University of Lucknow: The Idea of Value

The Idea of Value: Disability and Social Role Valorization (SRV)

An International Conference

Organised by

Department of English and Modern European Languages

University of Lucknow

In collaboration with Keystone Institute India and PYSSUM on April 3-4, 2024

Patron

Prof. Alok Kumar Rai Vice-Chancellor

Convener

Prof. M. Priyadarshani

Organising Secretary

Prof. Ranu Uniyal

Coordinators

Dr. Raj Gaurav Verma

Dr. Paridhi Kishore

Co-Convener

Ms. Elizabeth Neuville

Keystone Institute India

Co-Convener

Dr. Naval Chandra Pant PYSSUM

The Idea of Value: Disability and Social Role Valorization (SRV): Organizing Committee

Advisory Committee

Prof. Nishi Pandey

Prof. Madhu Singh

Prof. Fatima Rizvi

Academic Committee

Prof. Onkar Nath Upadhyay

Prof. Ravindra Pratap Singh

Dr. Rajesh Babu Sharma

Reception and Registration Committee

Dr. Raj Gaurav Verma

Nikita Yadav

Shivam Kundu

Shubhangi

Certificate Committee

Dr. Ansh Sharma

Maziah Shaaz

Chitra Bajpai

Discipline Committee

Dr. Shailendra Pratap Singh

Rahul Bajpai

Anil Singh

Media Committee

Dr. Vineet Maxwell David

Dr. Ruchi Singh

Priya Maurya

Astha Patel

Shubbi Agarwal

Umme Kulsoom

Photography Committee

Dr. Tanuka Chaterjee

Ajeet Kumar Gupta

Jyotirmoy Joshi

Refreshment Committee

Dr. Abhishek Jaiswal

Alok Kumar

Animesh Giri

Pritam Basak

Hospitality Committee

Dr. Bharti Rai

Dr. Paridhi Kishore

Chetna Rawat

Karishma Bharti

Swati Vaishya

Preeti

Anumodica

Aryan Sharma

Souvenir Committee

Prof. Shiv Govind Puri

Dr. Hari Narayan Prasad

Dr. Mohd. Tariq

Shubham Yadav

Deepak Gupta

Technical Committee

Dr. Vipin Pandey

Vedamini Vikram

Pratyush Pandey

Prakhar Singh

Rapporteuring Committee

Prof. Nazneen Khan

M.Siddique Khan

Aqsa Eram

Ankita Sharma

Sultana Rajia

Anees Fatina

Anupam Kumar

Nikhil

Shubbhi

Vaishnavi Gupta

Altasha

Zoya Zafar

Sapna Rawat

Astha Patel

Nitish

Department of English and Modern European Languages

The Department of English and Modern European Languages, established in 1921, is a major research, postgraduate and under-graduate department of the University of Lucknow. The Department has a rich tradition of high-level teaching and research which continues even today. The undergraduate and postgraduate courses are revised and updated every three years.

Over 300 research scholars have received their Doctorate degrees from the Department on different aspects of English Language and Literature. The Department has been working towards enriching and strengthening literary and language studies by teaching and guiding research in areas as diverse as British Literature, English Language Teaching, Stylistics and Discourse Analysis, American Literature, Contemporary Literature, New Literatures in English, Literature and Films, Australian Literature, Canadian Literature, Colonial and Post Colonial Literature, Indian Writing in English, Literatures in Translation, Comparative Literature, Drama, Theatre Studies, Translation Studies, Cultural Studies, Disability Studies and Creative Writing.

PYSSUM

PYSSUM (ParamahansaYogananda Society for Special Unfolding and Moulding), is a voluntary effort of disciples of Sri SriParamahansaYogananda and several other like-minded people to help individuals with Intellectual Disabilities(our Angels) in a classroom setting in Lucknow, thecapital city of Uttar Pradesh, India. PYSSUM began its activities on 24th July 2005, with a two-fold approach of specialized care and holistic development of these angels through PYSSUM Child Development Centre (PCDC).

Working extensively since its foundation, PYSSUM has now flourished as a state-of-the-art organisation in the field of intellectual disability and children at risk in Lucknow. Today PYSSUM, with strong and dedicated team members from various areas of Inclusive Education for special need children, Therapy and Clinical Psychology is working for children at risk, children and adults with special needs, their families, people in need of holistic healthcare services and people aspiring to serve in these areas, through PYSSUM School, a centre for inclusive education, early intervention and holistic child development, PYSSUM Vocational Training and Rehabilitation Centre(PVTRC), PYSSUM Research and Training Centre (PRTC) and PYSSUM Wellness Centre (PWC).

Keystone Institute India

Keystone Institute India, a project of Keystone Human Services International, serves as a catalyst for developing supportive services in India that better serves people’s true needs, respects the voices and perspectives of people with disability and their families, and facilitates India’s movement toward a society where all people matter and have the opportunity to build the lives they want to live.

Concept Note

Social Role Valorization (SRV) offers a comprehensive framework applicable to individuals facing various forms of societal disadvantage, including economic hardship, discrimination based on race, ethnicity, religion, or political affiliation, physical or mental impairments, aging in youth-centric societies, lack of desired skills,incarceration, immigration challenges, serious illness, unconventional sexual identities, or behaviors conflicting with societal norms. These individuals typically interact with formal or informal support services provided by families, schools, hospitals, welfare agencies, and others. SRV is pertinent across diverse human service sectors, encompassing education, rehabilitation, psychology, social work, medicine, corrections, and beyond.

Originating in 1983, SRV was developed by Professor Wolf Wolfensberger, a prominent advocate and scholar in human services, particularly in mental impairment support. It succeeded the principle of normalisation, which emerged in Scandinavia during the early 1960s and was disseminated by Wolfensberger across North America, England, France, and Australasia.

Central to SRV is the understanding that individuals' perceptions and treatment by society, as well as access to life's benefits, are heavily influenced by the social roles they occupy. Those in positively valued roles are more likely to be esteemed and afforded societal advantages, while individuals in negatively valued roles often face marginalization and mistreatment, sometimes unknowingly inflicted by others. To rectify this, individuals consigned to negative roles must be offered positively valued roles within their social context, thus undergoing a process of valorization, hence the term Social Role Valorization.

As the idea of ‘value’ assigned to an individual, task or concept remains a dynamic area of investigation, disability has emerged as one of the major branches of study in this regard. While persons with disabilities remain capable of contributing as ‘valued’ individuals, they have so far remained the constant subject for devaluation in society on numerous stereotypical grounds. As the Social Role Valorization theory actively propagated by Keystone Institute critically and intricately delves into the idea of ‘valued roles’ in society, we invite articles that further explore this idea and its utility in promoting inclusion for persons with disabilities.

Convener’s Note

It is indeed a great pleasure for me to welcome you all to the International Conference titled “The Idea of Value: Disability and Social Role Valorization” organized by the Department of English and Modern European Languages, University of Lucknow in collaboration with Keystone Institute, India and PYSSUM.

I am happy and grateful that many distinguished scholars and academicians will share their knowledge and expertise to explore deeper insights and better ways to enhance our learning on Disability Studies. I firmly believe this international conference will largely contribute to the idea of social justice by defining the idea of value in the light of social role valorization.

I hope we will have two productive days of interesting and stimulating discussions. I sincerely hope that this conference will be a great success not only as a chance to share knowledge and experience but also as a beginning of long and fruitful cooperation among fellow educators devoted to the meaningful and worthwhile task of teaching and training youths who will shape our future.

Dr. M. Priyadarshini Professor and Head

Department of English and Modern European Languages

University of Lucknow

Welcome Address

I warmly welcome all of you to the International Conference on “The Idea of Value: Disability and Social Role Valorization (SRV)”. This conference aims to bring together academic exploration, human services, and community sharing to promote inclusion for individuals whoaresocially disadvantaged due to disability, discrimination, or devaluation. Our objective is to identify practical strategies for fostering equality, challenging societal norms, and promoting empowerment within diverse contexts through collaborative, interdisciplinary dialogue.

Central to the deliberations is the theory of Social Role Valorization (SRV), introduced by Professor Wolf Wolfensberger in 1983. SRV contends that individuals perceived to hold valued social roles are more likely to access societal benefits and enjoy normative conditions, while those assigned devalued roles face marginalization and non-normative conditions. SRV has successfully structured social services by changing mindsets and expectations, enhancing personal competency, and promoting positive social imagery. This prompts inquiry into the idea of ‘value’ itself, employing epistemological critical lenses and cultural case studies to explore ‘value’ as a constantly shifting, arbitrarily constructed entity.

Through the forthcoming discussions, we aim to promote ways of enabling, enhancing, and defending valued social roles, while critically examining the idea of ‘value’ its creation, circulation, and implications. Academic presentations will elaborate on SRV Theory and its implementation, the idea of value in literature, representation of valued roles in narratives, mechanisms of devaluation of persons with disabilities in society, new directions for activism, the role of media in promoting inclusion, and Disability Studies as a literary movement.

The primary objective is to establish a community comprising individuals with disabilities, economically or socially disadvantaged persons, caregivers, parents, resource persons, workers engaged in human services, learners, educators, researchers, and interested individuals to develop comprehensive andinclusive approaches to equality. I am confident that through collaboration with organizations like Keystone Institute, India, PYSSUM (Paramahansa Yogananda Societyfor Special Unfolding and Moulding), and theacademic rigor and research endeavors of the international academic community, this conference will serve as a platform for multifaceted reflection on crucial questions, rooted in strong theoretical premises and valuable personal experiences. I look forward to the enriching interaction and impactful outcomes that will result from our collective efforts.

Prof. Ranu Uniya Organising Secretary

The Idea of Value: Disability and Social Role Valorization

International Conference

Programme Schedule

Day 1 (3rd April, 2024)

Venue: Kautilya Hall, PG Block

09:00-10:00 a.m. Registration

10:00-12:00 a.m. Inaugural Session

10:00-10:15 a.m. Lamp lighting and Welcome

10:20-11.20 a.m.

11:20-12:00 a.m.

12:30-01:10 p.m.

Keynote by Ms. Elizabeth Neuville

Extension of the MoU with Keystone by the Honorable ViceChancellor, Prof. Alok Kumar Rai

Vice Chancellor’s Address

Launch of Rhetorica a literary Journal of Arts – Vol 4 Issue 1

Theme Inclusion

Understanding Disability eds. Ranu Uniyal, Fatima Rizvi (published by Springer)

The Female Imagination in 21st Century eds. RB Sharma, Stuti Khare (published by Pencraft International)

An Unplanned Journey – Dr Naval Pant – PYSSUM

Jhalak – Keystone Institute India

Vote of Thanks

12:00-12:30 p.m. Tea-Break

Plenary Session 1- Geeta Mondol

01:10-01:50 p.m.

01:50-02:15 p.m.

03:15-4:45 p.m.

Day 2 (4th April, 2024)

Venue: Kautilya Hall, PG Block

09:30-11:00 a.m.

Plenary Session 2- Dr. Naval Chandra Pant and Anju Mishra

Plenary Session 3- Prof. Gourhari Behera

02:15-03:00 p.m. Lunch Break

Technical Sessions

Venue: Department of English and Modern European Languages

11:30-12:10 p.m.

