Media 2014 februvary online file

February 2014 | Vol. 2 | Issue 10 | Price ` 20

Are publishers presumed to be also journalists? Or are they just business people whose product incidentally happens to be the news? And if they are solely the latter, should the same standards applied to journalists also be applied to them? Or do they exist in a separate if parallel universe? And if they do inhabit the same universe, do the same principles of journalism apply? These principles– truth-telling, independence, impartiality, humanity (do no harm), and accountability–are well under stood inside journalism, but how are they applied to the people responsible for the ownership, governance, and administration of media?

s^{_phcn 2014 $ ]pkvXIw 2 $ e¡w 10 $ hne ` 20

06 Applying Standards:

Media Owners and Journalism Ethics

Eugene L. Meyer

FUntämdnbð 04 {^w hÀ½mPn, hn¯v eu 25 21

Women and Crime: Objectivity and Creativity in the Media for and by Women

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27

tPmk^v BâWn

Shoma A. Chatterji

Lighthouse

31

24

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Students’ Corner

33

s‑I.-F‑w. t‑d‑mb‑v

J. V. Vil’anilam

35

Advertising Research in India: Why It Is Important Today

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41

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S. Ganesh

Ashok R Chandran

Bookshelf

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45 46

A¡mZan hmÀ¯IÄ 47 temIw Iï hc 50

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-am-[y-aw F-óm-ð \n-b-{´-Ww Fópw AÀ-°-apt­ïm?

{_n Editor N. P. Rajendran Chairman, Kerala Press Academy Editorial Board E. P. Shajuddeen Chief News Editor, Mangalam, Kozhikode N. Rajesh News Editor, Madhyamam, Kozhikode M. P. Suryadas Chief Sub Editor, Mathrubhumi, Kozhikode P. Sujathan T. R. Madhukumar Editor In Charge, Deshabhimani Weekly, Kozhikode C. N. Mohanan Manager, Deshabhimani, Kochi Editorial Assistant P. Salil Design & Layout Praveen Ophelia Printer & Publisher V. R. Ajith Kumar Secretary, Kerala Press Academy Marketing In Charge Shainus Markose Address 'Media' Kerala Press Academy Kakkanad, Kochi - 682 030 Phone: 0484 2422275 E-Mail: media.kpa@gmail.com Website: www.pressacademy.org Subscribe ‘Media’ Single Issue: ` 20 Annual Subscription: ` 200 Advertisement tariff Back cover: Color: ` 30,000 Inside cover: Color: ` 25,000 Inside B&W: ` 20,000

s^{_phcn 2014

-«-\‑n C‑u-b‑n-s‑S \-S¯‑n-b H-c‑p kÀ-s‑h-b‑n 2003s‑e C-d‑m-J‑v b‑p²-¯‑n-s‑â ^-e-a‑m-b‑n F-{‑X-t‑]À a-c‑n-¨‑p-I‑m-W‑p-s‑a-¶ H-c‑p t‑N‑mZ‑y‑w D-ï‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶‑p. D-¯-c-§Ä A-¼-c-¸‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶‑p. `‑q-c‑n-]-£‑w-t‑]c‑p‑w ]-dª-X‑v ]-X‑n-\‑m-b‑n-c-¯‑nÂ-X‑m-s‑g Bh‑p‑w a-c-W-k‑w-J‑y F-¶‑mW‑v. i‑m-k‑v-{‑X‑oba‑m-b ]T-\-§Ä F-´‑m-W‑v ]-d-ª-s‑X-t‑¶‑m? {‑_‑n-«‑o-j‑v K-h-s‑×â‑p‑w h‑m-j‑nM‑v-S-W‑n-s‑e I‑q-«‑m-f‑nb‑p‑w t‑NÀ-¶‑v \-S-¯‑n-b C-d‑m-J‑v b‑p-²-¯‑n-s‑âb‑p‑w X‑p-SÀ-k‑w-`h-§-f‑p-s‑Sb‑p‑w ^-e-a‑m-b‑n a-c‑n-¨-h-c‑p-s‑S F-®‑w ]¯‑p‑w e-£‑w hc‑p‑w F-¶‑mW‑v.

C-X‑v d‑p-h‑m³-U-b‑n-s‑e h‑w-i-l-X‑y-b‑p-s‑S a-c-W-k‑wJ‑yt‑b‑m-f‑w h-c‑p¶‑p. F-¶‑n-«‑p‑w C-X‑v X‑p-SÀ-¶‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p. kX‑y‑w P-\§-s‑f A-d‑n-b‑n-t‑¡-ï-hÀ F-{‑Xt‑¯‑m-f‑w P-\§-s‑f s‑X-ä‑n-²-c‑n-¸‑n-¨‑n-«‑p-ï‑v F¶‑m-W‑v CX‑pI‑m-W‑n-¡‑p-¶X‑v.

A-t‑a-c‑n-¡³ F-g‑p-¯‑p-I‑m-c\‑p‑w A-[‑y‑m-]-I-\‑pa‑m-b F-U‑z‑m-À-U‑v s‑lÀa³ C-X‑n-s‑\ "A-N‑n-´‑y-a‑m-b-X‑n-s‑\ k‑m-[‑m-c-W-a‑m-¡Â‑' F-¶‑m-W‑v h‑n-f‑n-¨X‑v. h‑mÀ¯-b‑p-s‑S t‑e‑mI-¯‑v c-ï‑pX-c‑w C-c-IÄ D-ï‑v F-¶‑m-W‑v A-t‑±-l‑w h‑n-h-c‑n-¨X‑v. h‑n-e-b‑p-Å C-c-If‑p‑w h‑n-e-b‑nÃ‑m-¯ C-c-I-f‑p‑w. \-½‑p-s‑S i-{‑X‑p-¡-f‑p-s‑S Z‑p-j‑v-s‑Nb‑v-X‑n-I-f‑p-s‑S Z‑p-c‑n-X‑w A-\‑p-`-h‑n-¡‑p-¶-h-c‑m-W‑v h‑n-e-b‑p-Å C-cIÄ; A-Ê-Z‑v, K-±‑m^‑n‑, k±‑m‑w l‑p-s‑s‑ʳ X‑p-S-§‑n-b-h-c‑ps‑S. C¯-c‑w C-c-IÄ \‑m‑w "a-\‑p-j‑y-X‑z-]ca‑m-b C-S-s‑]SÂ‑' F-¶‑p h‑n-f‑n-¡‑p-¶ C-S-s‑]-S-e‑n-\‑v AÀ-l-c‑mW‑v. h‑n-e-b‑nÃ‑m-¯ C-c-IÄ \-½f‑p‑w \-½-Ä \‑n-t‑b‑m-K‑n-¡‑p¶ \à G-I‑m-[‑n-]-X‑n-If‑p‑w \-S-¯‑p-¶ i‑n-£‑m-\-S-]-S‑n-I-f‑n s‑]-«‑p-t‑]‑m-I‑p-¶-h-c‑mW‑v. k-±‑m‑w l‑p-s‑s‑k³ \à G-I‑m[‑n-]-X‑n-b‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶‑p. ]‑n-¶‑o-S‑v t‑a‑m-i-a‑mb‑n; N‑o-¯ G-I‑m-[‑n-]-X‑n-Ø‑m-\-t‑¯-¡‑v X-Å-s‑¸-«‑p.

C-t‑´‑m-t‑\-j‑y-b‑n-s‑e P-\-d k‑p-l‑mÀt‑¯‑m \à G-I‑m-[‑n-]-X‑n-b‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶‑p.

A-t‑a-c‑n-¡-b‑n-s‑eb‑p‑w {‑_‑n-«-\‑n-s‑e-b‑p‑w kÀ-¡‑m-d‑p-I-f‑p-s‑S k-l‑m-b-t‑¯‑m-s‑S k‑p-l‑mÀt‑¯‑m ]-¯‑p-e-£-¯‑n-t‑e-s‑d ]‑u-c-·‑m-s‑c s‑I‑m-s‑¶‑m-S‑p-¡‑n-s‑b-¶-X‑v k-X‑y‑w. I‑n-g-¡³ X‑n-a‑q-d‑ns‑e P-\-k‑w-J‑y-b‑n a‑q-¶‑n-s‑e‑m-¶‑n-s‑\ {‑_‑n-«‑o-j‑v b‑p²-h‑n-a‑m\§-f‑p-s‑S-b‑p‑w b-{‑´-t‑¯‑m-¡‑p-I-f‑p-s‑Sb‑p‑w k-l‑m-b-t‑¯‑m-s‑S A-b‑mÄ s‑I‑m-s‑¶‑m-S‑p-¡‑n-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p-s‑h-¶-X‑p‑w k-X‑y‑w. k‑p-l‑mÀt‑X‑m e-ï-\‑n h-¶-t‑¸‑mÄ k‑z‑o-I-c‑n-¡‑m³ c‑m-Ú‑n-X-s‑¶- s‑N¶‑p. A-b‑mÄ I-«‑n-e‑n I‑nS-¶‑v k-a‑m-[‑m-\t‑¯‑ms‑S a-c‑n-¨-t‑¸‑mÄ‑, F-§-s‑\-s‑bÃ‑m-a‑m-W‑v h‑m-g‑v-¯-s‑¸-«-X‑v! k-±‑m‑w l‑p-s‑s‑Ês‑â {‑]-a‑m-W‑n-¯-s‑a‑m¶‑p‑w A-b‑mÄ-¡‑v I‑n-«‑n-b-X‑p-a‑nÃ. s‑X‑m-®‑q-d‑p-I-f‑n R‑m³ C-d‑m-J‑n k-©-c‑n-¨ I‑me-¯‑v A-h‑nS-s‑¯ cï‑v a‑p-É‑n‑w h‑n-`‑m-K-§Ä X-½‑nÂþ j‑n-b‑m-If‑p‑w k‑p-¶‑n-I-f‑p‑wþ `‑n-¶-X-s‑bÃ‑m‑w D-ï‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p-s‑h-¦‑ne‑p‑w A-hÀ k-a‑m-[‑m-\-]‑qÀ-h‑w k-l-hÀ-¯‑n-¨‑n-c‑p-¶‑p.

A-hÀ X-½‑n h‑n-h‑m-l-_-Ô-§-f‑n GÀ-s‑¸-S‑m-d‑p-a‑pï‑v. C-d‑m-J‑p-I‑mÀ F-¶ s‑]‑m-X‑p-A-`‑n-a‑m-\‑w A-h-s‑c t‑b‑m-P‑n-¸‑n-¨‑p-\‑nÀ-¯‑n-b‑n-c‑p¶‑p. AÂ-s‑s‑J‑z-Z-t‑b‑m P‑nl‑m-Z‑n-It‑f‑m A-¶‑nÃ. 2003 H‑m-s‑S FÃ‑m‑w \-½Ä X-IÀ-s‑¯-d‑n-ª‑p. C-t‑¸‑mÄ C-d‑m-J‑n-s‑e§‑p‑w k‑p-¶‑n-If‑p‑w j‑n-b‑m-If‑p‑w ]-c-k‑v]-c‑w s‑I‑m-s‑¶‑m-S‑p-¡‑p-I-b‑mW‑v. k‑u-Z‑n-b‑n-s‑e `-c-W-I‑q-S-a‑mW‑v C‑u I‑q-«-s‑¡‑m-e-b‑v-¡‑v ]-W‑w \Â-I‑p-¶-X‑v. 9/11 h‑n-a‑m-\-d‑m-©‑n-IÄ A-[‑n-I-h‑p‑w k‑u-Z‑n-b‑nÂ-\‑n-¶‑p-Å-h-c‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. s‑k-{‑I«d‑n H‑m-^‑v t‑Ì-ä‑v l‑n-e‑m-c‑n ¢‑n⬠b‑p.F-k‑v. F-¼-Ê‑n-IÄ-¡b-¨ H-c‑p t‑I-_‑vÄ k-t‑µ-i‑w 2010  h‑n-¡‑n-e‑o-I‑vk‑v ]-c-k‑y-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑p-I-b‑p-ï‑mb‑n. A-hÀ C§s‑\ F-g‑pX‑nþ "k‑u-Z‑n A-t‑d-_‑y t‑e‑m-I-h‑y‑m-]-I-a‑mb‑n AÂ-s‑s‑J‑z-Z-‑, X‑m-e‑n-_‑m³‑, A \‑p-{‑k X‑p-S-§‑n-b `‑o-I-c-k‑w-L-§-f‑ps‑S a‑p-J‑y [-\-k-l‑m-b‑n-b‑m-b‑n X‑p-Sc‑p¶‑p‑'. F-¦‑n-e‑p‑w k‑u-Z‑n A-t‑d-_‑y A-t‑a-c‑n-¡-b‑ps‑S h‑n-e-s‑¸-« I‑q-«‑m-f‑n-b‑mW‑v.

A-hÀ \à t‑k‑z-Ñ‑m-[‑n-]-X‑n-I-f‑mW‑v. {‑_‑n-«‑o-j‑v c‑m-P-I‑p-S‑p‑w-_‑w C-S-¡‑n-s‑S Ah-s‑c k-µÀ-i‑n-¡‑p¶‑p. A-t‑a-c‑n-¡ A-hÀ-¡‑v B-h-i‑y-a‑p-Å B-b‑p-[-§Ä h‑nÂ-¡‑p¶‑p.

R‑m³ C-h‑n-s‑S \‑m‑w F¶‑p‑w \-½Ä F-¶‑ps‑aÃ‑m‑w {‑]-t‑b‑m-K‑n-¡‑p¶-X‑v

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N‑m-\ h‑mÀ-¯‑m-h‑m-b-\-¡‑m-c‑p-s‑Sb‑p‑w A-h-X‑m-c-I-c‑p-s‑Sb‑p‑w s‑s‑i-e‑n I-S-s‑a-S‑p-¯‑mW‑v. A-hÀ-¡‑v kÀ-¡‑m-d‑p-If‑p‑w P-\-§f‑p‑w X-½‑nÂ- h‑y-X‑y‑m-k-a‑nÃ. {‑I‑n-a‑n-\ kÀ-¡‑m-d‑p-IÄ s‑N-¿‑p-¶-X‑n-s‑eÃ‑m‑w P-\-§-f‑p‑w ]-¦‑m-f‑n-I-f‑m-W‑v F-¶‑m-W‑v C-X‑n-s‑â AÀ-°‑w. t‑S‑m-d‑nb‑p‑w t‑e-_-d‑p‑w s‑s‑h-ä‑v l‑u-k‑p‑w X-½‑n h‑y-X‑y‑m-k-a‑nÃ. s‑\Â-k¬ at‑ï-e a-c‑n-¨-t‑¸‑mÄ _‑n._‑n.k‑n BZ‑y‑w t‑U-h‑n-U‑v I-‑m-a-d‑q-W‑n-s‑\b‑p‑w ]‑n-s‑¶ H-_‑m-a-s‑bb‑p‑w B-W‑v I-ïX‑v.

I‑m-a-d‑q-¬ hÀ-W-h‑n-t‑h-N\-s‑¯ ]‑n-´‑m-§‑n-b B-f‑m-W‑v. t‑d‑m-º³ Z‑z‑o-]‑n s‑N¶‑v a-t‑ï-e-b‑v-¡‑v t‑h-ï‑n I-®‑o-s‑c‑m-g‑p¡‑n-b H-_‑m-a-b‑m-W‑v K‑z‑m-ï-\‑mt‑a‑m X-S-h-d-I-f‑p-s‑S k‑q-£‑n-¸‑p-I‑m-c³. h‑m-k‑v-X-h-¯‑n C-hÀ F-´‑p-I‑m-c‑y-¯‑n-e‑m-W‑v a-t‑ïe-s‑b I‑pd‑n-¨‑v Z‑p:J‑n-¡‑p¶-X‑v? X‑oÀ-¨-b‑m-b‑p‑w‑, b‑p.F-k‑v.{‑_‑n-«‑o-j‑v K-h-s‑×â‑p-IÄ ]-X‑n-ä‑m-ï‑p-IÄ ]‑n-´‑p-W-¨‑p-t‑]‑m-¶ {‑I‑q-c hÀ-W-h‑n-t‑hN-\ `-c-W-I‑qS-s‑¯ A-X‑y-k‑m-[-c-Wa‑m-b C-Ñ‑m-i-à‑n-t‑b‑m-s‑S F-X‑n-c‑n-« h‑y-à‑n-X‑z-¯‑n-s‑â A-´‑y-s‑¯-I‑p-d‑n-¨‑m-h‑nà A-h-c‑p-s‑S Z‑p:J‑w. A-X‑n-t‑\-¡‑mÄ‑, s‑h-f-f `-c-W-I‑q-S-¯‑n-s‑\-X‑nc‑m-b I-d‑p-¯h-s‑â I-e‑m]-s‑¯ X-W‑p-¸‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑n at‑ï-e h-l‑n-¨ ]-¦‑n-s‑\-b‑mh‑p‑w A-hÀ \-µ‑n-t‑b‑ms‑S H‑mÀ-¡‑p-¶X‑v. A-X‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑m-Wt‑Ã‑m A-¶‑v A-hÀ a-t‑ïe-s‑b P-b‑n t‑a‑m-N‑n-X-\‑m-¡‑n-bX‑v.

C¶‑p‑w Z-£‑n-W‑m-{‑^‑n-¡ H-c‑p hÀ-W-h‑n-t‑h-N-\ k-a‑q-l-a‑mW‑v. A¶-s‑¯ k‑m-¼-¯‑n-I-i-à‑n-IÄ Z-£‑nW‑m-{‑^‑n¡-s‑b t‑e‑m-I¯‑n-s‑e G-äh‑p‑w A-ka-X‑z k-a‑q-l-a‑m-¡‑n a‑m-ä‑n-b‑n-c‑n-¡‑p¶‑p. N‑n-eÀ C-X‑n-s‑\ "A-\‑p-c-R‑vP-\‑w‑' F-¶‑p-h‑n-f‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p. \‑m‑w P‑o-h‑n-¡‑p¶-X‑v H-c‑p h‑n-h-c-b‑p-K-¯‑n-e‑m-W‑v. C-X‑v k‑v-a‑mÀ-«‑v-t‑^‑m-W‑p-I-s‑f X‑m-t‑e‑m-e‑n-¨‑v \‑m‑w ]-c-k‑v]-c‑w ]-d-b‑p-¶ I‑m-c‑ya‑mW‑v. \‑m‑w \‑n-c´-c‑w B-i-b-h‑n-\‑na-b‑w \-S-¯‑p-I-b‑mW‑v. \-a‑p-s‑¡‑m-c‑p h‑n-jb-t‑a D-Å‑q. FÃ‑m k-t‑µ-i-§f‑p‑w \½-s‑f I‑p-d‑n-¨‑pX-s‑¶-b‑p-Å-X‑m-W‑v. h-f-s‑c-¡‑m-e‑w a‑p-¼‑v BÄU-k‑v l-I‑v-k‑v-e‑n‑, C-X‑m-W‑v h-c‑m³-t‑]‑m-I‑p¶ B-X‑y-´‑n-Ia‑m-b k‑m-a‑q-l‑y-\‑n-b-{‑´-W‑w F-¶‑v {‑]-h-N‑n-¨‑n-«‑p-ï‑v. C-X‑v \‑m‑w k‑z-b‑w-k-¶-²-a‑m-b‑n k‑z‑o-I-c‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑mW‑v‑, h‑n-s‑«‑m-g‑n-b‑m³ I-g‑n-b‑m-¯-X‑mW‑v‑, h‑y-à‑n-k‑z‑m-X-{‑´‑y-s‑¯ I‑p-d‑n¨‑v a‑n-Y‑y‑m-t‑_‑m-[-a‑p-ï‑m-¡‑p-¶-X‑mW‑v. \‑m‑w P‑o-h‑n-¡‑p¶-X‑v H-c‑p h‑n-h-c-b‑p-K-¯‑n-eÃ‑, H-c‑p a‑m-[‑y-a-b‑p-K-¯‑n-e‑m-W‑v F-¶-X‑m-W‑v kX‑y‑w. a-t‑ï-e-b‑p-s‑S k‑va-c-W t‑]‑m-s‑e‑, a‑m-[‑y-a-¯‑n-s‑â a‑m-{‑´‑n-Ia‑m-b k‑m-t‑¦-X‑n-I-h‑n-Z‑yb‑p‑w X-«‑n-s‑¡‑m-ï‑p-t‑]‑m-I-s‑¸-«‑n-c‑n-¡‑p¶‑p.

2005 s‑e t‑\‑m-_ k-½‑m-\‑w k‑z‑o-I-c‑n-¨‑v \-S-¯‑n-b {‑]-k‑w-K-¯‑n l-t‑c‑mÄ-U‑v ]‑nâÀ t‑e‑m-I-h‑y‑m-]-I-a‑m-b "k‑mÀ-h-{‑X‑n-I \-·-b‑p-s‑S t‑h-j‑w-s‑I-«‑n-b‑pÅ‑, A-[‑n-I‑m-c-i-à‑n-b‑ps‑S t‑e‑m-I-h‑y‑m-]-Ia‑mb Z‑p-c-h-X-c-W‑'s‑¯ I‑p-d‑n-¨‑v ]-c‑m-aÀ-i‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑p-ï‑mb‑n‑, "CÃ‑, A§-s‑\ H-c‑n-¡e‑p‑w k‑w-`-h‑n-¡‑m-d‑nÃ. A§-s‑\ k‑w-`-h‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p F-¶‑p-]-d-b‑p-t‑¼‑mg‑p‑w k‑w-`-h‑n-¡‑m-d‑nÃ'. ]‑nâÀ ]-dª-X‑v a‑m-[‑y-a§-s‑f I‑p-d‑n-¨‑mW‑v. A-X‑n-s‑e A-{‑]-J‑y‑m]‑n-X s‑k³-k-d‑n-§‑n-s‑\ I‑p-d‑n-¨‑m-W‑v. B-h-i‑y-a‑m-b-X‑p- s‑h«‑n-¡-f-b‑p-¶ s‑k³-k-d‑n-§‑m-WX‑v. t‑e‑m-I-s‑¯-I‑p-d‑n¨‑v A-d‑n-b‑p-¶-X‑n-\‑p-Å \‑nÀ-W‑m-b-I-h‑n-h-c-§Ä h‑n-«‑p-I-fb‑p-I F-¶-X‑m-W‑v A-X‑n-s‑â c‑o-X‑n. t‑I‑mÀ-¸-t‑d-ä‑v `-c-W-I‑q-S‑w P-\-§-t‑f‑m-S‑v I-W-¡‑p-]-d-b‑p-¶ A-h-Ø a‑mä‑n‑, P-\-§Ä t‑I‑mÀ-¸-t‑d-ä‑v `-c-W-I‑q-S-t‑¯‑m-S‑v I-W-¡‑p]-d-t‑b-ï‑n-h-c‑p-¶ A-h-Ø-b‑m-¡‑n e‑n-_-d P-\‑m-[‑n-]X‑y‑w C-¶‑v a‑m-d‑n-¡-g‑nª‑p. k-¼-¶-À¡‑v k‑pJ‑w‑, ]‑m-h-§Ä¡‑v P‑o-h‑n-Xb‑m-X-\ F-¶-X‑m-W‑v {‑_‑n-«-\‑n-s‑e ]‑mÀ-«‑n-IÄ A-\‑p-hÀ-¯‑n-¡‑p-¶ \-b-¯‑n-s‑â ^-e‑w. P-\‑m-[‑n-]-X‑y-¯‑ns‑â C‑u \‑n-t‑j-[‑w H-c‑p N-c‑n-{‑X-a‑m-ä-a‑m-W‑v. A-X‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑m-W‑v F-t‑U‑z-U‑v k‑v-t‑\‑m-U-s‑âb‑p‑w s‑NÂk‑n-b a‑m-¶‑n-§‑n-s‑âb‑p‑w P‑p-e‑n-b‑m³ A-Ê‑m³-P‑n-s‑â-b‑p‑w s‑s‑[c‑y‑w A-[‑n-I‑m-c-ØÀ¡‑v s‑hÃ‑p-h‑n-f‑n-b‑m-I‑p-¶X‑v. A-X‑v \-a‑p-s‑¡Ã‑m-a‑p-Å ]‑mT-a‑mW‑v. {‑]a‑pJ t‑e-J-I³ t‑¢‑m-U‑v t‑I‑m-¡‑v-t‑_W‑n-s‑â {‑]-i-k‑v-X-a‑m-b Hc‑p h‑m-N-I-a‑p-ï‑vþ "H‑u-t‑Z‑y‑m-K‑n-I-a‑m-b‑n \‑n-t‑j-[‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑ph-s‑c H¶‑p‑w h‑n-i‑z-k‑n-¡-c‑p-X‑v'.

C-d‑m-J‑n-s‑\ B-{‑I-a‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑n-\‑v K-h-s‑×â‑pIÄ h-«‑w I‑q-«‑p-¶-X‑n-\‑v a‑p-¼‑v A-h-c‑ps‑S I-Å-¯-c-§Ä a‑m-[‑y-a§Ä i-c‑n¡‑p‑w X‑p-d-¶‑p-I‑m-«‑n-b‑n-c‑p¶‑p-s‑h-¦‑n ]-¯‑pe-£‑w t‑]À a-c‑n-¡‑p-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑nÃ.

(_‑n._‑n.k‑n t‑d-U‑n-t‑b‑m 4 t‑{‑]‑m-{‑K‑m-a‑n-ð ]-d-ª-X‑n-s‑â F-U‑nä‑v s‑N-b‑v-X c‑q-]-a‑m-W‑nX‑v. I-S-¸‑m-S‑v; mediachannel.org) tIcf {]kv A¡mZan `cW kanXn sNbÀam³: F³. ]n. cmtP{µ³ (sU]yq«n FUnäÀ, amXr`qan) sshkv sNbÀam³: sI. kn. cmPtKm]mð (aebmfat\mca) FIvknIyq«ohv t_mÀUv: Fw. Fkv. chn (amt\Pn§v UbdÎÀ, tIcfIuapZn), F³. cmtPjv (\yqkvFUnäÀ, am[yaw, tImgnt¡mSv), UbdÎÀ (]»nIv dntej³kv), sk{I«dn (^n\m³kv Un¸mÀ«vsaâv), sk{I«dn (P\dð AUvan\nt{Ìj³) P\dð Iu¬knð: Sn. BÀ. a[pIpamÀ (FUnäÀ C³ NmÀPv, tZim`nam\n hmcnI, tImgnt¡mSv), C. ]n. jmPp±o³ (No^v \yqkv FUnäÀ, awKfw, tImgnt¡mSv), Fw.]n. kqcyZmkv (No^v k_v FUnäÀ, amXr`qan, tImgnt¡mSv), Fkv. _nPp (No^v tImÀUnt\än§v FUnäÀ, Gjyms\äv \yqkv, Xncph\´]pcw), kn. F³. taml\³ (amt\PÀ, tZim`nam\n, sIm¨n), _nPp hÀ¤okv (amt\Pn§v FUnäÀ, awKfw), ]n. ]n. k®n (amt\Pn§v UbdÎÀ, Zo]nI), sI. Fw. tdmbv (ko\nbÀ tPWenÌv), It¡mS³ apl½Zv, hn. F. kenw (sdknUâv amt\PÀ, am[yaw, FdWmIpfw), sP. Fkv. CµpIpamÀ (FIvknIyq«ohv FUnäÀ, Pbvlnµv Snhn), hn. cmPtKm]mð (ap³ sU]yq«n FUnäÀ, amXr`qan, tImgnt¡mSv), ]n. kpPmX³, t__n amXyp (amt\Pn§v UbdÎÀ & sshkv sNbÀam³, Poh³ Snhn), sNdpIc k®n eqt¡mkv (kvs]jð Idkvt]mïâv, tIcfiÐw) sk{I«dn: hn. BÀ. APnXv IpamÀ AknÌâ v sk{I«dn: F³. ]n. kt´mjv

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Eugene L. Meyer

Applying Standards:

Media Owners and Journalism Ethics

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(7) The Center for International Media Assistance (CIMA) at the National Endowment for Democracy commissioned this study about the ethics of news media owners and executives. The report examines the inherent conflict of interest many media owners face in placing responsibility for content above their commercial interests and how this affects the practice of journalism in countries where independent news media already face challenges.

I

ntroduction

Recent focus in global discussions of media ethics has been on establishing and raising standards for rank-and- file journalists, including reporters and lower or mid-level editors. But there is a nascent effort to refocus a critical lens on the proprietors of media.

When it comes to codes of ethics for media owners, the traditional organizations concerning themselves with ethics in journalism have been noticeably silent. Scan the Society of Professional Journalists (SPJ) code of ethics, considered the gold standard in the United States, or the brief, but global code of principles of the International Federation of Journalists and you will not find “media owners” or proprietors mentioned anywhere. Perhaps it is assumed that one size fits all. But does it?

Focus on media owners is a relatively recent phenomenon in the twenty-first century, but it is not entirely new. In the United States, reformers in the early decades of the twentieth century aimed their criticism at the “press lords” who owned large newspapers and chains. These critics emerged from the Progressive Era and, later, from the Great Depression-spawned social movements of the 1930s.

More recent criticism has focused on ownership concentration and the perceived evils of media monopolies stifling competition. A market with less concentration, the argument has gone, encourages pluralism and has at least the potential to offer diverse voices and more of what has come to be called “accountability journalism.” In 2002, prominent journalists called for media boards of directors to include working journalists to balance corporate responsibility with social responsibility in coverage. The idea created some buzz among media theorists but went nowhere.

In Western democratic societies there exists an inherent conflict of interest as ownership has shifted from private to public, with corporate boards that must, by law, respond first and foremost to their shareholders. Thus, even media corporations with high ethical standards reflected in their content have been forced to sell to abide by their fiduciary responsibility. Champions of private local ownership over the larger publicly-traded corporate model are vocal, but the evidence of one method being superior to the other is contradictory. In either case, conflicts over the interests of owners–whether large

corporations or private parties–and journalistic values persist.

In countries where news media are considered less free, the conflict is even more troublesome.

While several codes in these countries call for media owners to place responsibility for content above their commercial interests, the reality is that when promulgated by governments they can threaten rather than enhance freedom of the press. When voluntary, they are little more than aspirational.

Thus, some view the very notion of codes of ethics for media owners as potentially dangerous as well as ineffective. Nonetheless, media funders and implementers are urged to assist groups that seek to hold media owners accountable for the sins of omission and commission that occur in the publications, broadcast networks, and other media they own and control. As the funding of publicinterest journalism becomes more challenging, notions of corporate social responsibility and good governance in management of media become more relevant and confidence-building actions that will encourage change across the ownership landscape, old and new, are urgently needed.

Backdrop: Media Owners and Ethics in the West

In the spring of 2012, a new media support group, the Ethical Journalism Network, was formed in Paris. Led by an Anglo-Irish expatriate, Aidan White, its mission was, he said, “groundbreaking” by giving equal prominence to the need for ethical practice in the boardroom as well as the newsroom.

But it was also replaying an old refrain.

The group came together as a commission in Great Britain chaired by Lord Justice Brian Leveson was continuing its probe of the illegal-hacking scandal that was enveloping reporters, editors, publishers, police, and politicians–all players, some arrested, others just implicated–in the swelling controversy that had earlier led to the closing of the News of the World tabloid. The tabloid was revealed to have hacked into the mobile phone voicemail messages of politicians and celebrities, as well as private citizens, including a 13-year-old girl who had been murdered. There seemed to be enough unethical behavior to go around, but the public focus this time was heavily on the top of the corporate chain, and on media mogul Rupert s^{_phcn 2014

(8) Murdoch himself.

“The News International case in the United Kingdom has provided much evidence to support the view that media monopolies are dangerous to democracy,” White said. “Some might say that the scandal that has enveloped Murdoch’s News International and the behavior of Silvio Berlusconi, prime minister and media magnate … in Italy, are the smoking guns which support the calls of [those] who have for decades argued for limits to the power and reach of powerful media companies.”

