Issue 10 - November 2023 - La Casa de las Lenguas

ISSUE NO.10 • NOVEMBER

2023

LA CASA LENGUAS

SOCIETY & CULTURE 3

ITALY'S 1 EURO HOUSES: UNVEILING AFFORDABLE DREAMS

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DISH OF THE MONTH: PANIPOPO

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THE PARIS CATACOMBS: A JOURNEY INTO THE DEPTHS OF HISTORY

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11

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14

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INSIDE KOREA'S PRISON HOTEL: A UNIQUE ACCOMMODATION EXPERIENCE THE MONTH IN FESTIVALS: NOVEMEBER THE AMERICAN DREAM: A REVERED IDEAL OR AN ELUSIVE MIRAGE?

UNVEILING THE PATH TO AFFORDABLE DREAMS Italy, a country renowned for its rich history, stunning architecture and delicious cuisine, has rolled out an irresistible opportunity for dreamers and adventurers alike. Offering houses for just 1 Euro, several towns across Italy are paving the way for a remarkable urban rejuvenation project, breathing new life into mystical, centuries-old structures. / pg.3

THE PARIS CATACOMBS

LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

Beneath the busy streets of Paris lies a haunting and mysterious network of tunnels known as the Catacombs. These dark, underground passages hold a fascinating and macabre history, attracting curious visitors from around the world. Let us delve into the intriguing story behind the Paris Catacombs. / pg. 7

A JOURNEY INTO THE DEPTHS OF HISTORY

THE LINGUAL FALLOUT: EXAMINING HOW WAR IMPACTS LANGUAGE

LEARN BASIC SAMOAN

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THE SAMOAN LANGUAGE

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9 SAMOAN SLANG PHRASES

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DECODING THE SECRETS OF ACCENTS: THE SCIENCE BEHIND HOW WE TALK

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ITALY'S 1 EURO HOUSES

COUNTRY FACT FILE: SOMALIA

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CONTENTS

LANGUAGE ON THE BRINK: THE LINGUAL IMPACT OF THE CLIMATE CRISIS THE SOUTH OF FRANCE’S PROVENÇAL DIALECT: A LANGUAGE ON THE VERGE OF EXTINCTION?

LANGUAGE ON THE BRINK THE LINGUAL IMPACT OF THE CLIMATE CRISIS As our planet continues to face the dire consequences of the climate crisis, the impact on our ecosystems, biodiversity, and human lives is undeniable. However, one understudied aspect of this global phenomenon is its effect on languages. From the displacement of communities to the loss of indigenous knowledge, the climate crisis is quietly reshaping our linguistic landscape. / pg. 26

DECODING THE SECRETS OF ACCENTS THE SCIENCE BEHIND HOW WE TALK When it comes to language learning, one's accent can play a significant role in communication. Whether subtle or pronounced, accents can be an interesting indicator of cultural backgrounds and linguistic abilities. However, have you ever wondered why some people are able to adopt accents effortlessly, while others struggle to let go of their native intonation? / pg. 24

LA CASA DE LAS LENGUAS

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BY JENNA BARLOW

Society & Culture

ITALY'S 1 EURO HOUSES: UNVEILING AFFORDABLE DREAMS Italy, a country renowned for its rich history, stunning architecture and delicious cuisine, has rolled out an irresistible opportunity for dreamers and adventurers alike. Offering houses for just 1 Euro, several towns across Italy are paving the way for a remarkable urban rejuvenation project, breathing new life into mystical, centuries-old structures.

The concept of offering houses for 1 Euro originated as a solution to combat population decline in rural areas and revive declining communities. These picturesque towns, grappling with shrinking populations and abandoned properties, have opened their doors to individuals willing to invest their time, energy, and resources to restore these architectural gems.

While the initial purchase price is an incredible 1 Euro, interested buyers must be prepared to renovate the property within a specified timeframe, usually under two to three years. This ambitious project aims to ensure that the houses are transformed from derelict structures into beautiful homes or vibrant businesses, revitalizing the local economy.

The 1 Euro houses offer a once-ina-lifetime chance to own a part of Italy's history. From centuries-old farmhouses to charming cottages, these architectural gems are nestled within breathtaking landscapes, boasting stunning views of rolling hills, sparkling coastlines, or idyllic vineyards. Purchasing and

rejuvenating these properties provides a unique opportunity to immerse oneself in the rich cultural heritage of Italy.

have a range of options. It is crucial to choose a location that aligns with personal preferences, lifestyle, and long-term goals.

\While the 1 Euro house initiative sounds like a dream come true, prospective buyers must be aware of the challenges it entails.