12:30-02:00 p.m.

Presentation by Ms. Elizabeth Neuville/ Geeta Mondol

11:00-11:30 a.m. Tea-Break

Plenary by Prof. Banibrata Mahanta

Technical Sessions

03:00 -03:30 p.m.

02:00-03:00 p.m. Lunch Break

Valedictory Session

Valedictory Address- Aditi Yadav

Rapporteurs’ Report

Vote of Thanks

National Anthem

03:30- 4:00 p.m. Tea

Social Role Valorization (SRV) in PYSSUM

PYSSUM is a voluntary organisation working for the welfare, education and training of children and adults with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities. It began its activities in the year 2005 with a day care centre and has gradually matured into a vibrant institution catering to Early Intervention, Child Development, Vocational Training and Rehabilitation, Wellness and Special Educators Training Services through its various centres. PYSSUM has been working exclusively towards the enhancement of awareness and need of inclusion of individuals with special needs in the society. It has been working for their social integration through its public awareness programmes. It came in contact with the concept of Social Role Valorization through Keystone Institute India, New Delhi in 2016. Together they have collaborated to conduct many workshops, seminars and training programmes promoting the concepts of Social Role Valorization. This presentation talks about the methodology used by PYSSUM to integrate the SRV concept in its services rendered for promoting equality and social integration of individuals with Intellectual Developmental Disabilities.

Bionote

Elizabeth “Betsy” Neuville serves dual roles as Executive Director of the Keystone Institute, US based educational Institute, and Director of Keystone Institute India. She has nearly 40 years of experience within Keystone Human Services as a human service worker, administrator, agency director, evaluator, educator, and personal advocate, as well as extensive experience in designing and developing supports for very vulnerable people, meaningful quality measurements, and extraordinary employee development programs. Betsy has worked extensively with the ideas of Normalization and Social Role Valorization, and provides training and consultation internationally, with extensive experience in Central and Eastern Europe, and, in recent years, India. She is fully accredited by the North American Social Role Valorization Council as a senior trainer of SRV, and co-founded theInternational SRV Association in 2015. Shehas led SRV and persondirectedpractice initiatives in Canada, across the United States, India, Republic of Moldova and other countries across the World. She studied under the mentorship of Dr. Wolf Wolfensberger, the developer and foremost proponent of SRV, and has, in turn, mentored and supported a generation of people committed to personal human service to others. Elizabeth is a founding member of the International SRV Association and has written and presented extensively on the subject.

Ms. Geeta Mondol serves as Project Leader for Keystone Institute India, providing consultation and education in our many programs and events. Geeta has decades of experience in working with, and being with, people with disabilities, and is also a parent of two young men, one of whom experiences autism.

Geeta leads programmatic aspects of a pilot project which assists women with developmental disability who have been abandoned in institutions to re-establish themselves as valued and contributing members of their communities, as well as heads up a highly successful program to re-unify institutionalized people with disabilities with their families. She has been involved in conducting training on inclusion and integration of people with disabilities with many organizations in various parts of the country and abroad. Her early years involved working in amainstream school helping include those with disabilities in the mainstream classrooms. Currently, she works closely with families and individuals with disability in empowering and equipping them with knowledge, skills, and attitudes that help them to integrate in society as contributing citizens.

Ms. Anju Misra has been in the field of Special Education for morethan two decades. Currently she is Director (Education and Training) at PYSSUM. She has been associated with PYSSUM since its inception in 2005.

Dr. Naval Chandra Pant is the Founder Director, PYSSUM (Paramahansa Yogananda Society for Special Unfolding and Moulding) Lucknow, India. He began his career as a schoolteacher, and his primary focus has always been Value OrientedEffectiveLearning and Teaching Methods in a HolisticEnvironment. Hisdoctoral work focused on Education in the Teachings of Paramhansa Yogananda. He founded and dedicated PYSSUM (www.pyssum.org), an organization providing quality services for Children and Adults with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities which believes in holistic development and rehabilitation of IDDs in an inclusive environment, to Sri Sri Paramahansa Yogananda in 2005 in Lucknow. PYSSUM is an active member of the SRV community in India. Dr. Pant is also the Member, Expert Panel for Inclusive Education, State Shiksha Pariyojana, Uttar Pradesh. His book, An Unplanned Journey – Stories of Empathy from the Frontiers of Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, was released on 9th February 2024 at “The International Purple Fest, Goa”.

Plenary Speaker

Representing ‘Muteness’ as ‘Silence’: A Disability Studies Perspective

Dr. Banibrata Mahanta

Professor, Department of English

Banaras Hindu University

Varanasi, India

Email: bmahantaa@gmail.com

Abstract

My talk will begin by drawing attention to how‘silence’ is constructed as a textual element and strategy which communicates and connotes considerations beyond itself and how approaches to and interpretations of ‘silence’ are correspondingly symbolic and metaphorical. It then goes on to argue that this approach to the construction/interpretation of silence also impinges on the representation of muteness, the inability to speak, as silence, leading to depictions of muteness as not just as what it is, but as a literary trope, and as ‘narrative prosthesis’. Drawing on studies that critique literary representations of disability, and from specific examples of the conflation of the literal and metaphorical in the construction of muteness as silence, my talk offers a critique of the interrelations between the symbolic and the material from the disability studies perspective.

Bionote

Banibrata Mahanta is Professor of English at Banaras Hindu University, India. His areas of interest include Indian writing in English, the changing contours of Indian nationalist thought, contemporary literary theory, especially disability theory, and translation. His recent works include the edited volumes English Studies in India: Contemporary and Evolving Paradigms (Springer 2019, with Rajesh Babu Sharma) and Evolving Perspectives on English Studies in India: Views from the Northeast and Beyond (Routledge 2025, with Anindya Syam Choudhury). His English translation of the Hindi novel Lavanya Devi, for which he was awarded the prestigious PEN/Heim Translation Fund Grant (PEN America) in 2021, is slated for release later this year.

Plenary Speaker

Visualizing Disability: Disability in Contemporary Indian Picture Books

Dr. Gourhari Behera Professor, Department of English DDU Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur

Abstract

Of late, in the21st Century, Children’s literature, in addition to traditional genres likethefairy tale, thefantasy, the folktale etc, has seen a proliferation of genres like the comic strip, the cartoon, the graphic novel and the picture book. These genres actively engage with contemporary social and political realities instead of concealing them from the young reader and are rarely didactic, unlike traditional children’s literature. Among the many subgenres that have attained growing popularity is the picture book which combines image and text on various formats and play on the interdependence of these signifying systems. This composite artifact encourages multiple meanings and divergent readings and attempts to make sense of and be sensitive to the puzzling world around the child in the 21st century. In India publishers like Tulika Books, Tara Books, Duckbill etc have been publishing picture books meant for children that not only aid literacy development in the child but also interrogate given “truths” leading to “transformation” of young minds. My attempt here will be to explore how these books dismantle accepted orthodox notions about the “disabled” and assist in sensitizing young readers about the disabled figure in society that has been the subject of much stereotypical representation in literary and cultural texts specifically in children’s literature. In doing so I would argue that these texts add “value” to the disabled figure who no longer remains an object of pity, victimization, or joke in the minds of young readers. My emphasis shall be about the transformative power of contemporary picture books that “decolonize” the minds of young children into accepting diversity and inclusivity in relation to the disabled body.

Bionote

Dr. Gourhari Behera is currently a Professor in the Department of English, DDU Gorakhpur University. He studied at Utkal University and Jawaharlal Nehru University. He specializes in Literary Criticism & Theory with particular focus on Classical Criticism, Aesthetics, Disability studies, Health humanities and Intermediality. He has edited three collections of essays namely Representation and Resistance: Essays on Postcolonial Theatre and Drama, Literatures of South Asia, and Literature across Mediums: The Aesthetics

and Politics of Medial Boundary Crossing. He has also published extensively on Postcolonial Literatures, Indian Literatures and Literary Criticism in books and journals.

Special Guest

Aditi Yadav

Bionote

Aditi Yadav is a public servant with more than a decade's experience in highway infrastructure. She joined the Ministry of Road Transport of Highways after qualifying UPSC's all india engineering services examination 2010. She is a Joint Japan World Bank Scholar and earned her master's degree in infrastructure management from Yokohama National University. She dabbles in literary pursuits as and when time permits and also receivedthe SouthAsiaSpeaksFellowship in2023. Sheispresentlyon deputation asDeputy GeneralManager in the National Highway Authority of India.

Abstracts

Zoeglossia: Fostering Inclusion through Disability Poetics

Aastha Patel

University of Lucknow

Zoeglossia, a flourishing movement within the realm of poetry, marks a significant stride towards fostering inclusivity and representation for individuals with disabilities. Rooted in the ethos of Disability Poetics, it promotes the creative expression of disabled voices through the medium of poetry, offering a platform for marginalized voices to be heard and valued within the literary landscape. Central to its philosophy is the belief that disability is not a deficit to overcome, but rather an integral facet of human experience deserving of recognition and celebration. Zoeglossia challenges conventional norms by elevating the linguistic innovations and unique perspectives of disabled poets, thereby challenging ableist notions of language and creativity. This paper aimsto exploretheessenceof Zoeglossiaasatransformativeforcewithinthefieldofpoetry.Itendeavors to create spaces where poets of all abilities can engage in meaningful dialogue and artistic exchange. Through workshops, readings, and publications, Zoeglossia fosters a community-driven approach to poetry that prioritizes equity and diversity. With the help of some selected poems from the world of Zoeglossia, this paper aims to shed light on the implications of Zoeglossia within the broader context of Disability Poetics. It aims to highlight its potential to catalyze systemic change within literary institutions and beyond. By foregrounding disabled voices and experiences, Zoeglossia enriches the world of poetry and paves the way for a more inclusive and equitable society. Through its commitment to disability poetics and inclusion, Zoeglossia illuminates pathways toward a more just and compassionate world.

Keywords: Zoeglossia, Disability Poetics, equitable society, inclusion

Inclusion Matters: From Social to Digital

Abhay Pratap Singh

Ph. D. scholar

Banaras Hindu University

The inclusion of people with disabilities has been a matter of discussion in academia for the past twenty years. Through diverse policies, a number of actions have been taken to foster an inclusive environment for people with disabilities. Creating an inclusive social system was already a challenge in the past, but as the world becomes more virtual due to artificial intelligence and other digital tools, it is now even more important to implement stringent policies to ensure that no person with a disability is left out. In the interest of inclusion, this paper will attempt to concentrate on the different challenges encountered by people with disabilities and the different elements that go into building an appropriate, barrier-free, inclusive society.