While the primary focus for this report is to examine the state of ethics in news media ownership in partly-free and not-free countries, as defined

by Freedom House, it is instructive to look first at the behaviors of media owners and top editors in Western democracies, such as Britain and the United States. For if media owners cannot be held to account in free societies, what hope can there be for such standards to exist in any meaningful way elsewhere?

Media codes of ethics–always a lively topic in academic circles, think tanks, and organizations of working journalists–seemed to have entered a new realm in the twenty-first century.

White, a former general secretary of the International Federation of Journalists, says that introducing the notion of “good governance” underscores the point that ethical journalism depends absolutely on the presence of ethical management, which fosters essentially good moral conduct. “If there is one lesson we can learn from events in London around the Murdoch case and subsequent Leveson inquiry,” he said, “ it is the direct link between the culture of the boardroom and confidence in and quality of the newsroom.”

The apparent lack of internal self-regulation and good corporate governance at the News of the World and elsewhere also raises another perhaps even more troubling question, according to White: “Can you trust the media to regulate themselves? There’s a powerful argument on the part of the victims of journalistic malpractice that, because the media failed to regulate themselves, we’re going to need laws to bring them into line. This is very tricky for those of us in journalism to deal with.”

For the “media development community,” those who encourage best practices from the outside, as opposed to those who actually perform them, “the challenge is pretty straightforward,” White said.

“Most focus has been on the bottom of the media pyramid–to improve the skills and competence of journalists, and that’s entirely valid. The problem is we haven’t focused at all on the top of the pyramid.

Yet it’s the top that determines the moral character of the organization. Unless you have a clear message coming from the top–that we are going to be open, honest, ethical, and accountable to the public we serve–it’s not going to happen.”

Of course, White noted, “It is very difficult to get s^{_phcn 2014

media owners to buy into this.”

In 1983 the American Society of Newspaper Editors (ASNE) ordered up a survey on the subject of editors, publishers, and newspaper ethics.

“Unless advertising or a publisher’s pet interest in involved, publishers are usually left out of the discussions,” wrote Robert H. Phelps, chairman of the ASNE ethics committee, in his foreword to the published report. “Yet there is no escaping the fact that the greatest power in a newspaper is wielded by the publisher. Decisions he or she makes often set the tone of the newspaper. Anyone interested in newspaper ethics ought to look at the publishers and their relationship with editors.”

The survey of 333 newspapers was coordinated

by Philip Meyer, then a professor of journalism– now emeritus– at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, and a former Washington bureau chief for the Knight-owned Akron Beacon-Journal.

He recalled in an interview: “The most controversial thing I recommended was that organizations like SPJ [Society of Professional Journalists] have enough on the enforcement side to declare something unethical when it happens. That has happened three or four times, but in no systematic way.”

Funded by the John and Mary R. Markle Foundation, the study, Meyer said, was inspired by the positive example of Washington Post publisher Katharine Graham and executive editor Benjamin C. Bradlee during Watergate “working together to do something politically hard and dangerous at the time. ASNE wanted to know what makes that possible to make their publishers behave that bravely and responsibly.”

Meyer categorized publishers by how they participated in the editorial direction of their newspapers–from benign (a helpful suggestion to an editor to improve quality) to malign (expecting special treatment for friends or advertisers “or using the newsroom for personal benefit”).

Smaller newspapers appeared to have “politician” publishers, who are into everything. Most publishers were termed “absentee,” meaning their involvement was minimal. “Statesmen,” the publishers who don’t interfere but sometimes try to be helpful, were more common “at larger newspapers owned by publicly held groups … Perhaps the need to answer to shareholders fosters professionalism and editorialside strength,” he speculated.

Among other variables, Meyer also looked at size and ownership to determine if one or the other produced more or less ethical behavior. The study found no difference.

It is mainly when bad journalism affects the bottom line that publishers seem to take notice: In Britain, for example, the Murdoch family’s News Corporation’s hacking scandal cost the company $57 million in expenses related to continuing investigations into ethical-legal violations at the News of the World, the 168-year old newspaper

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and cash cow shuttered by its parent company in the wake of the controversy. In May 2012 a parliamentary committee’s Labor Party majority declared: “News Corp exhibited willful blindness, for which the company’s directors–including Rupert Murdoch and James Murdoch–should ultimately be prepared to take responsibility … Rupert Murdoch is not a fit person to exercise the stewardship of a major international company.”

White, of the Ethical Journalism Network, sees good governance in journalism as key: “In order to have ethical journalism you need have ethical management. If there is one lesson we can see from events in London around the Murdoch case and the subsequent Leveson inquiry, it is the direct link between the culture of the boardroom and the quality of the newsroom.”

The Leveson report was published in November 2012, following nine months of hearings. It was 1,987 pages long–with a 48-page executive summary.

It called for Parliament to create an independent regulatory body–by law–for newspapers. The body would not only investigate complaints but also could impose fines. In the view of some, the proposals met excess with excess. “For the first time we would have crossed the Rubicon of writing elements of press regulation into the law of the land,” warned Prime Minister David Cameron. “We should, I believe, be wary of any legislation that has the potential to

infringe free speech and a free press.”

But Leveson also took Murdoch’s News Corporation to task not only for allowing widespread unethical practices within its news operation but also for failing to probe allegations of abuses.

“If News Corporation management, and in particular Rupert Murdoch, were aware of the allegations, it is obvious that action should have been taken to investigate them,” Leveson wrote.

“If News Corporation were not aware of the allegations … then there would appear to have been a significant failure in corporate governance.”

By contrast, the United Kingdom’s Guardian sets the standard of ownership ethics in newspapers and media. But then its structure it is quite unlike any other. Founded in 1821 as the Manchester Guardian, its profits are entirely plowed back into the product, and it is overseen by a trust dedicated to that endeavor.

The newspaper’s values were articulated in a front page centennial letter, published in May 5, 1921 by editor C.P. Scott. Scott’s declaration is replete with such statements as, “comment is free, but facts are sacred,” and the uplifting notion that newspapers have “a moral as well as a material existence.”

It is not surprising, then, that the 16-point ethics code of Britain’s Press Complaints Commission is part of the employment contract of every Guardian s^{_phcn 2014

(10) journalist. Breaching it is a potential disciplinary offense. Additionally, the Guardian has its own code of ethics to which employees must subscribe.

It was a key recommendation of the Leveson Report that other proprietors follow the example of the Guardian and make such obligations a contractual responsibility. The first response of editors of major titles is that they will do so.

The Guardian Media Group, which includes the Guardian and the Observer, is overseen by the Scott Trust, established in 1936 “to safeguard the journalistic freedom and liberal values of

the Guardian … Its core purpose is to secure the financial and editorial independence of the Guardian in perpetuity … Profits are reinvested to sustain journalism that is free from commercial or political interference.” The trust is the sole shareholder.

“In the absence of a proprietor, our journalists’ main relationships are with other colleagues and with readers, viewers or listeners,” wrote the editorin-chief of both the Guardian and the Observer Alan Rusbridger, in an introduction to a recent reprinting of Scott’s centenary letter. “There should be a high premium on transparency, collaboration and open

Front page of the first edition of the Guardian, published on May 5 1821

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(11) discussion … The character of Scott Trust journalism depends on its independence of ownership, behaviour and belief.”

The Trust also hires and, in rare cases, fires the editors of the Guardian and Observer. Chris Elliott, the Guardian’s readers’ editor, rose through the ranks as a beat reporter and editor and was hired for his current position by the trust.

Elliott regards Scott’s 1921 declaration as “a bit of a Bible for us in terms of conduct for us to which we should aspire … It’s the basic guidance of the way we should behave.”

“A code of conduct devoted to editors is an interesting idea,” Elliott continued. “It’s not one I’ve had before. To be honest, in principle I can’t see any reason why it shouldn’t be part of the conversation.

But I’m thinking about it for the first time. It certainly is not in our guidelines.”

A code of ethics for media owners would almost seem beside the point for an enterprise whose ethical standards are the highest, such as the Guardian Media Group or its Scott Trust. But, as the hacking scandal demonstrated, the Guardian does not live in splendid isolation; it inhabits a journalistic world that is far from pure. Indeed, it was journalists at the Guardian who pursued the story that would ultimately lead to arrests, resignations and the shutting down of Rupert Murdoch’s News of the World.

“Inside that media pyramid the real problem in the end is–though there were instances of unethical conduct by [working] journalists–that the corporate culture of the company created an internal way of working which was antagonistic to the values of ethical conduct,” White said. “It didn’t begin at the bottom of that media pyramid, it began at the top.”

Owners and Ethics in the Non-Western World

When discussing the ethics of media owners in a non-Western context, the conversation becomes more problematic–and ironic. In 2010, for instance, a week-long conference on media ethics and law was held at Tsinghua University in Beijing. The Chinese Association of Global Communication put it together in cooperation with UNESCO, Oxford University, and the U.S.-China Education Trust.

More than 40 universities and media groups sent more than 70 participants, including scholars from the United States, United Kingdom, France, and Spain. All the right notes were struck, with outsiders espousing the usual hallmarks of a free press.

One may wonder, however, to what extent the message was heard beyond the conference rooms in a country whose authoritarian government tightly controls the news. According to a recent report, Chinese state-owned or controlled media carefully kept news of a major change in top government leadership from the public. Underscoring this, the Chinese government in October 2012 blocked the

New York Times’ website after the paper reported on the wealth of the prime minister’s family. Moreover, it was disclosed in early 2013 that Chinese hackers had penetrated the computers of the New York Times, the Washington Post, Bloomberg News and the Wall Street Journal. It was unclear from early reports whether the Chinese government was involved, directly or indirectly, in the hacking of the news organizations.

In Bulgaria, lack of transparency in media ownership is such that business and political groups are said to control top news organizations, which they bend to their own interests. Despite laws ostensibly designed to protect press freedoms, the South East Europe Media Organization said

For the “media development community,” those who encourage best practices from the outside, as opposed to those who actually perform them, “the challenge is pretty straightforward,” White said.

“Most focus has been on the bottom of the media pyramid–to improve the skills and competence of journalists, and that’s entirely valid. The problem is we haven’t focused at all on the top of the pyramid.

Yet it’s the top that determines the moral character of the organization. Unless you have a clear message coming from the top–that we are going to be open, honest, ethical, and accountable to the public we serve–it’s not going to happen.” in a report released in April 2012, “Respecting the business interests of media owners and silencing any information that may be interpreted as harmful is widely accepted by most reporters as a way of doing journalism.”

A member of the European Union, Bulgaria nonetheless ranks low on most democratic media rankings, garnering only a “partly free” rating from Freedom House.

“I guess journalism can exist without democracy,” mused Shakuntala Rao, a journalism professor in the department of communication studies at the State University of New YorkPlattsburg. “But what kind of journalism can that be?”

A native of India who frequently travels back and forth between the United States and the South Asian subcontinent, Rao is among a group of academics espousing a global approach to journalism ethics.

But she is also a realist when evaluating the cultural differences that often stand in the way of achieving such lofty goals. These issues were underscored at a s^{_phcn 2014

(12) three-day conference, held at the Indian Institute of Mass Communications in New Delhi in November 2011. “None of the owners came,” Rao reported. One of the editors attending spoke of pressures on what and what not to cover coming from “not [just] from advertisers but from owners.”

Owners often use “cultural differences” as an excuse for what Western journalists would consider unethical coverage, Rao said. In India, for example, where religion is a polarizing, and even a deadly dividing line, there is a tendency to exclude information “in the name of hurting people’s religious sentiments. That is a consistent issue coming up in our discussions. Owners use that–‘This is what we do in India.’–to defend against any kind of criticism, against any kind of future engagement.

Those cultural values self-perpetuate themselves.”

Unlike in many Western countries, print newspapers in India have seen explosive growth in number and circulation over the past two decades.

Television choices have also exploded. “Expansion of media created hunger for ethical answers,” Rao said. But commercially appealing products–news of celebrities, fashion, Bollywood–have trumped more serious content, a reflection of media owners’ propensity for profit over substance.

Bharat Bhushan, the founding former editor of India’s tabloid Mail Today, is an outspoken skeptic.

“There is no code of ethics for media owners in India,” he wrote in an e-mail. “Corporate influence in the media has grown as corporate investments in media have gone up of late. Big business houses are investing in print, television and cable (distribution).

So, in effect, they directly control the media … Many journalists–especially those in the business bureaus of media houses–are very close to some corporate houses and do not attempt critical stories about them…There is no separation between the Church and the State, which, at the best of times, could be seen as a shifting frontier in those media houses where such separation exists.”

In a blog post, Bhushan noted that half of media advertising revenue in India comes from the government, giving it potent leverage to affect news coverage. While it is seldom used, he writes, “willing editors and media owners … publish positive reports to please the powers that be.”

However, he argues that even non-governmental advertising revenue “instead of keeping the Press free, actually becomes a tool in the hands of the market leaders to restrict the market” and shapes “the structure of the media as well as its content … Increasingly as the line between ads and news has got blurred, so has the distinction between editors and ad-sales managers. What used to be a shifting frontier of control between editors and the marketing and ad sales departments has become open and porous.”

Bhushan further decries what he says is the pervasive practice in India of “paid news,” that is s^{_phcn 2014

politicians and others paying media for positive stories that appear during elections without any editorial disclaimer, such as “paid advertisement” or “advertorial,” as in the Western press, thereby selling news space and “keeping the reader in the dark.”

According to the Press Council of India: So-called “rate cards” or “packages” are distributed that often include “rates” for publication of “news” items that not merely praise particular candidates but also criticize their political opponents. Candidates who do not go along with such “extortionist” practices on the part of media organizations are denied coverage...In addition, owners of media organizations have financial relationships, including shareholdings, with advertisers, resulting in only favourable information about such advertisers getting disseminated and unfavourable information against them getting blacked out. Such trends have been discernible in sections of the Indian media for some years now.

“Ad-Sales executive and media owners do not always want to take on big advertisers. Many journalists– especially those in the Business Bureaux of media houses–are very close to some corporate houses and do not attempt critical stories about them,” Bhushan writes. Many are believed to be on the payrolls of these business groups and some others get preferential shares.”

Then, there is the additional problem of “ownereditors,” owners who designate themselves as editors, completely obliterating any distinction between the business and editorial interests of a publication, whether print, electronic or digital.

According to Bhushan, “There is no separation between the Church and the State, which at the best of times could be seen as a shifting frontier in those media houses where such separation exists.”

The same can be said for neighboring Pakistan which is a place of both peril and potential for the press. Deemed the deadliest for working press in 2011 and 2012 by Reporters Without Borders, the country has media that has attempted to establish ethical standards of coverage. However, its outlets are also commercially-driven, and, critics charge, practitioners are as often concerned with rewards as reportage.

Muhammad Ziauddin, executive editor of English-language daily Express Tribune, was the first to create the post of ombudsman in Pakistan three years ago. However, he said, the ombudsman “doesn’t write anything. He keeps an eye out.

During the last two years, he received just one complaint,” which concerned a delay in issuing a correction for linking the wrong judge to a land controversy. With its new interactive website, however, Ziauddin said, “we react very quickly to any complaint. We apologize even before anyone can complain to the ombudsman.”

His publisher, a member of the Lakhanis business

(13) family, “keeps out of the day to day affairs” of running the newspaper’s editorial side. In 50 years of newspapering, Ziauddin said he has witnessed an explosive growth in the number of ethical violations because of the growing competition.

Most newspaper owners, he said, “have no background in media. They jumped in from the private sector.” As such, profit rather than professionalism is their primary motive, “except for a couple of papers like mine and Dawn [where he formerly worked], where the professionals have the last word in editorial policy and decision- making and the publisher stays out of it.”

Ziauddin is chairman of the Pakistan Coalition for Ethical Journalism, formed in March 2012 with support from Aidan White’s Ethical Journalism Network and other organizations. Its stated purpose

who worked with GEO executives on developing it. “It’s the first time any major media in Pakistan has been willing to do that.” It’s perfectly okay, White said, if the company uses Asool primarily as a marketing tool, to demonstrate its good corporate policies. “I see nothing wrong with that. Why not if you do good journalism use it as part of branding, marketing? But you have to monitor, make sure your people are following” the manifesto.

The website touts its “Geo Manifesto” as a “social contract with our ultimate employer–You!” It contains “our values, goals, and declared biases,” and sidebar quotes from prominent Pakistanis, such as this from Raja Riaz, opposition leader in the Punjab Assembly: “It is a good step. When GEO will practice it, other media groups will certainly learn a lesson and they will also try to apply

According to a recent report, Chinese stateowned or controlled media carefully kept news of a major change in top government leadership from the public. Underscoring this, the Chinese government in October 2012 blocked the New York Times’ website after the paper reported on the wealth of the prime minister’s family. Moreover, it was disclosed in early 2013 that Chinese hackers had penetrated the computers of the New York Times, the Washington Post, Bloomberg News and the Wall Street Journal. is to raise the standards of working journalists and management. However, he said, there is only “remote, remote chances to get media owners to comply. Before, we tried to get all the owners in but failed; none of them came. We tried again,” with similar results.

The results of work carried out over the past year suggest this might change. A series of meetings organized by the new coalition under Ziauddin’s leadership have focused on coming elections and internal standards of ethics. Among the participants have been senior executives from the major media.

The Press Council of Pakistan and Pakistan’s electronic media regulatory body “have approached us to help them out in their own role,” said Ziauddin. The press council chairman, a former judge, is paid by the Pakistani government, which raises questions, but most of the members are media owners, which he said at least opens up a path toward accountability.

Meanwhile, GEO TV has initiated Asool (which means “principles” in Urdu) and devoted a page on its website to the concept of self-monitoring.

“It’s quite an important step forward,” said White,

it.” The preamble declares, “The social contract between the media and its consumers is sacrosanct and any breach in this contract will have serious repercussions.” But there is also a disclaimer: “This Code of Conduct mainly represents the aspirations and high standards that Geo management and Geo team wish to uphold professionally. Being an internal standard yardstick, this Code or any part of it, may never be used as a basis to pursue a claim against any company of Geo Group, any member of Geo management or any journalist working in Geo Group, if such claim is otherwise not maintainable under general provisions of law.”

The draft, dated August 14, 2012, contains a list of principles that comport with Western standards of ethical journalism, and also this pledge: “If and when we are forced to choose, we will choose news over business. If any one doubts our ethical position then they may appreciate our enlightened sense of long-term gain instead over short-term greed. For we understand that in the long run our balanced coverage leads to better commercial performance for us and our stakeholders.”

Azhar Abbas, managing director of GEO TV, s^{_phcn 2014

(14) said, “There are media owners who theoretically cover government to get benefits, advertising, or like giving coverage or supporting one political party, rather openly supporting one candidate,” but not GEO. “Same is case with Dawn [the country’s third largest media group], total independence. But the rest–it’s totally what the owners are saying. The owners are now deciding what is ethical and what is not. I think that’s the most dangerous.” Abbas studied journalism in the United States, in Boston and Syracuse, and had an internship at the Nashville Tennessean.

Abbas is one of four brothers with prominent media roles in Pakistan. One, a professional soldier, served as spokesman for the military. Another is editor of Dawn. A third is current affairs editor of Express TV, the second largest television network in the burgeoning Pakistani media landscape. “When three or four of us get together at the dining table, we always a have huge debate, no common ground as such,” says Azhar Abbas. “We don’t agree. We are in competition. We discuss politics and different things, and the next morning, I see a huge exclusive story in Dawn he gave me no hint on. This is how it works.”

White and his group have also been working with Dawn to institute an ethics self-audit, which company officials have agreed to “road test” as a pilot program for other media to follow.

“The questions are not very controversial but it gets the media to report to itself–they review it themselves–and to assess performance,” White said.

“The audit asks them a series of questions: who they are, what’s their mission, … do they have guidelines … the number of journalists they employ… how they evaluate their journalism and how they deal with complaints. The aim is to produce a prototype to be used by others.”

Of course, it is an internal audit, with no requirement that it be made public. The ever-hopeful White adds, “Part of this process is to say to the media we’re not aiming to undermine you but to encourage from you a change within how you work if necessary. If they want to publish results, they can do it.” It’s a step in the right direction.

In Egypt, some media owners find the whole notion of ethics antithetical. “The owners are not with the idea,” said Abeer Saady, an Egyptian journalist actively pressing for codes. “We are talking with them. We are trying to convince them. I don’t know how successful we can be.”

That the government also owns or controls most of the Egyptian media makes such codes even more problematic, said Saady, vice president of the Egyptian Press Syndicate. “Credibility is a challenge because … people are not going to buy newspapers in the future, because of the shape of ownership by the government … It was controlled by the regime and reflecting the views of the regime, and it lied to people.” s^{_phcn 2014

At the same time, she added, citizens took out their frustrations on the newspapers by physically attacking them, and other revolutions came from within the media. “It was a revolution inside the revolution. Some [journalists] were able to kick out their editors in chief.” Then, “some of those reporters were kicked out completely. This was not good for newspapers.”

“We are not popular and don’t try to be,” said Saady, speaking of Egyptian journalists in general as the Muslim Brotherhood came to political power.

“We are not movie stars, celebrities; we are just journalists … trying to help people make right decisions in a very delicate transition, period.”

What they are, however, is a large work force, of perhaps 50,000 to 100,000, most of whom have operated largely within government-controlled press and broadcasting companies. The independent (private) media sector is vocal and energetic, but is dwarfed by the scale and influence of the state media. The whole notion of a free press exists largely

(15) outside the Egyptian tradition.

But this is the context in which Tarek Atia, an Egyptian-born journalist raised in the United States, has worked. For 15 years, he worked for the state-supported newspaper al-Ahram. Since 2006, however, he has worked to train journalists, first under a USAID-funded program, and now under his own private company, Egypt Media Development Program (EMDP). Until the middle of the last decade, he noted, Egypt had a “monolithic system” with virtually all media controlled by the state. Then, licenses were granted to independent media, while state- affiliated outlets were overseen by a parliamentary council allegedly on behalf of the public.

“Things are a bit fluid now,” Atia said in early November 2012. “What’s happened after the revolution is there’s a lot more demand for transparency and also budget adjustments. So the whole state-media apparatus is facing a lot of pressure, because people [are] saying, ‘Why should the state control and financially support these organizations when they’re not playing role of public media but serving their masters.’”

“After the revolution, there are a lot more of these private entities, whether newspapers, websites or television, so it’s a much more crowded marketplace.

But editorial lines and coverage are very confusing now for readers. It’s not clear when they cover an issue whether [they’re] covering it because of a political alliance of owners or some sort of political enmity with a certain party,” Atia said. “There is active involvement in the owners, from what I know and what people told me, in determining what is covered, how and why it’s covered.”

Across the Mediterranean, in Turkey, ethics in journalism are a sometimes thing–and codes of ethics specifically for media owners remain at worst an oxymoron and at best a distant hope.

“There has been no discussion in Turkey of holding media owners to standards,” asserted Doğan Tılıç, who teaches media and cultural studies at the Middle East Technical University, in Ankara. Added Baris Soydan, managing editor of the Istanbul daily newspaper, Sabah (which means morning), “Media ethics is still quite new for Turkey.” Not least among the challenges are the often blatant conflicts of interest between the financial interests of owners and the public interest in being fully and fairly informed.

Media competition in Turkey can be intense, Tılıç said, but there are certain boundaries that are not crossed, certain issues that are untouchable.

For example, he noted, a workers strike last year at Sabah went unreported elsewhere in Turkish media.

“There was not a single word about it,” he said. “For days and days, weeks and weeks, the journalists were in front with their banners, but the others never touched it, because a strike is something that harms the interest of every owner.”

In another example, there were questions raised, Tılıç said, after a 2011 earthquake caused toxins from a silver mine to be released into the environment. “It was a very big story, but the mainstream Turkish media didn’t touch it. There was almost no Turkish media owner not invested in the mine. So, for a journalist who knows his duty is to tell the truth, it becomes difficult. No media owner would give a place in his [publication] to that story.”

In some sub-Saharan African countries, there are codes for media owners. Tanzania has separate codes for media owners and publishers, media managers and editors, broadcast journalists and photojournalists. These are not imposed by government but are self-enforcing codes– which are not legally binding– under the Media Council of Tanzania.

Bharat Bhushan, the founding former editor of India’s tabloid Mail Today, is an outspoken skeptic. “There is no code of ethics for media owners in India,” he wrote in an e-mail. “Corporate influence in the media has grown as corporate investments in media have gone up of late. Big business houses are investing in print, television and cable (distribution). So, in effect, they directly control the media … Many journalists–especially those in the business bureaus of media houses–are very close to some corporate houses and do not attempt critical stories about them…There is no separation between the Church and the State, which, at the best of times, could be seen as a shifting frontier in those media houses where such separation exists.”

The Press Council of Botswana was also working last year towards a code of ethics that would “govern the conduct and practice of all media practitioners,” including owners and publishers. However, there were certain selfimposed restrictions that would run counter to journalistic standards in Western democracies, such as refraining from publishing material “that is intended or is likely to cause hostility or hatred” to a sweeping variety of groups in society.

In West African countries, codes are “directed mostly at journalist and production practice rather than ownership,” according to Audrey Gadzekpo, senior lecturer in the School of Communications Studies at the University of Ghana. However, she added, the National Media Commission in Ghana and the Media Foundation for West Africa “have had meetings with media owners in efforts s^{_phcn 2014

(16) to engage them on a number of issues aimed at ultimately improving content.”

Perhaps the most ambitious initiative to address problems of ethics among media owners on the continent is being undertaken by the African Media Initiative. AMI initiated an industry-led process to place leadership and ethics at the heart of African media by creating a “Leadership and Guiding Principles for African Media Owners and Operators” (LGP).

A working group was set up to draft and promote the principles in close consultation with the Media Owners Association of Kenya and the Media Owners Association of Tanzania. Its members were Christopher Kolade, pro- chancellor of the Pan-African University in Lagos and lecturer on ethics, leadership and governance in media; Guy Berger, director freedom of expression and media development at UNESCO; Wangethi Mwangi, former editorial director of the Nation Media Group; Amadou Kanoute, lead consultant at WAN-IFRA on the Declaration of Table Mountain; and Amadou Mahtar Ba, AMI’s executive director.

The code was adopted in November 2011 at the Fourth African Media Leaders Forum by more than 350 delegates attending the meeting in Tunis.

“The LGP is seen by many media stakeholders as an excellent tool that can bring together governments and media practitioners,” said Roukaya Kasennaly, AMI’s director of programs and knowledge management. “In Rwanda, for instance, the Media High Council has requested that an engagement be started as soon as possible so that the code [can] be adopted by local media. In Malawi, the newly formed media owners association has already made a request for AMI to facilitate the introduction and adoption of the code. A similar request has been received from Ethiopia.”

“When AMI started on this, we made it clear that there is no future for media … if there’s no improvement in leadership,” AMI’s Ba said. “We always say, ‘The fish rots from the head.’”

Ba said that while conditions vary from country to country, many media owners across the continent underpay their journalists and then turn a blind eye when reporters supplement their incomes with cash payments from sources. Owners also become tools of interest groups, taking payments from government officials, businesses, or religious groups in exchange for editorial support for certain positions. Sometimes they will later take the opposite editorial position if a higher bidder comes around.

However, media organizations are starting to realize that while economic conditions are difficult, they can’t keep resorting to corruption to maintain their business, Ba said. He pointed out that after one or two early adopters sign on to the LGP, they start advertising their participation. Other media houses then follow suit for competitive reasons.

Because citizens using cellphones and social s^{_phcn 2014

www.geo.tv/asool

media are gaining credibility at traditional media’s expense, Ba said, “without improved standards, these media houses are going to disappear.”

In Latin America, the Inter American Press Association (IAPA) is particularly well-positioned to promote ethics of media owners, as its membership is made up of publishers from across the region.

However, while its website’s home page does list among the six principles “To encourage higher standards of professionalism and business conduct,” it has not issued a code of conduct for media owners or rank-and-file journalists.

After much debate, the IAPA board did approve a list of 10 “aspirations,” one of which states, “The credibility of the press is linked to its commitment to truth, the pursuit of accuracy, fairness and objectivity and to the clear distinction between

(17) The council includes an ethics tribunal that considers citizen complaints. According to the council’s executive director, Kela León, the tribunal serves as a “collective ombudsman,” and media members must agree to comply with its resolutions.

The council¸ which has been widely held up as a success story, distributes a bulletin summarizing the tribunal’s work from the past year and explaining to citizens how they can complain.

The Double Bottom Line

news and advertising. The attainment of these goals and the respect for ethical and professional values may not be imposed. These are the exclusive responsibility of journalists and the media. In a free society, it is public opinion that rewards or punishes.” But the list of aspirations does not specifically mention owners or publishers, and it no longer appears on the organization’s website.

Nonetheless, there is at least one example of media owners as a group trying to improve the ethics of their industry in Latin America. The Consejo de la Prensa Peruana (Peruvian Press Council) was created in 1996, and its board of directors is composed of media house executives, in many cases members of families who own the 26 print organizations, a radio chain, and an all-news cable TV channel that are represented on the council.

As media owners have failed to meet high ethical standards, a new corporate paradigm seems to be emerging. It is the so-called “double bottom line,” a term used to describe businesses that accept a responsibility to society as well as to stockholders.

The UK’s Guardian, with its annual ethical audit and ownership trust, is often cited as an exemplar of this.

But the double bottom line ethic did not originate with the media. “In the past few years, as the lines between grant-making and investing have begun to blur, the idea of measuring social return concurrent with traditional financial accounting has caught on among investors, funders and entrepreneurs,” according to a 2004 Rockefeller Foundation study.

Then, even as the new ethic was emerging, media became part of the mix. A report by the Investors Circle, published in 2005, noted, “Mainstream media companies operate within both an intensely competitive industry and the unforgiving conventional financial markets. It is no surprise, therefore, that most media companies prioritize short-term profit maximization over concern for social impact. Many investors and interested observers, however, are examining the long-term effects that this market condition will have on our communities and global culture.”

While some double bottom line media companies had limited success, the report noted, most suffered from under-capitalization, finding philanthropic infusions insufficient.

Fast forward eight years. Traditional or “legacy” media in the West are struggling to survive. The old business models are failing, as news organizations are reducing their news-gathering staffs in order to stanch their fiscal losses, only accelerated by the increasing role of digital media.

As a result, White said, there are two distinct trends: a weakening of commitment to journalism within traditional media and the appearance of a new class of owners, who seek to use media for political influence and in support of their other business interests. “In this sense media in some regions–Eastern Europe, for instance–are becoming trophy possessions for oligarchs and powerful interest groups,” he said.

In this situation the double bottom line concept seems no longer theoretical but essential. Is it a lifeline for those who value news at least as much as they do profits? Or is it a hollow promise? s^{_phcn 2014

(18) Enter the L3C, for low-profit limited liability company, whose primary objective is its social mission. The structure, first adopted by Vermont in 2008 and now in nine states, would allow media companies to accept philanthropic contributions, much as does a 501C3 charitable organization, thereby providing it with an infusion of operating funds. “The For Profit with a Nonprofit Soul” is how Americans for Community Development characterized it.

News industry analyst Ken Doctor sees such structures as holding out at least the promise of fiscal success that is compatible with social responsibility, giving new weight to the old ideal of newspapers as a “public trust.” He cites the UK’s Guardian Scott Trust and the Poynter Trust, which has kept the Tampa Bay Times afloat, and journalistically honest, since 1988, and he suggests

news organizations. But after the seed money, how do such operations–in which the owners and practitioners hold themselves to the highest ethical standards–become financially self-sustaining?

“Attempts to legislatively mandate social responsibility have had difficulties, and deregulation has had difficulties,” noted Eric Newton, senior adviser to the president of the Knight Foundation.

“Here’s the basic problem: You’ve got the law and you’ve got ethics, but under corporate law you have a fiduciary responsibility to maximize the monetary return.”

