simultaneously presents reason to the public to visit it and engage with its environment. The proposed facilities shown in the tables below reflect needs and opportunities for all age groups, contributing to a higher quality of life for everyone.

Table 7 USER Infants Toddlers Children Teenagers

Young Adults and Professionals

Adults

Elders

CONSIDERATIONS Need to educate young parents how to take care of them Need of facilities that take care of them when parents are working Promote playing Promote independence Need of independent spaces outside of home Promote education and skills Offer job opportunities Promote healthy lifestyle Short Tenancy Residential Units Offer skill development workshops Offer job opportunities Provide affordable workspaces Promote healthy lifestyle Permanent Residential Units Offer skill development workshops Offer job opportunities Provide affordable workspaces Promote healthy lifestyle Accessibility Assisted Living – taking care of them Make them a part of the community Offer stimulating and leisure activities

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RESIDENTIAL UNITS LEISURE FACILITIES (recreation and entertainment)

OTHER FACILITIES

WORKSPACES (affordable) WORKSHOP CLASSES (vocational and technical skill development)

Table 8

PROGRAMME Short-Term Smaller Units Permanent Units Assisted Living Café Bar / Pub Music and Dance Venue Gaming Room Cinema Room Gym (Fitness, Weightlifting, Zumba, Yoga) Swimming Pool Basketball Court Squash Court Art Gallery Pocket Park - Plaza Playground Retail Nursery Children Day Care Youth Room Study Spaces Meeting Rooms Hot Desking (hourly, daily, weekly) Spaces for Monthly and Yearly Rent Gardening Cooking Visual Arts, Dance and Music TAFE Coffee Making Carpentry Plumbing Basic Construction Tailoring Nutrition First Aid Writing English Language Computer Basic Software Career Planning Marketing Strategies Basic Accounting Budgeting NCT Classes

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4. SOCIAL SUSTAINABILITY- EIRINI Andover Estate currently faces several issues regarding its social structure; the main being the stigma that surrounds the estate, undermining its potential and affecting the residents’ life opportunities. As previously illustrated, stigma is an outcome of the outsiders’ prejudice and partial ignorance for the site.

This results from the paucity of relationships between the outsiders and the estate (Hastings 2004, 240). Our project aims to tackle this issue, through several architectural and programmatic operations, in order to provide a better social landscape. Suggestions that aspire to meet these needs are the introduction of new facilities and shared infrastructure that will increase the flow of people within the estate, as well as to provide for the current residents’ needs.

Foremost is the modification of the existing physical landscape of the site. New, better-defined access points are being introduced in the periphery of the estate, roads are being pedestrianized, bike lanes are implemented, the elevated walkways are now linked to create a new movement network and the major thoroughfares are redesigned to improve the non-surveillanced areas. The aspects of the site that previously discouraged people from spending time in it, are now modified through a more inclusive and safe design, encouraging people to use the estate at least as a through route and therefore to start familiarizing with it. The next phase is to promote the estate as a place worth visiting, by fostering gathering and social cohesion. To achieve this goal, street furniture will be strategically placed and most importantly, new facilities for leisure will be introduced, like cafés, pubs, restaurants, and retail. Lastly, spaces for workshops and workspace will be provided. People will be incited to visit the estate to gain new skills through the workshop programmes, to work and to study.

Stigma is an issue that needs constant friction both from the residents, the outsiders, and the government. While it cannot be overcome immediately, it is foreseen, that once people start familiarizing with the estate and then creating relationships with it, the mutual-reinforcing cycle between ignorance and prejudice will break (Hastings and Dean 2003, 181). Such an alteration in the social perception of the estate, and therefore its residents, will have constructive advantages and opportunities for them.