Keywords: Inclusion, disability, inclusive social system, policy and disability

Visualising the Real- life Experiences of a Person with Disability: A Study of Firdaus Kanga's Trying to Grow

Ajeet Kumar Gupta Research Scholar

Department of English and Modern European Languages

University of Lucknow

Literature opens new horizons of realities of society adding new dimensions to our understanding that there is always a group which survives on the margins and one such marginalised group is formed by the persons with disability. Their survival on the periphery of society is attributed to prejudice, oppression, inequality and discrimination. They suffer from social exclusion because they do not fit into the social norms which are standardised as per the convenience of abled-bodied people. These norms of the society create the linebetween normal and abnormal. The idea of abnormality leads to various prejudices which portrays disability and disabled people negatively in various aspects of life. They are treated as poor, helpless, pitiful, burden, subhumans and evil monsters. Thus, a person who is physically or mentally handicapped encounters numerous obstacles to adhering to social norms. One such individual is Firdaus Kanga, who fought for his own identity and self- dependence. He is an Indian writer, journalist, and actor who was born into a Parsi family in Mumbai in 1960. He currently resides in London. He was born with osteogenesis imperfecta, often known as brittle bones disease, an uncommon condition. Trying to Grow, is a semi-autobiographical novel written by him, which is inspired by his own life experiences. The novel depicts the life of a person whose bone illness forced him to rely entirely on a wheelchair for mobility. The present research focuses on the social norms associated with the idea of disability which become impediments in the growth of a disabled individual through the reading of Firdaus Kanga’s Trying to Grow.

\

Keywords: Disability, marginalised group, social exclusion, disability experience ***

Wounds of social devaluation in Mark Haddon's The Curious Incident of the dog in the Night-time

Akanksha Pandey Research Scholar

Department of English and Modern European Languages

University of Lucknow

Social devaluation is a term that was given by Erving Goffman to have the process of having one’s social identity degradeddueto various reasons. Wolfensberger hascategorizedeighteen woundsthatdevaluedpeople have to face which can also be known as “social consequences of disability” as part of his description of the theory of Social Role Valorization. This paper shall provide an indepth study of the wounds of social devaluation that were given intentionally and unintentionally to the protagonist Christopher who is autistic in

Mark Haddon’s The Curious Incident of the dog in the Night-time (2003). Haddon is an English novelist who has won Whitbread Book of the Year Award, Children’s Literature Award, The Guardian Prize and also Commonwealth Writers Prize for this same book. It was also shortlisted for the Man Booker Prize 2003. This novel has been recreated as plays and movies very often by different artists due to its phenomenal appeal. It has been written from the point of view of a fifteen year old boy Christopher John Francis Boone who has autism It is a narrative that unveils his struggle to find a home where he can feel safe and loved. It also talks about what mental pressure and agony his parents had to face in raising him. However, the plot is intricately woven like a suspense thriller where Christopher wants to write a book based on a real incident of killing of his neighbor’s dog Wellington for which he was easily blamed. He sought to find the murderer since it was innocent and deserved only love. In trying to resolve the mystery he faces several challenges and learns a lot about himself and his family.

Keywords: Devaluation, social roles, autism, struggle

Disability Rights in the Digital Age: The Role of Online Activism and Social Media Campaigns

Akshay Bhardwaj Research Scholar

Department of English and Modern European Languages

University of Lucknow

People with disabilities have a great deal of difficulty carrying out daily activities that ordinary people in general take for granted, such as using public transport or entering buildings. Because of social stigma and inadequate infrastructure, the intensity of their problems increases multifold. Even most routine tasks give people the impression that they are being marginalised. Their marginalisation and unparalleled misery are the result of this. The obstacles that disabled people must overcome are widespread and systemic, ranging from inaccessible websites to a dearth of work prospects. Physical obstacles are not the only thing that hinders their ability to completely engage in society. Actually, it's also about battling negative attitudes and stereotypes that push people to the margins and make them targets of prejudice. Social media and the internet have developed into effective instruments in recent years for organising, mobilising, and bringing attention to disability rights concerns. To dispel myths, generate awareness, encourage disability pride, and build a sense of community among various disability-related groups, activists take help from social media platforms through their active participation. Through effective online initiatives like #CripTheVote or #ActuallyAutistic, people with disabilities and their allies can now connect, exchange stories, and amplify their voices on a worldwide scale. Online activism has completely changed the disability rights movement. Online communities, disability influencers, and specifically targeted user-generated content all have a significant impact on how the general public views and feels about disabilities. They have affected policy conversations and drawn attention to particular issues through these movements. In order to better understand the dynamic relationship between activism, technology, and disability rights in the digital age, this paper, "Disability Rights in the Digital Age: The Roleof OnlineActivism andSocialMedia Campaigns," will assess both theadvantages anddisadvantages of using online platforms to further the causes of social justice and inclusion. This article aims to investigate

thepotential of onlineactivism, encompassing concernsabout accessibility, thedigital divide, andonlineabuse experienced by people with disabilities.

Keywords: Disability activism, disability in media, disability influencers, digital divide

Invisibility and Inclusion: The Scarcity of Disability Representation in Children's Literature

Andleeb Zahra Assistant Professor

Shri Ramswaroop Memorial University, Barabanki

A child's worldview is greatly influenced by the literature they read as children. It promotes tolerance, compassion, and acceptance of differences. Nonetheless, there's a big void in the portrayal of characters with impairments. Research shows that there is a huge disparity between the world of children's books, where only 3.4% of characters havedisabilities, andthereal world, whereabout 15% of theworld'spopulation experiences disability (World Health Organization, 2011). The lack of representation of characters with disabilities perpetuates the marginalization of this demographic. The lack of disability related characters not only perpetuates the invisible nature of this demographicbut also impedes young readers' ability to acquire empathy and understanding. This paper advocates for a critical analysis of children's books as well as a deliberate attempt to authentically incorporate characters with disabilities. Diverse representation in children's literature is essential to promoting an inclusive and compassionate society, not just because it is politically right.

Keywords: Children's literature, inclusion, empathy, diversity, and disability representation

Representation and Rehabilitation: A Study of Disability in William Gibson’s Play The Miracle Worker

Animesh Giri Research Scholar

Department of English and Modern European Languages

University of Lucknow

The history of disability has a long and complicated cultural legacy that raises important questions about identity, normalcy and social conditions in everyday life. Tracing the idea of normality helps us to understand the origins and growth of disability as an idea of culture. William Gibson, an American playwright, in his play The Miracle Worker has depicted the process of reclaiming oneself and getting rehabilitated through the inculcation of values. It was based on Helen Keller`s 1903 autobiography The Story of My Life. The play sees teaching and learning as “twin arts,” with the teacher and the student engaging in a fruitful partnership. This paper is an attempt to analyse the relation between inculcation of values and rehabilitation of the disabled. It will also examine how the life of the protagonist of the play gets shaped by others.

Keywords: History of disability, identity, idea of normality, value and rehabilitation

From Stigma to Strength: Embracing Diversity and Disrupting Ableism in Contemporary Cinema

Anshika Agarwal Research Scholar

University of Lucknow

"Cinema is truth 24 frames a second," Jean-Luc Godard, French filmmaker and film critic remarked. Movies can and do change the world. Ideas can be planted in the mind that will bloom and flower later. This paper explores the evolution of disability representation in both Hollywood and Bollywood, highlighting how contemporary filmmakers are using disability as not merely a plot device; but a lens through which one can explore the resilience, strength, and diversity of the human spirit. Drawing on a rich tapestry of films from both industries, this analysis examines notable works such as "The Theory of Everything" (Hollywood) and "Barfi!" (Bollywood), which offer nuanced portrayals of individuals navigating the complexities of disability. Through in-depth character studies, narrative analysis, and audience reception, these films demonstrate a shared commitment to disrupting ableism and promoting inclusivity on the silver screen. In Hollywood, films like "The Diving Bell and the Butterfly" and "A Beautiful Mind" delve into the inner worlds of characters facing profound physical and mental challenges, challenging viewers to reconsider preconceived notions of disability. Meanwhile, in Bollywood, movies such as "Margarita with a Straw" and "Black" offer sensitive portrayals of individuals with disabilities, exploring themes of identity, agency, and acceptance within the Indian context. Utilizing film theories and critical perspectives, including feminist film theory, queer theory, and critical disability studies, this paper deconstructs power dynamics and representation in disability narratives. By engaging with theories of embodiment, intersectionality, and the social model of disability, it interrogates how modern cinema challenges ableist assumptions and reframes disability as a complex, multifaceted experience. It applies Psychoanalysis to explain how films evoke emotions like fear or pity in viewers based on disability representation and Spectatorship theory allow s us to examine how editing and camerawork influence the audience's perspective. Moreover, this paper examines the role of filmmakers, actors, and advocacy groups in driving this shift towards more inclusive representation. From casting actors with disabilities to consulting with disability activists and experts, filmmakers are increasingly embracing authenticity and collaboration to ensure that disability narratives are told with sensitivity and respect. As disability rights activist Stella Young once said, "Disability doesn't make you exceptional, but questioning what you think you know about it does." Through cinema, we have the opportunity to challenge preconceived notions and celebrate the diversity of the human experience.

Keywords: Disability, Cinema, Ableism, Disability theory, Diversity, Inclusivity

Seeing Disability As a ‘Condition’ Not As a ‘Disease’

Anupam Kumar

Department of English and Modern European Languages

University of Lucknow

This paper is centered on viewing disability as a condition rather than a disease. However, it exploreshow both contemporary society and ancient societies perceived disability as a disease, often regarding those affected as objects of ridicule, pity, and shame. Additionally, it examines reports from the World Health Organization (WHO) andthe distinctions made by theorganization between disability, impairment, and handicap. The paper will delve into disability andits impact on individuals within societal, political, cultural, physical, and personal spheres. It acknowledges that even physically and mentally stable individuals may encounter temporary or permanent disabilities.

Keywords: Disability, disabled, impaired, handicap, mental sphere.

“Crooked as Snakes”: A Gothic Portrayal of Disability in Flora Annie Steel

Aqsa Eram Research Scholar

Department of English and Modern European Languages

University of Lucknow

This paper aims to explore the depiction of disability in the short story “The Mercy of the Lord'' (1914) by Flora Annie Steel, an Anglo-Indian writer. Steel (1847-1929), often termed an “unconventional memsahib” She was a writer, educator, suffragette and colonial folklorist who strived to learn the intricacies of Indian life and culture. Within the layered narrative of the short story, she creates the character of a woman belonging to a snake tribe who, in an instance of mechanized colonial violence, had become crippled, likening her body to a snake. She remains confined to the space of a garden overrun with wild thickets which provides her with snakes for protection. Even as she takes up distilling perfumes for the women of the city, she is met with accusationsof witchcraft andmurderousintentionsof men. Her perceivedrole, thus, also instigatesin thepaper an exploration of the value attached to her. While a subversive figure, the tale offers her no respite; a gothic heroine may be able to fulfill romance at the story’s end but the disabled woman is met with death at the familiar and possible moment of romance and liberation, which is even instigated by her own accord. Through the mythical woman, Flora Annie Steel offers a position of alterity which exists between Gothic monstrosity and heroinism. Therefore, the paper investigates how disability is negotiated through Gothic sensibilities in depicting subversion and ultimately, convention.