Ultimately, in the private sector, the business model and owners’ codes of ethics may be mutually exclusive, compatible, or complementary, depending on the circumstances. Media funders and implementers can preach about codes for media owners, but only when violations of such standards

that Murdoch’s beleaguered publishing empire could go the same route.

“They add a layer of purpose–usually serving the public through journalism–to the fiduciary responsibilities of public companies to maximize profit for the shareholders,” Doctor blogged on the Nieman Journalism Lab website in May 2012. “Yet with all the thinking and strategizing, we have few examples of using nonprofits of one sort or another to take over failing newspaper assets … For-profit newspaper companies prefer selling to other forprofits; it’s neater and cleaner … Others point to the difficulty of raising new capital within a nonprofit structure–and given the downward spiral of newspaper companies, new capital is often needed.”

Admittedly, Doctor’s commentary comes within the context of a conversation that is Westerncentric, and where media funders are investing if not in L3C3 operations than in purely nonprofit

affect a corporation’s bottom line will ethics codes hold sway.

The “best solution,” Newton believes, lies in “alternative corporate structures” that sidestep the otherwise inevitable conflict between the legal and the ethical.

Meanwhile, in Europe, the question of future funding of journalism and calls for more regulation of media is high on the agenda. A recent report of a High Level Group commissioned by the European Union calls for more diverse forms of funding for journalism and, worryingly, for the EU to use its centralizing power in Brussels to supervise media regulation across all member states.

In a 2005 report, former editor of the Des Moines Register and Washington Post ombudsman Geneva Overholser, now director of the University of Southern California’s Annenberg School for Communication and Journalism, argued that the

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(19) failure of media to live up to the highest ethical standards (the public good versus the bottom line) stems from the dominant structure of ownership, as publicly-traded companies became increasingly tied to Wall Street.

But history shows that ownership ethics fared no better under the press barons’ sole ownership.

Even publicly-traded media companies with the best of intentions face unrelenting pressure from shareholders. Few would deny, for example, that the Knight-Ridder chain emphasized quality journalism at all levels. “I’m sure the top executives felt very keenly about the social responsibility of the KnightRidder papers,” Newton said, “but at the end of the day they sold the company because they had a fiduciary responsibility to the shareholders, and it was best to sell where and when the prices were where they were, and there you have it.”

Further, the heartfelt plea of Overholser and others for publicly-owned media corporations to include rank-and- file journalists on their boards of directors met with stony silence. “Not a single company took them up on their offer,” Newton said.

But even when the organization in question is nonprofit and publicly-owned, ethical abuses at the top occur. For instance, since 2007, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) has also been operating under a trust, which is, among other things, charged with maintaining high ethical standards for the publicly-funded media organization. But such legislated oversight did not avoid the scandal which rocked the BBC in 2012 with revelations that top executives ignored allegations that the late longtime television personality Jimmy Saville sexually abused children for years.

As if ownership structure weren’t a big enough hurdle to codes of ethics, both for owners and for senior editors, the digital age has added another layer of uncertainty and challenge.

“If I were to revisit this issue, my first priority would be seeing what the digital age has done to change ethical standards and behavior,” said Philip Meyer, whose study for the ASNE on the ethics of print newspaper owners was seminal. “When newspapers were the main journalism outlet and natural monopolies, they pretty well defined the journalism universe. It is more important now as media change, and there are more ways of behaving immorally and more questions–should there be a code of ethics for bloggers, for example?”

Conclusion

The underlying question in any discussion of media owners’ ethics are these: Are publishers presumed to be also journalists? Or are they just business people whose product incidentally happens to be the news? And if they are solely the latter, should the same standards applied to journalists also be applied to them? Or do they exist in a separate if parallel universe?

And if they do inhabit the same universe, do the same principles of journalism apply? These principles– truth-telling, independence, impartiality, humanity (do no harm), and accountability–are well understood inside journalism, but how are they applied to the people responsible for the ownership, governance, and administration of media?

Finally, should the rules be different in countries whose governments are less than hospitable to a free press? Or is it simply a matter of recognizing and accepting a different reality? Of resigning ourselves and consigning the public in such media markets to a lesser standard than is the accepted norm in Western democratic societies?

Owners’ influence–benign or otherwise–is a global issue. For many reporters and editors, it is just a fact of life, a normal part of doing the business of journalism. “When special interests own you,” says Sherry Ricchiardi, an Indiana University journalism professor who has done ethics training in several countries, it is an issue for journalists “all over the world.”

It is no surprise then that Aidan White and people like him are increasingly pressing for a free press, responsible ownership, and ethical editors and media houses. In his Guide for Self-Regulation for Egyptian Media, he writes, more universally, that “the need for ethical journalism, good governance and media self-regulation poses an enormous and urgent challenge for journalists, editors and owners … It is not only journalists who must show moral courage … Media owners and executive must also demonstrate deep commitment to the core values of journalism … Unless media are led by people of principle there is little chance that journalists will deliver the quality of information that communities need and democracies require.”

And if this does not happen, he warns, lawmakers will step in and pass laws regulating media and disciplining journalists. “This can be dangerous for democracy,” he says. Indeed, five days after the release of the Leveson report, British Prime Minister David Cameron was advising editors of just such an outcome if they failed to embrace their own tough system of self-regulation, including “million-pound fines, proper investigations of complaints, prominent apologies.” A day later, editors of Britain’s top newspapers met and agreed to do so. So the conversation continues. “In some countries, they are better off with no rules,” says the Knight Foundation’s Newton. “It would be fairly dangerous to say to Vietnam all your publishers should have codes of ethics, because the government will say no problem, we’ll write that. Should African publishers have codes of ethics? Good Lord, that’s impossible to answer. For countries outside the Western democracy system, it’s really case by case.

[Otherwise,] it would be like trying to apply the rainforest rules in the desert.”

And then there is this from Tarek Atia, the Cairo s^{_phcn 2014

(20) media development director: “We also need to go beyond a group of media professionals speaking to each other. There has to be a fulltime effort using all kinds of tools. A series of seminars is not going to do the trick. In the end, all these efforts are vocal but are not going to be very effective because it’s the community speaking to each other. It’s an issue of public interest, not just an issue for the media. There needs to be strong push to bring the public into the debate and have the public demand accountability.”

Recommendations

● Foundations should increase funding of nonprofit journalistic ventures to help them succeed in the marketplace of ideas and commerce. ● Media support groups and publishers associations should resist pressure to empower governments to police media in the guise of ethical codes for media owners and senior editors. ● Media owners and managers must own up to their ethical lapses in a public way and announce steps to reform themselves. ● Media owners should not sacrifice their independence by allowing private interests to pay for coverage–either directly by “buying” news space or indirectly by subsidizing reporting trips. New forms of funding public-interest journalism and media ownership are to be encouraged, but only if there are transparent and accountable systems for allocation of resources that do not compromise editorial independence. ● Internal forms of self-regulation and commitment to transparency in governance and high standards of corporate behavior should be implemented across all platforms of media.

Eugene L. Meyer is an award-winning Washington, DCbased freelance journalist who spent four decades in daily journalism. For most of that time, he was a staff reporter and editor at the Washington Post. Meyer serves on the board of the Freedom to Write Fund and is a member of the American Society of Journalists and Authors. Meyer currently contributes to several publications and is the editor of B’nai B’rith Magazine. This is his third report for CIMA. The Center for International Media Assistance (CIMA), at the National Endowment for Democracy, works to strengthen the support, raise the visibility, and improve the effectiveness of independent media development throughout the world. The Center provides information, builds networks, conducts research, and highlights the indispensable role independent media play in the creation and development of sustainable democracies.

An important aspect of CIMA’s work is to research ways to attract additional U.S. private sector interest in and support for international media development. The Center was one of the of the main nongovernmental organizers of World Press Freedom Day 2011 in Washington, DC. URL: http://cima.ned.org s^{_phcn 2014

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Shoma A. Chatterji

Women and Crime: Objectivity and Creativity in the Media for and by Women When women are visible in media content, the manner of their representation reflects the biases and assumptions of those who define the public agenda.

S

ince the 1960s, the women’s movement has been engaged in a systematic and constant critique of media institutions and their output. In a world in which the media increasingly provide the “common ground” of information, symbols, and ideas for most social groups, women’s representation in the media helps to keep them in a place of relative powerlessness. The term “symbolic annihilation,” coined by George Gerbner in 1972, became a powerful and widely used metaphor to describe the ways in which media images render women invisible. This mediated invisibility is achieved not simply through the non-representation of women’s points of view or perspectives on the world. When women are “visible” in media content, the manner of their representation reflects the biases and assumptions of those who define the public—and therefore the media—agenda. More than 25 years after the international community began formally to recognise the scale of gender inequality in every aspect of life, and despite the adoption of many measures to redress gender imbalances, the power to define public and media agenda is still mainly a male privilege.

The functions of writing, reporting, reviewing, analysing, investigating, and questioning human rights issues in general and gender issues in particular involve a constant and fragile tightrope walk between objectivity and creativity for a journalist, especially a woman journalist who is

always accused of working out of a strong bias for women and against men. However, if one looked a bit closely, one would discover that trying to look at a given incident or event or personality from different perspectives itself is a creative process where the dilemma between objectivity and creativity would cease to exist. The personal bias of the journalist, barring a factual report, is bound to infiltrate into the “objective” value of the news. This need not necessarily interfere with objectivity unless there is a bias against the other party if there is one.

But the bigger questions are: (a) Do the media need to be rigid about the “objectivity” clause while reporting or writing on human rights issues?; and (b) Does the rigid principle of objectivity violate the three-fold aims of (i) attracting the attention of the lay reader towards human rights violations; (ii) raising the consciousness of the reader about human rights violations; and (iii) inviting the participation of the readers, directly or indirectly, overtly or covertly, in building up collective resistance against human rights violations? The aim of the human rights journalist begins with education and information and then proceeds from the known to the unknown, reaching out to include readers within the ambit of participation of the masses in human rights consciousness-raising. “After all, the ultimate goal of all research is not objectivity, but truth,” wrote Helene Deutsch (1884–1982), a US psychiatrist in her preface to The Psychology of Women (1944– s^{_phcn 2014

(22) 1945.)

One unique characteristic about gender-centric violence that unfolded during an Indian media monitoring study on reportage on women and crime in 2004 revealed a visible rise in the reporting of crimes committed by women, mainly where men are reportedly victims. This however, does not mean that this rise in women committing acts of violence individually, or in groups, has in any way lessened the number and degree of violence against women.

Such crimes ranged from baby-lifting by Sangita Prasad in Siliguri through the Nagpur incident that saw a rape victim lead a mob against rapists to a woman throwing acid on a man, causing him grievous injuries “after being fed up with the lessons in morality he was preaching to her every day.�

This observation of a slight but visible shift in the character of news against, rather than for, women raises several questions that need further exploration and analysis. Some of these questions are: Are women really becoming more aggressive in

expressing their anger, protest, violence, etc? Or are crimes committed by women fetching more news value and news coverage than they did before? Is this a reflection of legal and judicial machinery that fails to mete out justice to women when they are victims of violence? Or is this a natural outburst stemming from decades of having been suppressed and conditioned to accept violence for granted? Is this kind of news being published for its sensational value? Or is this a true indicator of a shift in the gender-linked theory of violence where men are mainly the perpetrators?

Though most of the newspaper stories were based on factual reporting of crimes committed by women, some of the headlines were very derogatory not towards the criminal or the crime but because the perpetrators were women. Some of the textual matter within the report or letter to the editor tended to trivialise, while for men the writing and the language were different. Trivialisation of any crime, never mind the sex of the perpetrator, is unethical

Though most of the newspaper stories were based on factual reporting of crimes committed by women, some of the headlines were very derogatory not towards the criminal or the crime but because the perpetrators were women. Some of the textual matter within the report or letter to the editor tended to trivialise, while for men the writing and the language were different. Trivialisation of any crime, never mind the sex of the perpetrator, is unethical and biased because crime knows no gender where the perpetrator is concerned.

s^{_phcn 2014

(23) The term “symbolic annihilation,” coined

by George Gerbner in 1972, became a powerful and widely used metaphor to describe the ways in which media images render women invisible. This mediated invisibility is achieved not simply through the non-representation of women’s points of view or perspectives on the world. When women are “visible” in media content, the manner of their representation reflects the biases and assumptions of those who define the public—and therefore the media— agenda. More than 25 years after the international community began formally to recognise the scale of gender inequality in every aspect of life, and despite the adoption of many measures to redress gender imbalances, the power to define public and media agenda is still mainly a male privilege. and biased because crime knows no gender where the perpetrator is concerned.

Some time ago, prompted by the desire to promote the positive role the mass media can play in relation to gender and development concerns, and to share experiences with the two neighbouring countries of Laos and Cambodia, the Research Centre for Gender, Family and Environment in Development (CGFED) and Vietnamese Info Youth Centre organised a workshop on gender, media, and development in Vietnam.

The workshop analysed the role of the mass media in propagating gender equality and explored models and experiences that promote the active participation of communities in their own development. At the end of the workshop, recommendations were made on how to move forward in the struggle to ensure that the mass media become a tool for women’s empowerment in Asia. These recommendations included: • More attention must be paid to basic education programmes for women, especially women in rural and mountainous areas.

• Besides improving cultural knowledge, knowledge and information on healthcare for women, particularly reproductive and sexual healthcare, must not be ignored.

• All countries, particularly the three Indochinese countries, should make a commitment to gender sensitivity and gender policies.

• The negative effects of globalisation that impede women’s development, such as poverty, drug addiction, prostitution, and the trafficking of

women and children, should be stopped.

• A relationship between the mass media of the three countries—Laos, Cambodia, and Viet Nam— needs to be developed.

• Short-term training classes for gender cadres should be organised so that they can collaborate effectively and directly with the mass media on covering gender issues.

While it is true that things have changed in a big way for women in the last 40 years, with women becoming aggressively and increasingly vocal about progress and equality for women and girls, much more needs to be done. The 21st century is throwing up new challenges that are constantly focussing on the importance of being a girl or woman today, and old problems still need our attention and energy. These include good health, genuine self-esteem, understanding of and comfort with sexuality, relationships based on mutual respect and equality, safety from domestic and sexual violence, goal-setting and career success, sound financial judgement, educated participation in government and democracy, and overall powersharing in society for women and girls. We have a long way to go so far as media literacy and education for girls and women are concerned.

The writer is a freelance journalist, author and film scholar based in Kolkata. She has authored 17 books and contributed to many edited compilations on cinema, family and gender. E-Mail: shoma.chatterji@gmail.com s^{_phcn 2014

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s‑I.-F‑w. t‑d‑mb‑v

h‑yX‑y-k‑vX-\‑mb h‑nX‑p-c- t‑__‑n k

a‑q-l-¯‑ns‑â `‑mK-a‑mb‑n a‑md‑n P‑oh‑n-¡‑m ³ Ig‑n-b‑m¯ Hc‑p ]{‑X-{‑]-hÀ¯-Is‑â d‑n«-bÀs‑a-t‑â‑ms‑S At‑±-l-¯‑ns‑â ac-Wh‑p‑w k‑w`-h‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p. ]‑ns‑¶ h‑nk‑va‑r-X‑n-b‑ps‑S t‑ae¦‑n At‑±-l-¯‑ns‑ât‑a h¶‑p-]-X‑n-¡‑m³ Z‑nh-k§Ät‑]‑me‑p‑w t‑hï‑n hc‑n-Ã. AX‑n-\‑p-t‑ij‑w A¯c‑w ]{‑X-{‑]-hÀ¯-Is‑\ ]{‑X-¯‑m-f‑p-I-f‑n At‑±-l-¯‑ns‑â Nc-a-h‑mÀ¯ hc‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ a‑m{‑Xa‑m-b‑n-c‑n¡‑p‑w ka‑ql‑w H‑mÀ¡‑p-I. Ah-c‑n \‑ns‑¶Ã‑m‑w X‑nI¨‑p‑w h‑y-X‑y-k‑vX\‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶‑p C‑ub‑ns‑S I‑me-¯‑ns‑â X‑nc-È‑o-e ¡‑p ]‑n¶‑n-t‑e¡‑p IS-¶‑p-t‑]‑mb h‑nX‑pc t‑__‑n F¶ ]{‑X-{‑]-hÀ¯-I³. X‑nc‑p-h-\-´-]‑p-cs‑¯ Ì‑mN‑y‑p PM‑vj-\‑nÂ\‑n¶‑v Hc‑p k‑nä‑n _k‑n t‑]c‑qÀ¡-S-b‑ns‑e Cµ‑n-c‑m-\-K-d‑n-t‑e-¡‑pÅ h‑o«‑nt‑e¡‑v aS-§-s‑h-b‑mW‑v Hc‑p kÔ‑y‑m-k-a-b¯‑v t‑__‑ns‑b acW‑w I‑og-S-¡‑n-b-X‑v. _Ê‑n XfÀ ¶‑p-h‑oW At‑±l‑w Bk‑v]-{‑X‑n-b‑n-s‑e-¯‑p‑w-a‑p¼‑v A´‑y-i‑z‑mk‑w he‑n-¨‑p. Fg‑p-]-¯‑n-b©‑m‑w hb-Ê‑ne‑p‑w ]{‑X-{‑] -hÀ¯-\-c‑w-K¯‑p‑w k‑ml‑nX‑y k‑m‑wk‑vI‑m-c‑nIc‑wK¯‑p‑w h‑nX‑pc t‑__‑n \‑nd-ª‑p\‑n¶‑nc‑p-¶‑p. ]{‑X-{‑]-hÀ¯-\-¯‑n h‑y-X‑yk‑vX t‑aJ-e-I-f‑n {‑]‑mh‑o W‑y‑w s‑Xf‑n-b‑n-¡‑m³ Ig‑nª hf-s‑c-¡‑p-d-¨‑p-t‑]À a‑m{‑Xt‑a ae-b‑m-f-¯‑n-e‑p-ï‑m-b‑n-«‑p-Å‑q. a‑mX‑r-`‑q-a‑n-b‑ns‑e S‑n. t‑hW‑p-t‑K‑m]‑m-e‑n-t‑\t‑b‑m ae-b‑mf at‑\‑m-c-a-b‑ns‑e t‑P‑mb‑n X‑nc‑p-a‑q-e-\-K-ct‑¯t‑b‑m t‑Zi‑m-`‑n-a‑m-\‑n-b‑ns‑e s‑I.t‑I‑m-b-t‑bt‑b‑m t‑]‑ms‑e GX‑m\‑p‑w t‑]À a‑m{‑X‑w. Ah-c‑ps‑S \‑nc-b‑n h‑nX‑pc t‑__‑n ¡‑v AX‑n-{‑]-[‑m\ Ø‑m\-a‑m-W‑p-Å-X‑v. ]{‑X-t‑e‑m-I-¯‑n c‑m j‑v{‑S‑o-bh‑p‑w k‑n\‑n-ab‑p‑w k‑ml‑n-X‑yh‑p‑w k‑vt‑]‑mÀS‑vk‑p‑w s‑s‑Z\‑wZ‑n\ h‑mÀ¯b‑p‑w A{‑X e-f‑n-X-a‑mb‑n s‑s‑II‑mc‑y‑w s‑N¿‑m³ t‑__‑n¡‑v k‑m[‑n-¨-X‑p-t‑]‑ms‑e as‑ä‑mc‑p ae-b‑mf ]{‑X-{‑]-hÀ ¯-I\‑p‑w Ig‑n-ª‑n-«‑p-ï‑m-I‑p-s‑a¶‑p R‑m³ Ic‑p-X‑p-¶‑n-Ã.

AX‑p-t‑]‑ms‑e Xs‑¶-b‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶‑p \‑y‑qk‑v t‑PÀ®-e‑n-k-¯‑ne‑p‑w a‑mK-k‑n³ t‑PÀ®-e‑n-k-¯‑ne‑p‑w t‑__‑n X‑nf§‑n \‑n¶-X‑p‑w. ae-b‑mf ]{‑X-{‑]-hÀ¯-\-t‑h-Z‑n¡‑v Ht‑«s‑d {‑]K-Ûs‑c k‑w`‑mh\ s‑Nb‑vX‑n-«‑pÅ P\-b‑pK‑w Z‑n\-]-{‑X-¯‑n-e‑q-s‑S-b‑mW‑v h‑nX‑pc t‑__‑n F¶ b‑ph‑mh‑v ]{‑X-{‑]-hÀ¯-\ t‑e‑mIt‑¯¡‑p IS-¶‑p-h-c‑p-¶-X‑v. I‑m¼‑n-t‑Èc‑n Ic‑p-W‑m-I-cs‑â ] {‑X‑m-[‑n-]-X‑y-¯‑n P\-b‑pK‑w ]{‑Xh‑p‑w h‑mc‑n-Ib‑p‑w P‑ze‑n-¨‑p\‑n¶ 1960 If‑n-e‑mW‑v t‑__‑n Hc‑p d‑nt‑¸‑mÀ«-d‑mb‑n X‑qe‑n-I-s‑bS‑p-¡‑p-¶-X‑v. GX‑mï‑v cï‑v ]X‑n-ä‑m-ï‑p-I‑m-es‑¯ P\-b‑p-K¯‑ns‑e {‑]hÀ¯-\-¯‑n-\‑n-S-b‑n k‑vt‑]‑mÀS‑vk‑v d‑nt‑¸‑mÀ«‑n‑wK‑v c‑wK-¯‑mW‑v t‑__‑n BZ‑y‑w Xs‑â a‑mä‑p s‑Xf‑n-b‑n-¨-X‑v. k‑vt‑]‑mÀS‑vk‑v d‑nt‑¸‑mÀ«‑n‑w-K‑ne‑p‑w Ah-t‑e‑m-I-\-¯‑ne‑p‑w Xs‑â Hc‑p {‑]t‑X‑yI ]‑mX s‑Xf‑n-b‑n¨ At‑±l‑w B I‑me-L-«¯‑n I‑mb‑nIc‑wKs‑¯ Hc‑p \‑nd-k‑m-¶‑n-[‑y-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. ]‑n¶‑oS‑v k‑n\‑na t‑PÀ®-e‑n-k-¯‑n-t‑e¡‑p X‑nc‑nª t‑__‑n P\-b‑p-K-¯‑ns‑â I‑og‑n Bc‑w-`‑n¨ k‑n\‑n-ca F¶ S‑mt‑»‑m-b‑nU‑v s‑s‑Z‑zh‑m-c‑n-I-b‑ps‑S FU‑n-ä-d‑m-b‑n. A´-Ê‑mÀ¶ Hc‑p k‑n\‑n-a‑m-{‑]-k‑n-²‑o-I-c-W-s‑a¶ BZ-c-h‑p-t‑\-S‑nb k‑n\‑nc-a¡‑v B c‑wK¯‑p‑w k‑mÀÆ-{‑X‑n-I-a‑mb A‑wK‑o-I‑mc‑w t‑\S‑ns‑¡‑m-S‑p-¯-X‑n t‑__‑n hl‑n¨ ]¦‑p‑w hfs‑c he‑p-X‑p-X-s‑¶s^{_phcn 2014

b‑m-W‑v. At‑X‑ms‑S‑m¸‑w Xs‑¶ P\-b‑p-K-¯‑ns‑â _‑me-{‑]-k‑n-²‑o-I-c-W-a‑mb _‑me-b‑p-K-¯‑ns‑â hfÀ¨b‑ne‑p‑w At‑±l‑w he‑nb ]¦‑mW‑v hl‑n¨-X‑v.

P\-b‑pK‑w {‑K‑q¸‑nÂ\‑n¶‑v h‑nc-a‑n¨ h‑nX‑pc t‑__‑n ]‑n¶‑oS‑v X‑nc‑p-h-\-´-]‑p-c-¯‑p-\‑n¶‑p‑w a{‑Z‑m-k‑n \‑n¶‑p‑w Ht‑c-k-ab‑w {‑]k‑n-²‑o-Ic‑n¨ C‑u\‑mS‑v F¶ ]{‑X-¯‑ne‑p‑w I‑pd-¨‑p-\‑mÄ {‑]hÀ¯‑n-¨‑p. t‑e H‑u«‑ns‑â I‑mc‑y-¯‑n ]‑mÝ‑mX‑y ]{‑X-§-t‑f‑mS‑p I‑nS-]‑n-S‑n-¡‑p-a‑m-b‑nc‑p¶ C‑u\‑m-S‑n Ak‑n-Ìâ‑v FU‑n-ä-d‑m-b‑nc‑p¶‑p t‑__‑n. ]s‑£ C‑u\‑mS‑v A[‑n-I-\‑mÄ \‑ne-\‑n-¶‑n-Ã. ]‑n¶‑oS‑v a‑wKf‑w Z‑n\-]{‑X‑w Bc‑w-`‑n-¨-t‑¸‑mÄ AX‑ns‑â X‑nc‑p-h-\-´-]‑pcs‑¯ k‑vs‑]j Id-k‑vt‑]‑m-ïâ‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶‑p At‑±-l‑w. a‑wK-f-¯‑n \‑n¶‑v d‑n«-bÀ s‑Nb‑vX‑p-s‑h¦‑ne‑p‑w ]‑n¶‑oS‑v H¶-c-¸-X‑n-ä‑m-ï‑p-I‑me‑w ] {‑X-{‑]-hÀ¯-\-t‑¯‑m-s‑S‑m¸‑w k‑ml‑nX‑y {‑]hÀ¯-\h‑p‑w t‑__‑n X‑pSÀ¶‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. P‑oh‑nX ka-c‑w‑, ^‑vs‑fb‑n‑w‑, h‑m¡‑v F¶ a‑mk‑n-I-b‑p-t‑Sb‑p‑w h‑mc‑n-I-I-f‑p-t‑Sb‑p‑w ]{‑X‑m-[‑n-]\‑mb‑n {‑]hÀ¯‑n¨ t‑_-_‑n At‑X-k-ab‑w aä‑p-]e {‑]k‑n-²‑oI-c-W-§-f‑p-t‑Sb‑p‑w D]-t‑Z-i-I³ I‑qS‑n-b‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. ]‑mÀ«‑n c‑mj‑v{‑S‑oba‑pï‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶ I‑me¯‑p‑w GX‑p- t‑\-X‑mh‑n-t‑âb‑p‑w a‑p¶‑n \‑nÀ`-b-\‑mb‑n \‑n¡‑m\‑p‑w ]d-b‑m-\‑p-ÅX‑v X‑pd-s‑¶-g‑p-X‑m\‑p‑w t‑__‑n¡‑p Ig‑n-ª‑n-c‑p¶‑p F¶X‑v Hc‑p Ak‑m-[‑m-c-W-X‑z-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. k‑ml‑n-X‑y-c‑w-K¯‑p‑w Xt‑â-X‑mb \à k‑w`‑m-h-\-IÄ \ ÂI‑n-b‑n-«‑pÅ Fg‑p-¯‑p-I‑m-c-\‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶‑p h‑nX‑pc t‑__‑n. \·-I-f‑ps‑S k‑qc‑y³‑, kX‑y-¯‑ns‑â AS‑n-t‑h-c‑p-IÄ‑, s‑IW‑n X‑pS-§‑nb Bt‑d‑mf‑w I‑rX‑n-I-f‑ps‑S IÀ¯‑m-h‑mb t‑__‑n¡‑v t‑Icf¯‑ns‑e GX‑m\‑p‑w F®-s‑¸« ]‑pc-k‑vI‑m-c-§f‑p‑w e`‑n¨‑n-«‑p-ï‑v. AX‑n s‑]‑m¶d {‑i‑o[À ^‑ut‑ï-j³ GÀs‑¸-S‑p¯‑nb Ú‑m\-Z‑o]‑w ]‑pc-k‑vI‑m-ch‑p‑w l‑y‑qs‑a³ s‑s‑dt‑äg‑vk‑v t‑^‑md‑w Ah‑mÀU‑p‑w DÄs‑¸-S‑p-¶‑p. t‑Ic-f-¯‑n ]{‑X-{‑]-hÀ¯I b‑qW‑n-b³ hfÀ¯‑n-s‑b-S‑p¡‑p-¶-X‑n h‑nX‑pc t‑__‑n {‑it‑²-b-a‑mb k‑w`‑m-h-\-b‑mW‑v \ÂI‑n-b‑n-«‑p-Å-X‑v. s‑I‑mÃ‑w {‑]Ê‑v ¢º‑n-s‑â s‑k{‑I-«d‑n ]Z‑w hl‑n-¨‑n-«‑pÅ t‑__‑n hf-s‑c-¡‑me‑w C´‑y³ ]{‑X-{‑]-hÀ¯I s‑^U-t‑d-js‑â t‑Zi‑ob ka‑nX‑n A‑wK-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑n-«‑p-ï‑v. t‑Icf-¯‑ns‑e k‑o\‑n-bÀ t‑PÀ®-e‑nÌ‑v t‑^‑md-¯‑ns‑â Ø‑m]I {‑] k‑n-U-ï‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶‑p At‑±-l‑w. t‑Ic-f-¯‑ne‑p‑w h‑nt‑Zic‑mP‑y-§-f‑ne‑pa‑mb‑n ]SÀ¶‑p I‑nS¡‑p¶ Hc‑p he‑nb k‑pl‑rZ‑v he-b-¯‑ns‑â DS-a-b‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p t‑__‑n. Ah-c‑n P‑oh‑n-X-¯‑ns‑â h‑y-X‑yk‑vX t‑aJ-e-If‑nÂs‑¸«hc‑p-ï‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. ]{‑X-{‑]-hÀ¯-IÀ¡‑v ]‑pds‑a c‑mj‑v{‑S‑ob t‑\X‑m-¡Ä‑, k‑n\‑na {‑]hÀ¯-IÀ‑, k‑ml‑n-X‑y-I‑mc-·‑mÀ‑, Ie‑m-I‑m-c-·‑mÀ‑, Dt‑Z‑y‑m-KØ {‑]a‑p-JÀ‑, {‑]h‑m-k‑n-IÄ FÃ‑m-a‑pÅ k‑pl‑rZ‑vhe-b‑w. AhÀs‑¡Ã‑m‑w GX‑p I‑mc‑y¯‑ne‑p‑w Hc‑p \à kl‑mb‑n I‑qS‑n-b‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶‑p At‑±-l‑w.

I‑mcW‑w h‑nX‑pc t‑__‑n AS‑n-Ø‑m-\-]-c-a‑mb‑n Hc‑p \Ã a\‑pj‑y-\‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶‑p F¶-X‑p-X-s‑¶.

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{^w hÀ½mPn, hn¯v eu

sI. Fð. taml\hÀ½

‑ImSvPp kmln_pw Atacn¡³ t\mhenÌpw

am[ya§Ä \ðIpóXp XsóbmtWm P\§Ä¡p thïXv? hmb\¡mcpsS, t{]£Isâ ]£¯p \nóv \½psS ssZ\wZn\ am[yatemI¯neqsS ISópt]mhpIbmWv Cu ]wànbneqsS teJI³.

{]

k‑v I‑u¬k‑n s‑NbÀa‑m³ a‑mÀ¡W‑vt‑Ub I‑mS‑vP‑p k‑ml‑n_‑v I‑pd¨‑p\‑mÄ a‑p¼‑v a‑p‑w_‑mb‑n kÀhIe‑mi‑meb‑n "C´‑y³ \‑oX‑n \‑y‑mbh‑yhØ‑, ]‑uc‑mW‑nIh‑p‑w B[‑p\‑nIh‑p‑w' F¶ h‑njbs‑¯¡‑p d‑n¨‑v \S¯‑nb PÌ‑ok‑v F‑w.k‑n.OK‑vf‑m A\‑pk‑vacW {‑]`‑mjW¯‑n ]db‑pI-b‑pï‑mb‑n.