Renovating an old property requires a substantial investment of time, effort, and finances. Buyers must conduct thorough research, understand local laws and regulations, estimate renovation costs, and plan accordingly.

Purchasing a 1 Euro house goes beyond mere property ownership; it involves becoming an integral part of the local community and embracing the Italian way of life.

Living amidst friendly locals, indulging in regional cuisine, participating in vibrant festivals, and adopting Italian traditions can be a transformative experience, adding immense value beyond the monetary investment.

Each Italian town participating in the 1 Euro house project has its unique charm and distinct personality. From the sun-soaked shores of Sicily to the enchanting hills of Tuscany, interested buyers

Italy's 1 Euro houses present a truly unique opportunity for adventureseeking individuals to own an authentic piece of Italian history.

With a vision to revive declining communities while showcasing the country's remarkable architectural heritage, this ambitious initiative offers a chance for dreams to become a reality. However, it is vital to approach the project with realistic expectations, proper planning, and a genuine passion for embracing the Italian lifestyle. So, pack your bags, put on your apron, and get ready to embark on a remarkable journey of restoration, rejuvenation, and cultural immersion.

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DISH OF THE MONTH

Society & Culture

DISH OF THE MONTH: PANIPOPO WHAT IS IT? Panipopo is a traditional Samoan dessert that is popularly consumed in Samoa and among the Samoan diaspora. It consists of sweet bread rolls that are filled with a fragrant coconut caramel sauce.

THE ORIGINS OF PANIPOPO

TRADITIONAL PANIPOPO RECIPE

Panipopo is a type of sweet bread that originates from Samoa, which is an island nation in the South Pacific Ocean. It is commonly enjoyed as a breakfast or snack food in Samoan cuisine.

Panipopo is a traditional Samoan sweet bread that is baked with a sweet coconut milk sauce. It is a popular dessert in Samoa and is often served during special occasions and celebrations such as weddings and feasts. The bread is soft and fluffy, and the sauce adds a deliciously sweet and creamy flavor. It is typically enjoyed as a treat on its own or with a hot cup of tea or coffee.

Samoan cuisine has been influenced by the island's Polynesian heritage as well as colonial powers such as Germany and New Zealand. Panipopo is believed to have been introduced by German missionaries who arrived in Samoa in the late 19th century. The word "panipopo" is derived from the German word "brötchen" meaning "roll" or "bun."

Fun Fact Panipopo has become a popular and beloved dish in Samoa, and it is commonly found in bakeries and local markets. Its simple yet delicious flavors have also gained popularity in other parts of the world, particularly among those who are fans of Pacific Island cuisine.

Panipopo is a traditional Samoan dessert that is popularly consumed in Samoa and among the Samoan diaspora. It consists of sweet bread rolls that are filled with a fragrant coconut caramel sauce. The bread rolls are first baked until golden brown, and then a mixture of coconut milk, sugar, and vanilla is poured over them. The rolls are left to soak in the sauce, allowing the flavors to meld and creating a deliciously soft and sticky treat. Panipopo is often served warm and enjoyed as a dessert or a sweet snack. Its rich coconut and caramel flavors make it a beloved treat among Samoans and a delightful indulgence for anyone with a sweet tooth.

Panipopo is a traditional Samoan dessert that consists of tender bread rolls soaked in a sweet coconut caramel sauce. Here's a recipe to make panipopo: Ingredients: ​12 small brea rolls ​1 can 400 ml) coconut milk 1 cup brown sugar ​1 teaspoon vanilla extrac 1/4 teaspoon salt Instructions: 1. Preheat your oven to 350°F (175°C).

2. Slice the bread rolls in half horizontally and place them in a baking dish or casserole dish.

3. In a saucepan, combine the coconut milk, brown sugar, vanilla extract, and salt. Bring the mixture to a gentle boil over medium heat, stirring occasionally until the sugar has dissolved.

4. Remove the saucepan from the heat and let the mixture cool slightly.

5. Pour the coconut caramel sauce over the bread rolls, making sure to cover them evenly.

6. Cover the baking dish or casserole dish with aluminum foil and bake in the preheated oven for about 30 minutes, or until the bread rolls have absorbed the sauce and become soft and sticky.

7. Remove the panipopo from the oven and let it cool slightly before serving.

Serve warm and enjoy!

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BY MADISON SUDWORTH

Society & Culture

THE PARIS CATACOMBS: A JOURNEY INTO THE DEPTHS OF HISTORY Beneath the busy streets of Paris lies a haunting and mysterious network of tunnels known as the Catacombs. These dark, underground passages hold a fascinating and macabre history, attracting curious visitors from around the world. Let us delve into the intriguing story behind the Paris Catacombs.