Keywords: Alterity, Gothic monstrosity, colonial folklore, disability portrayal

Gender and Disability: Relocating Fragmented Identities in the Age of Post Truth

Archana Gupta Assistant Professor Amity School of Languages Amity University, Lucknow

Disability is threatening one’s identity formation, inclusion in mainstream society and instant ability to adapt in different situations. Disability is not a single category but may arise in various categories. The stigma is still attached with the persons suffering from physical or mental disability. They are looked down upon with contempt and disgust amongst their own peer group, then what to say of society in general. This is a serious issue. In this regard, special attention must be paid to the disabled and make them part of mainstream society. Special arrangements must be made in all organizations to ensure that the needs of the disabled are catered to. Still, it is a pitiable sight to see the disabled struggling to climb the stairs, use public toilets, get seats in auditoriums and so on and so forth. Leave alone the advanced paraphernalia for disabled, even basic needs of disabled are not taken care of by the authorities of our country. In the academic sector, certain reservations must be provided for disabled to climb the social ladder of life. Scribes must be readily available to help the visually handicapped during the exam. Special notes must be provided to make them compete with normal people on equal terms. Disability and Gender has a very alarming role to play in the formation of mutilated gender identity, if the so called ‘Second Sex’ of the society happens to suffer from some disability. Among the disabled, special care must be paid to girls, women, and elderly women as they come under the category of vulnerable section of society. The special needs of this category must be addressed to make them feel at ease and face the challenges with renewed vigor and confidence This paper probes the problems faced by disabled women, the facilities available to them, and the challenges which they must overcome to inhale the fragrance of success.

Keywords: Disability, gender, social stigma, identity

Transformation of Depictions: Disability in Classic versus Contemporary English Literature

Archika Vishwakarma Research scholar

Department of English and M.E.L. University of Lucknow

The term “disability” emphasizes social barriers such as discrimination and environments created by and for individuals without impairments that impact how someone with a disability lives and interacts with the world around them. Literature and disability provide a foundational exploration of disability studies in literature, demonstrating howaclose examinationof impairment and its depictionmay lead tofresh insightsin evaluating

and producing literary works. This paper looks into the various aspects of how disability is portrayed in literature.Itwillbeacomparativestudy oftherepresentation of disabilityin classicand contemporaryliterature through selected literary works that will identify the differences and similarities in the represented disabled characters, themes, and narratives. This research paper will investigate common tropes, stereotypes, and archetypesassociated with disabilitywithinclassical literaryworksandanalyzetheimpact of changingsocietal perspectives and advancements in the rights of disability on contemporary representations. This research study will also examine the significance and impact of the evolving portrayal of disability on the perceptions of readers toward disability. The aim of this research paper is to inspire marginalized communities to actively engage with the world and also help the readers for their further studies on disability in literature.

Keywords: Disability and Literature, Impairment depiction, Classical literature, Contemporary literature, Representation, Modern perspectives, Literary evolution etc.

Mental Disability as a Means of Devaluing Identity and Self in Toni Morrison's The Bluest Eye

Arunima Singh Research Scholar

Department of English

Tilka Manjhi Bhagalpur University Bhagalpur, Bihar

The present paper embodies the mental aspect of disability which becomes a medium to undermine identity and downgrade the self. Toni Morrison with her very first novel, The Bluest Eye published in 1970 talks about the bleak and dismal Afro American scenario which is quite unfit for any individual who is Black. The protagonist of her novel, Pecola Breedlove symbolises every woman out there who was subjugated and likely to be subjugated because of their social construct. The lethal combination of patriarchy and racism is the root cause of the subjection of women. Thus, Pecola Breedlove signifies all the black women who long for blue eyes and fair skin. Having blue eyes is synonymous with getting recognition in society, becoming an inspirational figure and availing all the opportunity of the world. Knowing all that, Pecola becomes the spokesperson and this longing makes her lose her mental stability. Discriminated by the society, ignored by her mother and raped by her father, there’s not hing left that can heal her. Just a mere illusion of getting her eyes replaced by the blue ones gives a sense of traumatic events that followed her character and devastated her identity and her notion of self recognition. Her wish has been granted, but at the cost of her sanity. So, the disabled is one who is physically handicapped, one who is mentally challenged, and the one who is lagging behind because of the skin colour.

Keywords: Disability, identity, Afro American, Black, social construct, patriarchy, racism

Exploring the Intersection of Caste, Disability, and Social Role Valorization

Ashwani Kumar Singh Research Scholar

Department of English and Modern European Languages

University of Lucknow

This paper examines the intricate interplay between caste, disability, and Social Role Valorization (SRV) within the Indian socio-cultural context. Despite significant strides in disability rights, individuals at the intersection of caste-based discrimination and disability continue to face compounded forms of exclusion. The study utilizes an intersectional framework to analyze how caste and disability intersect to create unique experiences of marginalization, particularly for Dalits and Adivasis with disabilities. Drawing upon qualitative research methods, the paper presents narratives that reveal the pervasive barriers in accessing education, employment, and social services. It further explores how SRV, a concept traditionally aimed at enhancing the social roles of marginalized groups, can be effectively adapted to address the layered stigma faced by these individuals. The findings suggest that an SRV-informed approach, coupled with a nuanced understanding of caste dynamics, can significantly contribute to the empowerment and social inclusion of persons with disabilities from lower caste backgrounds.

The paper calls for a reformation of policy and practice that acknowledges the intersectionality of caste and disability, advocating for a more equitable and inclusive society.

Keywords: Caste, disability, SRV, Dalit, society

Inclusive Approaches for Children with Disabilities in NEP 2020: An Evaluation

Astha Singh

Junior Research Fellow

Email: astha.singh023@gmail.com and Amita Bajpai

Professor, Former Head and Dean

Email: amitabajpai63@gmail.com

Department of Education

University of Lucknow

Inclusive education is necessarily a need of the hour especially in the Indian context. Somewhere in the fastpaced society, children with disabilities are often left behind, and to bring them into the mainstream, inclusive education plays a pivotal role. The Inclusive Education paradigm focuses on an ideal situation where children with and without disabilities receive education together in a harmonious manner. Children with disabilities have been historically excluded and discriminated against in various ways from receiving primary and

secondary education. These children are often barred from taking education in a regular school setup. They are usually segregated in special schools but inclusive education provides a platform for children with disabilities and an opportunity to study together with children without disabilities. In the scenario where children with disabilities and children without disabilities study together in the same setup, then both groups are equally benefited. The education system should strive to provide equal opportunities for all children of India to learn and excel regardless of their birth and background. National Education Policy 2020 brings about various changes in the educational framework and strengthens the idea and concept of inclusive education. It aims to minimize exclusion and discrimination among children. This paper aims to highlight and outline the undercurrents of inclusive education for children with disabilities under the National Education Policy 2020. Inclusive Education furthers in bridging the gap between children with disabilities and children without disabilities and society. The paper will also pinpoint the specific guidelines and policy recommendations that are directly or indirectly concerned with the idea of inclusive education.

Keywords: Children with disabilities, children without disabilities, inclusion, National Education Policy 2020 ***

Mapping Disability and Trauma in Tagore’s “Subha”: A Gendered Perspective

Ayushi Jaiswal

Assistant Professor

Department of English MVDC, Lucknow and

Sujit Kumar Singh

Assistant Professor (English)

Mangalayatan University, Aligarh

The paper critically examines the embedded ideologies and their impacts on the formation and development of the concept of disability, with specific reference to the literary work “Subha” (1896) by Rabindranath Tagore. It is a short story that centers on Subha, who is suffering from a speech impediment. The story favours the idea that similar to gender, disability is a pervasive notion that influences the collective human experiences (Thomson). It represents a notable shift in perspective, moving away from perceiving disability merely as an individual’s physical limitations towards comprehending its wider psychological and societal implications. This paper aims to examine the normative policies and politics that shape the valuation of individuals by contextualising the conversation within ordinary life. It concurs with the theoretical precept of L. J. Davis that ‘an impairment is a physical fact, but a disability isa social construction’. The attempt is to read the permeable characteristics of disability that challenge the dominant influence of normative socio-cultural norms. It is dedicatedto theanalysisof thesocialconstruction of disability, itssignificance, characteristics, andsubsequent consequences. Individuals with disabilities have been present in all human communities since the dawn of time. The story is selected for a comprehensive examination of the portrayal of a female handicap from the lens of Disability theory along with the insights of Trauma theory to examine the dynamics of normalcy.

Keywords: Disability, normalcy, gender, discrimination, trauma.

Indian Cinema on Disability: Representation and Reception

Bharti Rai Assistant Professor

Department of English and MEL

University of Lucknow

Email: bhartiresearch@gmail.com

As per the report published on March 31 st , 2021, by the National Statistical Office (NSO), Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of India, 2.21 percent of the population in India is in the grip of disability. In the light of above data, it becomes the primary duty of the entertainment industry to play a pivotal role in foregrounding the issues related to disability. With the production of movies likeZubaan, Guzarish, Kaabil, Saazish and Hichki, the film fraternity has indubitably attempted to project the travails of disabled people on the screen. Though the movies on disability can be counted on fingers yet one cannot overlook the effort put in by a small coterie of film-makers. But do the efforts by film-makers get acknowledged by the audience? Does the audience receive the films with the same fervour as the producers produce such films? All such endeavours fall flat when one analyses the box-office collection of movies on disability: Guzarish had a worldwide collection of 61.3 crores, Zubaan had earned 0.50 crores and Hichki collected 59.3 crores in India and 215 crores worldwide. The statistics implies that the response of the Indian audience to movies on disability is not very encouraging and it dampens the enthusiasm of the film-makers. The statistics also draw attention to the collective consciousness of the society that doesn’t understand the gravity oftheneedforaccessibility, inclusion anddisability activism.Thepresent paperisanattempt toexplore the representation and reception of movies on disability in Indian society.

Keywords: Indian Cinema, disability in movies, collective consciousness, disability activism

Caregiving and Empowerment: Exploring the Significance of Care as Depicted in the Documentary, Crip Camp: A Disability Revolution

Chitra Bajpai Senior Research Fellow

Department of English and Modern European Languages University of Lucknow

At Camp Jened, the caregiver-camper connection is marked by a deep recognition of each camper's innate individuality, minus the use of patronising or demeaning mindsets. Participants are able to actively participate in camp endeavours and express their independent thinking as adolescents because counselors carefully offer helpful assistance with daily tasks. In addition, other caregivers the Black Panthers, the Secretaries in

Sacramento, the East Bay lesbian couple provide vital assistance throughout the critical sit-in protest. Because these carers and their own health are members of marginalised communities who have experienced marginalisation and disregard from society, their participation is a moving tribute to the overlapping facets of caregiving. By means of a thorough examination of the providing care instances graphically shown in Crip Camp, this paper highlights the critical role that care plays in advancing the cause of rights for people with disabilities. It makes the case that providing reasonable care has the remarkable capacity to reshape society, uplift communities as a whole, and bring about significant social change. The documentary provides an engaging means for audiences to contemplate the implications of care in their personal lives, while motivating them to take proactive steps towards establishing a fairer and more inclusive community.