C´‑y³ t‑h‑m«d·‑mc‑n 90 iXa‑m \h‑p‑w h‑nU‑vV‑nIf‑mW‑v. _‑m¡‑v t‑hÀ U‑mW‑v. AhÀ t‑h‑m«‑p s‑N¿‑p¶X‑v P‑mX‑n t‑\‑m¡‑nb‑mW‑v. kX‑ykÔXb‑n  Bc‑p‑w h‑ni‑zk‑n¡‑p¶‑nÃ. CX‑v s‑hd‑p‑w \‑nc£cc‑ps‑Sb‑p‑w Zc‑n{‑Zc‑ps‑S b‑p‑w a‑m{‑X‑w I‑mc‑yaÃ. s‑{‑]‑m^kd·‑m c‑p‑w h¡‑oe·‑mc‑p‑w FÃ‑m‑w P‑mX‑n{‑`‑m´ ·‑mc‑mW‑v.

A¶‑v B‑w BZ‑va‑n ]‑mÀ«‑n c‑q]‑o Ic‑n¨ kaba‑mW‑v. At‑±l‑w t‑N‑mZ‑n¨‑p.

A-c-h‑nµ‑v t‑I{‑i‑nh‑mÄ‑, \‑n§f‑ps‑S ]‑mÀ«‑n GX‑p P‑mX‑ns‑bb‑mW‑v {‑]X‑n\‑n [‑oIc‑n¡‑p¶X‑v? A®‑m lk‑ms‑c Ag‑n aX‑ns‑¡X‑nc‑mb‑n Hc‑p]‑mS‑v H¨ h¨‑p. ]s‑£ hà {‑]t‑b‑mP\h‑p-a‑pï‑mt‑b‑m?

Ag‑naX‑n¡‑v hà I‑pdh‑p-a‑pï‑mt‑b‑m? \‑n§Ä kX‑ykÔ\‑mb‑nc‑n¡‑p‑w. ]s‑£ C´‑y¡‑mcs‑â k‑z`‑mh¯‑n\‑v h‑yX‑y‑mk‑w hc‑nI‑nÃ.

At‑±l‑w ]dª‑p. t‑P‑y‑mX‑nj¯‑ne‑p‑w P·\‑m e`‑n¨ D¨\‑oNX‑z¯‑ne‑p‑w Ct‑¸‑mg‑p‑w h‑ni‑zk‑n

¡‑p¶ C´‑y³ ka‑ql¯‑ns‑e 90 iX a‑m\‑w hc‑p¶ _l‑p`‑qc‑n]£s‑¯b‑p‑w ^‑y‑qU h‑yhØ‑nX‑nb‑n \‑n¶‑v B[‑p\‑nI i‑mk‑v{‑X‑ob a\Ê‑nt‑e¡‑v a‑mä‑m³ {‑]hÀ¯‑n-t‑¡ï ]{‑Xþs‑Se‑n h‑nj³ h‑mÀ¯‑m a‑m²‑ya§Ä s‑hd‑p‑w t‑\‑m¬ Cj‑y‑qIs‑f h‑mÀ¯If‑mb‑n a‑p¶‑n s‑I‑mï‑p h¶‑v P\§s‑f I_f‑n¸‑n¡‑pIb‑mW‑v C¶‑p s‑N¿‑p¶ X‑v. C´‑yb‑ns‑e 50 iXa‑m\‑w I‑pª‑p §Ä¡‑v t‑]‑mjI‑ml‑mc‑w e`‑n¡‑p¶‑nà X‑pS§‑nb Gäh‑p‑w {‑][‑m\a‑mb {‑]i‑v\ §f‑nÂt‑¸‑me‑p‑w a‑oU‑nb‑m \‑nÈ_‑vZc‑m W‑v. Z‑mc‑n{‑Z‑y‑w‑, P‑mX‑naX t‑hÀX‑nc‑nh‑pI Ä‑, s‑X‑mg‑ne‑nÃ‑mb‑va‑, AÔh‑ni‑z‑mk‑w X‑pS§‑nbhb‑vs‑¡X‑nc‑mb‑n ka‑qls‑¯ kac‑w s‑N¿‑m³ X¿‑md‑m¡‑pIb‑mW‑v a‑oU‑nb‑mb‑ps‑S IÀ½‑w.

CX‑v t‑I«t‑¸‑mÄ F\‑n¡‑v Bb‑ns‑S Dï‑mb Hc‑p A\‑p`ha‑mW‑v H‑mÀ½ h¶X‑v.

Fs‑â Hc‑p k‑pl‑r¯‑v‑, s‑I‑m¨‑nb‑n s‑e S‑qÀ H‑m¸t‑dä‑n‑wK‑v _‑nk‑n\Ê‑pI‑mc \‑mW‑v‑, Hc‑p {‑]`‑mX¯‑n Fs‑¶ h‑nf‑n¨‑p. hÀ½‑mP‑n‑, Hc‑p s‑l¸‑p t‑hW‑w. {‑]i‑v\‑w At‑±l‑w h‑nhc‑n¨‑p.

Hc‑p At‑ac‑n¡³ t‑\‑mhe‑nÌ‑v s‑I‑m¨‑nb‑n Xs‑â S‑qÀ ]‑mt‑¡P‑v s‑kä‑n  h¶‑nc‑n¡‑p¶‑p. a‑q¶‑p Z‑nhk‑w t‑Icf¯‑n-e‑pï‑v. t‑X¡S‑nb‑p‑w I‑pacI h‑p‑w I‑mWW‑w. Hc‑p ]I s‑I‑m¨‑nb‑n

e‑mW‑v. D¨b‑v¡‑v U¨‑v ]‑mek‑p‑w k‑n\ t‑K‑mK‑p‑w I‑mb N‑päe‑p‑w. s‑s‑hI‑n«‑v Bdcb‑v¡‑v IYIf‑n I‑mWW‑w. A©‑p a‑pX Bd‑p hs‑c kab‑w k‑ml‑nX‑y ¯‑n\‑v \‑o¡‑n h¨‑nc‑n¡‑pIb‑mW‑v. Ch‑n S‑ps‑¯ I‑pdªX‑v Hc‑p k‑ml‑nX‑yI‑mc \‑pa‑mb‑n Hc‑p CâÀ BI‑vj³. k‑wk‑m c‑n¡W‑w. hÀ½‑mP‑n c£‑n¡W‑w.

R‑m³ k½X‑n¨‑p. t‑]c‑v R‑m³ I‑pd‑ns‑¨S‑p¯‑p. s‑\ä‑n Ibd‑n Ahc‑p s‑S `‑qa‑ni‑mk‑v{‑Xh‑p‑w Nc‑n{‑Xh‑p‑w a\Ê‑n e‑m¡‑n. a‑q¶‑p t‑\‑mhÂ. I‑ps‑d t‑I‑mf‑w. t‑k‑mj‑y Cj‑y‑qk‑ne‑mW‑v {‑]‑nb‑w. »‑m¡‑v Fg‑p¯‑pI‑mc‑nb‑mW‑v. k‑m³ ^‑vd‑m³k‑nk‑vt‑¡‑mb‑n X‑mak‑n¡‑p¶‑p. s‑s‑hI‑n«‑v s‑s‑^³ BÀS‑vk‑v l‑mf‑n s‑e s‑Nd‑nb a‑pd‑nb‑n I‑rX‑ykab¯‑v AhÀ F¯‑n. \à XS‑nb‑p‑w Dbch‑p‑w DÅ a²‑y hbk‑v¡. I‑qs‑S A{‑X Xs‑¶ Dbch‑p‑w BIÀjW‑oba‑mb a‑pJI‑m´‑nb‑pa‑pÅ a‑wt‑K‑mf‑nb³ \‑nda‑pÅ ]‑pc‑pj³. Bf‑v s‑ae‑nªX‑ms‑Wt‑¶ h‑yX‑y‑mka‑pÅ‑p Ab‑mf‑ps‑S {‑]‑mb‑w R‑ms‑\{‑X {‑ia‑n¨‑n «‑p‑w D‑ul‑ns‑¨S‑p¡‑m³ ]ä‑nb‑nÃ. Cc‑p ]X‑p a‑pX A¼X‑phs‑c GX‑pa‑mI‑m‑w. s‑s‑a I‑w]‑m\‑nb³ F¶‑mW‑v t‑\‑mhe‑n Ì‑v Ab‑ms‑f ]c‑nNbs‑¸S‑p¯‑n-bX‑v. t‑\‑mhe‑nÌ‑p‑w R‑m\‑p‑w t‑Icfs‑¯ ¡‑pd‑n¨‑v k‑wk‑mc‑n¨‑p. C´‑ys‑b¡‑pd‑n ¨‑v k‑wk‑mc‑n¨‑p. s‑I‑m¨‑nb‑ps‑S ]‑mc¼c‑y s‑¯¡‑pd‑n¨‑p‑w Nc‑n{‑Xs‑¯¡‑pd‑n¨‑p‑w k‑wk‑mc‑n¨‑p. ]s‑£ AhÀ¡‑v Ad‑nt‑bï‑nb‑nc‑p¶X‑v C´‑yb‑n 125 a‑ne‑y¬ I‑p«‑nIÄ h‑ni¶‑p Ig‑nb‑p¶‑p. k‑v¡‑qf‑n t‑]‑mI‑ms‑X F¶‑v A¶‑v Hc‑p ]{‑Xh‑mÀ-¯ Iï‑p. C‑u I‑p«‑nIÄ¡‑p t‑hï‑n F´‑p-s‑I‑mï‑v C´‑y³ s^{_phcn 2014

(26) Fg‑p¯‑pI‑mÀ i_‑vZa‑pbÀ¯‑p¶‑nÃ?

R‑m³ ]dª‑p.

Ch‑ns‑S h‑nZ‑y‑m`‑y‑mkh‑p‑w A£c‑m `‑y‑mkh‑p‑w X½‑n he‑nb h‑yX‑y‑m-ka‑pï‑v. ]S‑nª‑md³ N‑n´If‑p‑w [‑mc WIf‑p‑w Dï‑m¡‑nb Afh‑pt‑I‑me‑pI f‑ne‑qs‑Sb‑mW‑v Gj‑y³ ka‑ql¯‑ns‑\ t‑e‑mI‑w Iï‑p hc‑p¶X‑v. Ch‑nS‑ps‑¯ Z‑mc‑n{‑Z‑y‑w t‑U‑mfd‑ns‑â a‑qe‑y¯‑ne‑mW‑v \‑n§Ä IW¡‑p I‑q«‑p¶X‑v. {‑K‑ma§ f‑p‑w I‑pS‑ne‑pIf‑p‑w Ahb‑ps‑S k‑m¼ ¯‑nI ià‑nb‑p‑w I‑p«‑nIf‑ps‑S I‑me‑m hØ‑m\‑pt‑b‑mP‑ya‑mb Bt‑c‑mK‑y\‑ne b‑p‑w ic‑nb‑mb IW¡‑pIf‑ps‑S ]c‑n[‑n b‑n s‑I‑mï‑p hc‑p¶ Ì‑mä‑nä‑nI‑vk‑v N‑n´IÄ C\‑nb‑p‑w D-ï‑mI‑m\‑nc‑n¡‑p¶ t‑Xb‑pÅ‑p.

Hc‑p Fk‑vt‑¡¸‑nÌ‑v ad‑p]S‑nb‑ms‑W ¶‑v F\‑n¡d‑nb‑m‑w.

AhÀ ]dª‑p. \‑n§f‑mW‑v t‑e‑mI¯‑n Gäh‑pa[‑n I‑w Bb‑p[‑w h‑m§‑n¡‑q«‑p¶hÀ.

F¶‑n«‑v Al‑n‑wkb‑ps‑S K‑mÔ‑nP‑ns‑b \‑n§f‑ps‑S Ct‑aP‑m¡‑pIb‑p‑w s‑N¿‑p¶‑p.

R§Ä¡‑p a\Ê‑ne‑mI‑m¯ hÃ‑m¯ h‑nt‑c‑m[‑m`‑mk‑w.

F\‑n¡‑v D¯c‑w a‑p«‑n. t‑e‑mI¯‑v Bb‑p[§Ä h‑m§‑p¶ X‑n\‑p t‑hï‑n Gäh‑pa[‑nI‑w ]W‑w N‑neh‑n« c‑mj‑v{‑S‑w C´‑yb‑mW‑v. b‑p.Fk‑v. t‑I‑m¬{‑KÊ‑n kaÀ¸‑n¨ B[‑nI‑mc‑nIa‑mb d‑nt‑¸‑mÀ«\‑pkc‑n¨‑v 2010 Bb‑p[h‑y‑m]‑mct‑aJ-e a‑mµ‑y ¯‑nt‑e¡‑v h‑oW‑p. 2009 a‑qt‑¶I‑m e£‑w t‑I‑mS‑n c‑q]‑mb‑ps‑S h‑y‑m]‑mc‑w \S¶‑nS¯‑v 2010 cï‑p e£‑w t‑I‑mS‑n c‑q]b‑pt‑SX‑mb‑n I‑pdª‑p. 2003\‑p t‑ij‑w C{‑Xb‑p‑w I‑pd¨‑p h‑y‑m]‑mc‑w \S¶ I‑me‑w Dï‑mb‑n«‑nÃs‑{‑X. k‑m¼ ¯‑n-I-a‑mµ‑y‑w hÃ‑ms‑X I‑pg¸¯‑ne‑m ¡‑nb b‑qt‑d‑m]‑y³ c‑mP‑y§Ä X§f‑p s‑S Bb‑p[‑w h‑m§Â _Pä‑v I‑pd¨‑p. ]s‑£ C´‑y‑, X‑mb‑vh‑m³‑, k‑uZ‑n At‑d_‑y‑, ]‑mI‑nØ‑m³ C‑u H‑mÀUd‑n  a‑mÀ¡ä‑n I‑m¯‑p \‑n¶ `‑oa·‑mÀ C¡‑me¯‑v I‑qS‑pX Bb‑p[‑w h‑m§‑n C‑u a‑mµ‑y¯‑ns‑â Bg‑w I‑pd¨‑p.

B d‑nt‑¸‑mÀ«‑v Bl‑z‑m\‑w s‑Nb‑vX‑p.

C´‑yb‑nt‑e¡‑p t‑]‑mI‑q. kl{‑kt‑I‑mS‑n If‑ps‑S I‑oib‑pa‑mb‑n C´‑y CX‑m dU‑n b‑mb‑n I‑m¯‑p \‑n¡‑p¶‑p. dj‑ys‑b b‑p‑w {‑^‑m³k‑ns‑\b‑p‑w H‑u«‑m¡‑n C´‑y ¡‑v Bb‑p[‑w h‑n¡‑q.

Bb‑p[¯‑n\‑v Bl‑mcs‑¯¡‑mf‑p‑w s‑s‑{‑]ad‑nh‑nZ‑y‑m`‑y‑mks‑¯¡‑mf‑p‑w {‑]‑m[‑m\‑y‑w s‑I‑mS‑p¡‑m³ C´‑ys‑bb‑p‑w ]‑mI‑nØ‑ms‑\b‑p‑w AX‑pt‑]‑ms‑eb‑pÅ FaÀP‑n‑wK‑v Ct‑¡‑mWa‑nIs‑fb‑p‑w \‑nÀ_Ô‑nXc‑m¡‑pI F¶X‑v hc‑p‑w I‑me t‑¥‑m_ c‑mj‑v{‑S‑ob¯‑ns‑â s^{_phcn 2014

a‑mÀ¡W‑vt‑Ub I‑mS‑vP‑p

Bb‑p[¯‑n\‑v Bl‑mcs‑¯¡‑mf‑p‑w s‑s‑{‑ad‑nh‑nZ‑y‑m`‑y‑mks‑¯¡‑mf‑p‑w {‑]‑m[‑m\‑y‑w s‑I‑mS‑p¡‑m³ C´‑ys‑bb‑p‑w ]‑mI‑nØ‑ms‑\b‑p‑w AX‑p t‑]‑ms‑eb‑pÅ FaÀP‑n‑wK‑v Ct‑¡‑mWa‑nIs‑fb‑p‑w \‑nÀ_Ô‑nXc‑m¡‑p I F¶X‑v hc‑p‑wI‑me t‑¥‑m_ c‑mj‑v{‑S‑ob¯‑ns‑â e£‑ya‑mb‑nc‑n ¡‑p‑w. b‑p²‑w t‑hï‑, b‑p²`b‑w aX‑n Bb‑p[ _‑nk‑n\Ê‑n\‑v. {‑]‑mYa‑nIh‑nZ‑y‑m`‑y‑mkc‑wK¯‑v Gäh‑p‑w ]‑n¶‑n \‑n¡‑p¶ c‑mP‑y§f‑mW‑v C´‑yb‑p‑w ]‑mI‑nØ‑m\‑p‑w. D¶X i‑mk‑v{‑X‑ob k‑mt‑¦X‑nI h‑nZ‑y‑m`‑y‑mkc‑wKs‑¯ t‑\«§Ä \‑nc¯‑n \‑m‑w t‑e‑mI¯‑v \¼À h¬ As‑æ‑n \¼À S‑p F¶‑v s‑\ª‑p h‑nc‑n¡‑p¶X‑n At‑ac‑n¡b‑v¡‑v kt‑´‑mjt‑ab‑pÅ‑p. AhÀ¡‑v N‑neh‑p I‑pd¨‑v H‑u«‑v t‑k‑mg‑vk‑n‑wK‑n\‑v a‑nS‑p¡c‑mb C´‑y³ I‑p«‑nIs‑f I‑n«‑pat‑Ã‑m. e£‑ya‑mb‑nc‑n¡‑p‑w. b‑p²‑w t‑hï‑, b‑p²`b‑w aX‑n Bb‑p[ _‑nk‑n\Ê‑n\‑v. {‑]‑mYa‑nIh‑nZ‑y‑m`‑y‑mkc‑wK¯‑v Gäh‑p‑w ]‑n¶‑n \‑n¡‑p¶ c‑mP‑y§f‑mW‑v C´‑yb‑p‑w ]‑mI‑nØ‑m\‑p‑w. D¶X i‑mk‑v{‑X‑obk‑mt‑¦X‑nI h‑nZ‑y‑m`‑y‑mk c‑wKs‑¯ t‑\«§Ä \‑nc¯‑n \‑m‑w t‑e‑mI¯‑v \¼À h¬ As‑æ‑n \¼À S‑p F¶‑v s‑\ª‑p h‑nc‑n¡‑p¶X‑n  At‑ac‑n¡b‑v¡‑v kt‑´‑mjt‑ab‑pÅ‑p.

AhÀ¡‑v N‑neh‑p I‑pd¨‑v H‑u«‑v t‑k‑mg‑vk‑n‑wK‑n\‑v a‑nS‑p¡c‑mb C´‑y³ I‑p«‑nIs‑f I‑n«‑pat‑Ã‑m.

R‑m³ ]dª‑p. \‑n§f‑mW‑nX‑n\‑p I‑mcW‑w. t‑¥‑m_ a‑mÀ¡ä‑n‑wK‑v a\Ê‑pIÄ.

AhÀ \‑n§f‑ps‑S c‑mj‑v{‑S‑obs‑¯ s‑s‑I ¸‑nS‑nb‑ne‑m¡‑n Gj‑yb‑n b‑p²`‑oX‑n \‑ne\‑nÀ¯‑p¶‑p. Bb‑p[‑w h‑m§‑n¡‑q «‑m³ R§s‑f \‑nÀ_Ô‑nXc‑m¡‑p¶‑p.

AhÀ N‑nc‑n¨‑p.

Bb‑nc‑n¡‑m‑w. ]s‑£ CX‑v Iï‑n«‑p‑w Iï‑ns‑ö‑p \S‑n¡‑m³ Fg‑p¯‑pI‑mÀ ¡‑v F§‑ns‑\ Ig‑nb‑p¶‑p? 125 a‑ne‑yC´‑y³ I‑pª‑p§f‑ps‑S h‑ni¸‑v \‑n§ Ä¡‑p a\Ê‑ne‑mI‑nt‑Ã? Ahs‑c Ft‑´ h‑ni¸‑p a‑mä‑n ]Å‑n¡‑qS¯‑neb¡‑m³ \‑n§Ä {‑ia‑n¡‑p¶‑nÃ?

F\‑n¡‑p¯ca‑nÃ‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p. \½‑ps‑S N‑n´IÄ t‑]‑me‑p‑w s‑s‑lP‑m¡‑v s‑N¿s‑¸«‑nc‑n¡‑pIb‑mt‑W‑m?

IS‑vP‑p k‑ml‑n_‑p‑w At‑ac‑n¡³ t‑\‑mhe‑nÌ‑p‑w N‑qï‑n¡‑m«‑nbX‑v H¶‑p Xs‑¶bt‑Ã? t\mhenÌpw ho£Ww ap³ No^v FUnädpamWv teJI³. teJIsâ Cþsabvð: varma.klmohana@gmail.com

(27)

\yq thhvkv

tPmk^v BâWn

dnt¡mÀ-Uv sN-¿-s¸-Sp-ó temIw

Cóv temI¯v Gsd hmÀ¯IÄ {]Xy£s¸SpóXpw ]e Ne\§fpw krãn¡póXpw \yqaoUob Fópw tkmjyð aoUnb Fópsams¡ Adnbs¸Spó sskäpIfnse P\§fpsS t\cn«pÅ CSs]SepIfneqsSbmWv. Cu cwKs¯ ]pXnb kw`hhnImk§sf ]cnNbs¸Sp¯pIbmWv Cu ]wànbneqsS

C

-´‑y³ ]-£‑n-\‑n-c‑o-£-I-c‑p-s‑S B-N‑m-c‑y\‑m-b k‑me‑n‑w Ae‑n‑, ]-£‑n-I-f‑p-s‑S i‑m-k‑v-{‑X‑o-b-\‑m-a‑w H‑mÀ¯‑p-s‑h-b‑v-¡‑m³ I-ã-s‑¸-S‑p-¶ i‑n-j‑yÀ¡‑v D-]-t‑Z-i‑n-¨‑n-c‑p-¶ H-c‑p h‑n-Z‑y-b‑pï‑v. _k‑nt‑e‑m X‑o-h-ï‑nb‑n-t‑e‑m b‑m-{‑X s‑N-¿‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ‑, A-s‑Ã-¦‑n F-h‑n-s‑S-s‑b¦‑ne‑p‑w \-S-¡‑p-¶ t‑h-f-b‑n Hc‑p I‑m-¡ I-®‑nÂ-s‑]-s‑«-¶‑n-c‑n-¡s‑«. D-S³ "C-X‑m H-c‑p I‑m-¡' F-¶‑v N‑n-´‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑n-\‑v ]-I-c‑w A-X‑ns‑â i‑m-k‑v-{‑X‑o-b-\‑m-a‑w H‑mÀ-¡‑p-I. I‑m¡-s‑b I‑m-W‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ‑, A-X‑v _-e‑n-¡‑m-¡-b‑m-s‑W-¦‑n ‑"C-X‑m H-c‑p t‑I‑mÀh-k‑v a‑m-t‑{‑I‑m-s‑s‑d³-Ik‑v (Corvus macrorhynchos)‑' F-¶‑v N‑n´‑n-¡‑p-I‑! ""a-ä‑v k‑m-[‑m-c-W ]-£‑nI-s‑f I‑m-W‑pt‑¼‑mg‑p‑w Ct‑X c‑o-X‑n- ]‑n-´‑p-SÀ-¶‑mÂ‑, ]-£‑n-I-f‑p-s‑S i‑m-k‑v-{‑X‑o-b-\‑m-a‑w F-¶X‑v I‑o-d‑m-a‑p-«‑n{‑]-i‑v-\-‑w AÃ‑m-X‑m-I‑p-s‑a¶‑v k‑me‑n‑w A-e‑n ]-d-ª‑n-c‑p¶‑p‑'' þ k‑me‑n‑w A-e‑n-b‑ps‑S i‑n-j‑y\‑p‑w X-t‑«-¡‑m-S‑v "k‑me‑n‑w A-e‑n ]-£‑n k-t‑¦X-¯‑n‑'s‑e i‑m-k‑v-{‑X-Ú-\‑pa‑mb t‑U‑m.BÀ.k‑p-KX³ A-S‑p-¯‑n-b‑n-s‑S C‑u t‑eJ-I-t‑\‑mS‑v H-c‑p A-`‑n-a‑p-J-t‑h-f-b‑n ]-dª‑p. ]-£‑n-\‑n-c‑o-£I-s‑c k‑w-_-Ô‑n-¨‑v X‑oÀ¨-b‑mb‑p‑w C-s‑X‑mc‑p h‑n-e-s‑¸-« D-]-t‑Z-i‑w X-s‑¶-b‑m-W‑v.

C‑u {‑]-i‑v\-s‑¯ B-[‑p-\‑n-I-k‑mt‑¦-X‑n-I-h‑n-Z‑y-b‑p-s‑S h-i-¯‑p-\‑n-¶‑v H-¶‑v ]-c‑n-K-W‑n¨‑mt‑e‑m. ‑"K‑q-K‑nÄ ¥‑m-k‑v' t‑]‑me‑p-Å ]‑p-¯³ k-t‑¦-X-¯‑n-s‑â k-l‑mb-t‑¯‑m-s‑S C-¡‑m-c‑y-¯‑n-\‑v ]-c‑n-l‑m-c‑w X‑m-c-X-t‑a‑y-\ F-f‑p-¸-a‑m-W‑v.

I®-S-t‑]‑m-s‑e [-c‑n¨‑p-s‑I‑mï‑v H‑m¬s‑s‑e³ t‑e‑m-I-h‑p-a‑m-b‑n C-S-]-g-I‑m³ k-l‑m-b‑n-¡‑p-¶ H-¶‑m-W‑v K‑q-K‑nÄ ¥‑mk‑v.

A-X‑ns‑e I‑y‑m-a-db‑p‑w he-X‑v I-®‑n-\‑v a‑p-I-f‑n N-X‑p-c‑m-I‑r-X‑n-b‑n {‑]-X‑y-£s‑¸-S‑p-¶ k‑p-X‑m-c‑y s‑{‑]‑m-P-£-\‑p‑w A-X‑v [-c‑n-¡‑p-¶-b‑ms‑f H‑m¬-s‑s‑e³ t‑e‑m-Ih‑p-a‑m-b‑n C-S-]-g-I‑m³ k-l‑m-b‑n-¡‑p¶‑p. ]-£‑n-\‑n-c‑o-£I-s‑c k-l‑m-b‑n¡‑ms‑\‑m-c‑p B-¹‑n-t‑¡-j³ K‑q-K‑nÄ ¥‑m-k‑ne‑p-ï‑m-b‑m a-X‑n. I-¬a‑p¶‑n-s‑e‑m-c‑p ]-£‑n {‑]-X‑y-£-s‑¸-«‑mÂ‑, I‑y‑m-a-d s‑k³kÀ A-X‑v I‑m-W‑p-I-b‑p‑w‑, H‑m¬-s‑s‑e³ t‑{‑k‑m-X-Ê‑p-I-f‑p-s‑S k-l‑m-b-t‑¯‑m-s‑S G-X‑v ]-£‑n-b‑m-WX‑v‑, A-X‑n-s‑â i‑m-k‑v{‑X‑o-b-\‑m-a-s‑a-´‑v X‑p-S§‑n-b I‑m-c‑y-§s‑f‑m-s‑¡ s‑\‑m-S‑n-b‑n-S-b‑n I-®‑n-\‑v a‑p¶‑n- s‑X-f‑n-b‑p-Ib‑p‑w s‑N¿‑p‑w. k‑w`-h‑w d‑n-t‑¡‑mÀ-U‑v s‑N-b‑v-X‑m ]‑n-¶‑o-S-X‑v ] c‑n-t‑i‑m-[‑n¨‑v k‑w-i-b-\‑n-h‑mc-W‑w h-c‑p¯‑p-I-b‑p-a‑m-I‑m‑w. `‑m-h‑n-b‑n-s‑e H-c‑p k‑m-[‑y-X-b‑m-W‑v a‑p-I-f‑n h‑n-h-c‑n-¨X‑v. k‑me‑n‑w A-e‑n ]-d-

ª D-]‑mb‑w‑, k‑m-t‑¦-X‑n-I-h‑n-Z‑y-b‑p-s‑S I‑m-N-¯‑n-e‑q-s‑S I-S-¯‑n-h‑n-s‑«-¯‑m-h‑p-¶ H-c‑p ]-c‑n-l‑m-c‑w.

C-X‑v A-{‑]-X‑o£‑nX-a‑m-b‑n I¬-a‑p¶‑n-s‑e-¯‑p¶ ]-£‑n-s‑b X‑n-c‑n-¨-d‑n-b‑m\‑p-Å `‑m-h‑n-k‑m[‑yX. C-\‑n a-s‑ä‑m-c‑p k‑w`-h‑w ]-c‑n-K-W‑n-¡‑p-I. c-ï‑p-hÀ-j‑wa‑p-¼‑v t‑e‑m-I-s‑a§‑p‑w e-£-¡-W-¡‑n-\‑mf‑p-IÄ X-Õa-b‑w I-ï H-c‑p ]-£‑n-I‑pS‑p‑w-_-a‑p-ï‑v; H-c‑p ]-c‑p-´‑v I‑p-S‑p‑w-_‑w.

A-t‑a-c‑n-¡-b‑n h-S-¡‑p-I‑n-g-¡³ At‑b‑m-h-b‑n-s‑e H-c‑p ]-c‑p¯‑na-c-¯‑n- 80 AS‑n a‑p-I-f‑n I‑q-S‑p-s‑I-«‑n a‑p-«-b‑n-«‑v h‑n-c‑nb‑n¨‑v I‑p-ª‑p§-s‑f t‑]‑m-ä‑n-b‑nc‑p¶ B ]-c‑p-´‑v I‑p-S‑p‑w-_‑w CâÀ-s‑\-ä‑n k‑q¸À-l‑n-ä‑m-bX‑v‑, H‑m¬-s‑s‑e³ h‑oU‑nt‑b‑m k‑v-{‑S‑o-a‑n-M‑v h-g‑n-b‑m-W‑v. ‑"d‑m-]‑v-SÀ d‑n-t‑k‑m-g‑v-k‑v t‑{‑]‑m-PÎ‑v‑' F-¶ ]-c‑n-Ø‑n-X‑n {‑K‑q-¸‑v k‑m³ {‑^‑m³k‑n-k‑v-t‑I‑m t‑I-{‑µ-a‑m-b‑p-Å h‑oU‑nt‑b‑m k‑v-{‑S‑o-a‑n-M‑v I-¼-\‑nb‑m-b "b‑p-k‑v-{‑S‑oa‑n‑' (UStream‑) s‑â k-l‑m-b-t‑¯‑m-s‑S ]-c‑p´‑v I‑q-«‑n s‑h-º‑v-I‑y‑m‑w Ø‑m-]‑n-¨‑v 24 a-W‑n-¡‑q-d‑p‑w A-h‑n-s‑S \-S-¡‑p-¶ I‑m-c‑y§Ä t‑e‑m-I-¯‑n-\‑v I‑m-«‑n-s‑¡‑m-S‑p-¡‑p-Ib‑m-b‑n-c‑p¶‑p. I‑q-«‑n a‑p-«-h‑n-c‑n-b‑p-¶X‑p‑w I‑p-ª‑p-§-f‑p-ï‑m-I‑p-¶-X‑p‑w B¬]-£‑nb‑p‑w s‑]¬-]-£‑nb‑p‑w t‑NÀ-¶‑v I‑p-ª‑p§-s‑f t‑]‑m-ä‑p-¶-X‑p‑w‑, t‑e‑m-I-s‑a§‑p‑w e-£-¡-W-¡‑n-\‑m-f‑p-IÄ D-d-¡-a‑nf-¨‑n-c‑p-¶‑v s‑s‑e-h‑mb‑n \‑n-c‑o-£‑n-¨‑p‑! ]-£‑n-IÄ-t‑¡ B-c‑m-[-I-c‑p-Å‑q F-¶‑v I-c‑p-X-c‑pX‑v. A-t‑a-c‑n-¡-b‑n- a‑n-j‑nK-W‑n-s‑e t‑{‑K‑m-k‑v t‑]‑mbâ‑v h‑p-U‑v-k‑n- "e‑q-k‑v s‑]-ä‑v t‑j‑m-¸‑n' {‑^‑m-¦‑n-s‑b¶ B-a-b‑m-W‑v X‑m-c‑w‑! 17 hb-Ê‑v {‑]‑m-b-a‑ps^{_phcn 2014

(28) Å {‑^‑m-¦‑n-b‑p-s‑S t‑X‑m-S‑n-\‑v a‑p-I-f‑n L-S‑n-¸‑n-¨‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶ "t‑{‑U‑m-¸‑v-I‑y‑m‑w' I‑y‑m-a-d hg‑n‑, ‑"B-a-¡-®‑n-e‑q-s‑S-b‑pÅ t‑e‑mI‑w‑' C-S-X-S-h‑nÃ‑m-s‑X CâÀ-s‑\ä‑n A]‑v-t‑e‑m-U‑v s‑N-¿-s‑¸S‑p-I-b‑mW‑v (I‑mW‑pI: http://www.louspetshop. com/franky-cam). {‑^‑m-¦‑n-b‑p-s‑S k‑w-t‑{‑]£-]-W-‑w {‑]-X‑n-a‑m-k‑w ]-X‑n-\‑m-b‑n-c‑w t‑]-s‑c B-IÀ-j‑n-¡‑p-¶-‑p. A-t‑a-c‑n-¡-b‑nÂ- a‑m{‑XaÃ‑, C-äe‑n‑, {‑^‑m³-k‑v X‑p-S§‑n-b c‑m-P‑y-§-f‑nÂ- t‑]‑m-e‑p‑w {‑^‑m-¦‑n-¡‑v B-c‑m[-I-c‑p-ï‑v.