The Catacombs began as a solution to a grave problem in the late 18th century. Paris’ cemeteries were overflowing, causing sanitation and health hazards for the city's inhabitants. To combat this issue, the decision was made to transfer the remains of millions of Parisians to an underground ossuary, creating what is now the Catacombs.

Exploring the Catacombs is not for the faint of heart. The air grows thick and heavy as one delves deeper into the depths of this underground world. Occasionally, visitors may stumble across small alcoves filled with eerie sculptures made from bones and skulls, emphasizing the morbid nature of this hidden realm.

Starting in 1786, the process of transferring the deceased began. It took two years for workers to meticulously arrange the bones and skulls in a form of organized chaos.

The remains of individuals from various cemeteries were gathered, resulting in a vast underground tomb with a macabre beauty all its own.

One of the most iconic parts of the Catacombs is the ossuary, a large chamber filled with neatly stacked bones and skulls. As visitors enter this bone-filled chamber, they are confronted with the sheer scale of the Catacombs' inhabitants. It is a stark reminder of the transience of life and a reflection on the passage of time.

Today, the Catacombs stretch for approximately 300 kilometers beneath the city, although only a fraction of this network is accessible to the public. Visitors can descend into the dark and winding tunnels, guided only by dimly lit paths and subtle signs that lead the way through this haunting labyrinth.

Beyond its eerie aesthetic, the Paris Catacombs have also been a setting for countless legends and tales over the years. Rumors of hidden treasure, secret societies, and even supernatural encounters have piqued the interest of adventurers and thrill-seekers alike.

Despite the allure of the unknown, it is important to remember that the Catacombs remain a dangerous place to explore. Only a small portion of the tunnels is open to the public, and venturing beyond the approved boundaries is illegal and highly discouraged. The complex network of tunnels can be disorienting, leading to accidents or getting lost in the darkness.

The Paris Catacombs offer a unique opportunity to step into the shadows of history and explore a world unknown to most. They stand as a haunting testament to the city's past and a reminder of the fragility of life. So, if you find yourself in the city of lights, dare to venture beneath its vibrant surface and witness the Paris Catacombs, a place steeped in enigma and filled with a chilling beauty all its own.

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BY JOE HUGHES

Society & Culture

INSIDE KOREA'S PRISON HOTEL: A UNIQUE ACCOMMODATION EXPERIENCE Hwaseong Prison, located in Suwon, South Korea, dates back to the 19th century and served as a correctional facility until 2006. The hotel conversion project came into existence in 2017 when the Korean government decided to repurpose historical buildings into unique tourist attractions, offering visitors a chance to experience the country's history firsthand.

Upon arrival at the Prison Hotel, guests are greeted with a mock arrest, complete with handcuffs and processing paperwork. Fear not, as this experience is purely theatrical and designed to create a sense of immersion. As you step inside your cell, you'll find cozy and tastefully decorated rooms that bear little resemblance to their previous functionality. The prison-themed decor has been thoughtfully incorporated, providing visitors with a fascinating glimpse into prison life while ensuring maximum comfort throughout their stay.

To enhance the immersive experience, the Prison Hotel provides various activities for guests to participate in during their stay.

These include simulated jailbreak games, where visitors solve puzzles and clues to escape their "captivity."

Additionally, guests can engage in educational workshops, learning about the history of the prison, the reforms implemented over the years, and the Korean justice system as a whole. These activities provide a unique opportunity to understand and empathize with the lives of actual inmates.

The Prison Hotel strives to provide all the amenities and services expected from traditional accommodations. From a reception area adorned with mugshots to a spacious, well-furnished common area, the hotel excels in providing a unique blend of hospitality and historical ambiance. Each cell is transformed into a comfortable room, complete with a cozy bed, modern bathrooms, and necessary amenities such as Wi-Fi and air conditioning. The hotel also offers a cafeteria serving meal options that reflect the style and cuisine traditionally offered in prisons, adding a touch of authenticity to the overall experience.

While the concept of staying in a prison might seem unconventional, the ultimate aim behind this venture is to raise awareness about prison life, promote empathy, and foster understanding. By combining hospitality and history, the Prison Hotel presents an opportunity to challenge society's perceptions and misconceptions about inmates, their experiences, and their prospects for rehabilitation.

The hotel's interactive approach enables visitors to engage with the subject matter in a meaningful and thought-provoking manner.