Currently it is common for residents of estates to face discrimination from employers because of fears linked to antisocial behavior and low educational attainment (Hastings 2004, 246). As aforementioned, reducing the stigma will decrease such discriminations to some extent. However, the programme suggested for the regeneration of Andover Estate, will also provide workshops to the residents to ‘arm’ 33

them with the basic vocational and technical skills, necessary for employment. Such actions will respond to the UN Goal 4 for ‘Quality Education’, ensuring the access to equitable and lifelong education, both for youth and adults. Moreover, the plethora of new facilities in the site, especially in the new avenue, will create new job opportunities for any kind of employment. Besides that, several garages will be transformed into workspaces that can be lend to residents for an affordable price, supporting micro, small and medium businesses. Such enterprises are crucial in Islington’s economy, offering 36% of the town’s jobs. In view of this, by providing them with the appropriate space in a reasonable cost, we are also allowing them to expand more comfortably (Islington Core Strategy 2011, 81). Therefore, local culture and products will be promoted, along with entrepreneurship, innovation and creativity, which responds to the UN Goal 8 for ‘Decent Work and Economic Growth’ (United Nations, 2022). The foregoing also address Goal 1 for ‘No Poverty’ by tackling worklessness, since those initiatives ensure the likelihood of more job opportunities, better qualified workforce and strengthen the user’s confidence in their aptitudes (Islington Core Strategy 2011, 81).

Goal of our project is also to promote Andover Estate as a place that welcomes all, where inequalities and discrimination will be low and preferably, non-existent. The above-mentioned changes and establishments are the first steps in achieving this goal, as the redevelopment of the site will be more pedestrian-friendly, will improve accessibility and provide recreational activities for any user. This will respond to the UN Goal 10 for ‘Reduced Inequalities’, since users regardless of their sex, age, race, religion, disability, economic status, etc., will be able to access the estate easily, to take part in all the provided activities and inclusive workspaces. Furthermore, the UN Goal 5 for ‘Gender Equality’ will also be attained since the site will be substantially safer for a woman to walk through the estate alone because of the elimination of blind spots, active frontages, improved illumination, and natural surveillance. Additionally, the nursery and children day care, will enable women to have more time for themselves, either for work or personal recreation (United Nations, 2022).

All the above considered, Andover Estate will be transformed into a place that provides for all the main necessities, both for its residents and the public. Following the ‘15-Minute City’ principles, the daily activities of living will be accomplished by walking or cycling and therefore contributing to Islington’s 2041 Goal to be less reliant on motorized vehicles. Reducing car dependence will also respond to the UN Goal 3 for ‘Good Health and Wellbeing’, by promoting active lifestyle and social mobility. To conclude, it is apparent that the project’s objective of converting Andover Estate into a sustainable 34

community and therefore also addressing the UN Goal 11 for ‘Sustainable Cities and Communities’, is not an inconceivable task (United Nations, 2022). The regeneration of the estate will cater for the

needs of all age groups, genders, disabilities, etc., by offering them equal opportunities and consequently enabling them to experience a better quality of life through its inclusive design.

5. ECONOMICAL SUSTAINABILITY- LAURA To realise our hypothesis is it important to understand how our objectives can be achieved in a way that can support long term economic growth in the estate, without changing its current opportunities.

Economic benefit is not the prime objective of our proposed renewal program but having a plan of how the interventions can work financially is important (What Works Centre for Local Economic Growth, 2022). The project will help in reducing the current overcrowding and pressure on infrastructure, by extending the domestic and providing better and equal access to the estate’s facilities, responding the UN goal for ‘Sustainable Cities and Communities’ (United Nations, 2022). This will in time put less pressure on public services such as the police and NHS from Andover Estate, due to more problems being addressed at an early stage.

Islington councils are currently undertaking a scheme to build 530 new council homes within Islington (Islington Council, 2022 D), 42 of these are planned to be within Andover Estate (Islington council, 2021). To fund this, there are plans for new builds alongside the council-funded accommodation to be sold privately. As the project responds to an existing project on Andover Estate, it will follow a similar framework. The difference will be in addition to increasing and diversifying the housing stock, by providing more homes for specific communities such as the maturing population, as can be seen in figure 16. The new interventions in terms of renewable sustainability willbe a significant benefit to the existing residents, reducing their energy bills, especially within the current energy crisis (NEA, 2022) In terms of public facilities, we will work within the parameters already applied to some public infrastructure within Islington. In terms of Leisure centres, Islington council works with a social enterprise which manages these facilities and provides subsidised memberships to residents who have a disability, and gives benefits to under 16, students and senior citizen (Islington Council, 2022 F). Implementing a 35

similar scheme for the leisure facilities in Andover Estate would be beneficial, however it is important to this project that all residents from Andover receive a subsidised membership, as this infrastructure is primarily for them. This sort of implementation should take place within other public infrastructure proposed for the estate, as this will promote Andover’s community and provide necessary opportunities.