B-a-b‑v-¡‑m-I‑m-s‑a-¦‑n a-\‑p-j‑y-\‑mb‑n-¡‑q-t‑S‑! A-bÀ-e³-U‑n U-»‑n³ k‑n-ä‑n kÀ-h-I-e‑m-i‑m-e-b‑n-s‑e I-¼‑y‑q-«À K-t‑h-j-I\‑m-b I‑m-Y K‑p-c‑n³ G-g‑v hÀ-j-a‑m-b‑n X-s‑â P‑o-h‑n-X‑w d‑n-t‑¡‑mÀU‑v s‑N-¿‑p-¶ h‑y-à‑n-b‑mW‑v. I-g‑p-¯‑n [-c‑n-¡‑m-h‑p-¶ H-c‑p s‑s‑h-U‑v B‑w-K‑nÄ I‑y‑m-a-d-b‑p-]-t‑b‑m-K‑n-¨‑v X-s‑â Z‑r-ã‑n-]-Y¯‑n-s‑e Z‑r-i‑y§Ä H‑mt‑c‑m a‑n-\‑n-ä‑ne‑p‑w A-t‑±l‑w ]-IÀ-¯‑p¶‑p. H‑mt‑c‑m N‑n-{‑X¯‑n-s‑âb‑p‑w s‑e‑m-t‑¡-j³ A-S-¡-a‑p-Å I‑m-c‑y§Ä AX‑n-s‑\‑m-¸‑w k‑q-£‑n-¡-s‑¸S‑p-¶‑p.

C-X‑n-\-I‑w K‑p-c‑n³ k‑z-´‑w P‑o-h‑n-X¯‑ns‑e 120 e-£‑w Z‑r-i‑y-§-f‑p-s‑S t‑iJc‑w D-ï‑m-¡‑n-¡-g‑nª‑p. Ht‑c‑m hÀ-jh‑p‑w H‑mt‑c‑m s‑Sd‑m-s‑s‑_ä‑v (teradbyte‑) t‑U-ä h‑o-X-a‑m-W‑v C-X‑ph-g‑n k‑r-ã‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v (50 hÀ-j‑w-a‑p-¼‑v t‑e‑m-I-¯‑m-s‑I e-`‑y-a‑m‑"B-a-¡-®‑n-e‑q-s‑S-b‑pÅ t‑e‑mI‑w‑'

s^{_phcn 2014

b‑n-c‑p-¶ s‑a‑m¯‑w I-¼‑y‑q-«À s‑a-½-d‑n-¡‑v X‑p-e‑y-a‑m-W‑n-X‑v!‑). H-c‑p C-t‑a-P‑v k‑v-I‑m-\‑nM‑v t‑k‑m-^‑v-ä‑v-t‑h-d‑n-s‑â k-l‑m-b-t‑¯‑m-s‑S‑, B BÀ-s‑s‑¡-h‑v s‑kÀ-¨‑v s‑N-¿‑m-h‑p¶ 70‑,000 ‑"k‑w-`-h-§Ä‑' B-b‑n a‑m-ä‑m³ K‑pc‑n\‑p‑w A-t‑±-l-¯‑n-s‑â h‑n-Z‑y‑mÀ-Y‑n-IÄ¡‑p-‑w I-g‑nª‑p. k‑z-P‑o-h‑n-X‑w d‑n-t‑¡‑mÀ-U‑v s‑N¿‑p-I a‑m-{‑XaÃ‑, s‑kÀ-¨‑v s‑N-¿‑m-\‑p‑w ]-ä‑p-¶ c‑q-]-¯‑n-e‑m-¡‑n-b‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑m-W‑v B I-¼‑y‑q-«À K-t‑h-jI³‑! c-ï‑p-hÀ-j‑w-a‑p¼‑v H-c‑p Øe-¯‑v t‑]‑m-b-t‑¸‑mÄ X‑m³ F-´‑pXc‑w h‑o-ª‑m-W‑v I-g‑n-¨-s‑X-¶-d‑nb‑m³‑, k‑z-´‑w P‑o-h‑n-X-¯‑n-s‑â BÀs‑s‑¡-h‑n H-¶‑v s‑kÀ-¨‑v s‑N-b‑v-X‑m a‑m{‑X‑w aX‑n (G-X‑m-b‑me‑p‑w A-t‑±-l‑w t‑S‑m-b‑v-e-ä‑v d‑n-t‑¡‑mÀ-U‑v s‑N-¿‑p-¶‑nÃ‑!‑). t‑aÂ-k‑q-N‑n-¸‑n-¨ D-Z‑m-l-c-W-§-f‑ns‑eÃ‑m‑w s‑]‑m-X‑p-h‑m-b‑n-«‑p-Å k‑wK-X‑n d‑nt‑¡‑mÀ-U‑n-M‑v B-W‑v. a‑p-s‑¼-§‑p-a‑nÃ‑m-¯ h‑n-[‑w FÃ‑m- k‑w-K-X‑n-I-f‑p‑w (P‑o-h‑n-X‑w t‑]‑m-e‑p‑w‑) d‑n-t‑¡‑mÀ-U‑v s‑N-¿-s‑¸-S‑p¶ t‑e‑m-I-a‑m-W‑n-t‑¸‑mÄ. A-S‑p-¯-I‑m-e‑whs‑c D‑u-l‑n-¡‑m³t‑]‑me‑p‑w I-g‑n-b‑m-X‑n-c‑p-¶ X-c-¯‑n-e‑m-W‑v C-t‑¸‑mÄ B s‑{‑S³-U‑v h-fÀ¶‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v. a-\‑p-j‑y-P‑o-h‑n-Xh‑p‑w {‑]-I‑r-X‑nb‑p‑w h‑oS‑p-I-f‑p‑w H‑m-^‑o-k‑v a‑p-d‑n-I-f‑p‑w {‑S‑m-^‑n-I‑v k‑w-h‑n-[‑m-\-§f‑p‑w `‑q-{‑]-X-e-h‑p-s‑aÃ‑m‑w I‑y‑m-a-d-IÄ-¡‑v a‑p-¶‑n-e‑mW‑v. s‑a‑m-s‑s‑_ I‑y‑m-a-d-If‑p‑w t‑]‑m-e‑o-k‑n-s‑â k‑p-c-£‑mI‑y‑m-a-d-If‑p‑w a‑p-X I‑r-{‑X‑n-t‑a‑m-]-{‑K-l-

§Ä hs‑c A-X‑n-\‑p-]-t‑b‑m-K‑n-¡-s‑¸-S‑p¶‑p.

I‑y‑m-a-d-I-f‑p-s‑S h-e‑n-¸‑w- A-k‑m-[‑mc-W-a‑m-b‑n I‑p-d-ª-X‑p‑w‑, U‑n-P‑n-ä k‑vt‑ä‑m-t‑d-P‑ns‑â s‑N-e-h‑p-I‑p-d-ª-X‑p-a‑m-W‑v I‑m-c‑y-§Ä C¶-s‑¯ \‑n-e-b‑v-¡‑v F-¯‑n¨X‑v. b‑p-S‑y‑q-_‑n-e‑n-t‑¸‑m H‑mt‑c‑m a‑n-\‑nä‑ne‑p‑w A]‑v-t‑e‑m-U‑v s‑N-¿-s‑¸-S‑p-¶-X‑v 100 a-W‑n-¡‑qÀ t‑¹ s‑N-¿‑m-h‑p-¶ h‑oU‑nt‑b‑m BW‑v. {‑^‑m-¦‑n F-¶ B-a-b‑p-s‑S ]‑pds‑¯ s‑h-º‑v-I‑y‑m‑w \‑nÀ-a‑n-¨ ‑"t‑{‑U‑m¸‑v-I‑y‑m‑w‑' I¼\‑n H‑mt‑c‑m a‑n-\‑n-ä‑ne‑p‑w B-b‑n-c‑w a-W‑n-¡‑qÀ h‑oU‑nt‑b‑m A-]‑v-t‑e‑m-U‑v s‑N-¿‑p-¶‑p. H-c‑p-hÀ-j‑w a‑p-¼-s‑¯ I-W-¡‑p-s‑h¨‑v 500 i-X-a‑m-\‑w I‑q-S‑p-Xe‑m-W‑n-s‑X-¶‑v I¼-\‑n A-d‑n-b‑n-¡‑p¶‑p.

C-X‑p-I‑q-S‑ms‑X H‑mt‑c‑m a‑n-\‑n-ä‑n-e‑p‑w 1500 a-W‑n-¡‑qÀ h‑oU‑nt‑b‑m s‑s‑e-h‑m-b‑n t‑{‑]£-IÀ I‑m-W‑p-¶‑p‑, AX‑v d‑n-t‑¡‑mÀ-U‑v s‑N-¿‑p-¶‑n-Ã. h‑y-à‑n-I-f‑p-s‑S k‑z-I‑mc‑y-X e‑wL‑n-¡‑p-¶ X-c-¯‑n-e‑pÅ A-\‑m-hi‑y- h‑oU‑nt‑b‑m d‑n-t‑¡‑m-U‑n-M‑n-s‑âb‑p‑w t‑^‑m-t‑«‑m-{‑K‑m-^‑n-b‑p-s‑Sb‑p‑w s‑]‑mÃ‑m-¸‑v H-c‑p-hi-¯‑v hÀ-[‑n-¡‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ Xs‑¶‑, k‑m-t‑¦-X‑n-I-h‑n-Z‑y X‑p-d-¶‑p-X-c‑p¶ ]‑pX‑nb k‑m-[‑y-X-IÄ D-t‑]-£‑n-¡‑m³ t‑e‑mI‑w X-¿‑m-d‑m-I‑p-¶‑p-a‑nà F-¶‑m-W‑v C‑u I-W-¡‑p-IÄ k‑q-N‑n-¸‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v.

A-t‑a-c‑n-¡-b‑n 150 e-£‑w `-h-\§-f‑n k‑z-I‑m-c‑y-k‑p-c-£‑m-I‑y‑m-a-d-IÄ {‑]-hÀ-¯‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑mb‑n‑, K-t‑h-j-W-

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I‑m-YÂ K‑p-c‑n³

Ø‑m-]-\a‑m-b ‑"]‑mÀ-¡‑v-k‑v A-t‑k‑m-k‑nt‑b-ä‑vk‑v' ]-d-b‑p¶‑p. I-g‑n-ª-hÀ-j‑w a‑m-{‑X‑w 50 e-£‑w `-h-\-§-f‑n-e‑m-W‑v ]‑p-X‑n-b-X‑mb‑n -I‑y-‑m-a-d-IÄ Ø‑m-]‑n¡-s‑¸-«-X‑v. C-t‑¸‑mÄ C¯c‑w I‑y‑m-a-dI-f‑p-s‑S e-£‑y‑w t‑a‑mj-W‑w X-S-b a‑m-{‑X-aÃ. X-§-f‑p-s‑S H‑m-a-\-a‑r-K§-s‑f H‑m-^‑o-k‑n-e‑n-c‑p¶‑v \‑n-c‑o-£‑n-¡‑m³ N‑n-eÀ CX‑p-]-t‑b‑m-K‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p. I‑p-ª‑p§-s‑f t‑\‑m-¡‑m\‑p‑w {‑]‑m-b-a‑m-b-hÀ F-´‑p-s‑N¿‑p-¶‑p F-¶‑v \‑n-c‑o-£‑n-¡‑m\‑p-s‑a‑m-s‑¡ ]-e-À¡‑p‑w I‑y‑m-a-d-IÄ X‑p-W-b‑v-s‑¡¯‑p¶‑p. h‑o-S‑p-I-f‑n Ø‑m-]‑n-¡‑p-¶hs‑b C-t‑¸‑mÄ s‑hd‑p‑w k‑p-c-£‑m-I‑y‑m-a-d F-¶‑v h‑n-f‑n¡‑mt‑a‑m F-¶‑mW‑v k‑w-ib‑w.

K‑q-K‑n-Ä a‑m-]‑v-k‑v kÀ-h‑o-k‑n-s‑â `‑mKa‑m-b ‑"k‑v-{‑S‑o-ä‑v h‑y‑q‑' (Google Street View) t‑d‑m-U‑p-If‑p‑w \-K-c-§f‑p‑w I‑mS‑p‑w t‑aS‑p‑w a‑p-g‑ph³ I‑y‑m-a-d-b‑n ]-IÀ¯‑n H‑m¬-s‑s‑e-\‑n \Â-I‑n-s‑¡‑m-ï‑n-c‑n-¡‑pI-b‑m-W‑v. 2012 P‑q-W‑n-s‑e I-W-¡‑p-s‑h-¨‑v 80 e-£‑w I‑n-t‑e‑m-a‑o-äÀ Z‑q-c‑w K‑q-K‑nÄ k‑v-{‑S‑o-ä‑v h‑y‑q-h‑n-s‑â I‑y‑m-a-d‑m-h‑m-l-\-§Ä ]‑n-¶‑n-«‑p-I-g‑n-ª‑p. 39 c‑m-P‑y-§-f‑n-e‑m-b‑n 3000 \-K-c-§Ä H‑m¬-s‑s‑e-\‑n-s‑e-¯‑n¡‑m\‑p‑w I-g‑nª‑p. d‑n-kÀ-¨‑v Ø‑m-]-\-a‑m-b F._‑n.s‑F (ABI) b‑p-s‑S IW-¡‑v {‑]-I‑m-c‑w‑, 2012  a‑m{‑X‑w s‑a‑m-s‑s‑_ t‑^‑m-W‑p-I-f‑n-e‑q-

s‑Sb‑p‑w S‑m-_‑ve-ä‑v I-¼‑y‑q-«-d‑p-I-Ä h-g‑nb‑p‑w t‑e‑m-I-s‑a-§‑p-s‑a-¯‑n-b-X‑v 100 t‑I‑m-S‑n I‑y‑m-a-d-I-f‑mW‑v. s‑^-b‑v-k‑v-_‑p-¡‑n a‑m{‑X‑w H‑mt‑c‑m Z‑n-h-k-h‑p‑w t‑NÀ-¡-s‑¸-S‑p-¶ 30 t‑I‑m-S‑n t‑^‑m-t‑«‑m-I-f‑n \-s‑Ã‑m-c‑p]¦‑p‑w C¯-c‑w s‑a‑m-s‑s‑_ I‑y‑m-a-d-If‑n ]-IÀ-¯-‑p-¶-X‑m-W‑v.

C-X‑ns‑\-s‑b‑m-s‑¡ I-S-¯‑n-s‑h-«‑p-¶ k‑m-[‑y-X-b‑m-W‑v K‑q-K‑nÄ ¥‑m-k‑v a‑p-t‑¶‑m-«‑ps‑h-b‑v-¡‑p-¶-X‑v. h‑oU‑nt‑b‑m ]‑n-S‑n-¯h‑p‑w t‑^‑m-t‑«‑m-s‑b-S‑p-¡e‑p‑w s‑^-b‑v-k‑v-_‑p-¡‑v t‑]‑m-e‑pÅ t‑k‑m-j‑y -s‑\-ä‑v-hÀ-¡‑p-If‑n ]-¦‑p-s‑h-b‑v-¡e‑p‑w FÃ‑m‑w s‑s‑I-b‑ps‑S k-l‑m-b-a‑nÃ‑m-s‑X K‑q-K‑nÄ ¥‑m-k‑n k‑m-[‑y-a‑mI‑p‑w‑, i-Ð-\‑nÀ-t‑Z-i‑w a-X‑n. ]‑pX‑n-b k‑m-[‑y-X-IÄ-t‑]‑m-s‑e‑, k-¦‑oÀWa‑m-b k‑z-I‑m-c‑y-X‑m-{‑]-i‑v-\-§Ä¡‑p‑w C¯-c‑w D-]-I-c-W-§-f‑p-s‑S h-c-h‑v I‑m-cW-a‑m-I‑p‑w.

I‑y‑m-a-d-If‑p‑w h‑oU‑nt‑b‑m k‑v-{‑S‑oa‑nM‑p‑w H‑m¬-s‑s‑e-\‑n-s‑e-¯‑n-b-X‑v, s‑s‑k_À {‑I‑n-a‑n-\-e‑p-IÄ-¡‑v ]‑p-X‑n-b t‑h-Z‑nI-s‑f‑m-c‑p-¡‑p-I-b‑m-W‑v. l‑m-¡‑n-M‑v h-g‑n C¯-c‑w H‑m¬-s‑s‑e³ k‑w-h‑n-[‑m\-s‑¯ X-I‑n-S‑w-a-d‑n-¡‑m³ F-f‑p-¸-a‑m-s‑W-t‑¶‑mÀ¡‑pI. s‑a‑m-s‑s‑_ I‑y‑m-a-d-I-f‑p-s‑S Z‑p-c‑p-]t‑b‑m-K‑w C-t‑¸‑mÄ X-s‑¶ he‑n-s‑b‑m-c‑p k‑m-a‑ql‑n-I {‑]-i‑v-\-a‑m-b‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶ \-½‑p-

s‑S \‑m-«‑nÂ‑, ]‑pX‑n-b k‑m-t‑¦-X‑n-I-k‑w-h‑n[‑m-\-§Ä G-s‑X‑m-s‑¡ ]-c‑n-[‑n-I-f‑m-W‑v e‑w-L‑n¡‑p-I F-¶‑v ]-d-b‑m-\‑m-I‑nÃ.

C-¯-c‑w I‑m-c‑y§s‑f¡‑p-d‑n-¨‑v I‑m-c‑ya‑mb t‑_‑m-[-h-X‑v-¡-c-W-h‑p‑w‑, k‑m-t‑¦-X‑n-I-h‑nZ‑yI-s‑f i-c‑nb‑m-b h‑n-[-¯‑n-e‑p-]-t‑b‑mK‑n-¡‑m-\‑p-Å k‑m-a‑ql‑nI t‑{‑]-c-W-b‑p‑w D-ï‑m-t‑b X‑oc‑q.

H‑mÀ-¡‑pI‑, t‑P‑mÀP‑v H‑mÀ-s‑h FÃ‑m‑w \‑n-c‑o-£‑n-¡‑p-¶ Hc‑p ‑"h-t‑e‑y«s‑\‑'¡‑p-d‑n-¨‑m-W‑v ]-d-ªX‑v. t‑e‑m-I-¯‑nt‑¸‑mÄ A-X‑n-\‑v ]I-c‑w \‑qd‑p-t‑I‑mS‑n "s‑N-d‑n-t‑b-«³-a‑mÀ' FÃ‑m‑w \‑n-c‑o-£‑n¨‑ps‑I‑m-ï‑n-c‑n-¡‑p¶‑p‑! amXr`qan Hm¬sse\nð No^v k_v FUnädmWv teJI³. teJIsâ Cþsabvð: jamboori@gmail.com

I-S-¸m-Sv: 1. The People’s Panopticon, The Economist, Nov 16, 2013; 2. Webcams See All (Tortoise, Watch Your Back), by Quentin Hardy, The New York Timesd, Jan 7, 2014; 3. K‑q-K‑nÄ ¥‑m-k‑v A-Û‑p-X-t‑e‑m-I‑w H-c‑p-¡‑pt‑¼‑mÄ‑, by D-®‑n-I‑r-j‑v-W³ Fk‑v‑, a‑m-X‑r-`‑qan H‑m¬-s‑s‑e³‑, May 26, 2013; 4. Wikipedia s^{_phcn 2014

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{]kv A¡mZan {]kn²oIcn¨ ]pXnb ]pkvXI§Ä

Im¼ntÈcn: Imew Im¯ph¨ ]{Xm[n]À : ` 75.00 • hmÀ¯bpsS inev]ime: ` 150.00 • aebmf ]{X`mj: hnImk ]cnWma§Ä: ` 200.00 • hmÀ¯, IY, hyhlmcw: ` 125.00 • dnt¸mÀ«À: ` 100.00 tIm¸nIÄ¡v: ]qÀ®amb taðhnemkw klnXw ]pkvXI§fpsS apJhnebnð 30% Ingnhv Ign¨pÅ XpI sNt¡m UnUntbm aWntbmÀUtdm Hm¬sse³ {Sm³kv^tdm Bbn Ab¡pI. t]mtÌPv ]pdsa (hn.]n.]n.)

Hm¬sse³ {Sm³kv^À sN¿póhÀ ]qÀ® hnemkw t^m¬ \¼À klnXw mail@pressacademy.org -ð Adnbn¡pI. Account Details: Kerala Press Academy; SB Account No.57025499757; SBT, Civil Station Branch, Kakkanad, Kochi – 682 030; IFSC SBTR0000339

Xncph\´]pcw tIcf `mjm C³Ìnäyq«v, XriqÀ tIcf kmlnXy A¡mZan, tImgnt¡mSv amXr`qan _pIvkv FónhnS§fnð \nópIqSn {]kv A¡mZan {]kn²oIcW§Ä e`n¡pw. tIcf {]kv A¡mZan,Im¡\mSv, sIm¨n þ 682 030; t^m¬: 0484 2422275 s^{_phcn 2014

(31) Lighthouse

Ashok R Chandran

E-groups for Scholars

A column that throws light on studies about Kerala media, and explores the problems and possibilities of studying Kerala media

E

very year, millions of news items on Kerala appear in print. With the proliferation of district-level editions of Malayalam newspapers that localise sub-district news in inner pages, it has become impossible for any journalist to keep track of every news story in one state, even within one’s own narrow topics of interest.

A similar information overload problem confronts the academic.

Thousands of scholarly journals are published in the social sciences and humanities, and academics are flooded by articles in their areas of research interest, not to speak of their disciplines in general. On the one hand, as consumer, he has to wade through the “noise”; on the other, as producer, he wishes to be heard and hence adds to the din.

It is in such a situation that the Kerala Scholars eGroup was launched recently.1 (Disclosure: I am the editor of the e-group.)

The Kerala Scholars e-group is a platform to exchange news of publications, conferences, and resources in Kerala studies, and discuss matters of common interest. Membership is free and open to anyone interested in the social sciences and humanities related to Kerala.

Barely a few weeks old, this

particular e-group is too young to be evaluated. Hence let us explore the potential use and abuse of electronic discussion groups in general, from the angle of Kerala media studies.

News is the Juice

As the journalist Tom Standage says in Writing on the Wall, internet forums can be seen as today’s digital version of 17th century European coffeehouses which hosted long discussions, and sparked ideas among academics and scientists.

In popular understanding, the coffeehouses were sites for free flow of expression and debate.

But the coffeehouses were more than just that.

Standage alerts us to coffeehouses which specialised in the discussion of certain subjects.

In London, for example, Will’s coffeehouse in Covent Garden brought the literary types together and Lloyd’s drew the merchants and ship-owners. He observes, “Coffeehouses imposed order on the chaotic media environment of the time, sorting material by topic and making it much easier to find specific types of information, and people to discuss it with” (p.108).2 Today’s scholar, caught in a sea of academic journals, would probably find the flow

of saucy gossip in a coffeehouse entertaining, and a scholarly debate or two intellectually satisfying. But the coffeehouse’s usefulness would be greatly enhanced if it cut through the noise and served relevant information sought by the scholar.

In other words, an e-group of scholars must go beyond the airing of views; it must be a newswire of the academic world.

While journals publish the list of recent books, they do not alert readers to recent research carried by rival journals. That is a gap which an e-group can fill; it can draw the attention of scholars and other readers to freshly published peer-reviewed articles.

Similarly, while newspapers carry advertisements for fellowships and job positions, they less frequently carry news of research grants or call for papers for an edited volume. The e-group can be the news source for such things.

The e-group as news service is popular in the West. Scholars in the United States and Europe were early adopters of e-groups for disseminating scholarly research and connecting scholars.

H-Net (Humanities Network) was founded more than 15 years ago, “linking professors, teachers and students in an egalitarian exchange of ideas and materials.”3 It alone is home to more than 150 such mailing lists, on specialities ranging from Animal Studies, s^{_phcn 2014

(32) through Memory, and Migration, to War, Water, and West Africa. A discussion list of interest to media scholars thereabouts is Jhistory, for the history of journalism and mass communication.4 Similarly, dozens of electronic mailing lists and groups in economics are listed on the website of the American Economic Association.5 Closer home, the Sarai programme at the Centre for the Study of Developing Societies,

aim of upholding high academic standards. But this is easier said than done, especially in the current academic climate in our country.

In recent years in India, there has been an alarming rise in unethical and unsavoury practices in academic publishing.

Articles and books riddled with plagiarism and shoddy research— that would in the past have been rejected at least by leading

their best intentions, might end up publicising low-quality scholarship. Whether and how to avoid that fate is a pressing issue before such ventures. Agreed, e-groups that offer news are in a sense like newspapers and, as we say about journalism, it is unfair to shoot the messenger for delivering the news. Yet, since the usefulness of the e-group is linked to the credibility of the research it publicises, scholars must think

imprints—nowadays find their way unimpeded to libraries.

This plunge into an abyss, which worsens the information overload, is being powered by technological developments in printing, the publisher’s greed for monetary profit, and the university academic’s desire to game the Performance-Based Appraisal System (PABS) set by the University Grants Commission (UGC). Shockingly, fly-by-night journals are being sponsored by government-funded universities, including (I suspect) in Kerala.

By 2015, the scene would be aggravated by the heavy infusion of Central funds into higher education, and any extension of the PABS to college teachers.

In such a scenario, with perverse incentives that promote quantity at the expense of quality research, e-groups offering news service, despite

actively and take mitigation measures to avoid channelling waters from poisoned wells.

http://www.h-net.org/lists/

(in New Delhi) hosts useful discussion lists, including on media studies, and some of these carry news.6 Such exceptions aside, the e-group as a news service for scholars is not widespread in our part of the world.

As the higher education sector in Kerala develops, and more media scholars emerge in the state, a specialised e-group for Kerala media studies can be set up and sustained. Until then, a multidisciplinary group can be used to connect with scholars, form research clusters, and collaborate in media research programmes.

Abuse

E-groups are a useful filter but not a perfect solution to information overload.

E-groups of scholars are invariably established with the

s^{_phcn 2014

Ashok R. Chandran is an independent researcher in Palakkad, Kerala. He can be reached at studykeralamedia@gmail.com 1. To know more about the initiative, visit their website http:// keralascholars.org/egroup/ 2. Tom Standage. 2013. Writing on the Wall: Social Media—The First 2,000 Years. London: Bloomsbury.

See chapter 6 for discussion of coffeehouses.

3. H-Net Discussion Networks. http:// www.h-net.org/lists/ 4. Jhistory. http://www.h-net. org/~jhistory/ 5. Discussion lists in economics. http://www.aeaweb.org/RFE/ showCat.php?cat_id=17 6. Mailing lists of Sarai. http://mail. sarai.net/mailman/listinfo

(33) Students’ Corner

J. V. Vil’anilam

Socialisation and Transmission of Cultural Heritage (Major and Minor Functions of the Media - iii)

Dissenting views are to be respected in a democracy.

Sometimes, ignorance may be the cause of our own intolerance. The media must make us tolerant instead of fanning our intolerance.

W

e are what we are because of the phenomenon of socialisation, which is social and psychological adaptation to society. Socialisation initiates a child into the accepted norms of society and makes it “human.” Society has a collective personality. As members of a society, we do not approve of certain behaviours.

Our behavioural patterns are in conformity with norms established over a long period.

When a child is born, it has a blank brain. It is the parents and elders that initiate the child into social norms. Left to itself, the child may not learn these norms and consequently an untrained child will behave antisocially.

“Potty-training” too is part of socialisation!

Respect for conventions is

essential for social living since unconventional behaviour of an individual is not tolerated by society. Anyone who behaves unconventionally is considered either as a “nut” or “intolerable.”

But sometimes we have to be patient and persuade the unconventional, and respect the unconventional person and his or her views, instead of trying to destroy anyone or anything. Dissenting views are to be respected in a democracy.

Sometimes, ignorance may be the cause of our own intolerance.

The media must make us tolerant instead of fanning our intolerance.

The media socialise and also transmit our heritage to others, particularly the generations downstream. Whenever a violation of social norms takes place, the media report it.

The media also transmit history and cultural heritage.

This is why some look upon journalism as “history in a hurry.”

But more than literature, journalism is history and that too, social history. We can learn many things about a particular age if we look at the periodicals of that age.

Future generations know much about the past though masscirculated newspapers, historical writings, contemporary journals, programmes on TV and radio, films, and videos.

Whatever is culturally admissible for the present society is conveyed through the media, which also condemn what is unacceptable.

The media, more often than not, conform to the majority view. Violations and minority views are reported to make course corrections and act as pointers; sometimes they present dissenting views as worthy of support. At other times, they condemn dissent. But in all democracies, citizens should s^{_phcn 2014

(34) | er 2013

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Respect for conventions is essential for social living since unconventional behaviour of an individual is not tolerated by society. Anyone who behaves unconventionally is considered either as a “nut” or “intolerable.” But sometimes we have to be patient and persuade the unconventional, and respect the unconventional person and his or her views, instead of trying to destroy anyone or anything. Dissenting views are to be respected in a democracy. Sometimes, ignorance may be the cause of our own intolerance. The media must make us tolerant instead of fanning our intolerance. have the right to dissent and the media should uphold that right.

Human rights include not only the rights to the fulfilment of basic needs but the right to education, right to work, right to live a safe and normal life in any part of the country, and the right to dissent from the majority.

Despite all the changes brought about by science and technology in the past 100 years or so in India, the fundamental character of the sociocultural life of many Indian scientists and the majority of Indian citizens in general has not changed much.

(The established media usually reinforce cultural practices rather than oppose them vehemently even when found harmful to society. Examples include loudspeakers, helmets, and places of worship obstructing road traffic. Occasional expressions of political objections are there, but s^{_phcn 2014

nothing serious and permanent to oppose religious goondaism).

To Discuss

1. Pub culture and women’s open drinking.

2. Unconventional views of Khushboo and Suhasini, actors, who frankly discussed premarital sex or teenage sex.

3. Journalism as “literature in a hurry.”

See you later, communicator!