The Prison Hotel in Korea offers travelers an unforgettable and educational experience. Blending history, tourism, and social consciousness, this unique accommodation gives guests a glimpse into the lives of inmates while providing the comforts of a contemporary hotel. So, whether you're a curious traveler seeking an alternative experience or someone passionate about exploring societal issues, a stay at the Prison Hotel in Korea promises an intriguing adventure that challenges your notions and leaves you with a lasting impression.

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NOVEMBER

Society & Culture

THE MONTH IN

festivals 3

1

4

Dominican Independence Day

Tongan National Day

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18

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Australian Remembrance Day

Latvian Proclamation of Independence

Angolan Independence Day

Oman National Day

Algerian Anniversary of the Revolution

9 Cambodia Independence Day

Antigua & Barbuda National Day

22 Lebanon Independence Day

Monaco National Day

25

28

30

Bosnia & Herzegovina Statehood Day

Mauritanian National Day

St. Andrew's Day Scotland

Suriname Independance Day

Albanian National Day

Barbados Independence Day

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BY ZAYNE GOMEZ

Society & Culture

THE AMERICAN DREAM: A REVERED IDEAL OR AN ELUSIVE MIRAGE? The concept of the American Dream has long been ingrained in the nation's ethos, serving as a beacon of hope and motivation for individuals and families alike. It symbolizes the promise of upward mobility, equal opportunities, and the pursuit of happiness in a land where dreams can come true through hard work and determination.

Historically, the American Dream was synonymous with economic success and homeownership.

Immigrants and native-born Americans alike flocked to the United States in search of a better life, believing that with diligence, they could improve their circumstances.

This dream materialized for many, as generations of Americans witnessed their parents and grandparents build prosperous lives and pass on the benefits to future generations.

However, in recent times, the American Dream has evolved beyond mere financial gain. It has expanded to encompass a broader range of ambitions and aspirations, including education, career fulfillment, and personal growth.

People now strive for careers that fulfill their passions, pursue higher education regardless of their family backgrounds, and enjoy a life that goes beyond the accumulation of wealth.

Education plays a crucial role in achieving the American Dream. It has become a key determinant in

person's ability to secure stable employment, develop critical thinking skills, and broaden their horizons.

Access to quality education has become a fundamental aspect of equal opportunity in the pursuit of the American Dream.

Furthermore, the American Dream acknowledges the importance of social mobility, where individuals can rise above their circumstances and achieve success regardless of their ethnic, economic, or social background. It allows for the possibility of overcoming adversity, breaking down barriers, and challenging systemic inequalities that may have historically hindered progress.

Another important facet of the American Dream is the freedom to express oneself and enjoy individual liberties. In this land of opportunity, citizens have the privilege to voice heir opinions, engage in dialogue, and fight for justice. Whether through activism, entrepreneurship or artistic

expression, Americans can pursue their passions and make a positive impact on society.

Despite the prevalent optimism surrounding the American Dream, it is not without its flaws and challenges. Economic disparities, racial inequalities, and systemic barriers persist, distracting individuals from achieving their full potential. The dream does not guarantee success, as external forces and circumstances can shape one's journey. Nevertheless, the beauty of the American Dream lies in its resilience, encouraging people to persevere and strive for progress despite the obstacles that may arise.

In conclusion, the American Dream remains a powerful force in shaping the nation's identity. It embodies the values of hard work, equal opportunity, and the pursuit of excellence across a broad spectrum of ambitions. As history has shown, the dream is not monolithic but continues to evolve to fit the changing needs and desires of its aspirants. Ultimately, the American Dream lights the path towards a better future and reinforces the belief that, with dedication and determination, dreams can be turned into reality.

Somalia

FACT FILE

Somalia is a country located in the Horn of Africa that has faced significant social, political, and economic challenges including ongoing conflicts and instability.

somalia

Official languages - Somali, Arabic Capital - Mogadishu Population - 15.9 million (2021) Area: 637,657 square kilometers Currency: Somali shilling Government: Federal parliamentary republic President: Mohamed Abdullahi Mohamed

Religion: Islam GDP: $7.9 billion (2020) Major Industries: Agriculture, livestock, fishing, mining, telecommunications Main Exports: Livestock, bananas, fish, charcoal Life Expectancy: 58 years (male), 59 years (female) Literacy Rate: 37%

Geography

Conflict

Located in the Horn of Africa, Somalia is bordered by Ethiopia, Kenya, Djibouti, and the Gulf of Aden. It has a diverse landscape with coastal plains, high plateaus, and a desert in the north.