In order to demonstrate the approach that is to be implemented on a wider scale in terms of workspace, retail, and industry on the estate we can examine some potential programs. The cafe and public house will be a spaces for residents and the public to socialise and work in an informal environment. This will allow for career and training pportunities, working with ‘Islington's Adult and Community Learning’ schemes (Islington Council, 2022 E)The workspace provided in the garage will create a space where new businesses can develop within the estate, providing opportunities for residents and visitors to the estate. The rent collected from the workspace can be used to maintain these facilities and other facilities within the estate. Commercial rent in London, is the highest in Europe with West End being the most expensive at £117.5 per square foot (Statistica, 2020). The prime yield for commercial spaces is 3.5% which is 2% higher than the rest of the UK, this means there is plenty of opportunity to make a profit from these kinds of spaces, which can be used to subside more affordable commercial spaces within the estate (Statistica, 2020).

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6. ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY 6.1 BUILDING INTRODUCTION – JANE

Figure 20 Focused Site Location

Café/bar

Office spaces

Retail

Figure 21 Proposed Ground Floor Plan

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For the purpose of this report, one intervention has been selected for environmental analysis as shown in fig. 21 (for more drawings, see appendix) The Corner building introduces a gateway into the estate by transforming an empty corner on the estate’s periphery. The rounded massing offers a new language which stands out from the typical typology of estate buildings, supported by its materiality. Garages line two edges of site which provide opportunity for connection and retrofit. By retaining the existing vehicular entrance, the corner building and adjacent garage can connect without the need for any structural changes. Surrounding this opening is the original brickwork which can be seen from inside the new building. Running along the first floor is an exterior walkway which joins two existing residential circulation routes. The consequence of this is that there is now non-domestic activity on first floor of the estate, which is not present in the existing configuration. Entrances to the building are located at several points, relating to the traditional public house typology and facilitating for residents and new commers alike. During the day the atrium can act as a meeting space where you can get coffee and work, but this can become more of a bar and social space in the evening time. Office workers from the adjoining garages can benefit from this, as it offers both a break and informal meeting space as well as an afterwork spot. The other garage building now facilitates new access to the above walkway and affordable retail..units.

Occupation The main atrium space will be occupied both as a transitional space and as a space of occupation.

Several entrances permit circulation between the building, street, first floor existing external walkway and adjoining garage. Seating, shelter, and beverage amenities allow for users to occupy the space for long amounts of time if required. The adjacent office spaces will typically be occupied during the 9-5 working day. These factors will need to be taken into consideration when designing to ensure a suitable environment is created.

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6.2 CONSTRUCTION STRATEGY – YAO LI

Construction and structure design principles The existing buildings around the site have been verified to suffer from insufficient energy performance and high embodied carbon as mentioned in the previous chapter. To improve the current situation, some design principles, listed below (Passivhaus, 2015), need to be taken into account in an early stage, considering the opportunities and constrains indicated in the site appraisal.

1. Lightweight structures and materials with low embodied carbon and high energy performance should be mainly considered.

2. Insulation continuity, thermal bridge and bypass minimization and maintenance of airtightness 3. Try not to demolish existing structures and recycle as much as possible if demolition cannot be avoided, to keep cost low.

4. Limited by the site’s dimensions and aging of the existing structures, over design should be avoided.

Materials preference The tables below summarize the features of some commonly used construction materials, regarding their general comparative embodied carbon, uses, and overall evaluation considering their environmental impact.

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Construction materials Carbon impact (kgCO2e/m3)

Usually on

Aluminium

26,650

Cladding, roofing, decorating detailing

Bamboo

-230

Most building components

Brick

320

Wall, flooring, landscaping

Timber

-600

Most building components

Concrete

550

Wall, flooring, roofing, landscaping

Copper

24,230

Cladding, roofing, decorating, pipes

Glass

3,590

Windows, cladding, skylight

Material type

used

Environmental impact Evaluation Aluminium has a very high carbon impact due to its manufacturing process requiring fire, electrolysis and refining. However, it is durable, easily recyclable and has a long life. A feasible solution to offset its high carbon impact is to use hybrid products that contain materials with positive carbon impact such as an aluminium covered timber-framed window.

Bamboo is a renewable material that has adequate compressive and tensile strength as good as concrete and steel. However, limited by when bamboo is specified at a distance from where it is cultivated, transportation emissions can have a significant influence. In addition, it also requires advanced treatment to protect from decay, insect infestation and UV degradation.