Keywords: Caregiving, empowerment, Crip Camp, marginalised communities

***

Beyond the Gaze: Portrayal of Disability and Identity in the Narrative Landscape of Not If I See You First by

Eric Lindstrom

Fatima Zaheer

Ph. D. Scholar

University of Lucknow

It is a subject of debate that the contemporary period is witnessing an unparalleled level of acceptance and endorsement for individuals with disabilities. The current era is marked by a greater awareness of the challengesfaced by people with disabilities . In recent years, therehasbeena significant increasein thenumber of publishing outlets that focus on disability titles, as well as a surge in the popularity of Disability Literature (both Fiction and Non -Fiction), particularly from the 1990s onwards. This has created a much-needed space for disabled individuals to articulate their experiences and has also brought in a wider audience. As a result, novels and plays featuring protagonists with disabilities or themes related to disability have become increasingly prevalent. The Literary and cinematic points of view have also been changing positively to create self-efficient characters, who are not prisoners of their disability, rather they establish that it can be used to their advantage. Eric Lindstrom's novel Not If I See You First delves into the intricacies of disability and the pervasive issue of societal devaluation faced by individuals with disabilities. The protagonist, Parker Grant, who is blind, navigates a world that often underestimates her abilities and diminishes her worth based on her disability. Through Parker's perspective, the novel illuminates the challenges of living with a disability in a society that frequently overlooks or marginalizes individuals with disability. This paper through the lens of Disability Identity theory traces how Parker's characterization defies stereotypical portrayals of blindness as a limitation, instead presenting her as a complex individual whose blindness shapes her identity and worldview. She is portrayed as an individual whose identity is not confined within the constraint of her disability. Her character also challengesthedevaluation thatpeoplewith disabilitiesfacewhen shedecidesto join herschool’s track team.

Keywords: Disability, devaluation, blindness, young adult fiction, awareness, disability literature

A Study of Chicano Nationalism through Disability Images in Julie Avril Minich's Accessible Citizenships

Dr.Hari Narayan Prasad Associate Professor

Dept.of English and Modern European Languages

University of Lucknow

This paper aims to trace Chicano Nationalism and its cultural representation through Julie Avril Minich's work AccessibleCitizenships. It willbringapositiveobservationagainst theassumption thatDisability isametaphor for social decay.It will focus on changing the role of the nation- state in the present scenario. There will be emphasising impact on rights and benefits of Citizenship also.

Indian Cinema: A Grim Representation of Disability

Ishita Singh

Janki Devi Memorial College

University of Delhi

Muskan Srivastava

Tata Institute of Social Sciences

Beyond storytelling, expression, andentertainment,cinemaservesalarger purposeof influencing sociocultural attitudes, building and shaping public opinion on socially prevalent concerns, disability being one such whose representation affects the stereotypes, perceptions and treatment of disabled individuals, popular cinema, over time, has evolved from misrepresenting experiences of disabled bodies in a comic, karmic or villainous lens to stories that align with the social model which demands society to be more structurally inclusive of disability. The representation of disability ranges on a spectrum of tokenistic characters to a heroized disabled, making them rise beyond how unfair fate has been, surrounding the disabled body with a slice-of-life trope or sometimes appropriately following the challenges one might face in a world that is built for the able-bodied. Examining the diverse representation of disability in popular cinema helps understand its real-time impact on the perceptions of disability in society. The study involves an in-depth analysis of existing Indian films that feature disabled characters to examine the representation, stereotypes, and narratives surrounding disability. By employing a qualitative research approach, this study delves into the multifaceted dimensions of disability portrayal and its implications on social attitudes and the construction of a social mold in which one's disability has to fit to be accepted. The paper will use the Cultivation Theory Framework to critically analyze contemporary times to develop better ideas of the representation of Disabled bodies within Indian Cinema.

Keywords: Disability, models of disability, representation, cinema, cultural impact, cultivation theory, bollywood

The Problem of Disability and Its Portrayal in Soviet Tajik Literature

Isoeva Matluba Ph. D. Scholar

University of Lucknow

People with disabilities are an integral part of society. Their representation in literature is very significant. The way disability is portrayed in literary works plays an important role in shaping perception and fostering social change. Disability Studies is an unexplored area in Tajikistan, and the idea of values and inclusion has not yet been introduced in the domain of literary studies. There are a few significant works in Persian. Tajik Literature has introduced the characters with disabilities who play a pivotal role in the text as well.

In this regard, the proposed research paper will focus on the problem of disability and its portrayal in the works of Soviet Tajik Literature writers like Sadriddin Ayni, Mirzo Tursunzoda, and Sotim Ulugzoda. The paper aims to illustrate the characteristics of image formation of the personality of the disabled characters. Furthermore, it tries to reveal the different aspects of the life and problems of the individuals with disabilities in the text and analyze how the disability impacts their worldview, identity, people's attitude toward them, and their place in society.

Keywords: Disability Studies, Soviet Tajik Literature, disabled characters ***

Trauma and Healing in Low Fantasy: Analysing A Monster Calls

Jyotirmoy Joshi Research Scholar

Department of English and Modern European Languages

University of Lucknow

A Monster Calls falls within the genre classification of low fantasy. This paper aims to critically analyse how the text, categorised as low or intrusion fantasy, not only symbolically translates Connor's trauma-induced hallucinations and his mental health in general into the realm of low fantasy but also employs these nightmarish hallucinations as a narrative tool toward resolving the emotional turmoil within him. Focusing on A Monster Calls, a low fantasy novel characterised by the intrusion of fantastical elements into the ordinary world, the analysis delves into how the narrative exemplifies the unconscious mind's role in mitigating trauma. Through the narrative, the boundaries of the conscious mind are expanded as the protagonist grapples with his inner struggles. Alongside the fantastically translated portrayal of hallucinations, the novel also depicts the alleviating workings of the unconscious mind, happening concomitantly as Connor comes to understand his whole self. The process could be categorised as indicative of a schizophrenic disorder; however, within this guise of a hallucinatory disorder, the alleviating workings of the unconscious are also at play. This paper closely examines how the complexities of mental dynamics are translated into the aesthetic and narrative devices employed by the fantasy genre. Hallucinations thus embody a dual nature, serving as both a fantastical element metaphorically representing grief an outcome of trauma and a manifestation of Connor’s unconscious wisdom, a ter m expounded by Dan Merkur, a clinical psychoanalyst. This is articulated within the realm of fantasy fiction through the characterisation of the monster, establishing discernible patterns that contribute to the healing process of the conscious mind. The analysis delves into the representation of Connor's mental healing, elucidating his journey of realisation,

which encompasses the transformative process from denial to acceptance. The theoretical framework of this paper is partly anchored in the concept of 'Low Fantasy,' also known as Intrusion Fantasy, within the classification of fantasy fiction. Another integral aspect of the theoretical framework of this narrative is psychoanalysis. This dual theoretical foundation aims to demonstrate how Low Fantasy, employing symbolism and metaphoric translations, illustrates the workings of the unconscious in alleviating the anxiety of the conscious mind and coping with trauma.

Keywords: Fantasy fiction, mental health, trauma, psychoanalysis.

Narratives of Disability and Identity in Women's Disabled Writings

Kanaklata Research Scholar

University of Lucknow

This paper delves into the intricate relationship between disability and identity as portrayed in the narratives of women writers with disability. Drawing upon various literary works and critical analysis, it explores how authors articulate their experiences of disability, negotiate their identities and challenge society through their writings. Firstly, the paper examines the construction of disability narratives in women, highlighting the diverse range of experiences and perspectives. It considers how these narratives intersect with gender, race, class, sexuality and other aspects of identity, shaping the unique voices of women with disability. Secondly, the paper explores the theme of identity formation within the context of disability. It analyses how women writers navigate the complexities of selfhood, agency, and empowerment amidst societal stigmatization and marginalization. It also examines the role of literature in facilitating self-expression and self-advocacy for women with disabilities. Furthermore, the paper investigates the strategies employed by women authors to challenge and subvert ableist narratives and stereotypes. It explores how they reclaim their narratives, assert their agency, and redefine notions of normalcy and belonging through their creative works. Lastly the paper reflects ontheimplicationsof these narratives for broader discussion ondisabilityrights,feminism and societal justice. It considers the significance of centering the voices of women with disabilities in literary discourse and advocates for a more inclusion and intersectional approach to understanding disability and identity. In conclusion, this paper underscores the transformative power of women’s disabled writing in reshaping narratives, challenging dominant ideologies and fostering greater empathy and understanding towards diverse experiences of disability and identity.

Keywords: disability, identity, societal, stigmatization, marginalization, self-expression, ableist, stereotypes, intersectional, empathy and understanding

***

Understanding fantasy as a coping mechanism and adaptive skill: A study of Margarita with a Straw

Kirti Gautam Research Scholar

University of Lucknow

This paper explores the use of fantasy as a coping mechanism and adaptive skill in the Bollywood film “Margarita With a Straw'' (2014). Thefilm portrays the protagonist, Laila, a young woman with cerebral palsy, who navigates the challenges of disability and societal expectations. Through the lens of disability studies and psychology, this paper examines how Laila utilizes fantasy to cope with physical limitations, emotional distress, and the pursuit of self -discovery. Laila, the protagonist in “Margarita With a Straw,” grapples with the physical limitations and societal judgments imposed by her cerebral palsy. The film portrays her finding solace in crafting fantastical stories. This world of fiction provides an escape from the harsh realities of her daily life. Psychologists like Fredrickson and Bryant (2008) acknowledge fantasy as a healthy coping mechanism. It allows individuals to process difficult emotions, explore alternate realities, and maintain a sense of control – all crucial aspects of navigating challenges. Fantasy plays a vital role in Laila's quest for selfdiscovery. Through her writing, she explores themes of identity, sexuality, and love. These fantastical narratives become a safe space for her to confront societal expectations and challenge traditional notions of femininity and disability.Erikson’s(1968) theoryof psychosocial development suggests adolescence is a stage of identityformation. FantasyprovidesLailawith aplatform toexperiment with different identitiesanddesires, ultimately aiding her journey towards self-acceptance. “Margarita With a Straw'' sheds light on the empowering potential offantasyfor individualswith disabilities. Laila'sstoryshowcaseshowfantasycanserve as a coping mechanism, an adaptive skill, and a tool for self -discovery.

***

Anti-Humanism and Social Role Valorization: Understanding the Concept of “Inclusion” in Animal’s People by

Indra Sinha

Kumar Sawan Research Scholar

Department of English and Modern European Languages

University of Lucknow

This paper explores the intersection of anti-humanism and Social Role Valorization (SRV) through a reading of IndiraSinha’snovel Animal’s People.Thenovel’sportrayal of themarginalizedcharactersandtheirstruggle for inclusion in the aftermath of a chemical disaster, this study aims to uncover insights into the dynamics of social inclusion and exclusion. Drawing on an anti-humanist perspective and SRV, the paper seeks to find an intersection between these thoughts and how they fit in the study of the novel. The term anti-humanism here strictly stands against the inherently flawed concept of Eurocentric humanism. Through close textual analysis and theoretical engagement, thepaperseeksto elucidatehowthenovel navigatesideasof humanvalue,dignity, and community in a post-disaster setting.