Somalia is known for its long coastline along the Indian Ocean.

Somalia has faced persistent instability and conflict, including the ongoing civil war since 1991. The country has experienced the rise of various factions, insurgencies, and terrorism, with the presence of Al-Shabaab, a militant Islamist group. International efforts have been made to support peace and reconciliation.

culture

Independence

Somali culture is heavily influenced by Islam and traditional Somali heritage.

The majority of Somalis are ethnic Somalis and share a common language, Somali. The country has a rich folklore tradition, with oral storytelling, poetry, and music playing important roles in the culture. Traditional Somali cuisine includes dishes such as rice, couscous, camel meat, and samosas.

Somalian independence refers to the period from 1960 onward when Somalia gained independence from colonial rule. After several decades of foreign dominance, Somalia finally achieved sovereignty on July 1, 1960, after merging former British Somaliland and Italian Somaliland. This unification marked a significant milestone in the country's history as it aimed to create a unified Somali state.

Did you know? Somalia is that it is home to one of the world’s oldest civilizations.

The ancient Somali city of Gondershe, also known as El-Afweyn or Il-Koyo, dates back over 1,000 years and was a thriving trade center and port. Its ruins are still visible today, showcasing the rich history and heritage of Somalia.

“IF WE ARE TO PRESERVE CULTURE WE MUST CONTINUE TO CREATE IT” Johan Huizinga

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Society & Culture

BY LEXI CLEMENTS

THE LINGUAL FALLOUT: EXAMINING HOW WAR IMPACTS LANGUAGE War, as a colossal human endeavor, exerts far-reaching consequences on various aspects of society. One such consequence that often goes unnoticed is its profound effect on language.

From World War I to the present-day conflicts, numerous conflicts throughout history have left an indelible mark on the languages spoken by individuals and societies involved. This article explores the intricate relationship between war and language, highlighting the ways in which armed conflicts have shaped linguistic evolution, communication, and cultural expressions.

1. Language Shifts and Borrowings: War significantly influences language by fostering language shifts and the adoption of new terminology. As nations engage in conflicts, soldiers and civilians come into contact with different languages and cultures. As a result, elements of these foreign languages seep into the lexicon of their own language. Military terms, such as "booby trap" (which originated from the Afro-Caribbean Spanish word for "dummy") or "adrenaline" (derived from the Greek "adrenal" meaning "glands near the kidneys"), are just a few examples of borrowings from wars. Additionally, soldiers' exposure to new lands often leads to the adoption of loanwords for items or concepts previously non-existent in their own language.

2. Informal Communication and Jargon: Within the combat zone, soldiers develop unique forms of communication for tactical purposes. Slang, jargon, and code words become vital tools for effective communication, enabling soldiers to convey complex information quickly and discreetly.

For instance, during World War II, soldiers used the term "friendly fire" to describe casualties inflicted by their own forces, efficiently reducing panic or confusion among troops. Such linguistic adaptations not only ease communication but also create a camaraderie and a sense of belonging among members of the armed forces.

3. Propaganda: War creates an environment conducive to the proliferation of propaganda, a phenomenon that significantly impacts language.

Governments and various factions use linguistic manipulation to sway public opinion, garner support, and demonize enemy forces. The distortion of language for political purposes can result in a biased perception of events, dehumanization of the adversary, and the reinforcement of nationalistic ideals. The impact of this manipulation can be longlasting, even shaping the narratives and collective memory of a nation even after the conflict has ended.

4. Language Loss: War can also contribute to the decline and even extinction of

languages.

As indigenous communities caught in conflict are displaced or assimilated into dominant cultures, their languages face severe threats. The disruption of communities, forced migrations, and the imposition of new languages can result in the loss of linguistic diversity. Consequently, the world loses valuable cultural knowledge and perspectives when languages vanish due to the ravages of war.

War acts as a catalyst for linguistic transformation, with its traces permeating through different facets of language. From the adoption of foreign terms and jargon to the manipulation of language for propaganda purposes, wars shape the way individuals communicate and express themselves.

Additionally, the loss of languages due to the forced movements of communities remains a tragic consequence of warfare.

Recognizing and understanding the complex interplay between war and language allows us to appreciate the resilience and fragility of human communication and the need to protect linguistic diversity in times of conflict.

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Language & Linguistics

LEARN BASIC CROATIAN

Colours

Fun Fact

A unique feature of the Samoan language is its system of numeral classifiers. Unlike many other languages that use separate words or structures to count different types of objects, Samoan uses specific classifiers called "fālā'", which are affixed to numerals. These classifiers provide more detail about the shape and size of the objects being counted. For example, the numeral "4" (fa) would be paired with the classifier "long, flexible objects" (fā).