Bricks can remain their structural function for a thousand-year life. However, the production of brick usually demands burning coal or biomass, consequently leading to serious deforestation and tonnes of air pollution. Recyclable bricks or bricks that require less/net-zero energy firing that has low carbon impact can be alternative options.

Timber is a lightweight, renewable and environmental-friendly material. It can be used to alter and offset the high embodied carbon caused by other materials such as metal and plastic to archive net-zero embodied carbon. However, potential carbon impact could be caused through transport, satisfying regulations, fire and acoustic performance issues.

Approximately 90% of the UK’s construction consumption relies on concrete. Its early production demands 1450 degrees Celsius heating, causing problems with air pollution and high embodied carbon. Moreover, concrete is difficult to be recycled and is highly likely to become construction waste at the end of its life cycle. It is possible to reduce the demand for concrete use by avoiding over design and reducing unnecessary reinforcement.

Copper has been dominantly utilized in residential buildings because it is required for plumbing fixtures and all sorts of pipes. Similar to Aluminium, it has a long performance life and is highly recyclable. Further increasing its reuse rate is an effective solution to lower its carbon impact.

The manufacturing of glass requires heating and melting at 1500 degrees Celsius, which results in high embodied carbon. The glass itself is entirely recyclable, however, elements such as extra coating, small hinge components and polymer 40

PVC

4,790

Windows, detailing, pipes

Steel

12,170

Most building components

Cross Laminated Timber (CLT)

-

Wall, roofing, flooring

Structural insulated panels (SIPS)

+

Wall, flooring

seals may affect the glass product’s durability and chances of recycling. A well-designed window system can efficiently improve a building’s operational energy performance by customizing solar gaining and shading to neutralize its carbon impact through manufacturing. Additionally, only 75% of energy is required for re-melting waste glass compared with making it from raw materials.

Polyvinyl-chloride is extracted from crude oil which makes it an unrenewable material.

Besides, noxious gas which is harmful to human health and the ecosystem will be released during the production of PVC and the material itself is combustible. Moreover, there are only 10% of PVC products can be recycled in the UK, and currently, it tends to be challenging to dispose PVC without causing additional carbon impact.

Therefore, the use of PVC or uPVC products should be avoided concerning environmental sustainability.

Steel has been predominantly used in the construction industry like concrete worldwide.

However, since the production of iron involves several high carbon operations, it also has a considerate carbon impact. To alleviate the reliance on steel in the building industry, we would need to reduce structural spans, avoid over design, improve steel’s corrosion resistance, and enhance its recoverability.

It is an off-site prefabricated lightweight and sustainable construction material with a positive carbon impact. Structurally, it functions the same as concrete and steel in compressive strength and tensile strength. The material itself is insulated, so it comes out to have decent thermal performance and a high level of airtightness and works both internally and externally. It is also easy and quick to install and causes lesser waste and pollution during construction. However, it may cause fire risk and poor acoustic issues without additional treatment, whereas such treatment usually brings a negative carbon impact to the product.

The benefits of SIPS are similar to CLT, but it may include high embodied carbon due to the use of EPS and XPS insulation.

(Bre, 2008), (Brandner, et al., 2016) (Carbon Counts, 2022), (The Passivehaus Trust, 2015), (Kermani, 2006).

Insulation materials Insulation type

Energy performance

Installation difficulty

Fire resistance

Vapour permeability

Embodied carbon

Price

41

Mineral/glass wool

Good

Moderate

High

Moderate

High

Low

Sheep wool

Good

Easy

Moderate

High

Low

Moderate

Cellulose

Good

Moderate

Need chemical treatment

High

Very low

Low

Hemp boards

Good

Easy

Low

High

Low

Moderate

EPS/XPS board

Good

Moderate

Flammable

Moderate

High

Low

Phenolic foam

Excellent

Moderate

Moderate

Moderate

High

High

Wood Fibre

Good

Moderate

Need chemical treatment

High

Moderate

Moderate

Excellent

Easy

Moderate

High

Very low

Low

Cork

wool/

(The Carbon Trust, 2018) Table 9 9

Note: Green means the thesis group’s preferred choices.