Professor Dr. J. V. Vil’anilam was Vice-Chancellor (1992-1996) and Head of the Department of Communication & Journalism (19821992) at the University of Kerala.

As Professor Emeritus of the UGC he has taught at Berhampur, Bhopal, Bhubaneswar, Calicut, Dharwar, and Mangalore universities from 1996 onwards.

Visit his website www.vilanilam.com.

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Csabnð: mail@pressacademy.org.

(35)

S. Ganesh

Advertising Research in India: Why It Is Important Today Advertising research helps in precise advertising and marketing as well as media planning in today’s competitive business environment.

R

esearch is to find out something new, and advertising research is to find out how advertising works effectively and guide in making effective advertising decisions. There are various kinds of advertising research, and these include pre-testing, post-testing, campaign research, and measuring advertising effectiveness.

Introduction

Many similar manufacturers compete in the market, and advertising has become a tough business (Vilanilam and Varghese 2004). Advertisers pay money for advertising services and space bought, and they want these to be effective. The messages and media are to fit audience profile, and advertisers are concerned about their money and what they pay. The advertising industry is estimated to be about Rs 22,000 crore and is booming in India, but publications in India have to fight hard to get advertisement revenues and support.

Advertising research is a highly specialised field, involving the use of statistical research techniques and computers. In India, it is generally done by advertising agencies and market research agencies.

Kinds of Advertising Research

There are many kinds of advertising research and advertising research is a form of mass communication research (Ganesh 1995). These

include pre-testing, post-testing, advertising effectiveness research, and campaign research.

All these research help collect information and go into planning advertising campaigns and the like.

Campaign research helps to analyse campaigns and arrive at a suitable decision.

Advertising research is highly advanced in the United States and many advertising decisions are taken only with advertising research. Audience research and advertising research are highly developed in the United States. Nielsen and Arbitron have installed TV meters to track which programmes the public watch.

Advertising research is done for various shows, sponsored serials, and commercials in all nations including India and the United States, and advertising research is taught in mass communication colleges and management colleges in the United States. Research helps in making precise decisions and accurate measurement of audiences.

Advertising Research and Market Research

Some advertising research in the form of market research is done by market research agencies such as IMRB and ORG–MARG. The function of marketing research is to gather market information and help in marketing planning, and in launching new products and services. Some form of advertising s^{_phcn 2014

(36)

Advertising research needs to be more technologically savvy if it is to be useful for tomorrow. Many advertising research methodologies have become old and obsolete. Researchers have to become precise and measure what they intend to measure, and provide marketing and advertising solutions effectively. Advertising research is crucial for tomorrow’s marketers and everyone in business. research in the form of media research, like audience measurement and surveys, is also done by market research agencies. The National Readership Survey (NRS) is done by many agencies and the objective is to measure ratings and readership particulars.

Gallup has been researching public opinion and Gallup polls are very popular (Gallup 1940). s^{_phcn 2014

Advertising Research in India

Advertising research is as old as advertising in India and key advertising decisions are made based on advertising research. Many major marketing campaigns are launched in India and advertising research is used for many of these campaigns.

Agencies such as Mudra carry out media research

(37) target audience, and their reactions are gathered.

This is to estimate how successful the campaign will be. If there are problems in the visuals or messages, alterations are made, and the campaign is re-launched with changes effected to suit audiences. Pre-testing is a useful method for many advertisement campaigns in India, and it is done by advertising and market research agencies usually.

Post-testing Once a campaign is launched, post-testing is done. Like in pre-testing, the launched campaign is taken in the form of messages and copy, to various people, and is tested to understand the effectiveness of the campaign. Sometimes, during the middle of a campaign too, post-testing is done. If necessary, changes are made and the campaign is re-launched.

Post-testing is used for the launched campaigns as well as for other campaigns of the future.

Advertising Effectiveness Research Whether the advertising launched has had any effect or not can be found out by advertising effectiveness research. This research will be a survey or some such thing, and will aim to measure how successful the advertising has been for the organisation’s sales and communication objectives.

Media/ Programme Research Many advertisement-sponsored serials are on Doordarshan and private channels, and these are tested for their programme and communication effectiveness. This form of research is also related to advertising and or media research generally. Media or programme research helps decide, on the basis of ratings, how successful a programme is and how it is performing in a market. Singhal and Rogers (2001) talk of public sector and private sector TV revolutions and these also have to be researched.

Media business has become advanced and the internet medium is a new way of communication (Kohli–Khandekar 2010).

Methodology of Advertising Research

and ad recall test to measure effectiveness of commercials and advertisements. Doordarshan’s Audience Research Unit carries out media research pertaining to Doordarshan generally. Advertising research is also called as communication-effect research, according to Kotler, Keller, Koshy, and Jha (Kotler et al 2009). Advertising effectiveness is measured also in seeing whether sales go up or not, and it is called sales-effect research (Kotler et al 2009: 500).

Types of Advertising Research

Pre-testing Before an advertisement campaign is launched, pre-testing is done. The message and copy developed are shown to 2 per cent of the likely

Advertising research uses quantitative and qualitative methodologies to conduct research.

Leading private and government companies gather data.

In advertising research, survey method is used in most of the cases, and sometimes content analysis is also used. Survey method is used to collect information; the content is shown to people and information is collected in a general way.

Advertising research also uses focus groups and other methods to collect information and process information effectively.

Advertising research uses qualitative research to gather qualitative/verbal information and processes this information effectively to arrive at advertising decision-making. Qualitative research is an important method of collecting information for any study, and includes ethnographic research too.

Quantitative research is also used in advertising, s^{_phcn 2014

(38) to collect data or numbers to justify an advertising decision or advertising policy. Based on Audit Bureau of Circulation data, publications too charge more for advertisements. Big advertisers like government public relations departments enjoy reduced rates so that these can be used effectively for various advertisements; private organisations pay the actual rate for many advertisements for all media. Quantitative research is used to substantiate advertising claims such as NRS. If a publication is widely circulated it will command more advertisement revenues, such as Kumudam among Tamil publications coming out of Chennai.

in the 1980s, and similar methods are used.

6. Competition has grown among research agencies. Many research agencies have come into force and many spinoffs are also found. Advertising research is a competitive field today.

7. Established leaders like IMRB and ORG– MARG continue today and have a pie of the research business. IMRB has been in business since the 1970s and is very popular for research work, and is an

Advertising Research Today

Today there is increasing research on online media and for online publications. Compared to others, the educated and upper class segments of society use online media and constitute a sizeable number. Hence online media and social media usage are analysed among these people. Advertising research too is done among them.

Trends in Advertising Research

1. To gather data effectively and arrive at concrete decisions, advertising research needs good research methodology. A good research methodology is one that is grounded on firm research principles and research interests and can guide research projects effectively and efficiently.

2. Advertising research is increasingly media and message research.

3. Precise research methodology is yet to be established and more abstract methodologies are being used.

4. Advertising research is done more in private sector as opposed to government sector. When the health ban was not there, cigarette companies used to spend crores of money on market research.

There used to be a study called AMPI (Advertising, Marketing, Planning Index) where a lot of research was on the messages of cigarette manufacturers, advertisements, and the like. Even today, private sector organisations spend a lot of research money on the advertising messages of FMCGs such as tea, coffee, detergents, and talcum powder, taking great care on who watches what or who reads what.

Private sector researches a lot of the advertising it does and finds out who its customers are.

5. Since we use the latest products and innovations of the West, research and working conditions continue to be like in the United States, especially in advertising. Many advertising agencies have tie-ups with US multinationals or western advertising agencies and use similar research methodologies and techniques. Nielsen and Arbitron ratings of TV came in a different way, and Indian market research agencies use panel research methods. There used to be panels studying consumer or retailer buying mechanisms way back

s^{_phcn 2014

Advertisers pay money for advertising services and space bought, and they want these to be effective. The messages and media are to fit audience profile, and advertisers are concerned about their money and what they pay. The advertising industry is estimated to be about Rs 22,000 crore and is booming in India, but publications in India have to fight hard to get advertisement revenues and support. affiliate of the world-renowned JWT. 8. Advertising research is technology-driven today and many new forms of advertising research tests are done in the United States.

9. Advertising research is also academic as many universities in the United States and carry out studies. Academic advertising research is available in advertising research and marketing publications.

10. Advertising research in the United States is changing, and uses new media and media technology to do research. Internet advertising has

(39) assumed new dimensions and is replacing many conventional advertising media.

Advertising is more precise than it used to be and aims to measure more objectively than in the past. Advertising research has assumed importance and new dimension in today’s media saturated world. There are more than 150 channels, and media research and advertising research have got into new dimensions and forms. With the emergence of TV as powerful medium, TV programmes reach a large number of people, who are glued to TV shows. Reality TV has arrived, including in the United Kingdom (Aslama and Pantti 2006). TV creates mass culture in a large measure (Adorno 1957). Advertising research, TV research, and media research have assumed greater dimensions in this case. Since advertisers spend so much of money on serials and programmes, many would like to see that their programmes reach the target audience and effectively convince them to buy various products and services. Some form of diffusion and diffusion of innovations used in advertising of new products use research methods (Gatignon and Robertson 1985).

should use local languages, local media, and local men for enumerating these. Advertising research has to take government communication strategy into account and not use alien or textbook methodologies unsuited for local people.

Advertising Research in Today’s Media Technology Societies

Media technology has become well developed in the West, and media technologies involve media and ICT for various purposes. Everett M. Rogers says about Professor Coleman’s research into diffusion of innovation for medical drugs, that media

Advertising Research Tomorrow

Advertising research needs to be more technologically savvy if it is to be useful for tomorrow. Many advertising research methodologies have become old and obsolete. Researchers have to become precise and measure what they intend to measure, and provide marketing and advertising solutions effectively. Advertising research is crucial for tomorrow’s marketers and everyone in business.

Advertising by Public Sector

Public sector has also been advertising heavily.

Bank of India (BOI) uses a small boy, who carries his savings in a hundi and travels in boat to reach a BOI branch. This advertisement implies that we have to be very careful in our savings and the message is communicated amply. It is not just the private sector that has been advertising; government and public sector have also been advertising to promote products in different sectors—oil companies (Bharat Petroleum and Hindustan Petroleum) and financial institutions (Bank of Baroda cards, SBI mutual funds) have been advertising heavily. Indian public sector is as dynamic as the private sector when it comes to means of reaching general public in a large number of different race, class, and caste categories using advertisements. Even some government projects have been advertising. Government of India has been advertising family welfare, adult education, and primary health care, and used to have a policy of supporting small and medium publications.

Measurement

Advertising research has to measure government advertising and government marketing efforts and

As Rogers says, India has five kinds of societies existing, including one from bullock carts to cyber marts; advertising research has to reach cyber mart societies and people too. Stanford University has an institute of quantitative study and this shows the importance research is being given in today’s competitive work and market environment. technologies are not restricted to entertainment but to various other arms, including agriculture, telemedicine, and teleconferencing in private sector, and for other communication methods. Advertising and media research have to be more technology savvy and media savvy specifically. Advertising research has to be tailor-made to reach more social media users, such as the educated and upper class segments in India and elsewhere, and should use telephone and internet research methods. More than 40 per cent of the workers in developed societies are in information-related occupations and this situation is changing drastically. As Rogers says, India has s^{_phcn 2014

(40) five kinds of societies existing, including one from bullock carts to cyber marts; advertising research has to reach cyber mart societies and people too.

Stanford University has an institute of quantitative study and this shows the importance research is being given in today’s competitive work and market environment.

Advertising Research for future

Advertising research will become more quantitative and would be more computerised in the days to come. The volume of advertising, marketing, and media research will grow considerably in our society and in the United States. Democracies have given importance to what people think and what everyone wants for personal satisfaction; advertising would reflect these and advertising research would

technology and research advance. Media power and advertising power are felt strongly in societies, as if it creates bondage of people. It is debatable whether this force is good, but advertising, media, and advertising research would remain strongly everywhere especially in today’s democracies as a majority of people want it and feel it is necessary.

This article has stressed the need for advertising research and its role in today’s marketing, management, and media as well as societal process in today’s democracies.

S. Ganesh is a lecturer in Journalism and Mass Communication in Arba Minch University, Ethiopia.

His E-Mail: ganeshsubbarayanmedia@gmail.com

Since we use the latest products and innovations of the West, research and working conditions continue to be like in the United States, especially in advertising.

Many advertising agencies have tieups with US multinationals or western advertising agencies and use similar research methodologies and techniques.

Nielsen and Arbitron ratings of TV came in a different way, and Indian market research agencies use panel research methods. There used to be panels studying consumer or retailer buying mechanisms way back in the 1980s, and similar methods are used. find out these. Advertising research will need more trained manpower and advertising industry itself will grow. In tomorrow’s technically trained society, people who are able to cope up with it would stay and those who are not able to would be left out.

The United States and the West have embarked on large-scale modernisation and westernisation although problems of technological advancement remain. Horrors of the past in development and underdevelopment sectors will fight clandestinely.

Nevertheless, media and advertising would continue to grow in democracies and advertising would come to be a force to be dealt with. Advertising research would have its say in decision-making and in media planning process everywhere.

Conclusion

This article has dealt with advertising research and its general role in society and in advertising planning. Advertising planning is important, and for making scientific plans we will need clear and precise advertising research methodologies.

These research methodologies will emerge soon as

s^{_phcn 2014

References: Adorno, T. W. (1957). “Television and Patterns of Mass Culture,” in B. Rosenberg and D. Manning White (eds), Mass Culture, New York: Free Press of Glencoe.

Aslama, M. and M. Pantti (2006). “Talking Alone: Reality TV, Emotions and Authenticity,” European Journal of Cultural Studies, 9 (2): 167–84.

Gallup, G. H. R. (1940). The Pulse of Democracy: The Public Opinion Poll and How It Works. New York: Simon and Schuster.

Ganesh, S. (1995). Lectures on Mass Communication. New Delhi: Indian Publisher Distributors.

Gatignon, Hubert and Thomas S. Robertson (1985). “A Propositional Inventory for New Diffusion Research,” Journal of Consumer Research, 11 (March), 849–67.

Kohli–Khandekar, Vanita (2010). Indian Media Business.

New Delhi: Response.

Kotler, Philip, Kevin Lane Keller, Abraham Koshy, and Mitheshwar Jha (2009). Marketing Management. New Delhi: Pearson.

Singhal, A. and E. M. Rogers (2001). India’s Communication Revolution. New Delhi: SAGE. Vilanilam, J. V. and A. K. Varghese (2004). Advertising Basics. New Delhi: Response.

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Bt‑K‑m-f-h¡-cW‑w k‑rã‑n¨ Gäh‑p‑w {‑]I-S-a‑mb a‑mä-§-f‑n-s‑e‑m¶‑v a‑m[‑y-a-c‑w-Ks‑¯ k‑mt‑¦-X‑n-Ih‑p‑w k‑wt‑h-Z\-]-c-h‑p-a‑mb I‑pX‑n-¸‑m-W‑v.

GX‑m-s‑ïÃ‑m `‑qJ-Þ-§-f‑n-s‑eb‑p‑w a‑n¡-h‑md‑p‑w c‑mP‑y-§Ä Ht‑c-t‑X‑m-X‑n Xs‑¶ a‑m[‑y-a‑o-I-c-W-¯‑n-s‑âb‑p‑w h‑n]-W‑n-t‑I-{‑µ‑n-X-þ-\-h-þ-D-Z‑m-c-hÂI‑rX k‑m¼-¯‑nI \b-§-f‑p-s‑Sb‑p‑w hg‑n-If‑n-e‑qs‑S IS-¶‑p-t‑]‑m-I‑p-I-b‑p-ï‑m-b‑n‑, C¡-g‑nª Zi-I-¯‑nÂ. A¨-S‑na‑m-[‑y-a-k‑w-k‑vI‑m-cs‑¯ GX‑mï‑p ]‑qÀW-a‑m-b‑n-¯s‑¶ \‑nj‑v{‑]-`-a‑m¡‑n-s‑¡‑mï‑v Z‑ri‑y-þ-{‑i-h‑y-a‑m-[‑y-a-k‑w-

k‑vI‑mc‑w t‑aÂs‑s‑¡ t‑aS‑p-I-b‑p-ï‑mb‑n C¡‑m-e-¯‑v. ]‑pX‑nb \‑qä‑m-ï‑ns‑â BZ‑y-Z-i-I-¯‑n C‑u Z‑ri‑y-þ-{‑i-h‑y-a‑m[‑y-a-k‑w-k‑vI‑mc‑w Xs‑¶b‑p‑w U‑nP‑n-s‑s‑ät‑k-j\‑p‑w _l‑p-a‑m-[‑y-a‑o-I-c-W-¯‑n\‑p‑w h‑nt‑[-b-a‑m-h‑p-Ib‑p‑w s‑Nb‑vX‑p. CâÀs‑\ä‑v‑, s‑a‑ms‑s‑_Â‑, H‑m¬s‑s‑e³ k‑mt‑¦X‑nI a‑m[‑y-a-§Ä X‑pS-§‑n-bh k‑z´‑w Media Perspectives for the 21 Century Editor: Stylianos Papathanassopaulos Routledge, 2011

\‑ne-b‑ne‑p‑w A¨-S‑n-þ-Z‑r-i‑y-þ-{‑i-h‑y-a‑m-[‑y-a§Ä¡‑p t‑ae‑p‑w k‑rã‑n-¡‑p¶ {‑]`‑m-ha‑mW‑v Cc‑p-]-s‑¯‑m¶‑m‑w \‑qä‑m-ï‑ns‑e a‑m[‑y-a-k‑w-k‑vI‑m-c-¯‑ns‑â AS‑n-¯-d. a‑m[‑ya Df-f-S-¡-¯‑ns‑â \‑nÀa‑m-W-þ-h‑nX-c-W-þ-D-]-t‑`‑mK Xe-§-f‑n-e‑p-ï‑mb h‑n¹-h-I-c-a‑mb a‑mä-§-f‑n-s‑e‑m¶‑v a‑m[‑y-a-§f‑p‑w Ah-b‑ps‑S t‑{‑]£-Ic‑p‑w X½‑n-e‑p-ff _Ô-¯‑n h¶-X‑m-W‑v.

D]-t‑b‑m-à‑m-¡Ä (‑users‑‑)‑, D]-t‑`‑mà‑m-¡Ä (consumers) F¶‑o `‑n¶]-Z-h‑n-I-f‑n-t‑e¡‑p a‑md‑nb t‑{‑]£-IÀ (audience‑) A¨S‑n DÄs‑¸-s‑S-b‑p-ff ] c-¼-c‑m-KX a‑m[‑y-a-§s‑f ]‑pX‑nb c‑oX‑nb‑n \‑nÀh-N‑n-¡‑pI Xs‑¶ s‑Nb‑vX‑p.

CS-s‑]-S (interactive‑) k‑m[‑y-X-IÄ a‑p³\‑nÀ¯‑n \h-a‑m-[‑y-a-§Ä k‑zbh‑p‑w B[‑p-\‑nI a‑m[‑y-a-§-f‑n-e‑q-s‑Sb‑p‑w \‑nÀhN‑n-¡‑p¶ k‑ma‑q-l‑nI Z‑uX‑y-§-f‑mW‑v k‑ma‑q-l‑y-a‑m-[‑y-a-§Ä (social media‑) DÄs‑¸-s‑S-b‑p-ff KW-§-f‑n-t‑e¡‑v Ahb‑v¡‑p h‑y‑m]\‑w \ÂI‑n-b‑n-«‑p-f-f-X‑v.

U‑nP‑n-ä k‑mt‑¦-X‑nIX a‑m[‑y-a-§f‑ne‑p‑w a‑m[‑y-a-]-T-\-¯‑ne‑p‑w k‑rã‑n¨ h‑yX‑n-b‑m-\-a‑mW‑v Hä-h‑m-I‑y-¯‑n ]d-ª‑m C‑u {‑KÙ-¯‑ns‑â k‑z`‑mhh‑p‑w k‑zc‑p-]-h‑p‑w. a‑pJ‑y-a‑mb‑p‑w a‑m[‑ya-k‑w-e-b\‑w (Media convergence‑) F¶ {‑]{‑I‑n-b-b‑n-e‑qs‑S _l‑p-P-\a‑m-[‑ya (Mass Media‑) k‑z`‑mh‑w s‑s‑Ih-c‑n¨ B[‑p-\‑n-I‑m-\-´-c-þ-\-h -U‑n-P‑n-ä a‑m[‑y-a-§-f‑ps‑S k‑ma‑q-l‑nI {‑]`‑m-h-§-f‑mW‑v C‑u {‑KÙ-¯‑ns‑e ]T-\-t‑e-J-\-§Ä s‑]‑mX‑p-h‑n NÀ¨s‑N-¿‑p-¶X‑v F¶‑p‑w ]d-b‑m‑w. Nc‑n-{‑X‑w‑, c‑m{‑ã-X-{‑´‑w‑, k‑ma‑q-l‑y-i‑m-k‑v{‑X‑w‑, a\‑x-i‑m-k‑v{‑X‑w‑,- \-c-h‑wii‑mk‑v{‑X‑w‑, `‑mj‑m-i‑m-k‑v{‑X‑w‑, k‑ml‑nX‑y‑w X‑pSs^{_phcn 2014

(42)

U‑nP‑n-ä k‑mt‑¦-X‑nIX a‑m[‑y-a-§-f‑ne‑p‑w a‑m[‑y-a-]-T-\-¯‑ne‑p‑w k‑rã‑n¨ h‑yX‑n-b‑m-\-a‑mW‑v Hä-h‑m-I‑y-¯‑n ]d-ª‑m C‑u {‑KÙ¯‑ns‑â k‑z`‑m-hh‑p‑w k‑zc‑p-]-h‑p‑w. a‑pJ‑y-a‑mb‑p‑w a‑m[‑y-a-k‑w-e-b\‑w (Media convergence‑) F¶ {‑]{‑I‑n-b-b‑n-e‑qs‑S _l‑p-P-\-a‑m-[‑ya (Mass Media‑) k‑z`‑mh‑w s‑s‑Ih-c‑n¨ B[‑p-\‑n-I‑m-\-´-c-þ-\-h -U‑n-P‑nä a‑m[‑y-a-§-f‑ps‑S k‑ma‑q-l‑nI {‑]`‑m-h-§-f‑mW‑v C‑u {‑KÙ-¯‑ns‑e ]T-\-t‑e-J-\-§Ä s‑]‑mX‑p-h‑n NÀ¨-s‑N-¿‑p-¶X‑v F¶‑p‑w ]d-b‑m‑w. §‑nb h‑nÚ‑m-\-t‑a-J-e-I-f‑n \‑n¶‑v D‑uÀÖ‑w k‑w`-c‑n¨‑v a‑m[‑y-a-þ-h‑n-\‑n-ab ]T-\-§Ä c‑q]‑w-s‑I‑m-f-f‑p-¶X‑v Ig‑nª \‑qä‑m-ï‑ns‑â H¶‑m‑w- ]-I‑p-X‑n-b‑n-e‑ms‑W-¦‑ne‑p‑w AX‑n\‑v h³t‑X‑m-X‑n-e‑p-ff A¡‑m-Z-a‑n-I-þ-s‑s‑k-²‑m-´‑nI h‑y‑m]‑vX‑n s‑s‑Ih-c‑p-¶X‑v cï‑m‑w ]I‑p-X‑n-b‑n-e‑mW‑v. h‑nt‑i-j‑n¨‑p‑w s‑Se‑n-h‑n-js‑â {‑] N‑m-c-¯‑n-s‑\‑m-¸‑w. AX‑p-hs‑c a‑m[‑y-a§-f‑ps‑S Nc‑n{‑X‑w a‑m{‑X‑w ]T‑n-¨‑n-c‑p¶ A¡‑m-Z-a‑n-I-]-Þ‑n-XÀ k‑m‑wk‑vI‑m-c‑nI-]-T-\‑w‑, P\-{‑]‑n-b-k‑w-k‑vI‑m-c-]-T-\‑w‑, Ne-¨‑n-{‑X-]-T-\‑w‑, a‑m[‑y-a-{‑]-hÀ¯-\-]c‑n-i‑o-e-\‑w‑, h‑mÀ¯‑m-h‑n-\‑n-a-b-]-T-\‑w‑, k‑v{‑X‑oh‑mZ‑w X‑pS-§‑nb ]T-\-]-²-X‑n-If‑n-e‑qs‑S a‑m[‑y-a-]-T-\-§s‑f a‑pt‑¶‑m«‑p s‑I‑mï‑pt‑]‑m-b‑n. F¦‑ne‑p‑w _l‑ph‑nÚ‑m-\-]-c‑w(Multidisciplinary) F¶-X‑n-s‑\-¡‑mÄ A´Àh‑n-Ú‑m-\-] c‑w (Interdisciplinary‑) F¶ \‑ne-b‑ne‑mW‑v C¶‑v a‑m[‑y-a-]-T-\-§Ä \‑ne\‑n¡‑p-¶-X‑v. s‑I. t‑\‑mÀU³ k‑vs‑{‑S‑wK‑v a‑pt‑¶‑m«‑p-h-b‑v¡‑p¶ Hc‑p \‑nc‑o-£W‑w 1950-IÄ s‑X‑m«‑p-ff ]‑mÝ‑mX‑y a‑m[‑y-a-]-T-\-k{‑¼-Z‑m-b-§s‑f Bd‑p Zi-I-§-f‑ns‑e Bd‑p L«-§-f‑mb‑n t‑{‑I‑mU‑o-I-c‑n-¡‑p¶‑p-ï‑v. 1950-IÄ b‑qt‑d‑m-þ-A-t‑a-c‑n-¡³ a‑m[‑y-a-]-T-\-§-f‑ps‑S h‑yh-Ø‑m-]-\-L-«a‑m-W‑v. 1960 If‑n k‑ma‑q-l‑y-þ-c‑m-{‑ã‑ob {‑]t‑£‑m-`-§Ä k‑ma‑q-l‑y-þ-a‑m-\-h‑nI h‑nÚ‑m-\-§-f‑ne‑p‑w h‑mÀ¯‑m-h‑n-\‑n-ab aÞ-e-§-f‑ne‑p‑w k‑rã‑n¨ {‑]`‑mh‑w s^{_phcn 2014

a‑m[‑y-a-]-T-\-§s‑f \‑nÀW-b‑n-¨‑p.

1970 If‑n a‑m[‑y-a-I‑p-¯-I-IÄ¡‑p‑w A¡‑m-Z-a‑nI ht‑c-W‑y-h‑m-Z-§Ä¡‑p-s‑aX‑ns‑c CS-X‑p-]£ a‑m[‑y-a-]-T-\-§Ä t‑aÂs‑s‑¡ t‑\S‑n. 1980 If‑n CS-X‑p]-£-]-T-\-§-s‑f-¡‑mÄ k‑z‑oI‑m-c‑yX t‑\S‑nb ]‑pX‑nb c‑oX‑n-i‑m-k‑v{‑X-§-f‑n P\-{‑]‑n-b-k‑w-K‑o-X‑w‑, ^‑mj³‑, ]c-k‑y‑w‑, k‑vt‑]‑mÀS‑vk‑v X‑pS-§‑n-bh h‑ni-I-e\‑w s‑N¿-s‑¸-«‑p. 1990 If‑n a‑m[‑y-a-]-T-\ -a-Þe‑w \h-e‑n-_-d c‑m{‑ã‑o-b-¯‑ns‑âb‑p‑w Ia‑y‑q-W‑n-t‑¡-j³ h‑n¹-h-¯‑ns‑âb‑p‑w k‑z‑m[‑o-\-¯‑n-e‑m-b‑n. 2000 a‑pXe‑p-ff Zi-I-¯‑n-e‑m-I-s‑«‑, a‑pJ‑y-a‑mb‑p‑w Bt‑K‑m-f-h¡-c-W-¯‑ns‑â s‑s‑hc‑p²‑y-§-f‑ps‑S X‑pd-¶‑p-I‑m-W‑n-¡-e‑p-If‑p‑w h‑naÀi-\-§-f‑p-a‑mb‑n a‑md‑n‑, a‑m[‑y-a-]-T\-§Ä. t‑ae‑v]-dª L«-§-f‑n Ah-k‑m\s‑¯ cs‑ï®‑w (1990-IÄ s‑X‑m«‑v‑) k‑rã‑n¨ {‑]X‑o-X‑n-I-f‑ps‑S h‑ni-I-e-\a‑mW‑v AS‑n-Ø‑m-\-]-c-a‑mb‑n C‑u {‑KÙ‑w a‑pt‑¶‑m«‑p hb‑v¡‑p¶ ]T-\-§-f‑ps‑S k‑z`‑m-h‑w. b‑qt‑d‑m-þ-A-t‑a-c‑n-¡³ ]Ý‑m-¯-e-§-f‑n \‑ns‑¶-¶-t‑]‑ms‑e Gj‑y³-þ-B-{‑^‑n-¡³ ]Ý‑m-¯-e-§f‑n \‑n¶‑p‑w C‑u L«-¯‑n [‑mc‑mf‑w a‑m[‑y-a-]-T-\-§Ä c‑q]‑w-s‑I‑m-f-f‑p-¶‑p.

FU‑n-äÀ k‑qN‑n-¸‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑p-t‑]‑m-s‑e‑, Cc‑p-]-s‑¯‑m¶‑m‑w \‑qä‑m-ï‑ns‑â BZ‑y Cc‑p-]-¯©‑p hÀj-§-f‑n a‑m[‑y-a-]-T\-c‑w-K-¯‑p-ï‑m-t‑Iï Kt‑h-jW I‑mc‑y]-c‑n-]‑m-S‑n-b‑ps‑S c‑q]-t‑c-J-s‑b¶ \‑ne-

b‑n I‑qS‑n I‑mWW‑w C‑u cN-\-I-s‑f.

H¶‑m‑w-`‑m-Ks‑¯ BZ‑y-t‑e-J\‑w h‑nh-c-a‑m-[‑y-a-§-f‑ps‑S {‑]N-c-W-¯‑n\‑p ka‑m-´-c-a‑mb‑n ‑"t‑k‑mj‑y Ut‑a‑m{‑Ik‑n‑' Z‑pÀº-e-a‑m-I‑p-¶-X‑n-s‑\-¡‑p-d‑n¨‑m-W‑v. P\‑m-[‑n-]-X‑y-¯‑ns‑â c‑q]‑o-I-cW-¯‑n\‑p‑w \‑ne-\‑n¸‑n\‑p‑w ]‑n¶‑ns‑e k‑p{‑]-[‑m-\-L-SI‑w a‑m[‑y-a-§-f-p-s‑S k‑m¶‑n-[‑yh‑p‑w CS-s‑]-S-e‑p-a‑m-W‑v. `c-WI‑qS‑w \‑nb-{‑´‑n-¡‑p¶ s‑]‑mX‑p-t‑a-Je‑m a‑m[‑y-a-§-f‑ps‑S k{‑I‑n-b-a‑mb ]¦‑m-f‑n¯-a‑mW‑v P\‑m[‑n]X‑y h‑yhØ k‑m[‑ya‑m-¡‑n-bX‑v F¶‑p ]d-b‑m-d‑p-ï‑v. _‑n.-_‑n.k‑n. DÄs‑¸-s‑S-b‑p-f-f-hs‑b a‑p³\‑nÀ¯‑n {‑^‑m¦‑v s‑h_‑vÌÀ NÀ¨-s‑N-¿‑p-¶X‑v C‑ub-h-Ø-¡‑p-ï‑mb XIÀ¨-s‑b-¡‑pd‑n-¨‑m-W‑v. s‑]‑mX‑p-a-Þe k¦-e‑v]-\¯‑n\‑p e`‑n-¡‑p¶ Aa‑nX {‑]‑m[‑m\‑y‑w d±‑p-s‑N-¿-s‑¸-t‑S-ï-X‑m-s‑W¶ \‑ne-]‑mS‑p‑w s‑h_‑vÌÀ¡‑p-ï‑v.