Keywords: Anti-Humanism, Social Role Valorization, Social inclusion and exclusion

***

In the Shadow of Superpowers: Disability Representation and Social Commentary in X-Men and Daredevil

Mansi Vishwakarma

Department of English and Modern European Languages

University of Lucknow

This paper attempts to analyze disability representation in the X-men movie series and the character of Daredevil from the MCU. It explores the themes of devaluation, social role valorization, and the role of media in promoting inclusion. Through interdisciplinary analysis, it examines how these cinematic narratives depict characters with disabilities, such as Daredevilvs blindness, and their interactions with society. By applying concepts of SRV, it evaluates characters' role in challenging societal norms and fostering empowerment. Furthermore the paper also discusses the role of media in shaping perceptions of disability and advocating for social inclusion within popular culture.

Keywords: Disability, media and disability, social role valorization, devaluation

Exploring Disability Narratives: A Literary Analysis in English Literature

Mansi Yashi Mdsu, Ajmer

Disability studies as a literary movement illuminates the complex interplay between disability and literature, advocating for inclusivity and social justice. By examining diverse representations of disability, this field fosters empathy, understanding, and empowerment within literary discourse. Disability studies in literature not only deconstructsableism but alsointerrogates power structuresthatperpetuatemarginalization. Inconclusion, disability studies as a literary movement illuminates the complex interplay between disability and literature, advocating for inclusivity and social justice. By examining diverse representations of disability, this field fosters empathy, understanding, and empowerment within literary discourse.

Keywords: Disability studies, inclusivity, social justice, empowerment, literary discourse

Beyond the Disability Trope: Rethinking the Clichéd Representations in Cinema

Maziah Shaaz

Ph. D. Scholar

Department of English and Modern European Languages

University of Lucknow

Defining disability in an ableist narration framework means defining it from the vantage point of privileges. However, to put it in simpler terms, disability can be defined as an impairment of mind or body or both in people that in some way restricts their interactions with the world in general. It includes physical and cognitive disabilities that might be congenital or accidental in later stages of life. People with disabilities are often forced to live lives at the margins of universally sanctioned and conditioned norms that are strengthened through poor

representations in popular culture. As a discursive medium, cinema holds the most validated power of representation across all media. It can shape cultural norms, influence attitudes, and foster empathy. This kind of audacious authority comes from the responsibility of creation and ethical portrayal of truths. The portrayal of disability in film holds significant weight, as it can challenge or reinforce societal perceptions and prejudices. Despite steps taken towards more inclusive storytelling , misrepresentation of disability remains prevalent in cinema. Disabled characters are often relegated to the tired tropes of the tragic victim, the inspirational hero, or the villainous antagonist. These clichéd depictions not only fail to reflect the diversity of the disabled experience but also contribute to harmful stereotypes that marginalize and dehumanize people with disability. This paper attempts to evaluate these three tropes through different characters in select films set across various genres.

Keywords: Disability, clichés, tropes, misrepresentation, cinema, devaluation.

Portrayal and Narratives of Disability in Indian Cinema

Mohd Adeel Research Scholar

Department of English and Modern European Languages University of Lucknow

Cinema is considered one of the media with the most powerful influence on audiences. India is the world's largest producer offeaturefilmswithaglobalreach, and theBollywoodindustrycontributesthelargestnumber of filmstoIndiancinema; therefore, theportrayal of anyissuein Bollywoodcinemabecomesquiteremarkable. Studying cinematic portrayals and narratives about disability is important because it influences how people understand, imagine, and stereotype people with disabilities in real life. The dominant view of disability is based on a medical model that views disability as a functional limitation. According to this disability, it is a natural disadvantagethatdisabledpeoplesuffer whenplacedin competitivesocialsituationsandneedsto be medically remedied. However, the social model offers a modern alternative and emphasizes inclusion and acceptance of disability in society. Accordingly, disability is caused by social organization, not by human disability, so it is necessary to remove barriers that limit the choices of people with disabilities from society. This paper aims to analyze the representation and narration of disabled characters in contemporary Bollywood cinema. Previous studies have shown that Indian films portray characters from different backgrounds with tones of pity, irony, dependence and ridicule. But the way disabled characters are portrayed in post-millennial films seems a bit different.

Keywords: Disability, Portrayal, Bollywood, Representation, Disabled, Cinema

Disfigured Identities: Interrogating Ableism and Societal Valorization in ‘Woh’ by Rashid Jahan

Mohd Raghibul Haque

Ph. D. Research Scholar

Department of English and Modern European Languages

University of Lucknow

Rashid Jahan, renowned as Angareywali, delves into the intricacies of corporeal difference in her short story ‘Woh’, which brings to light the intricate web of societal perceptions surrounding disability. Through the character of ‘That One’ girl, who bears a disfigurement and a past as a prostitute, Jahan navigates the cultural nuances of acceptance and rejection. Safia, encountering her by chance in a hospital, becomes her voice, shedding light on the societal ostracization faced by the girl. Bill Hughes’ exploration of facial disfigurement in Routledge Handbook of Disability Studies (2012) unveils how emotions like pity, fear, and disgust form the bedrock of ableism, furthering the chasm between disabled and non-disabled individuals. Tharu and Lailta’s critique brings attention to the girl’s lack of agency, as Safia speaks on her behalf, highlighting the societal devaluation of her existence due to her disability. In the narrative, the title ‘Woh’ ironically underscores the objectification of the disfigured girl by those around her. Juxtaposing the reactions of various characters, the story serves as a poignant commentary on the absence of societal valuation bestowed upon individuals with disabilities. It underscores the glaring absence of both literal and figurative voices for the unnamed girl, painting a stark picture of her marginalization. The narrative underscores the urgent need for societal inclusivity and challenges readers to confront their perceptions of disability. In dissecting the social dynamics depicted in ‘Woh,’ the narrative prompts a deeper exploration of literary narratives within the Indian context. The research beckons to unravel the layers of conceptualizations surrounding corporeal difference, suggesting that within these narratives lie invaluable insights yet to be fully articulated. Through nuanced analysis, the story underscores the imperative for a comprehensive understanding of disability within societal frameworks, urging for a paradigm shift towards inclusivity and empowerment.

Keywords: Ableism, disability, societal valorization, societal inclusivity ***

An Insight into the World of Disabilities: A Perspective of a Mother

Nikita Yadav Research Scholar

Department of English and Modern European Languages

University of Lucknow

The paper attempts to narrate the experience of motherhood from the marginalised section of society and to explore the undocumented, unsaid and unheard experiences of mothering kids with disability. Also, the paper will focus on how mothers who are physically disabled should not be deemed as “bad mothers” just because of their disability. Mothers with disabilities too can fulfill the role of motherhood in whatever capacity they

can provided they are contributing to the well-being of the child. In the words of Tina Miller, a Western critic: “‘Mothering’ refers to the personal, individual experiences that women have in meeting the needs of and being responsible for their dependent children. ’Motherhood’ on the other hand refers to the context in which mothering takes place and is experienced.”Thefocus will beto explore maternal lovein an environment where the system works against a mother just because she does not fit the criteria of an “ideal mother.” The paper will attempt to understand the psyche of a mother trapped in a circuitous circle of cruelty, existing and fighting against the whole system that deems her presence as invisible under the eyes of the social gaze.

Keywords: Motherhood, disability, exploitation, discrimination, inhumanetreatment, maternallove, social role valorization.

Inclusion-The Media Way!

Nutan Pandey Research Scholar

University of Lucknow

Media plays a pivotal role in shaping narratives, influencing societal perceptions by fostering conversations, strengthening diverse voices, and encouraging thoughtfulness. Change happens by listening and then starting a dialogue with the people whoare doing something extraordinary. Deepa Malik, Arti Patel, Suresh H. Advani, Arunima Sinha are few such faces, who despite their disabilities excelled in their respective fields. They set an example that it’s possible to achieve higher results if they are made part of mainstream education and will also set an example for those likethem and everyoneelse as well. Andthis can beachieved with themediacovering these stories and spreading it to the masses. In the present study, content analysis of interviews of disabled students, non-disabled students and their parents has been done by the researcher in order to understand the role of media in sensitizing masses for bringing the attitudinal changes which can help in understanding their mutual Perspective, expectations and apprehensions.

Keywords: Media, inclusion, disabled, non-disabled.

A Psychotic Analysis of “What’s Eating Gilbert Grape”: Reading the Eccentric Patterns of Grape Family

Dr. Paridhi Kishore Assistant Professor

Department of English and MEL

University of Lucknow

Mental disorders are a common condition that many people and families have to live with and go through in their lifetime. The disorders are more common than one may think, and in fact they are all around us we just may not know. In the 1993 film “What’s Eating Gilbert Grape”, the movie stars Johnny Depp who takes the role of a small-town man, Gilbert Grape, who takes care of his fatherless family of five. The movie shows many characteristics of autism, depression, and eating disorders.

Devaluation by Sympathy and Ignorance

Prabhat Yashi Maharshi Dayanand Saraswati University, Ajmer

Being a blind person myself and having come across this way of living since 2016 when I was 19 years old, I often compare the behavior and attitude of others towards me before and after 2016. I have come to the realization that living life as a disabled person is already quite a struggle and it is enhanced incomprehensibly by the devaluing eyes of society. This realization can be attributed to the following observations which are gradually becoming facts in my mind: 1. People expect disabled persons to act in a way which suits their prejudices about disabled persons. As soon as someone gets to know a disabled person and his disability he immediately develops a feeling of sympathy which may or may not be superficial but is hollow at its core as a person who is not experiencing disability himself can never truly understand the complexities of a disabled person’slifeandtheamount ofadjustmentshehasmadeto hislife, asaresult of whichhemayappearabnormal or even eccentric. 2. The false notion that ‘First impression is the last impression’ often becomes the bane of disabled persons. Generally people tend to completely judge and make opinions about disabled people at first encounters and subconsciously force them to behave as a disabled person should according to them, no matter how much the disabled person tries to include himself normally in those surroundings. This is devaluation by sympathy and ignorance which can be countered by teaching everyone, disabled or able, to have an open mind free of prejudices.

Mass Media and Perception: Portrayal of Disability in Anime

Prachi Kholia Research Scholar

Department of English and Modern European Languages

University of Lucknow

E-mail: 0705prachi@gmail.com

Just as reading enables an individual to see and experience a world beyond oneself, consuming mass media opens up new perspectives as well. In a globalized world, there are no boundaries on creative exchange. This paper explores the role of mass media in tackling social issues through storytelling and representation in order to spread awareness and influence perception. It explores the attitude towards disability in Japan and traces the

negative and positive portrayals of disability in the popular medium of animation. The research takes into account how anime can impact the viewers by building a positive social environment in its treatment of physical disability, prejudice, stereotypes and mental health. Japanese animation often deals with complex themes and issues that serve an important role in generating awareness and changing the perception of disability especially in the younger audience. By encouraging empathy and understanding through its emotionally moving narratives, anime can inspire positive change in society.