Construction type Taking the “corner add-on operation” (Figure 22) as an example, its construction and structural type will be discussed. The operation contains two parts; one is the retrofitting of the existing ground floor unused garages into offices and retail spaces, and the other is adding a new building at the corner between two existing blocks, connecting the garages.

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Figure 22 A. Retrofitting garages As the retrofitting will only happen in the ground floor level where the ceiling height is only 2.2 meters, no structural components of the existing will be removed and no additional beams will be added due to safety and economic concerns. Only the internal partition walls (shown as red lines in Figure 23) will be partially demolished to provide larger space in one unit. In addition, parts of the existing external solid walls will be replaced with double-glazed curtain walls to give more pedestrian visibility to the workshop and retails from the street. Interior design and refurbishment are required to bring more comfort to the renewed ground floor spaces.

Figure 23 B. Add-on corner building: Highly recyclable steel could be used for load bearing and roof framing for structural stability, since the new building shares the same side wall with the existing housing. Consequently, the steel beam can be embedded into the masonry cavity walls without requiring additional supporting elements. Typically, 43

about 10% of heat loss takes place in walls of a building if they are not well-insulated (The Carbon Trust, 2018), and using steel structure means involving high embodied carbon. Thus, cross laminated timber could be an optimal option to work with the steel external frame structure hatches for internal walls, because of its positive carbon impact and decent thermal performance. A solid insulated ground with under fill like slag can effectively prevent the heat loss through the foundation but in order to minimise thermal bridging, the wall insulation should be extended to touch the foundation. Either a suspended timber floor slab or an insulated slab can be the flooring choice in this case since they are lightweight, relatively cost-effective and environmental-friendly (The Passivehaus Trust, 2015). All transparent elements should be at-least double glazed and use timber or metal framing instead of PVC framing for easy-recycling and low carbon concerns (Carbon Counts, 2022). Extra shading devices are also suggested for protecting the space from overheating in Summer (Heywood, 2015). Mesh metal would be a reasonable material for railing, steps, raised walkway and façade cladding due to its merit of high air and light permeability comparing with traditional glass and other solid materials.

Figure 24

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6.3 LIGHTING STRATEGY - JANE A key technical environmental issue presented in this project is lighting levels in the retrofitted garage spaces. The existing garages have no windows or adequate lighting meaning that any intervention must provide sufficient lighting methods.

Figure 25 Office lighting system

Passive measures Offices at the front of the building face towards the northeast, meaning there would be better light in the morning when users arrive to work. Light shelves (fig.25) can be used to make use of light that would enter the space, helping to reduce the amount of artificial lighting required. Due to the low head height in the garages, the system would have to be external. Light shelves will be placed on the southwest facing façade in order for them to be most effective. This is shown to be a good option by Kontadakis et.al (2017), who highlight that light shelves are easy to install and can impact productivity and mood.

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Mechanical measures LED lighting will be used in each office space. This decision was made as LED bulbs can last 20 times longer than other types of bulb and they can be 80% more efficient than regular light bulbs (UK Energy Lighting, 2022). Each individual office space will have its own light switch (fig.25) to aid with occupant control. Controlling offices on an individual basis means that when an office is vacant, lights can be switched off to help save energy.

6.4 VENTILATION STRATEGY – JANE Passive Measures

Figure 26 Atrium section showing stack ventilation It is important to assess any passive methods of ventilation that can be utilised. Hunt and Acred (2013) highlight the potential of a stack ventilation system in buildings with atriums, noting that this typology enhance ventilation flows by providing a space in which buoyant air can accumulate” (1). One major benefit of this system is that it “allows for building cooling and ventilation with lower maintenance and operating costs than mechanical systems” (Sustainable Buildings Initiative, 2022). Fig. 26 demonstrates the use of this passive system.

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Figure 27 Office plan with cross ventilation The adjoining offices spaces may not benefit from this system due to the distance from the atrium.

Therefore, additional ventilation systems should be considered. As the offices are individual rooms which may be rented, there is a need for individual users to have control over their climate. Use of several computers in small spaces may generate a lot of heat which will accumulate as users may spend many hours there at one time. A cheap and easy solution for this is to have openable windows accessible to each office space. This would provide an “effective method for maintaining indoor air quality and thermal comfort conditions” (Abdullah and Alibaba, 2020, 2). Although there are individual offices, the central circulation corridor also acts as a communal work area. To accommodate for this, some of the original garage spaces have been left without doors so windows are accessible from the central space (fig.27).