U‑nP‑n-ä a‑m[‑y-a-I‑m-e¯‑v c‑m{‑ã‑ob a‑m[‑y-a-{‑]-hÀ¯-\-¯‑n\‑p k‑w`-h‑n¨ ] c‑n-W‑m-a-§-f‑mW‑v cï‑m-as‑¯ t‑eJ-\¯‑ns‑â h‑nj-b‑w. Cc‑p-]-s‑¯‑m¶‑m‑w \‑qä‑m-ï‑ns‑e Bt‑K‑mf c‑m{‑ã‑ob a‑mä§Ä¡‑p ]‑n¶‑ns‑e a‑m[‑y-a-{‑]-`‑m-h‑w‑, 2008 s‑e H_‑m-a-b‑ps‑S s‑Xc-s‑ª-S‑p¸‑v DÄs‑¸-s‑S-b‑p-f-fh a‑p³\‑nÀ¯‑n s‑h_‑vÌÀ \S-¯‑p¶ h‑ni-I-e-\¯‑ns‑â X‑pSÀ¨-s‑b-t‑¶‑mW‑w AhX-c‑n-¸‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p‑, C‑u t‑eJ-\‑w. B[‑p\‑nI a‑m[‑y-a-§Ä \h-a‑m-[‑y-a-§s‑f DÄs‑¡‑m-f-f‑p-¶-X‑n-e‑qs‑S ]‑pX‑n-s‑b‑mc‑p

(43) c‑m{‑ã‑o-b‑, a‑m[‑y-a-k‑w-k‑vI‑m-c-¯‑n\‑p X‑pS-¡-a‑n-«-X‑n-s‑\-¡‑p-d‑n-¨‑mW‑v CX‑n NÀ¨-s‑N-¿‑p-¶-X‑v. ]‑mÀ«‑n a‑m[‑y-a-§Ä h‑n«‑v s‑]‑mX‑p-a‑m-[‑y-a-§-f‑n t‑Nt‑¡d‑p¶ c‑m{‑ã‑o-b-t‑\-X‑m-¡Ä ]‑mÀ«‑nb‑n \‑nt‑¶‑m kÀ¡‑m-c‑n \‑nt‑¶‑m P\-§-f‑n-t‑e¡‑v GI-]-£‑o-b-a‑mb‑n \‑nÀt‑±-i-§f‑p‑w Ad‑n-b‑n-¸‑p-If‑p‑w h‑nt‑£-]‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑n\‑p ]I-c‑w‑, Ahs‑c h‑ni‑z‑m-k-¯‑n-s‑e-S‑p-¡‑p¶ \‑ne-b‑n NÀ¨-If‑p‑w {‑]X‑n-I-c-W-§f‑p‑w £W‑n¡‑p¶ c‑m{‑ã‑o-b-þ-a‑m-[‑y-a-k‑w-k‑vI‑mc‑w c‑q]-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑p¶-X‑n-s‑\-¡‑p-d‑n-¨‑mW‑v C‑u ]T\‑w h‑ni-Z‑o-I-c‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v. ]‑mÀ«‑n-b‑w-K-§-t‑f‑ms‑S-¶-X‑n-s‑\-¡‑mÄ s‑]‑mX‑p-P-\-§-t‑f‑mS‑v k‑wh-Z‑n-¡‑m-\‑p-ff t‑hZ‑n F¶ \‑ne-b‑n-e‑mW‑v ]e t‑\X‑m¡f‑p‑w \h-a‑m-[‑y-a-§s‑f I‑mW‑p-¶-X‑v.

Cc‑p-]-s‑¯‑m¶‑m‑w \‑qä‑m-ï‑ns‑e c‑m{‑ã‑o-bþ-a‑m-[‑y-a-_-Ô-§Ä k‑q£‑va-a‑mb‑n h‑ni-I-e\‑w s‑N¿‑p¶ {‑it‑²-b-a‑mb ]T-\-a‑mW‑v C‑u t‑eJ-\‑w. h‑mÀ¯ F¶ a‑m[‑y-a-c‑q-]-¯‑n\‑v \h-a‑m-[‑y-a-I‑m-e¯‑p s‑s‑Ih¶ a‑mä§-f‑mW‑v i‑mt‑´‑m A¿-¦‑mÀ h‑nh-c‑n-¡‑p¶-X‑v. Cþ-s‑ab‑v s‑X‑m«‑v k‑ma‑q-l‑ya‑m-[‑y-a-§Ä hs‑c-b‑p-f-f-h-b‑n-e‑qs‑S {‑]Nc‑n-¡‑p¶ Bb‑n-c-¡-W-¡‑n\‑p h‑mÀ¯IÄ¡‑p‑w H‑m¬s‑s‑e³ a‑m[‑y-a-§Ä¡‑pa‑n-S-b‑n B[‑p-\‑nI a‑m[‑y-a-§-f‑ps‑S h‑mÀ¯‑m-k‑w-k‑vI‑mc‑w F§s‑\ \‑ne\‑n¡‑p-s‑a-¶‑mW‑v Ch‑ns‑S At‑\‑z-j‑n¡-s‑¸-S‑p-¶-X‑v. cï‑p a‑mä-§-f‑mW‑v ]c -¼-c‑m-KX a‑m[‑y-a-§s‑f `b-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑p¶-X‑v. H¶‑v‑, ]‑pX‑nb Xe-a‑p-d‑, h‑mÀ¯IÄ¡‑mb‑n \h-a‑m-[‑y-a-§s‑f I‑qS‑p-X B{‑i-b‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p. cï‑v‑, \h-a‑m-[‑y-a§s‑f h‑mÀ¯-IÄ¡‑m-{‑i-b‑n-¡‑p-¶-hÀ X‑mc-X-t‑a‑y\ CS-s‑]-S (Interactive‑) k‑m[‑y-X-IÄ I‑qS‑p-X-e‑p-]-t‑b‑m-K-s‑¸-S‑p¯‑p-Ib‑p‑w AX‑p-hg‑n X§Ä¡‑p-I‑qS‑n h‑mÀ¯-I-f‑ps‑S \‑nÀa‑n-X‑n-b‑ne‑p‑w h‑y‑m]\-¯‑ne‑p‑w ]¦‑m-f‑n¯‑w Dd-¸‑m-¡‑p-Ib‑p‑w s‑N¿‑p-¶‑p. \‑me‑m-as‑¯ t‑eJ-\‑w‑, Bt‑K‑m-f-h¡-c-W-¯‑ns‑â {‑]X‑y-bi‑mk‑v{‑X‑w Gs‑ä-S‑p-¡‑p¶ ‑"C³s‑^‑m-s‑«b‑v³s‑aâ‑v‑' k‑wk‑vI‑m-c-s‑¯-¡‑p-d‑n-¨‑m-W‑v. a‑pJ‑y-a‑mb‑p‑w C´‑y³ h‑mÀ¯‑m-s‑S-e‑nh‑n-js‑\ t‑I{‑µ‑o-I-c‑n-¡‑p¶ k‑zI‑mc‑y‑, U‑n-P‑näÂ‑, h‑n]W‑n a‑m[‑y-a-k‑w-k‑vI‑m-ca‑mW‑v Ch‑ns‑S h‑nj-b‑w. k‑ma‑ql‑y APï-I-f‑n \‑n¶‑v C³s‑^‑m-s‑«-b‑v³s‑aâ‑v AP-ï-I-f‑n-t‑e-¡‑p-ff N‑ph-S‑p-a‑m-ä-a‑mW‑v CX‑ns‑â AS‑n-¯-d. t‑_‑mf‑n-h‑pU‑p‑w {‑I‑n¡ä‑p‑w t‑aÂt‑¡‑mb‑va t‑\S‑p¶ C´‑y³ h‑mÀ¯‑m-N‑m-\-e‑p-I-f‑ps‑S Hc-ht‑e‑m-I-\-a‑mW‑v C‑u cN-\.

A{‑X-t‑a k‑m[‑m-c-W-a-Ã‑m¯ Hc‑p a‑m[‑y-a-]-T-\-k-a‑o-]-\-a‑mW‑v a‑m[‑y-a‑o-Ic‑n-¡-s‑¸-S‑p¶ h‑nI‑m-c-§-s‑f-¡‑p-d‑n-¨‑p-ff

AS‑p-¯-]-T-\‑w. s‑s‑hI‑m-c‑n-I-X-b‑ps‑S h‑n]-W‑n‑, h‑mW‑nP‑y t‑I{‑µ-§-f‑mb‑n a‑md‑p¶ h‑nt‑\‑m-Z-þ-h‑mÀ¯‑m-a‑m-[‑y-a-§f‑ps‑S k‑ma‑q-l‑y-i‑m-k‑v{‑X-]-c-a‑mb A] -{‑K-Y-\‑w. `b‑w‑, h‑ni‑z‑m-k‑w‑, Bt‑h-i‑w‑, B\-µ‑w‑, h‑nk‑va-b‑w‑, k‑vt‑\l‑w‑, B{‑Kl‑w‑, kl‑m-\‑p-`‑q-X‑n‑, t‑{‑I‑m[‑w‑, ]Ý‑m¯‑m-]‑w‑, \‑nc‑m-i... a‑m-[‑y-a-c‑q-]-§Ä k‑rã‑n-¡‑p¶ a‑m\-h‑nI‑m-\‑p-`‑q-X‑n-If‑ps‑S ]T-\-a‑mb‑n a‑md‑p¶‑p C‑u cN-\.

H¶‑m‑w `‑mKs‑¯ Ah-k‑m\ t‑eJ\‑w ‑"a‑m[‑y-a-§f‑p‑w I‑pS‑n-t‑b-äh‑p‑w‑' F¶-X‑mW‑v. {‑]h‑m-k- k-a‑ql§f‑n a‑m[‑y-a-

\‑nÀ¯-s‑¸-S‑p¶ ]©‑m_‑n {‑]h‑mk‑n k‑zX‑z-§-s‑f-¡‑p-d‑n¨‑v t‑ac‑n K‑nÃk‑v]‑n \S-¯‑p¶ ]T-\-a‑pÄs‑¸-s‑S-b‑p-f-fh Ch‑ns‑S k‑qN‑n-X-a‑m-I‑p-¶‑p. ‑"h‑nZ‑qc-t‑Zi‑o-bX‑' (distance nationalism‑) F¶‑mW‑v _\-U‑nÎ‑v B³t‑U-g‑vkC¯c‑w {‑]h‑m-k‑, k¦ct‑Zi‑o-bX‑m`‑mh-\s‑b h‑nf‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v. cï‑m‑w-`‑m-K‑w‑, U‑nP‑n-ä b‑pK-¯‑ns‑e Bi-b-h‑n-\‑n-ab a‑m[‑y-a-k‑w-k‑vI‑m-c-s‑¯¡‑p-d‑n-¨‑m-W‑v. _l‑p-P\ (Mass‑‑) a‑m[‑ya-§-f‑n \‑n¶‑v i‑r‑wJ-e‑m(network‑) a‑m[‑y-a-§-f‑n-t‑e¡‑v F¶ H¶‑m-as‑¯

H¶‑m‑w-`‑m-Ks‑¯ BZ‑y-t‑e-J\‑w h‑nh-c-a‑m-[‑y-a-§-f‑ps‑S {‑]N-c-W-¯‑n\‑p ka‑m-´-c-a‑mb‑n ‑"t‑k‑mj‑y Ut‑a‑m-{‑Ik‑n‑' Z‑pÀº-e-a‑m-I‑p-¶-X‑n-s‑\-¡‑pd‑n-¨‑m-W‑v. P\‑m-[‑n-]-X‑y-¯‑ns‑â c‑q]‑o-I-c-W-¯‑n\‑p‑w \‑ne-\‑n¸‑n\‑p‑w ]‑n¶‑ns‑e k‑p{‑]-[‑m-\-L-SI‑w a‑m[‑y-a-§-f-p-s‑S k‑m¶‑n-[‑yh‑p‑w CS-s‑]S-e‑p-a‑m-W‑v. `c-W-I‑qS‑w \‑nb-{‑´‑n-¡‑p¶ s‑]‑mX‑p-t‑a-Je‑m a‑m[‑y-a-§f‑ps‑S k{‑I‑n-b-a‑mb ]¦‑m-f‑n-¯-a‑mW‑v P\‑m[‑n]X‑y h‑yhØ k‑m[‑ya‑m-¡‑n-bX‑v F¶‑p ]d-b‑m-d‑p-ï‑v. _‑n.-_‑n.-k‑n. DÄs‑¸-s‑S-b‑p-f-f-hs‑b a‑p³\‑nÀ¯‑n {‑^‑m¦‑v s‑h_‑vÌÀ NÀ¨-s‑N-¿‑p-¶X‑v C‑ub-h-Ø-¡‑pï‑mb XIÀ¨-s‑b-¡‑p-d‑n-¨‑m-W‑v. s‑]‑mX‑p-a-Þe k¦-e‑v]-\-¯‑n\‑p e`‑n-¡‑p¶ Aa‑nX {‑]‑m[‑m\‑y‑w d±‑p-s‑N-¿-s‑¸-t‑S-ï-X‑m-s‑W¶ \‑ne]‑mS‑p‑w s‑h_‑vÌÀ¡‑p-ï‑v. §Ä k‑rã‑n-¡‑p¶ t‑Zi‑o-b‑, h‑wi‑o-b‑, aX‑m-ßI K‑rl‑m-X‑p-c-X-IÄ a‑pX h‑nt‑\‑m-Z-h‑y-h-k‑mb‑w hs‑c-b‑p-f-f-h-b‑ps‑S h‑ni-I-e-\‑w. t‑Zi‑o-b-k‑w-k‑vI‑m-ch‑p‑w t‑Zi‑o-b-k‑z-X‑zh‑p‑w c‑mP‑y‑m-´-c-þ-B-t‑K‑mf-k‑w-k‑vI‑m-c-t‑¯‑mS‑p‑w k‑zX‑z-t‑¯‑mS‑p‑w k‑wLÀj‑m-ß-I-a‑mb‑n CS-s‑]-S‑p¶ P‑oh‑nX t‑aJ-e-I-f‑ps‑S a‑m[‑y-a-{‑]-X‑n-\‑n[‑m-\-§Ä DÄs‑¸-s‑S-b‑p-f-fh Ch‑ns‑S ]T‑n-¡-s‑¸-S‑p-¶‑p. Pb‑n‑wk‑v ¢‑nt‑^‑mÀU‑v‑, AÀP‑p³ A¸‑m-Z‑ps‑s‑c X‑pS-§‑n-b-h-c‑ps‑S k‑n²‑m-´-§-f‑n-e‑mW‑v C‑u ]T-\-¯‑ns‑â D‑u¶Â. l‑nµ‑n k‑n\‑n-a-b‑n-e‑qs‑S \‑ne-

]T\‑w (Gustavo Cardoso F¶ t‑]‑mÀ¨‑p-K‑ok‑v a‑m[‑y-a-\‑n-c‑q-]-I-t‑âX‑v‑) a‑m[‑y-a-k‑m-t‑¦-X‑n-I-X-s‑bb‑p‑w Df-f-S-¡s‑¯b‑p‑w a‑m\‑p-h I‑mÌ-e-k‑ns‑â {‑] k‑n-²-a‑mb i‑r‑wJ-e‑m-k-a‑q-l(network society‑)-k-¦-e‑v]-\-h‑p-a‑mb‑n t‑NÀ¯‑p\‑nÀ¯‑n h‑y‑mJ‑y‑m-\‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑mW‑v Ch‑ns‑S. s‑Se‑n-h‑n-j³‑, CâÀs‑\ä‑v F¶‑o cï‑p a‑m[‑y-a-§Ä¡‑p s‑s‑Ih¶ {‑]‑ma‑m-W‑yh‑p‑w t‑aÂt‑¡‑m-b‑va-b‑p-a‑mW‑v i‑r‑wJ-e‑m-]-ch‑p‑w U‑nP‑n-äÂ]c-h‑p-a‑mb \h-a‑m-[‑y-a-I‑m-es‑¯ Gäh‑p‑w {‑][‑m\ a‑mä-s‑a¶‑v N‑qï‑n-¡‑m-W‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p‑, s^{_phcn 2014

(44) I‑mÀt‑U‑m-t‑k‑m. C‑u ka‑m-l‑m-c-¯‑ns‑e Gäh‑p‑w {‑it‑²-b-a‑mb ]T-\-a‑n-X‑m-W‑v. "a‑m[‑y-a-P‑o-h‑nX‑w' F¶ AS‑p¯ t‑eJ-\‑w‑, a‑m[‑y-a-§Ä a\‑p-j‑y-P‑oh‑nX¯‑n t‑\S‑nb A]‑qÀh-a‑mb \‑nÀW‑m-b-I-X‑z-§Ä h‑ni-I-e\‑w s‑N¿‑p-¶‑p. s‑s‑k_À k‑vt‑]k‑ns‑â \c-h‑w-i-i‑mk‑v{‑X‑w (Anthropology of Cyberspace‑) F¶‑v At‑´‑m-W‑nt‑b‑m s‑\{‑K‑nb‑p‑w aä‑p‑w h‑nf‑n-¡‑p¶ Hc-h-Øb‑n ‑"a‑m[‑y-a-§Äs‑¡‑m¸‑w‑' (‑with media‑) F¶-X‑n-s‑\-¡‑mÄ ‑"a‑m[‑y-a-§-

§-f‑ns‑e ]c-k‑y-þ-h‑n-]W‑n k‑wk‑vI‑m-c¯‑ns‑â A[‑o-i-X‑z-a‑mW‑v \½‑ps‑S I‑me¯‑ns‑â `à‑n-{‑]-Ø‑m-\‑w.

B[‑p-\‑nI a‑m[‑y-a-§-f‑n Kt‑hj-W‑m-ß-I-a‑mb‑n a‑m[‑y-a-{‑]-hÀ¯\‑w \S-¯‑p-¶-X‑n CâÀs‑\-ä‑n-\‑p-ff ]¦t‑\‑zj‑n¡‑p¶‑p‑, AS‑p¯ cN-\. s‑]‑mX‑pa‑m-[‑ya {‑]hÀ¯-\h‑p‑w ]‑uc-a‑m-[‑y-a{‑]-hÀ¯-\h‑p‑w (Public Journalism and Citizen Journalism) X½‑ne‑p-ff _Ô-s‑¯-¡‑p-d‑n¨‑p ]T‑n-¡‑p¶‑p‑, AS‑p¯ t‑eJ-\‑w. \h-a‑m-[‑ya

cN-\. U‑nP‑n-ä Ak-a-X‑z-s‑a¶ h‑njb-s‑¯-¡‑p-d‑n-¨‑mW‑v Ah-k‑m\ t‑eJ-\‑w.

CâÀs‑\-ä‑ns‑â c‑m{‑ã‑ob {‑]X‑o-X‑n-I-s‑f´‑mW‑v? \h/U‑nP‑n-ä a‑m[‑y-a-§Ä s‑]‑mX‑p-a-Þ-es‑¯ I‑qS‑p-X P\‑m-[‑n]-X‑y-h¡-c‑n-¡‑p-¶‑pt‑ï‑m? F¶‑n-§s‑\-b‑p-ff t‑N‑mZ‑y-§Ä¡‑p-ff D¯-c‑w‑, C¯c‑w a‑m[‑y-a-§-f‑ps‑S {‑]‑m]‑y-X‑, {‑] N‑m-c‑w‑, Ah-b‑ns‑e _l‑p-P\ k‑m£cX X‑pS-§‑nb \‑nc-h[‑n LS-I-§-s‑fb‑mW‑v a‑pJ‑y-a‑mb‑p‑w B{‑i-b‑n-¨‑n-c‑n-¡‑p¶-X‑v.

t‑^k‑v_‑p-¡‑n k‑rã‑n-¡-s‑¸-S‑p¶ k‑ma‑ql‑y a‑qe-[\‑w (Social F¶ Bi-bs‑¯ a‑p³\‑nÀ¯‑n-b‑p-ff ]T-\-a‑mW‑v X‑pSÀ¶‑p hc‑p-¶-X‑v. k‑ma‑ql‑y a‑m[‑y-a-§-f‑n Gäh‑p‑w P\-{‑]‑n-bh‑p‑w ^e-{‑]-Zh‑p-a‑mb t‑^k‑v_‑p-¡‑ns‑â a‑m[‑y-a- k‑m‑w-k‑vI‑m-c‑nI k‑m[‑y-X-IÄ h‑niI-e\‑w s‑N¿-s‑¸-S‑p¶ cN-\. U‑nP‑n-ä Ak-a-X‑z-s‑a¶ h‑nj-b-s‑¯¡‑p-d‑n-¨‑mW‑v Ah-k‑m\ t‑eJ-\‑w.

Capital)

f‑nÂ‑' (In Media‑) P‑oh‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑mW‑v \‑m‑w. AX‑mW‑v a‑m[‑y-a-P‑o-h‑n-X‑w-þ-a‑mÀ¡‑v U‑y‑qk‑v Fg‑p-X‑p¶‑p (‑p. 138‑) a‑mÀj aI‑ve‑ql³ a‑pX a‑m\‑p-h I‑mÌek‑v hs‑c-b‑p-f-f-h-c‑ps‑S k‑n²‑m-´-§Ä a‑p³\‑nÀ¯‑n U‑y‑qk‑v C‑u h‑njb‑w NÀ¨-s‑N-¿‑p-¶‑p.

U‑nP‑n-ä I‑mes‑¯ Nc-¡‑p-`à‑n (Commodity fetishism‑) s‑b¡‑p-d‑n-¨‑m W‑v ‑"D]-t‑`‑m-K-k‑w-k‑vI‑m-ch‑p‑w \h-a‑m-[‑ya-§f‑p‑w' F¶ AS‑p¯ t‑eJ\‑w h‑niZ‑o-I-c‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v. {‑^‑m¦‑v ^À«‑v k‑vI‑qÄ N‑n´-I-c‑ps‑S k‑wk‑vI‑m-c‑, h‑yh-k‑mb NÀ¨ a‑pX X‑pS-§‑p¶ a‑m[‑y-a-þ-h‑n-]W‑n-b‑ps‑S ka-I‑me ]c‑n-W‑m-a-§Ä C‑u cN\ h‑ni-I-e\‑w s‑N¿‑p-¶‑p. a‑m[‑y-as^{_phcn 2014

k‑mt‑¦-X‑n-I-X‑, \h-a‑m-[‑y-a-k-a‑q-l¯‑n k‑rã‑n-¡‑p¶ {‑]`‑m-h-§-f‑n-s‑e‑m¶‑m-b‑mW‑v ]‑uc-a‑m-[‑ya {‑]hÀ¯\‑w h‑ne-b‑n-c‑p-¯-s‑¸-S‑p-¶-X‑v. {‑^‑oe‑m³k‑v a‑m[‑y-a-{‑]-hÀ¯-IÀ a‑p³]‑v \‑nÀh-l‑n-¨‑nc‑p¶X‑ns‑\-¡‑mÄ P\‑m-[‑n-]-X‑y-]-c-a‑mb‑n C‑u c‑oX‑n¡‑v a‑m[‑y-a-§-f‑n CS-s‑]S‑m³ Ig‑n-b‑p-¶‑p. t‑^k‑v_‑p-¡‑n k‑rã‑n-¡-s‑¸-S‑p¶ k‑ma‑ql‑y a‑qe-[\‑w (Social Capital) F¶ Bi-bs‑¯ a‑p³\‑nÀ¯‑n-b‑pff ]T-\-a‑mW‑v X‑pSÀ¶‑p hc‑p-¶-X‑v. k‑ma‑ql‑y a‑m[‑y-a-§-f‑n Gäh‑p‑w P\{‑]‑n-bh‑p‑w ^e-{‑]-Z-h‑p-a‑mb t‑^k‑v_‑p¡‑ns‑â a‑m[‑y-a- k‑m‑w-k‑vI‑m-c‑nI k‑m[‑yX-IÄ h‑ni-I-e\‑w s‑N¿-s‑¸-S‑p¶

N‑pc‑p-¡-¯‑nÂ‑, Cc‑p-]-s‑¯‑m¶‑m‑w \‑qä‑m-ï‑ns‑e \h/U‑nP‑n-ä a‑m[‑y-a-k‑wk‑vI‑m-c-¯‑ns‑â k‑q£‑vah‑p‑w h‑y‑m]-I-h‑pa‑mb k‑ma‑q-l‑y-þ-c‑m-{‑ã‑ob {‑]X‑o-X‑n-IÄ s‑s‑k²‑m-´‑n-Ih‑p‑w Nc‑n-{‑X-]-ch‑p‑w k‑mt‑¦-X‑n-I-h‑p-a‑mb‑n h‑ni-I-e\‑w s‑Nb‑vX-h-X-c‑n-¸‑n-¡‑p-¶-h-b‑mW‑v C‑u ]T-\-§Ä H¶-S-¦‑w. ka-I‑me a‑m[‑y-a-]-T-\-¯‑n Gs‑d {‑]t‑b‑m-P-\I-c-a‑mb‑n D]-t‑b‑m-K-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑m-h‑p¶ Hc‑p {‑KÙ‑w. {ioi¦c kÀÆIemimebnð aebmfw A[ym]I\mWv teJI³. teJIsâ Cþsabvð: shajijacob67@gmail.com

(45) Bookshelf New Books @ Academy Library

Handbook of Print Media

Editor: Helmut Kipphan Springer 120 Pages; Price Rs. 15,583.00

Printers nowadays are having to learn new technologies if they are to remain competitive. This innovative, practical manual is specifically designed to cater to these training demands. Written by an expert in the field, the Handbook is unique in covering the entire spectrum of modern print media production. Despite its comprehensive treatment, it remains an easy-to-use, singlevolume reference, with all the information clearly structured and readily retrievable. The author covers both traditional as well as computer-aided technologies in all stages of production, as well as electronic media and multimedia. He also deals with training, research, strategies and trends, showing readers how to implement the latest methods. With 1,200 pages, containing 1,500 illustrations - over half in colour - the Handbook conveys the current state of technology together with its specific terminology.

Broadcast Journalism

Andrew Boyd, Peter Stewart, Ray Alexander Focal Press 400 Pages; Price Rs. 3,538.00 This newest edition of Broadcast Journalism continues its long tradition of covering the basics of broadcasting from gathering news sources, interviewing, putting together a programme, news writing, reporting, editing, working in the studio, conducting live reports, and more. Two new authors have joined forces in this new edition to present behind the scenes perspectives on multimedia broadcast news, where it is heading, and how you get there. Technology is meshing global and local news.

Constant interactivity between on-the-scene reporting and nearly instantaneous broadcasting to the world has changed the very nature of how broadcast journalists must think, act, write and report on a 24/7 basis. This new edition takes up this digital workflow and convergence.

Students of broadcast journalism and professors alike will find that the sixth edition of Broadcast Journalism is completely up-todate.

The Media in Transitional Democracies Katrin Voltmer John Wiley & Sons 204 Pages; Price: Rs. 1,221.00

The last quarter of a century has seen an unprecedented wave of democratization around the globe. In these transitions from authoritarian rule to a more democratic order, the media have played a key role both by facilitating, but frequently also inhibiting, democratic practices to take root. This book provides an accessible and systematic introduction to the media in transitional democracies. It analyses the problems that occur when transforming the media into independent institutions that are able to inform citizens and hold governments to account.

The book takes a global view by exploring the interplay of political and media transitions in different pathways of democratization that have taken place in Eastern Europe, Latin America, Africa and Asia. It will be of interest to advanced students and scholars who want a better understanding of the media outside established Western democracies. s^{_phcn 2014

(46)

C.]n.jmPpZo³

\yqkv s\äv

BtKmf am[yacwKs¯ ]pXnb {]hWXIfpw hmÀ¯Ifpw a\Ênem¡m\pXIpó anI¨ aoUnb sh_vsskäpIsf ]cnNbs¸Sp¯pIbmWv Cu ]wàn. am[yacwK¯v {]hÀ¯n¡póhÀ¡pw am[yahnZymÀ°nIÄ¡pw Hcpt]mse {]tbmP\{]Zambncn¡pw Cu sskäpIfnð \nópw e`n¡pó hnhc§Ä.

t‑Uä‑m t‑PWe‑nk‑w ]{‑X{‑]hÀ¯\¯‑n t‑Uä‑mb‑ps‑S {‑]‑m[‑m\‑y‑w h‑yI‑vXa‑m¡‑p¶ s‑h_‑v s‑s‑kä‑mW‑v- http://datadriven journalism.net/. b‑qt‑d‑m]‑y³ t‑PW e‑nk‑w s‑kâd‑ns‑â hfs‑c {‑]N‑mc‑w

t‑\S‑nb t‑Uä‑m t‑PWe‑nk‑w s‑{‑]‑mPÎ‑n s‑â k‑wc‑w`a‑mW‑nX‑v. t‑e‑mIs‑a¼‑mS‑p‑w t‑Uä‑m t‑PWe‑nk¯‑ns‑â {‑]N‑mcW‑w‑, t‑Uä‑m t‑PWe‑nk¯‑n k‑vs‑]js‑s‑e k‑v s‑N¿‑p¶hc‑ps‑S s‑\-ä‑vhÀ¡‑n‑wK‑v‑, t‑Uä‑m t‑PWe‑nk¯‑ns‑â a‑nIh‑v hÀ[‑n ¸‑n¡Â F¶‑nhb‑mW‑v- C‑u s‑s‑kä‑v e£‑ya‑nS‑p¶X‑v. s‑{‑Sb‑v\‑n‑wK‑v t‑I‑mg‑vk‑p IÄ‑, H‑m¬s‑s‑e³ d‑nt‑k‑mg‑vk‑pIÄ‑, t‑I‑m¬^d³k‑pIÄ F¶‑nhb‑ne‑qs‑S CX‑n\‑p {‑]N‑mcW‑w \ÂI‑pIb‑mW‑vs‑s‑kä‑ns‑â e£‑y‑w. t‑Uä‑m t‑PWe‑n k‑w l‑m³U‑v_‑p¡‑v‑, k‑vI‑qÄ H‑m^‑v t‑U ä‑m t‑PWe‑nk‑w‑, t‑Uä‑m t‑PWe‑nk‑w t‑I‑mg‑vk‑v F¶‑nhs‑b¡‑pd‑n¨‑v C‑u s‑s‑k ä‑n \‑n¶‑p a\k‑ne‑m¡‑m‑w. t‑Uä‑m t‑PWe‑nk¯‑ns‑â ‑"s‑s‑__‑nf‑m‑'W‑vt‑Uä‑m t‑PWe‑nk‑w l‑m³U‑v _‑p¡‑v.

CX‑v s‑s‑kä‑n \‑n¶‑p k‑uP\‑ya‑mb‑n U‑u¬t‑e‑mU‑v s‑N¿‑m‑w. k‑vI‑qÄ H‑m^‑v t‑Uä‑m t‑PWe‑nk‑w Cäe‑nb‑ns‑e s‑]d‑pK‑nbb‑n FÃ‑m hÀjh‑p‑w t‑Nc‑p¶ t‑Uä‑m t‑PWe‑nk‑w t‑I‑m¬^d³k‑v BW‑v-. t‑Uä‑m t‑PW e‑nk¯‑n-s‑e \‑qX\ {‑]hWXIÄ‑, ]‑pX‑nb t‑k‑m^‑vä‑v s‑hbd‑pIÄ‑, s‑hÃ‑p h‑nf‑nIÄ‑, ]‑pX‑nb ]²X‑nIÄ F¶‑nh CX‑n NÀ¨ s‑N¿‑p¶‑p. t‑Uä‑m t‑PW e‑nk‑w t‑I‑mg‑vk‑v A©‑mg‑vN \‑of‑p¶ k‑uP\‑y t‑I‑mg‑vk‑v BW‑v-. CX‑n s‑s‑kä‑ne‑qs‑S cP‑nÌÀ s‑N¿‑m‑w. s‑s‑kä‑ns‑e \‑y‑qk‑v B³U‑v A\ s‑s‑ek‑nk‑v h‑n`‑mK¯‑n [‑mc‑mf‑w ]‑pX‑nb h‑nhc§fS§‑p¶ t‑eJ\§ Ä Is‑ï¯‑m‑w. ]‑pX‑nb k‑mt‑¦X‑nI h‑nZ‑yIÄ‑, {‑]hWXIÄ‑, s‑{‑]‑mPÎ‑pIÄ s^{_phcn 2014

F¶‑nhs‑b I‑pd‑n¨‑pÅ h‑nhc§Ä CX‑ne‑pï‑v. d‑nt‑k‑mg‑vkk‑v h‑n`‑mKa‑mW‑vhfs‑c {‑]t‑b‑mP\{‑]Za‑mb as‑ä‑mc‑p h‑n`‑mK‑w. CX‑ne‑p‑w ]{‑X{‑]hÀ¯IÀ¡‑v K‑pWIca‑mb I‑mc‑y§Ä Is‑ï¯‑m‑w.