So, when counting objects like pens or swords, Samoan speakers would use "fa fā" to indicate four items of that specific shape and texture. This linguistic feature adds an interesting level of precision and specificity to counting in the Samoan language.

Months of the Year January - lanuari February - fepuari March - mati April - āperila May - me June - luni

Jj

July - lulai August - auguso September - setema October - oketopa November - novema December - tesema

Red - momo Blue - lanu-moli Green - lanu-vao Yellow - lanumeamea Brown - pele Black - lanuuala White - lanu-mea Pink - lanuakamu Orange - lanuailoa Purple - lanutapu

Numbers 1 - tasi 2 - lua 3 - tolu 4 - fa 5 - lima 6 - ono 7 - fitu 8 - valu 9 - iva 10 - sefulu

11 - sefulu ma tasi 12 - sefulu ma lua 13 - sefulu ma tolu 14 - sefulu ma fa 15 - sefulu ma lima 16 - sefulu ma ono 17 - sefulu ma fitu 18 - sefulu ma valu 19 - sefulu ma iva 20 - luvalu

Days of the Week Monday - Aso Gafua Tuesday - Aso Lua Wednesday - Aso Lulu Thursday - Aso Tofi Friday - Aso Faralie Saturday - Aso To’ona’i Sunday - Aso Sa

Introduce Yourself O lo'o a'u - I am O le igoa o lo'o a'u - My name is O ai lou igoa? - What is your name?

O fea sou nofoaga? - Where are you from?

O fea lou nofoaga sosai? - Where do you live?

Greetings Hello - Talofa Hi - Malo Tofa - Goodbye Fa’amolemole - please Fa’afetai - Thank you Talofa mai - Welcome Halofa ia oe - Hello (response)

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The Samoan language belongs to the Polynesian subfamily of the Austronesian language family. It is closely related to other Polynesian languages spoken in the Pacific Islands.

It is believed that the ancestors of the Samoan people originally migrated from Southeast Asia to the South Pacific islands around 2000 BCE. They settled in what is now known as Samoa, an archipelago consisting of two main islands, Upolu and Savai'i.

In the early stages of Samoan history, the language was primarily transmitted through an oral tradition. Knowledge, including language, customs, and genealogies, was passed down orally from one generation to the next.

Language & Linguistics

In the early 1900s, Samoa came under German administration as a result of the Berlin Treaty of 1899. During this period, the German government made efforts to further develop Samoan language education. They introduced formal schooling systems and promoted the use of Samoan in education, alongside German.

The London Missionary Society, a Christian missionary organization, established a presence in Samoa in the 1830s. They contributed to the standardization and formalization of the Samoan language by producing grammar and dictionary publications and teaching Samoans how to read and write in their native language.

In the late 18th and early 19th centuries, Christian missionaries arrived in Samoa, primarily from Britain and the United States. They played a significant role in introducing the written form of the Samoan language. Missionaries developed an orthography and translated religious texts, such as the Bible, into Samoan.

THE SAMOAN LANGUAGE

After World War I, Samoa was transferred to New Zealand as a League of Nations mandate. New Zealand continued the efforts of the German administration in promoting Samoan language education and implementing Samoan as the medium of instruction in schools.

In 1962, Samoa gained independence from New Zealand. The government of Samoa has since placed a strong emphasis on preserving and promoting the Samoan language. Samoan is the official language of the country, alongside English, and is widely spoken by the majority of the population.

In recent years, efforts to promote Samoan language learning have increased. The Samoan government has introduced language immersion programs in schools, cultural festivals celebrate the language, and there has been a resurgence of interest in the traditional arts, song, and storytelling.

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Language & Linguistics

FAIKAKALA

TAUTALA

THE SAMOAN LANGUAGE

FAKA’APA’APA This is a phrase used to show respect or towards someone or something.

‘Faikakala’ is used to describe someone who is lazy or inefficient.

This means "big talk” and is used to describe someone who talks a lot but doesn’t transfer this into their actions.

FAFAGA

FAKAALOFA

PEUSI

‘Fakaalofa’ is used to express love or affection towards someone.

This is a slang word to say "almost" or "nearly."

PALAGI

FAIFEKAU

‘Fafaga’ means "to eat" and is used to describe someone who eats a lot or has a big appetite.

FEKAUAI This means "to defeat" or "to overpower” something and it is used to describe someone that is unbeatable.

This is a slang term to refer to someone who is not of Samoan origin.