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6.5 HEATING AND COOLING STRATEGY – YAO LI Passive heating and cooling design principles: The site is in a temperate climate zone (WeatherSpark 2022). According to Heywood (2015), the designing principles should be: 1. Reduce the needs regarding heating by using insulation and buffer zone, reducing heat loss (winter) 2. Use thermal mass and shading to prevent overheating (summer) 3. Minimize air infiltration

The exposed front of the corner add-on building is mostly facing north (Figure 28), therefore overheating from the sun in summer might be prevented. However in winter, it could be a problem because very limited solar gaining can be conducted through the building façade. To solve this, a skylight with smart shading control on the roof level is highly recommended. The skylight should also be openable to allow efficient stack ventilation flow in the building. Secondly, the void open space (Figure 29) below the skylight and around the staircase may have the chance to function as buffer zones to balance the in/exterior temperature like a huge thermal mass. Thirdly, as the site is surrounded by other residential buildings which works as existing wind barriers, so the dominant wind from the west (WeatherSpark 2022) will be unlikely to influence the corner building significantly from gaining or losing heat. Hence, no additional wind break would be required. In addition, a green roof system is also a feasible passive design option to reduce heat loss through the roof and also offset the high embodied carbon from using steel structures.

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Figure 28

Figure 29

Sustainable heating and cooling technologies The current heat gaining method on site is using gas mainly, which might be an economic choice but causes very high CO2 emissions. Applying some sustainable heating/cooling technologies could significantly change this condition.

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Heat pumps (HP): The air-source heat pump (ASHP) and ground-source heat pump (GSHP) are the two commonly advised HP in the UK and they are both partially financially supported by the UK government by the Renewable Heat Incentive scheme (Ofgem, 2022). By extracting and transferring heat from the outdoor environment to heat interior space, HP is a highly sustainable heating technology that consumes only about 35% energy of a normal electric heating system (Energy Saving Trust, 2021). Normally, GSHP performs better than ASHP in energy efficiency but demands larger operation space and costs more and is more difficult to install. A noteworthy fact is that GSHP can fully function for a whole year due to the constant temperature underground, whereas an ASHP can only remain high efficiency when the outdoor temperature is above 7°C (Energy Saving Trust, 2021). The temperature at the site ranges from 4 to 22 degrees celsius (WeatherSpark 2022). Typically, approximately 2.1-2.7 tonnes of CO2 emission per year and £25 to £100 energy costs can be saved domestically if an HP is installed (Vekony, 2021).

Mechanical Ventilation with Heat Recovery (MVHR):

MVHR works not only as an air purifier but also as a heater that recycles the remaining heat from warm indoor air from the kitchen or bathroom to reheat the interior space (Green building store, 2022). It is a cost-effective, efficient and healthy technology because it may decrease 50% of a building’s heating demand and cost only half the installation fee of an ASHP and can also purify the air inside.

Solar thermal system: A solar thermal collector is an advanced type of solar thermal system compared with traditional types such as a solar water heater. It not only supplies hot water but also can store additional solar heat in a well-insulated thermal mass. It allows using the stored energy to reheat the interior space or keep the water warm when sunshine is unavailable during the day or at night, However, it may also mean more difficult installation and higher investment compared with the traditional types (GREENMATCH,2022).

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6.6 ENERGY STRATEGY- LAURA

Existing local energy systems in Islington include the GreenSCIES project as previously discussed, producing electricity from excess heat, in many types of infrastructure (Innovate UK 2022,11). Our project could contribute to this program, creating energy from excess heat in the leisure centre and commercial buildings within the estate.

Other options for producing local energy for the estate could be the use of photovoltaic panels.

Following on from the heat gain analysis in the site appraisal, there is opportunity to collect a lot of energy from the roof of the Ziggurat building (energy saving trust, 2022). Because this building is owned and maintained by the council, there would be minimal regulation complexity, however access to the roof could be difficult for maintenance due to the form of the building.

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7. CONCLUSION - EIRINI As Towers stresses, there is a need of realization that housing estates are not merely about shelter and that regeneration schemes will continue being unsuccessful until awareness for its socio-economic requirements, is raised. Responding to those, housing estates should be reintegrated into the wider community by engaging with the public, while also providing for their residents (2000, 152). This thesis project strives to contribute to this goal and wants to explore the opportunities presented by addressing broader issues. Andover Estate was chosen as a testing ground for the examination of matters regarding the 5 main objectives found in the Introduction.