B‑ws‑\Ì‑n CâÀ\‑mjWe‑nt‑âXS¡‑w \‑nch[‑n Ah‑mÀU‑pIÄ C‑u d‑nt‑¸‑mÀ«‑p IÄ t‑\S‑nb‑n«‑pï‑v.

C³s‑hÌ‑nt‑Kä‑oh‑v t‑PWe‑nk‑w

a‑nI¨ \‑y‑qk‑v t‑U‑mI‑y‑ps‑aâd‑nIÄ a‑m{‑X‑w AhXc‑n¸‑n¡‑p¶ s‑h_‑vs‑s‑kä‑m W‑v- http://kobreguide.com. b‑pS‑y‑q_‑v‑, s‑aä‑mIt‑^ X‑pS§‑nb s‑s‑kä‑pIÄ FÃ‑m t‑aJeb‑ns‑eb‑p‑w h‑oU‑nt‑b‑mIÄ h‑nXcW‑w s‑N¿‑pt‑¼‑mÄ CX‑n a‑p³ \‑nc h‑mÀ¯‑m N‑m\e‑pIf‑p‑w h‑mÀ¯‑m GP³k‑nIf‑p‑w Xb‑md‑m¡‑nb \‑y‑qk‑v ^‑o¨À h‑oU‑nt‑b‑mIf‑mW‑v- {‑]ZÀi‑n¸‑n ¡‑p¶X‑v. k‑m[‑mcWKX‑nb‑n Is‑ï ¯‑m³ _‑p²‑na‑p«‑p¶ h‑mÀ¯‑m h‑oU‑n t‑b‑mIÄ CX‑ne‑qs‑S I‑mW‑m\‑mh‑p‑w.

Gäh‑p‑w P\{‑]‑nb‑w F¶X‑n\‑p ]I c‑w {‑]^jW ]{‑X{‑]hÀ¯IÀ s‑Xcs‑ªS‑p¡‑p¶hb‑mW‑v- CX‑ns‑e h‑oU‑nt‑b‑mIÄ. \‑y‑qk‑v k‑vt‑ä‑md‑nIt‑f‑m {‑]X‑nZ‑n\ h‑mÀ¯It‑f‑m AÃ‑, \‑y‑qk‑v ^‑o¨d‑pIf‑mW‑v- CX‑ns‑e h‑oU‑nt‑b‑mI f‑ne‑qs‑S I‑mW‑m\‑mh‑pI. t‑U‑mI‑y‑ps‑aâ d‑nIf‑p‑w h‑oU‑nt‑b‑m/H‑mU‑nt‑b‑m s‑s‑ÉU‑v t‑j‑mIf‑p‑w s‑s‑kä‑n I‑mW‑m‑w. At‑ac‑n ¡b‑ns‑e {‑]a‑pJc‑mb Bd‑p ]{‑X{‑]hÀ

At‑\‑zjW‑mßI ]{‑X{‑]hÀ¯\ c‑wK¯‑v {‑_‑n«\‑n 2010- DZb‑w s‑I‑mï Ø‑m]\a‑mb _‑y‑qt‑d‑m H‑m^‑v C³s‑hÌ‑nt‑Kä‑oh‑v t‑PWe‑nk¯‑ns‑â s‑h_‑vs‑s‑kä‑mW‑v- http://www. thebureauinvestigates.com. a‑q¶‑p hÀj§f‑n _‑y‑qt‑d‑m \S¯‑nb FÃ‑m At‑\‑zjW§f‑ps‑Sb‑p‑w d‑nt‑¸‑mÀ«‑pIÄ

s‑h_‑vs‑s‑kä‑ne‑pï‑v. {‑I‑nt‑bä‑oh‑v t‑I‑ma ¬k‑v s‑s‑ek³k‑n {‑]k‑n²‑oIc‑n¨‑n c‑n¡‑p¶ C‑u d‑nt‑¸‑mÀ«‑pIÄ k‑uP\‑y a‑mb‑n ]‑p\{‑]k‑n²‑oIc‑n¡‑m‑w. he‑nb ^‑ut‑ïj\‑pIf‑ps‑S k‑m¼ ¯‑nI kl‑mbt‑¯‑ms‑S {‑]hÀ¯‑n¡‑p ¶ e‑mt‑`Ñb‑nÃ‑m¯ ]{‑X{‑]hÀ¯\ Ø‑m]\§Ä At‑ac‑n¡b‑n [‑mc‑mf a‑ps‑ï¦‑ne‑p‑w {‑_‑n«\‑n I‑pdh‑mW‑v-.

C¯c¯‑ne‑pÅ A]‑qÀh‑w Ø‑m]\ §f‑ns‑e‑m¶‑mW‑v- _‑y‑qt‑d‑m. eï³ k‑nä‑n b‑qW‑nt‑hg‑vk‑nä‑nb‑mW‑v- BØ‑m \‑w. _‑n._‑n.k‑n.‑, N‑m\ t‑^‑mÀ‑, A Pk‑od X‑pS§‑nb N‑m\e‑pIf‑p‑w {‑_‑n« \‑ns‑e \‑nch[‑n ]{‑X§f‑p‑w _‑y‑qt‑d‑m b‑pa‑mb‑n klIc‑n¡‑p¶‑p. ]‑mI‑nk‑vX‑m³‑, s‑ba³‑, s‑k‑ma‑me‑nb X‑pS§‑nb c‑mP‑y§f‑ns‑e b‑p.Fk‑v. t‑{‑U‑m¬ B{‑IaW§Ä‑, t‑e‑m_‑nb‑n‑wK‑v Ø‑m]\§Ä kÀ¡‑mc‑pIÄ¡‑v t‑a N‑pa¯‑p¶ k‑z‑m[‑o\§Ä‑, {‑_‑n«\‑ns‑e l‑uk‑n‑wK‑v t‑aJeb‑ns‑e {‑]X‑nkÔ‑n‑, t‑]‑me‑ok‑v IÌU‑nb‑ns‑e acW§Ä F¶‑n§s‑\ [‑mc‑mf‑w At‑\‑zjW‑mß I d‑nt‑¸‑mÀ«‑pIÄ {‑i² t‑\S‑nb‑n«‑pï‑v.

t‑I‑ms‑{‑_ s‑s‑KU‑v

¯Ic‑mW‑v- s‑s‑kä‑n\‑p t‑\X‑rX‑z‑w s‑I‑mS‑p¡‑p¶X‑v.

DÅS¡‑w Ff‑p¸¯‑n Is‑ï¯‑m h‑p¶ k‑wh‑n[‑m\a‑mW‑v- CX‑nÂ.

N‑m\e‑pIf‑ps‑St‑b‑m h‑njb§f‑ps‑St‑b‑m AS‑nØ‑m\¯‑n h‑oU‑nt‑b‑mIÄ Is‑ï¯‑m‑w. h‑nj‑z t‑PWe‑nk‑w k‑w_Ô‑n¨ N‑n´IÄ‑, t‑eJ\§Ä‑, d‑nt‑¸‑mÀ«‑pIÄ F¶‑nhbS§‑nb t‑»‑mK‑p‑w s‑s‑kä‑ne‑pï‑v. awKfw Zn\]{X¯nsâ No^v \yqkv FUnädmWv teJI³. teJIsâ Cþsabvð: epshajudeen@gmail.com

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A¡mZan hmÀ¯IÄ

]c‑nØ‑nX‑n k‑wc£W¯‑nð a‑m[‑ya§f‑ps‑S ]¦‑v \‑nÀ®‑mbI‑w: k‑pKXI‑pa‑mc‑n

]c‑nØ‑nX‑n k‑wc£W {‑]hÀ¯\§ f‑n a‑m[‑ya§f‑ps‑S ]¦‑v \‑nÀ®‑mbI a‑ms‑W¶‑v {‑]k‑n² Ih‑nb‑p‑w ]c‑nØ‑n X‑n {‑]hÀ¯Ib‑pa‑mb k‑pKXI‑pa‑mc‑n A`‑n{‑]‑mbs‑¸«‑p. t‑Icf {‑]k‑v A¡‑mZa‑nb‑p‑w t‑Icf k‑wØ‑m\ i‑mk‑v{‑X k‑mt‑¦X‑nI -]c‑n Ø‑nX‑n I‑u¬k‑ne‑p‑w k‑wb‑pàa‑mb‑n k‑wLS‑n¸‑n¨ Z‑z‑nZ‑n\ kb³k‑v t‑PÀW e‑nk‑w hÀ¡‑v-t‑j‑m¸‑v DZ‑vL‑mS\‑w s‑N¿‑p Ib‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p AhÀ.

{‑]I‑rX‑n N‑qjW§Äs‑¡X‑ns‑c P\P‑m{‑KX k‑wLS‑n¸‑n¡‑m³ a‑m[‑ya §Ä N‑meIià‑nb‑mIWs‑a¶‑p‑w AhÀ A`‑n{‑]‑mbs‑¸«‑p. [\I‑mc‑y hI‑p¸‑v k‑v-s‑]j‑y s‑k{‑I«d‑n C.s‑I.{‑]I‑mi‑v‑, {‑]k‑v A¡‑m Za‑n s‑s‑hk‑v s‑NbÀa‑m³ s‑I.k‑n. c‑mP t‑K‑m]‑mÂ‑, s‑k{‑I«d‑n h‑n.BÀ. AP‑nX‑v I‑pa‑mÀ‑, s‑I.Fk‑v.k‑n.Fk‑v.S‑n.C. a‑m[‑y-a I¬kÄ«â‑v F. {‑]`‑mIc³‑, A¡‑mZa‑n a‑m[‑y-a I¬kÄ«â‑v s‑I.

kÀ«‑n^‑n¡ä‑v h‑nXcW‑w s‑Nb‑vX‑p t‑Icf {‑]k‑v A¡‑mZa‑n C³Ì‑nä‑nb‑q«‑v H‑m^‑v I½‑y‑qW‑nt‑¡j³ 2012-þ13 _‑m¨‑v t‑PÀWe‑nk‑w B³U‑v I½‑y‑qW‑nt‑¡ j³‑, ]»‑nI‑v d‑nt‑ej³k‑v B³U‑v AU‑zÀs‑s‑Sk‑n‑wK‑v‑, ]‑n.P‑n. U‑nt‑¹‑ma t‑I‑mg‑v-k‑v h‑nZ‑y‑mÀ°‑nIÄ¡‑pÅ kÀ«‑n^‑n¡ä‑pIf‑p‑w ]‑pck‑v-I‑mc§f‑p‑w {‑]ik‑vX \‑nc‑q]I t‑U‑m. F‑w. e‑oe‑mhX‑n h‑nXcW‑w s‑Nb‑vX‑p. t‑Icf {‑]k‑v A¡‑mZa‑n s‑NbÀa‑m³ F³.]‑n. c‑mt‑P{‑µ³ A²‑y£X hl‑n¨‑p. {‑]k‑v A¡‑mZa‑n a‑p³ s‑NbÀa‑m³ h‑n.]‑n. c‑maN{‑µ³‑, C³Ì‑nä‑nb‑q«‑v H‑m^‑v I½‑y‑qW‑nt‑¡j³ a‑p³ UbdÎÀ F‑w. c‑maN{‑µ³ F¶‑nhÀ Bi‑wk t‑\À¶‑p. C³Ì‑nä‑nb‑q«‑v UbdÎÀ c‑mP‑p d‑mt‑^ t‑I‑m¬t‑h‑mt‑¡j³ d‑nt‑¸‑mÀ«‑v AhXc‑n¸‑n¨‑p. A¡‑mZa‑n k‑o\‑nbÀ ^‑m¡Âä‑n A‑wK‑w s‑I. t‑laeX {‑]X‑nÚ s‑N‑mÃ‑ns‑¡‑m S‑p¯‑p. a‑pX‑nÀ¶ a‑m[‑ya {‑]hÀ¯I c‑mb ]‑n.c‑mP³‑, F.klt‑Zh³ X‑pS§‑nbhÀ ]s‑¦S‑p¯‑p. t‑Icf {‑]k‑v

A¡‑mZa‑n s‑k{‑I«d‑n h‑n.BÀ.AP‑nX‑v I‑pa‑mÀ k‑z‑mKXh‑p‑w Ak‑n. s‑k{‑I«d‑n F³.]‑n. kt‑´‑mj‑v \µ‑nb‑p‑w ]dª‑p.

U‑nt‑¹‑ma t‑I‑mg‑v-k‑pIf‑n H¶‑m‑w d‑m¦‑pI‑mÀ¡‑pÅ A¡‑mZa‑n I‑mj‑v Ah‑mÀU‑v \‑oe‑na F‑w. \¼‑qX‑nc‑n‑, K‑uc‑n t‑a‑ml³ F¶‑nhÀ¡‑p‑w cï‑m‑w d‑m¦‑pI‑mÀ¡‑pÅ F‑w.F³. i‑nhc‑ma³ \‑mbÀ I‑mj‑v Ah‑mÀU‑v P‑n. t‑{‑]‑wI‑pa‑mÀ‑, I‑rj‑vW{‑]‑nb k‑n._‑n.

F¶‑nhÀ¡‑p‑w a‑q¶‑m‑w d‑m¦‑pI‑mÀ¡‑pÅ ]‑n.Fk‑v.t‑P‑m¬ s‑at‑½‑md‑nb I‑mj‑v Ah‑mÀU‑v h‑n\‑oj‑v F.s‑I‑, AÐ‑pÄ d‑u^‑v ]‑n. F¶‑nhÀ¡‑p‑w \ÂI‑n.

C^Î‑oh‑v s‑s‑dä‑n‑wK‑n\‑pÅ t‑U‑m.k‑n.]‑n.t‑at‑\‑m³ s‑at‑½‑md‑nb I‑mj‑v Ah‑mÀU‑n\‑v \‑oe‑na F‑w. \¼‑qX‑nc‑n‑, I‑rj‑vW{‑]‑nb k‑n._‑n.

F¶‑nhc‑p‑w s‑_Ì‑v H‑mÄ d‑ut‑ïg‑v-k‑n ‑pÅ S‑n.s‑I.P‑n. \‑mbÀ I‑mj‑v Ah‑mÀU‑n \‑v s‑Nd‑nb‑m¨³ t‑P‑mk‑v‑, X³h‑oÀ F‑w.F F¶‑nhc‑pa‑mW‑v AÀlc‑mbX‑v.

c‑mPt‑K‑m]‑m F¶‑nhÀ k‑w_Ô‑n ¨‑p. X‑pSÀ¶‑v `‑mcX‑ob Ú‑m³ h‑nÚ‑m³ ka‑nX‑n a‑p³ {‑]k‑nUâ‑v s‑I.s‑I.I‑rj‑vWI‑pa‑mÀ‑, aeb‑mf kb ³k‑v Fg‑p¯‑ns‑â Nc‑n{‑X‑w k‑w_Ô‑n¨‑v ¢‑ms‑kS‑p¯‑p. t‑U‑m. t‑K‑m]‑m c‑mP‑v‑, t‑P‑mk^‑v BâW‑n‑, k‑p[ \¼‑qX‑nc‑n‑, s‑{‑]‑m^ (t‑U‑m‑). t‑P‑mÀÖ‑v hÀ¤‑ok‑v‑, t‑U‑m. c‑mP‑p a‑mh‑p¦Â‑, t‑U‑m. P‑oh³ t‑P‑m_‑v t‑X‑mak‑v F¶‑nhÀ cï‑p Z‑nh ks‑¯ hÀ¡‑v-t‑j‑m¸‑n ¢‑ms‑kS‑p¯‑p.

a‑m[‑ya d‑nt‑¸‑mÀ«‑pIÄ Pt‑\‑m]I‑mc{‑]Za‑mIW‑w: k‑n.]‑n.\‑mbÀ a‑m[‑ya§Ä s‑k³t‑kjW h‑mÀ¯IÄ¡‑v ]‑pds‑I ]‑mb‑p¶X‑n\‑p ]Ic‑w Pt‑\‑m]I‑mc{‑]Za‑mb h‑njb §f‑n {‑i²t‑I{‑µ‑oIc‑n¡Ws‑a¶‑v a‑p³ N‑o^‑v s‑k{‑I«d‑n k‑n.]‑n.\‑mbÀ ]dª‑p. A¡‑mZa‑nb‑p‑w s‑I.Fk‑v.k‑n.

Fk‑v.S‑n.C b‑p‑w t‑NÀ¶‑p k‑wLS‑n¸‑n¨ kb³k‑v t‑PÀWe‑nk‑w hÀ¡‑v-t‑j‑m¸‑n s‑â ka‑m]\ kt‑½f\‑w DZ‑vL‑mS\‑w s‑N¿‑pIb‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p At‑±l‑w.

Ik‑vX‑qc‑nc‑wK³ d‑nt‑¸‑mÀ«‑v DÄs‑¸s‑S b‑pÅ h‑njb§f‑n P\§Ä a‑m[‑ya§f‑ps‑S A`‑n{‑]‑mbs‑¯b‑mW‑v ]‑n³X‑pSc‑pIs‑b¶‑p‑w At‑±l‑w ]d ª‑p. I‑u¬k‑n FI‑v-k‑nI‑y‑q«‑oh‑v s‑s‑hk‑v {‑]k‑nUâ‑v s‑{‑]‑m^. h‑n.F³. c‑mPt‑iJc³]‑nÅ A[‑y£X hl‑n ¨ t‑b‑mK¯‑n hÀ¡‑v t‑j‑m¸‑n ]s‑¦S‑p¡‑p¶ a‑m[‑ya {‑]X‑n\‑n[‑nIÄ ¡‑v kÀ«‑n^‑n¡ä‑pIf‑p‑w h‑nXcW‑w s‑Nb‑vX‑p. s^{_phcn 2014

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a‑m[‑ya§f‑p‑w P\‑m[‑n]X‑yh‑p‑w: {‑]k‑v A¡‑mZa‑nb‑nð {‑]`‑mjW ]c¼c Bc‑w`‑n¨‑p t‑Icf {‑]k‑v A¡‑mZa‑n C³Ì‑nä‑nb‑q«‑v H‑m^‑v I½‑y‑qW‑nt‑¡j³ Bâ‑v t‑PÀWe‑nk‑w ‑"a‑m[‑ya§f‑p‑w P\‑m[‑n] X‑yh‑p‑w‑' F¶ h‑njbs‑¯ A[‑nIc‑n¨‑v Bc‑w`‑n¡‑p¶ {‑]`‑mjW ]c¼c I‑meS‑n {‑i‑o i¦c‑m kÀÆIe‑mi‑me t‑{‑]‑m. h‑n.k‑n. t‑U‑m. k‑pt‑NX \‑mbÀ DZ‑vL‑mS\‑w s‑Nb‑vX‑p. A¡‑mZa‑n BU‑nt‑ä‑md‑nb¯‑n ]c¼cb‑ns‑e BZ‑y{‑]`‑mjW‑w "a‑m[‑ya Aht‑_‑m[ h‑p‑w P\‑m[‑n]X‑y‑m\‑p`h§f‑p‑w‑' F¶ h‑njb¯‑n At‑ac‑n¡b‑ns‑e {‑UI‑vk kÀÆIe‑mi‑me s‑{‑]‑m^kd‑p‑w t‑\‑mfP‑v a‑mt‑\P‑v-s‑aâ‑v h‑nZK‑v[\‑pa‑mb

s‑{‑]‑m^kÀ h‑n.s‑I. \‑mc‑mb-W³ ¢‑mk‑pIÄ \b‑n¨‑p.

Bibh‑n\‑nab¯‑n k‑rã‑n¡s‑¸ S‑p¶ {‑]X‑n_豈 kt‑µi§f‑ne‑p ï‑m¡‑p¶ h‑yX‑nb‑m\‑w a‑pJ‑yh‑njb a‑m¡‑n \S¯‑nb {‑]`‑mjW‑w A[‑y‑m] Ic‑p‑w h‑nZ‑y‑mÀ°‑nIf‑p‑w DÄs‑¸« kZ Ê‑n\‑v t‑hd‑n« A\‑p`ha‑mb‑n. NS§‑n C³Ì‑nä‑nb‑q«‑v H‑m^‑v I½‑y‑qW‑nt‑¡j³ UbdÎÀ c‑mP‑p d‑mt‑^ k‑z‑mKX‑w ]dª‑p. I¬kÄ«â‑v s‑I. c‑mPt‑K‑m ]‑m h‑njb‑mhXcW‑w \S¯‑n. k‑o\‑nbÀ eI‑vNdÀ t‑laeX s‑I. \µ‑n ]dª‑p.

a‑m[‑ya§f‑p‑w s‑]‑mX‑paÞeh‑p‑w: {‑]`‑mjW‑w k‑wLS‑n¸‑n¨‑p

t‑Icf {‑]k‑v- A¡‑mZa‑nb‑ps‑S B`‑na‑p J‑y¯‑n a‑m[‑ya§f‑p‑w s‑]‑mX‑paÞ eh‑p‑w F¶ h‑njb¯‑n {‑]`‑mjW‑w k‑wLS‑n¸‑n¨‑p. I‑me‑n¡ä‑v- b‑qW‑nt‑hg‑vk‑nä‑n ^‑nt‑e‑mk^‑n h‑n`‑mK‑w t‑a[‑mh‑n s‑{‑]‑m^: S‑n.h‑n.a[‑p h‑njb‑mhXcW‑w \S¯‑n. s‑]‑mX‑pX‑mX‑v-]c‑y‑w a‑p³\‑nÀ¯‑n h‑yà‑nIÄ X½‑n a‑pJ‑ma‑pJ‑w h‑mZ{‑] X‑nh‑mZ‑w \S¡‑pt‑¼‑mÄ a‑m{‑Xa‑mW‑vs‑]‑mX‑paÞe‑w c‑q]s‑¸S‑p¶s‑X¶‑vs‑{‑]‑m^. a[‑p A`‑n{‑]‑mbs‑¸«‑p. H‑mt‑c‑m

]‑uc\‑p‑w c‑mj‑v-{‑Sh‑pa‑mb‑n \S¯‑p¶ k‑zI‑mc‑y h‑net‑]ie‑pIÄ¡‑pÅ t‑hZ‑nb‑mb‑n c‑mj‑v-{‑S‑ob‑w a‑md‑pt‑¼‑mÄ s‑]‑mX‑paÞe‑w A{‑]kàa‑mI‑p¶‑p. s‑]‑mX‑paÞe‑w AYh‑m s‑]‑mX‑p CS‑w c‑q]‑oIc‑n¡‑m³ s‑]‑mX‑ph‑mb NÀ¨¡‑vBk‑v-]Za‑mb h‑njb‑w t‑hW‑w.

B[‑p\‑nI k‑wh‑mZ§f‑n A¯c‑w \‑nj‑v-]£a‑mb Bib§Ä Dï‑mI‑p ¶‑nÃ. aX\‑nct‑]£X‑, It‑¼‑mfa‑pï‑m ¡‑nb ka`‑mh\‑, ]{‑X§Ä k‑rj‑v-S‑n¨

U‑nk‑mÌÀ d‑nt‑¸‑mÀ«‑n‑wK‑v - hÀ¡‑v-t‑j‑m¸‑v k‑wLS‑n¸‑n¨‑p

s^{_phcn 2014

t‑Zi‑mX‑oX `‑mh\ F¶‑o LSI§Ä s‑]‑mX‑paÞe c‑q]‑oIcW¯‑n Gs‑d {‑]kàa‑ms‑W¶‑v- s‑{‑]‑m^. a[‑p A`‑n{‑]‑mbs‑¸«‑p.

A¡‑mZa‑n I¬kÄ«â‑v- s‑I.c‑mP t‑K‑m]‑m Ba‑pJ {‑]k‑wK‑w \S¯‑n.

C³Ì‑nä‑nb‑q«‑v- UbdI‑v-SÀ c‑mP‑p d‑mt‑^ k‑z‑mKXh‑p‑w k‑o\‑nbÀ ^‑m¡Âä‑n s‑I. t‑laeX \µ‑nb‑p‑w ]dª‑p. Ak‑n. s‑k{‑I«d‑n F³.]‑n. kt‑´‑mj‑v- NS§‑n ]s‑¦S‑p¯‑p. t‑Icf {‑]k‑v A¡‑mZa‑nb‑p‑w C³Ì‑nä‑n b‑q«‑v H‑m^‑v e‑mâ‑v Bâ‑v U‑nk‑mÌÀ a‑mt‑\P‑v-s‑aâ‑p‑w k‑wb‑pàa‑mb‑n \S¯‑n b U‑nk‑mÌÀ d‑nt‑¸‑mÀ«‑n‑wK‑v hÀ¡‑v-t‑j‑m ¸‑v k‑wØ‑m\ dh\‑y‑q hI‑p¸‑v a{‑´‑n AS‑qÀ {‑]I‑mi‑v DZ‑vL‑mS\‑w s‑Nb‑vX‑p. s‑I. a‑pcf‑o[c³ F‑w.FÂ.F A[‑y£ X hl‑n¨ NS§‑n AU‑ojW N‑o^‑v s‑k{‑I«d‑n \‑nt‑hZ‑nX ]‑n. lc³ s‑F.F.Fk‑v‑, {‑]k‑v A¡‑mZa‑n s‑NbÀ a‑m³ F³.]‑n. c‑mt‑P{‑µ³‑, Fk‑v.U‑n.

F‑w.F s‑k{‑I«d‑n F‑w.k‑n. t‑a‑ml³ Z‑mk‑v s‑F.F.Fk‑v‑, s‑F.FÂ.U‑n.F‑w.

UbdÎÀ s‑{‑]‑m^kÀ t‑Iih‑v t‑a‑ml³ F¶‑nhÀ ]s‑¦S‑p¯‑p. X‑pSÀ¶‑v h‑nh‑n[ h‑njb§f‑n h‑nZK‑v-[À ¢‑ms‑kS‑p¯‑p.

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A¡mZan hmÀ¯IÄ

‑a‑m[‑ya§Ä h‑ni‑z‑mk‑yX \ãs‑¸S‑p¯c‑pX‑v: a{‑´‑n s‑I.k‑n.t‑P‑mk^‑v

h‑mÀ¯IÄ¡‑pt‑hï‑nb‑pff ]c¡‑w ]‑m¨‑ne‑n\‑nSb‑n h‑ni‑z‑mk‑yX \ãs‑¸ S‑p¯‑m X‑nc‑n¡‑m³ a‑m[‑ya§Ä {‑i² s‑Ne‑p¯Ws‑a¶‑v C³^Àt‑aj³ ]»‑nI‑v d‑nt‑ej³ hI‑p¸‑v a{‑´‑n s‑I.k‑n.t‑P‑mk^‑v ]dª‑p. t‑Icf {‑]k‑v A¡‑mZa‑n {‑]k‑n²‑oIc‑n¡‑p¶ d‑nt‑¸‑mÀ«À A\‑p`h§Ä‑, ]‑mT§Ä F¶ ]‑pk‑vXI¯‑ns‑â {‑]I‑mi\¨S §‑n A²‑y£X hl‑n¨‑v k‑wk‑mc‑n

¡‑pIb‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p At‑±l‑w. ]c‑na‑nX a‑mb k‑mlNc‑y§f‑n A\‑pIcW‑ob a‑mb a‑m[‑ya {‑]hÀ¯\‑w \S¯‑nb ]gb Xea‑pd C¶s‑¯ a‑m[‑ya {‑]hÀ ¯IÀ¡‑v a‑mX‑rIb‑mhWs‑a¶‑p‑w a{‑´‑n I‑q«‑nt‑¨À¯‑p. t‑I{‑µ a‑m\hh‑n`h t‑ij‑n h‑nIk\ hI‑p¸‑v kla{‑´‑n t‑U‑m.ii‑nXc‑qÀ‑, t‑Icf I‑ua‑pZ‑n a‑mt‑\ P‑nM‑v UbdÎÀ F‑w.Fk‑v. ch‑nb‑v¡‑v \ÂI‑nb‑mW‑v ]‑pk‑vXI‑w {‑]I‑mi‑n¸‑n¨

X‑v. {‑]k‑v ¢_‑v BU‑nt‑ä‑md‑nb¯‑n \S¶ ]c‑n]‑mS‑nb‑n {‑]k‑v A¡‑mZa‑n s‑NbÀa‑m³ F³.]‑n.c‑mt‑P{‑µ³‑, {‑]k‑v A¡‑mZa‑n P\d I‑u¬k‑n A‑wK‑w C.]‑n.j‑mP‑p±‑o³‑, s‑s‑hk‑v s‑NbÀa‑m³ s‑I.k‑n.c‑mPt‑K‑m]‑mÂ‑, X‑nc‑ph\´]‑pc‑w {‑]k‑v ¢_‑v {‑]k‑nUâ‑v ]‑n.]‑n.Pb‑n‑wk‑v‑, {‑]k‑v A¡‑mZa‑n s‑k{‑I«d‑n h‑n.BÀ.

AP‑nX‑vI‑pa‑mÀ X‑pS§‑nbhÀ ]s‑¦S‑p¯‑p.

"aoUnb' X]mðamÀKw C´ybnsehnsSbpw e`n¡póp hmÀjnI hcnkwJy þ 200cq]

November 2013 | Vol. 2 | Issue 7 | Price ` 10

October 2013 | Vol. 2 | Issue 6 | Price ` 10

Learning from India’s experience with paid news, we need a regulating body with punitive powers, and independent of the government and the media.

]qÀ®amb taðhnemkw klnXw ]Ww sN¡mtbm Hm¬sse³ {Sm³kv^À Btbm ASbv¡mw Kerala Press Academy SB Account No.57025499757 State Bank of Travancore, Civil Station Branch, Kakkanad, Kochi – 682 030 IFSC SBTR0000339

Hm¬sse³ {Sm³kv^À sN¿póhÀ ]qÀ® hnemkw t^m¬ \¼À klnXw mail@pressacademy.org -ð Adnbn¡pI. tIcf {]kv A¡mZan Im¡\mSv, sIm¨n þ 682 030; t^m¬ \w. 0484 2422275 s^{_phcn 2014

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temIw Iï hc A´Àt±iob am²yacwKs¯ {]ikvXamb ImÀ«qWpIsf ]cnNbs¸Sp¯pIbmWv Cu ]wànbnð. amXr`qan ImÀ«qWnÌv Bb tKm]oIrjvW\mWv Ch XncsªSp¯v AhXcn¸n¡póXv.

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tKm]oIrjvWsâ Cþsabvð: cartoonistgopikrishnan@gmail.com Printed and Published by V. R. Ajith Kumar, Secretary, On behalf of the Kerala Press Academy, Published from Kerala Press Academy, Kakkanad, Kochi – 682 030; Printed at Sterling Print House Pvt Ltd, Edappally; Editor: N. P. Rajendran.

Media Monthly | February 2014 | ` 20/- | RNI Reg No. KERBIL/2000/1676