‘a phrase used to show respect or reverence towards someone or something.

"THE BEAUTY OF LANGUAGE IS THAT IT ALLOWS YOU TO EXPRESS YOUR THOUGHTS, EMOTIONS, AND IDEAS, BRIDGING THE GAP BETWEEN PEOPLE AND CULTURES." Unknown

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Language & Linguistics

BY JAMIE WALTERS

DECODING THE SECRETS OF ACCENTS: THE SCIENCE BEHIND HOW WE TALK When it comes to language learning, one's accent can play a significant role in communication.

Whether subtle or pronounced, accents can be an interesting indicator of cultural backgrounds and linguistic abilities. However, have you ever wondered why some people are able to adopt accents effortlessly, while others struggle to let go of their native intonation? The science behind having an accent in a foreign language is a fascinating blend of linguistic, cognitive, and physiological factors.

Linguistically, accents are influenced by phonology, which refers to the study of the sounds in a language. Each language has a unique set of sounds and sound patterns, known as phonemes, which determine how words are pronounced.

Native speakers typically acquire these phonemes through exposure during infancy and childhood, leading to a subconscious and intuitive understanding of the sounds. When learning a foreign language later in life, individuals are inherently influenced by their first language's phonological system, leading to an "accented" pronunciation.

Interestingly, research has shown that the ability to acquire foreign accents more effortlessly is associated with the critical period theory. This theory suggests that there is a limited window of time in childhood during which an individual can fully acquire a new language without exhibiting a noticeable accent. After this critical period, usually around puberty, the ability to acquire new phonemes diminishes, making it more challenging to lose one's native accent.

Cognitively, accents are linked to our ability to process and produce sounds. Speech perception, for example, relies on phonetic sensitivity, which allows us to distinguish and process the subtle variations in sounds. Those who struggle with accents may have less sensitivity to these phonetic differences, resulting in difficulties replicating the foreign sounds accurately.

Additionally, the cognitive capacity to adopt new pronunciations depends on how our brains process and store phonetic information. While some individuals have a high "phonological memory," which aids in retaining new sound patterns, others may find it more challenging to remember and reproduce unfamiliar sounds accurately.

Physiologically, accents may also be related to the anatomical differences in our vocal organs and musculature. The production of speech sounds relies on the intricate coordination of various speech organs, including the tongue, lips, vocal cords, and palate.

These anatomical structures differ across individuals, affecting speech

articulation and ultimately contributing to an accent. For instance, the prominence of certain sounds in a speaker's first language may influence their ability to produce similar sounds in a foreign language that requires different articulatory movements.

However, it's crucial to note that having an accent does not necessarily impede communication.

Accents can serve as markers of identity, enhancing cultural diversity and enriching interpersonal interactions. In fact, some studies suggest that accented speech can even facilitate better memory retention due to the distinctiveness of pronunciation.

Fortunately, with deliberate practice, anyone can improve their accent in a foreign language.

Regular exposure to native speakers, active listening, and imitation of their speech patterns can all contribute to reducing an accent. Training the "phonetic muscles" through specific exercises can also enhance the flexibility and accuracy of one's speech organs.

Additionally, adopting a positive

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mindset and embracing the uniqueness of one's own accent can reduce self-consciousness and foster a more enjoyable language learning journey.

Ultimately, the science behind having an accent in a foreign language demonstrates the complexity of language acquisition.

While it is influenced by linguistic, cognitive, and physiological factors, it's important to remember that accent should not be seen as a barrier but as an expression of cultural diversity and personal identity. So, embrace your accent, as it represents your journey through the world of language.

Language & Linguistics

BY JAMIE WALTERS

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BY IWAN BARNES

Language & Linguistics

LANGUAGE ON THE BRINK: THE LINGUAL IMPACT OF THE CLIMATE CRISIS As our planet continues to face the dire consequences of the climate crisis, the impact on our ecosystems, biodiversity, and human lives is undeniable. However, one understudied aspect of this global phenomenon is its effect on languages. From the displacement of communities to the loss of indigenous knowledge, the climate crisis is quietly reshaping our linguistic landscape.

Loss of Indigenous Languages Indigenous communities have long been the guardians of linguistic diversity, harboring ancient wisdom and knowledge passed down through generations. Tragically, these communities are disproportionately affected by the climate crisis. Rising sea levels, extreme weather events, and deforestation threaten their physical environments, leading to forced migration and displacements.

As a result, their languages, closely tied to their land, culture, and history, are endangered. With each displacement, a unique window into human experience and understanding of the world is at risk of being permanently lost.