Aging with Disabilities: Meeting the Unique Needs of Older Adults with Disabilities

Pranita Lele

Adjunct Faculty

Institute of Chartered Accountants of India

Dubai Chapter

Social devaluation is a term that was given by Erving Goffman to have the process of having one’s social identity degraded due to various reasons. Wolfensberger has categorized eighteen wounds that devalued people have to face which can also be known as “social consequences of disability” as part of his description of the theory of Social Role Valorization. This paper shall provide an in depth study of the wounds of social devaluation that were given intentionally and unintentionally to the protagonist Christopher who is autistic in Mark Haddon’s The Curious Incident of the dog in the Night-time (2003). Haddon is an English novelist who has won Whitbread Book of the Year Award, Children’s Literature Award, The Guardian Prize and also Commonwealth Writers Prize for this same book. It was also shortlisted for the Man Booker Prize 2003. This novel has been re-created as plays and movies very often by different artists due to its phenomenal appeal. It has been written from the point of view of a fifteen year old boy Christopher John Francis Boone who has autism It is a narrative that unveils his struggle to find a home where he can feel safe and loved. It also talks about what mental pressure and agony his parents had to face in raising him. However, the plot is intricately woven like a suspense thriller where Christopher wants to write a book based on a real incident of killing of his neighbor’s dog Wellington for which he was easily blamed. He sought to find the murderer since it was innocent and deserved only love. In trying to resolve the mystery he faces several challenges and learns a lot about himself and his family.

Keywords: Devaluation, social roles, autism, struggle

Representation of Valued Roles in Disability Discourse within Graphic Narratives: A Critical Analysis of Select Works Pranjul

Research Scholar

Department of English and Modern European Languages

University of Lucknow

This research paper delves into the intricate portrayal of valued roles within the discourse of disability in graphic narratives, unraveling their intricate interplay in shaping societal perceptions of disability through an in-depth analysisof seminal works: “Daredevils”byFrankMiller, and“TheOracleCode”byMariekeNijkamp upon a rich tapestry of literary theories, including disability studies, narrative theory, and visual semiotics. Through a meticulous examination of textual and visual elements, this paper argues that these graphic narratives offer multifaceted and nuanced representations of characters with disabilities, challenging and reshaping traditional stereotypes and tropes. The narrative strategies and visual techniques employed by the authors and artists, sheds light on the ways in which these works navigate and negotiate the concept of “valued roles” for individuals with disabilities within broader social, cultural, and historical contexts. Furthermore, it engages with theoretical frameworks such as the social model of disability, intersectionality, and postmodern narrative techniques to elucidate the ways in which these graphic novels subvert, reinforce, or transform societal perceptions. Through its exploration of the intricate interplay between text and image, this study seeks to contribute to a deeper understanding of how graphic narratives can serve as a powerful medium for challenging dominant discourses and promoting more inclusive representations of disability in literature and visual culture. It also underscores the potential of graphic narratives as a transformative medium for fostering greater empathy, understanding, and inclusivity towards individuals with disabilities.

Keywords: Valued roles, disability discourse, graphic narratives, inclusivity, empathy, visual culture, social perception.

Projecting Abled Disability and Creation of New World in the novel The Island of Lost Girls

Prashant Connodgia

Assistant Professor S.D.P.G. College, Dankaur

Disability is perceived differently in religion, mythology, and tradition. It is true that to be born without any physical or mental disabilityisconsideredablessing, althoughtherehavebeendiverseviewpointsandopinions on this subject. In certain contexts, it is viewed as a consequence of divine retribution, whereas in other contexts, individuals with disabilities are regarded as the unfortunate and impoverished, rather than as esteemed individuals. The portrayal of disability in Indian mythology has resulted in a societal obstacle for individuals with physical and intellectual disabilities. Technology and science have not only redefined the perception of disability, but also played a significant role in transforming the lifestyles of disabled. The Island of Lost Girls (2015) which is the sequel novel of Escape (2008) written by Indian author Manjula

Padmanabhan, showcases the story of numerous girls who were subjected to cruel assaults and had their limbs severed under the command of the powerful General. Rahmato, Shaya, Noor, Dani, Messina, Emmi, Vane, Gosami, Zara, Brahi and Tasha all are disabled girls who played important role in the construction of the Island under the supervision of empowered women Vane, Asma, Brahi, Kesh, Cha and four other mentors of this Island. These women are highly skilled technicians, including surgeons, scientists, and technocrats, who have had a significant impact on the lives of girls with disabilities.

Negation to Negotiation with the Person with Disabilities: A Study of Select Indian Films

Pritam Basak

Ph.D. Research Scholar

Department of English and Modern European Languages

University of Lucknow

Email: pritambasak65@gmail.com

Disability implies in itself an able way of living. Usually, the person with a disability is jeopardized with negative connotations like ‘burden upon earth’ or ‘victim of belated otherness’. That is why they feel shy, breeding a sense of inferiority in themselves. They hide themselves from mainstream human society as if they did not exist at all. Secretly, they start weaving out their way of independence. They toil hard to prove those connotations wrong by their strong will to strive to establish an identity. They fight against the faded marginality that creates the base for the stereotypical superstructure ingrained in a societal framework, where the bipolar division between self and others stands metaphorically for the division like normal and abnormal. Moreover, their provocative sense of understanding sometimes shakes the whole of humanity. To place a secure place, they put in an undying effort. All such customized paradigms appeal to the human heart, making normal people sensitive and responsive instead of reactive. This responsive nature, while injected in normal people, can make a big difference. It can install the positive sentiments of equality by giving them equal opportunity. Once the sense of inclusivity is poured into the whole of humanity, then such discriminations fly away. It also guarantees the acceptance of accessibility for the disability to the arena of fabricated normal humanity. Once they are accepted as being equal or normal, their omnipotent talent that was suppressed gets revitalized. Therefore, this paper aims at bringing in such a mindset of inclusivity or co-existing curriculum that allowspersonswith disabilityto get accessto theworld of opportunitieslikeeducation, love,andaffection, telecasted through the cinematic representation in films like Koi Mil Gaya (2003), Black (2005), and Taare Zameen Par (2007). All of these films upload a kaleidoscopic view of how the ability of a person with a disability is figured out and submerged their ‘subjectivity’ in mainstream society.

Keywords: Disability, inclusivity, accessibility, subjectivity, Indian filmography

Leela Gaur Broome's Flute in the Forest: A Reading into Social Role Valorisation

Raj Gaurav Verma Assistant Professor

Department of English and Modern European Languages

University of Lucknow

This paper reads Leela Gaur Broome's Flute in the Forest as an empowering narrative of facing, accepting and normalising disability. The novel touches on many overlapping themes of gender, child's issue, animal sensitivity, tribal concerns and the problem of impaired body. However, Broome casts Atiya, a disabled girl child protagonist with added values and positive socializing influence. Atiya accepts her physical disability and continues to be a part of the lives of people around her in various roles. Most importantly she overcomes her inferiority by her enabling personality. She rises up not only as a model of social role valorisation for herself but also transforms the perception of other people towards life and existence. This novel is unique as it focuses on Eco-Social Role Valorisation.

Keywords: Impairment, disability, animal madness, Social Role Valorisation

Unveiling Vulnerabilities: Echoes of Childhood Trauma and Disability in Indian Cinema

Rajkumar Singh Research Scholar

Department of English and Modern European Languages

University of Lucknow

Childhood trauma and disability are significant aspects of human experience, influencing individual lives and societal perceptions. Indian cinema, a powerful medium of cultural expression, has often portrayed these themes, reflecting the complexities and challenges faced by individuals within the society. This paper presents a preliminary exploration into therepresentation of childhood trauma and disability in Indian cinema, focusing on key themes, cinematic techniques, and socio- cultural implications. The study aimsto examine theportrayal of childhood trauma and disability, exploring how these themes intersect and shape cinematic narratives. The paper identifies recurring motifs and narrative tropes employed in the depiction of childhood trauma and disability, including themes of resilience, stigma, and societal acceptance in the films like films like “Taare Zameen Par”, “My Name is Khan”, “Black”, “Barfi”, “Paa”, etc.

The paper examines the role of Indian cinema in both challenging and perpetuating stereotypes surrounding trauma and disability, considering the impact of cinematic representation on public perceptions and policy discourse. It also explores the intersection of childhood trauma and disability representation in Indian cinema,

offering insights into the complexities of storytelling, cultural identity, and social change within the cinematic landscape.

Keywords: Childhood trauma, disability, cinema, resilience, identity ***

Disability and Inclusion: Bridging the Gap for a More Equitable Society

Renu Ojha Research Scholar Dr. Shakuntala Misra National Rehabilitation University

This research paper explores the concept of disability and inclusion, focusing on the challenges faced by individuals with disabilities in various aspects of life and the importance of creating inclusive environments. It examines the social, economic, and cultural barriers that hinder the full participation of people with disabilities in society and proposes strategies for promoting inclusion and fostering a more equitable world.

Keywords: Disability, inclusion, challenges, barriers, participation, strategies, equity.

Promoting Inclusion and Accessibility of Women with Disabilities in Domestic and Social Sphere in Preeti Monga’s The Other Senses

Rohit Kasaundhan Research Scholar

Department of English Benaras HU Varanasi

Email: rohitkasaundhan1998@gmail.com

Women and persons with disabilities have been the subject of academic, social and political discourse for a very long time due possessions of a kind of abnormality but when gender and disability initiate communicating with each other at the same platform simultaneously, the discourse becomes more polemical. Women with disabilities have often been comprehended as the marginalized sections of the society due to lack of proper opportunities to provide them access to their fundamental prerequisites like: education, health, security, love and affection and sexuality, and their inclusion in the mainstream cultureand society. Keeping in consideration the problematic scenario of their underprivileged status in the normal world on account of presence of deformity in their body and stigmatic approaches of the society, the question occurs of their need for inclusion and accessibility to make them capable of asserting their identity. This paper attempts to raise the issues of women with disabilities in the literary world, particularly in Preeti Monga’s autobiographical narrative The Other Senses. It focuses on the difficulties in the life of the narrator and her exertions in society, for herself to

be incorporated in the mainstream culture and society, and to make the fundamental requirements accessible for her in order to assert her identity.

Keywords: Inclusion, accessibility, promotion, gender, disability, society

Discrimination and Stigma against Transgender People: A Study of Autobiographies of A. Revathi and Dr. Manobi Bandyopadhyay

Sakshi Arora

Ph.D. Research Scholar

University of Allahabad

Contact No. 7309797706

E-mail- rarebird2020@outlook.com

This paper aims to study the journey of Stigma and Oppression in the life of Transgender people, especially the Hijra Community of India. People refuse to give them space in the society and they are treated as deviants, subhumans and objects of ridicule. They break the gender roles assigned to them and go across the boundaries of gender. One who does not performing the expected role of a ‘male’ or a ‘female’ is not considered as ‘normal’. Trans- women, like A.Revathi and Manobi Bandyopadhyay, who were born as males, face oppression by the patriarchal society for now a ‘he’ identifies himself as a ‘she’ i.e. a ‘weaker sex’, ‘second sex’. They go through a journey of strong social stigma. This paper with the detailed analysis of A.Revathi and Manobi Bandyopadhyay’s autobiography tries to show how society is violent towards someone who considers herself a woman and how through discourse cisgender is considered a norm and any diversion from this norm is considered ‘anti-social’ and transgenders are stigmatized.