The layout and process of our research was structured in light of these points, as well as the legal and regulatory requirements of the UK and Islington Borough. Initially, the site was thoroughly appraised regarding its current conditions, the opportunities and constraints it presents. The architectural landscape of Andover, that attempted to segregate the cars from the pedestrians, resulted in a maze of alleyways, dead frontages, gates, flank walls, elevated walkways and underutilized garages and public spaces. While those caused poor surveillance, security and accessibility that seemingly contributed to the estate’s poor reputation regarding anti-social behaviour, they also present opportunities for regeneration. Also, the energy performance of the residential units was analysed and revealed that there are poor environmental impacts that should be considered for the estate’s redevelopment.

Once the main considerations regarding the existing conditions were determined, 3 different masterplan scenarios were established that attempted to tackle the above issues, highlighting the importance of circulation, shared infrastructure and the users’ needs. The most effective suggestions from each scenario were used to create the final masterplan regarding the landscape, architectural and programmatic operations. Such operations include forming an avenue, establishing a new movement network, reorganizing the clusters, creating bridges between them, adding corner gateway buildings and retrofitting the unused lock-up and undercroft garages. The programme that was proposed was aiming to cater for the needs of the estate’s users, both for its residents and the public. By providing different types of residential units, numerous leisure facilities, affordable workspaces and flexible spaces where the suggested workshops will take place, we also respond directly to the questions posed and several Sustainable Development Goals of the UN. 52

Housing estates can be part of the solution regarding densification, without damaging the existing social structure of the residents, but rather benefiting it through the new facilities. Affordability and liveability will be improved, since the residents will have the opportunities to learn the vocational and technical skills, necessary for their employment. Job opportunities will also increase as the new affordable workspaces will be available for rent by any kind of business, that also requires workforce. The modification of the site’s physical landscape and the introduction of new facilities will also encourage people to use the estate more frequently; either as a through route, a place for gathering, leisure activities, to work and learn. Once the public familiarizes and bonds with the estate, the prejudice that currently exists will eventually be minimized. The numerous suggested facilities in such a close proximity, will not only minimize the dependence on cars, but will also contribute to UK’s broader goals regarding environmental sustainability.

Upon review, the combination of research and design methods formulated a series of repeatable architectural and programmatic operations that can eventually form an Estate Regeneration Toolkit.

The wide variety of techniques and rules presented, have the possibility to address broader issues regarding social, economic and environmental sustainability. This paper concludes with Kubey’s words, “estate redevelopment must work to […] carve out a new narrative that does not hide behind regeneration jargon.” (2018, 53)

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APPENDIX

Appendix 1 Existing site plan

Appendix 2 Proposed Ground Floor Plan

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Appendix 3 Proposed First Floor Plan

Appendix 4 Proposed Second Floor Plan 55

Appendix 5

Appendix 6

Appendix 7

Appendix 8

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Appendix 9

Appendix 10

Appendix 11

Appendix 12

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Appendix 13

Appendix 15

Appendix 14

Appendix 16

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Appendix 17

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FIGURE REFERENCES Figure 1- Ziggurat Building in Central Square, Authors Own work, 2022 Figure 2 -Walkway, Ibid Figure 3 -Lock Up Garage , Ibid Figure 4- Undercroft Garage, Ibid Figure 5- Accessibility, Ibid Figure 6- Residential Units, Ibid Figure 7, Ibid Figure 8, Ibid Figure 9, Ibid Figure 10, Ibid Figure 11- Site Appraisal, Ibid Figure 12, Ibid Figure 13, Ibid Figure 14, Ibid Figure 15, Ibid 64

Figure 16, Ibid Figure 17- Existing Construction, Ibid Figure 18, Ibid Figure 19- Project methodology, Ibid Figure 20- Focused Site Location, Ibid Figure 21- Proposed Ground Floor Plan, Ibid Figure 22, Ibid Figure 23, Ibid Figure 24, Ibid Figure 25- Office lighting system, Ibid Figure 26, Ibid Figure 27- Office plan with cross ventilation, Ibid Figure 28, Ibid Figure 29, Ibid

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