Diminishing Linguistic Diversity Linguistic diversity is a treasure trove of human heritage, representing different ways of thinking, perceiving, and interpreting the world. However, the climate crisis poses an imminent threat to this diversity.

Small island nations, home to one of the most linguistically diverse regions on the planet, are on the

frontline of the climate crisis. As these islands face the risk of disappearing due to rising sea levels, so too do their languages.

The loss of these languages goes beyond mere communication; it erases an entire community's cultural identity and knowledge base.

Migration and Language Shift Climate-induced migration is expected to reshape the linguistic makeup of both urban and rural areas, leading to language shift and loss. When communities are uprooted from their homeland due to environmental catastrophes, they often become linguistically assimilated into the dominant language of the new region. This forced assimilation strips them of their linguistic heritage, cultural practices, and unique perspectives.

Moreover, as climate change disrupts traditional agricultural practices, rural communities may have to migrate to urban areas, where their languages often become marginalized or extinct.

Revitalizing Endangered Languages Recognizing the value of linguistic diversity, efforts are being made to document and revitalize

endangered languages affected by the climate crisis.

Linguists, anthropologists, and community leaders are collaborating to preserve indigenous knowledge by recording oral traditions, documenting vocabulary, and creating language revival programs.

By integrating these languages into formal education and cultural initiatives, communities strive to keep their linguistic heritage alive.

However, these efforts must be accompanied by broader initiatives to tackle the root causes of the climate crisis, ensuring that these languages have a chance to thrive and flourish.

The climate crisis is unequivocally affecting languages worldwide, diminishing the fabric of our diverse linguistic heritage.

Indigenous communities are paying a heavy price, as their languages face extinction due to environmental degradation and displacement.

Preserving linguistic diversity is not only a duty to protect cultural identity but also a necessary step towards holistic global sustainability. By addressing the root causes of the climate crisis and supporting community-led language revitalization efforts, we can safeguard the unique linguistic tapestry of our world for generations to come.

PAGE 28

BY ELLIE INSLEY

Language & Linguistics

THE SOUTH OF FRANCE’S PROVENÇAL DIALECT: A LANGUAGE ON THE VERGE OF EXTINCTION? In April 2021, the Molac Law was approved in France to protect its long-neglected regional languages. With an estimated 75 regional languages spoken today in France and many more currently in decline, these languages are evidence of France’s linguistic diversity.

This new law, also referred to as the Molac Law, grants France's regional languages the status of a "national treasure" and promotes the teaching of these languages in schools. This new attempt to encourage the learning of France's varied regional languages is a sharp contrast to France's attitude towards local dialects historically.

France's highly centralized state has consistently endeavoured to eradicate regional languages in the name of promoting the language of North-Central France, which is now known as the 'French Language.'

Thanks to a document signed by King Francis I of France in 1539, it was declared that French was to replace Latin as France's official language, meaning that business and written documents were to be conducted using French from this point onwards. However, despite this, regional dialects continued to flourish in the home.

In fact, in 1863, it is thought that more than half of the population in southern France continued to use regional dialects instead of standardized French. It was only later in the 19th century that strides were made to abandon local

dialects entirely. At this time, France's Minister of Education, Jules Ferry, made the decision to ban the use of regional languages in schools. Astoundingly, children who spoke in these local dialects were punished, which only served to instill fear and shame.

One of these regional dialects that, like many others, has been in decline due to negative connotations is Provençal. This dialect is one of six that are considered variations of the Romance language Occitan, a language rooted in the French, Spanish, and Catalan languages, which is thought to have been popularized by troubadours (poets and singers associated with the south of France) in the Middle Ages.

However, of these six dialects, four are currently classified as "severely endangered."

While Provençal is listed in UNESCO's Atlas of World Languages in Danger, this dialect once thrived in the Provence region of southern France. Thanks to poets like Frédéric Mistral, a Provençalspeaking poet who won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1904, this dialect became intrinsically linked to the south of France. Even following the rigorous campaign to promote standardized French, Provençal and other variations of Occitan lingered in the home, in music and poetry, and in folk stories.

Undoubtedly, Provençal is an ancient dialect that has left an indelible mark on the south of France: the region where it first blossomed 150 years ago. While street names and squares, such as Place des Fontêtes in Aix-enProvence, are a permanent reminder of the Provençal dialect's legacy in southern France, this language is predominantly being kept alive by France's older generation. Yet, there are hopes that support for Provençal and the other dialects of the Occitan language can be reignited, particularly through the promotion of radio and TV broadcasts in Occitan and encouraging young people to study these dialects at school.