Keywords: Autobiography, Hijra, transgender, oppression, violence, stigma, cisgender

From Seclusion to Inclusion: Disability in Bollywood Cinema

Sangeeta Kotwal Professor,

Department of English Navyug Kanya Mahavidyalaya Lucknow

The representation of disability in Bollywood cinema has always been suspect .Is disability used in movies to arouse sympathy or even pity to increase the emotional quotient of a film? Or is it a tear jerker device to make a film commercially more viable? Whatever it may be in the past, over the decades we have seen a subtle shift in the perception of film makers towards disability.

This abstract aims to analyse this transformation from seclusion to inclusion by tracing the journey from the portrayal of disability as a mere gimmick to the nuanced and authentic depiction seen in some recent movies. The classic film ‘Dosti’(1964) ,portraying the friendship between two disabled individuals, serves as a good example of Bollywood movies perpetuating stereotypes and stigma associated with disability and using it for commercial purposes. On the other hand a movie like’ Sparsh’ (released in 1980 ) marked a significant departure from traditional representations. Directed by Sai Paranjpe the film delves into the complexities of relationships and emotions within a visually challenged community in a most sensitive manner. Similarly movies like‘Barfi ‘(2012) and ‘Margaritawith astraw’ (2014) have pushed theboundariesfurther.These films portray characters with disabilities as multifaceted individuals with desires and aspirations. They challenge stereotypes, foster empathy and advocate for societal acceptance and equal opportunities for persons with disability, thus leading to the hope thatmaybe Bollywood movies ,with their huge impact on society,are finally moving towards inclusion.

Keywords: Inclusion, disability, cinema, seclusion

Rethinking Disability Studies in India: Theory and Praxis

Shiv Govind Puri Professor

Department of English and Modern European Languages

University of Lucknow

The present study attempts to study and examine disability studies and the current major concerns from a theoretical and cultural perspective; to analyse social-cultural perspectives on disability in the Indian context; to explore how disability has been represented and contextualized in the contemporary texts. Disability studies in India encompass both theoretical frameworks and practical approaches aimed at understanding and addressing the experiences and challenges faced by people with disabilities across the country. This present study would provide various models of perceiving disability, theoretical aspects, and key concepts related to disability.

Keywords: Disability studies, cultural studies, models of disability, practical approaches

Expanding the Normal: Disability and Sexuality in Margarita with a Straw

Shubham Singh

Department of English & Modern European Languages

University of Lucknow

The evolution of Disability Studies has left no stone unturned in creating an awareness and acceptance of disability. Disability has its complex domain and all the issues related to it are yet not fully addressed. One such aspect of disability is queer disability. Disability often receives a prejudiced response and so is the case with a person with a different sexual orientation but what if both attributes are present in a single person? Margarita with a Straw, a2014IndianHindi-languagedramafilmdirectedbyShonali Boseattemptsto address queer disability by encompassing disability, different sexual orientation, and natural lust on the part of its protagonist Laila. The movie portrays sexuality as a normal and natural aspect of the disabled person’s life and breaks the boundaries of sexual prejudices. The movie adequately depicts the interplay between one’s desires and dependency. This paper analyses the movie from the lens of how such narratives are vital in establishing holistic disability studies.

Keywords: Disability studies, social role valorization, disability in cinema

Human Subjects, Nonhuman Objects: An Interdisciplinary Approach in Disability Studies and Critical Animal Studies

Shubham Yadav Research Scholar

Department of English & Modern European Languages

University of Lucknow

This paper delves into the fascinating world of disability and animal studies, exploring how humans and nonhuman beings are perceived and treated within society. By taking an Interdisciplinary approach that combines insights from disability studies and critical animal studies, this paper uncovers some eye-opening truths about the way society interacts with the world around us. One key idea explored in this paper is the concept of “normality” and how it influences attitudes towards both humans with disabilities and non-human animals. Challenging the notion that there is only one way to be “normal,” this paper sheds light on the diverse range of experiences and identities that exist within our society. Through this exploration, it aims to promote greater acceptance and inclusion for all individuals, regardless of their differences. But this paper isn't just about spotlighting the problems – it also proposes solutions. By advocating for a more inclusive and compassionate approach to disability and animal rights, it believes a better world for everyone can be created. Thus, this paper explores the intersections of humanity, diversity, and compassion, and works towards a more just and equitable society for all.

Keywords: Disability studies, critical animal studies, intersectionality, inclusivity, social role valorization

Women’s Voices and Inclusive Education in Preeti Monga’s The Other Senses and Malini Chib’s One Little Finger: A Comparative Analysis.

Sushmita Singh Research Scholar

Department of English and Modern European Languages

University of Lucknow

This paper aims to analyse the way courage defeats disability merely a physical deformity, the way disability is misperceived in society where people of special needs are looked down upon. This research paper explores the two literary texts of authors who are of special needs, Malini Chib’s One Little Finger and Preeti Monga’s The Other Senses. Malini Chib is a disability rights activist whose celebrated autobiography One Little Finger brings out her own life struggles. Due to the lack of oxygen during the birth time Malini Chib was diagnosed with cerebral palsy which caused impairment in movement and communication but her brain remained unaffected. Preeti Monga’s The Other Senses which brings out the dark, hidden facets of society where discrimination happens to the most vulnerable class that is the people of special needs. The other Senses explores the saga of a woman who is visually impaired and finds herself trapped in an abusive marriage. Both the literary texts One Little Finger and The Other Senses voice out for the inculcation of an inclusive education in India’smoderneducationsystem. Thisresearch paper emphasizesalot ontheconcept of InclusiveEducation which is a broader and comprehensive term for social equality.

Keywords: Inclusive education, women, NEP 2020, Special needs and Self-belief.

A Psychoanalytic Study on the Disability of Mental Illness in Jerry Pinto’s Novel Em and The Big Hoom

Shiwani Ojha Research scholar

Department of English and Modern European Languages

University of Lucknow

Email: Shiwaniojha95@gmail.com

This paper explores the representation of the disability of mental illness in the discourse of mental health through the analysis of Jerry Pinto’s Em and The Big Hoom. Literature is the best source for depicting the ineffable suffering of people having mental illness. This novel not only elaborates on the struggle of the protagonist’s mental disorder along with her caretakers but also portrays the whole mental health care system in India. Language is a pivotal aspect in the analysis of dark and untrodden areas of mental illness. Puns, jokes, colloquial words, and delusions of Em have been analyzed to reveal the unconsciousness of the patient and explore the hidden issues of identity problems, societal oppression, and their relation to bipolar disorder in the light of psychoanalysis theory. In a review for ‘India Today’ Anvar Ali Khan said of the novel, “ I don’t know how much of this book is autobiographical, but I suspect a large part of it is: it’s just too authentic, in its minutiae of mental illness, and its deliberate matter of fact, the narrative of pain, for it to be the fiction that it pretends to be. It is an emotionally daunting book and frankly, I’m not sure everybody will have the strength,

or even the compassion to reap its richness”. The story weaves around the four lives, stringing the plot by silences and voices of mental illness as it attemptsto put together ataleof love, trauma, and disability of mental illness.

Keywords: Disability, mental illness, oppression, trauma, health, minutiae.

“We’re All too Mad Here”: Thinking through Acting and the Psychotic Language

Spandan Ghosh

Ph.D. Scholar

Department of English and Modern European Languages

University of Lucknow

In scholarships around mental health, there is a recurrent debate about the agency in psychosis. Whether one can be held accountable for the irrationality is a matter of speculation and great concern. While some argue that moral responsibility is incompatible with determinism, philosophers of disability/neurodiversity or disabled/neurodivergent philosophers like Sofia Jeppsson argues towards accepting responsibility and moving beyond guilt throughacts of self- compassion. Thispaper will tryto decode thebanalities of guilt and the limits of tolerance and acceptance. The pursuit is to briefly illustrate the role of psychotic language in irrational human fallibility and the causal outcome on the caregivers. The argument of this paper is indebted to Annie G. Rogers (a psychiatric survivor and a practising psychoanalyst), who sees psychotic language in psychosis not as language deficit, dysfunction, or a brain-based and driven phenomenon. Instead, the individual’s relationship to language is uniquely subjective, meaningful, and connected to experiences that have never been named and lie outside discourse in the family and society. The intention here is to problematize further, see language at the receptors’/caregivers’ discretion, and reanimate and simultaneously suspend notions of guilt, shame and responsibility. This brief speculative paper will rely on ideas of jouissance and argue that moments of psychotic experience cause an unwarranted paradoxical enjoyment which dissolves culpability but defers absolution. The overarching aim is to interrogate the tyranny of language and to try to share the burdens of adjustment as fairly as possible.

The Dynamics of Disabilities: Re-reading of Issac Bashevis Singer’s Shosha

Swati Vaishya Research Scholar

Department of English & Modern European Languages

University of Lucknow

Email: swativaish.30933@gmail.com

Since literature often represents the real-life problems and experiences, there are several authors who have depicted the stigma of having a disability through their works. They well portray the condition of disabled

characters and its effect onothers’ lives. Disabilitystudies is an emerging area of study in the modern literature that examines the implications of disability on people’s lives in social, psychological, ethical, and cultural contexts. Issac Bashevis Singer is a well-known Jews American novelist, a Nobel Prize Winner, whose works frequently examined the difficulties and challenges faced by Jewish immigrants in America during the post Holocaust era. This paper attempts to examines Singer’s famous novel Shosha from the perspective of disability studies. This novel sets in Warsaw, Poland during the World War II, its plot mainly revolves around the lives of the struggling writer Aaron Greidinger and his childhood friend Shosha who has not grown up as a woman but behaves like a child both in appearance and mentality. Therefore, she always faces the neglection by the society, feeling of isolation and fear of losing her relations and identity. By the portrayal of the character Shosha, Singer creates a picture that how a strong person shows different attitude and behaviour about a weak person. Thus, the main objective of this paper is not only to highlight the experiences and complexities of the character Shosha but also to understand the psyche and behaviour of other people towards the disabled person.

Keywords: Disability, identity, World War II, social and psychological issues.

***

Towards an Understanding of Disability: Some Deliberations

Tanuka Chatterjee

Department of English & Modern European Languages

University of Lucknow

The notion of disability unpacks various conceptualizations of socio-biological inequities, which advance numerous discourses that refute culturally ratified norms of behaviour. This paper reads into defining and understanding various aspects of disability in light of emerging theories.

Keywords: Disability Studies, diabilism, ablism

***

Mental Health and Disability in Mahesh Dattani's play Tara: A Critical Exploration

Tanu Sharma

Department of English & Modern European Languages

University of Lucknow

Mahesh Dattani's play Tara presents a poignant exploration of mental health, disability, and societal devaluation, with thecharacter of Bharati serving as a central figure through which these themes are examined. This research paper delves into the representations of mental illness in "Tara" and investigates its intersection with disability and the pervasive experience of devaluation, with a particular focus on Bharati's narrative arc. Bharati's character embodies the complexities of mental health challenges within the context of familial and

societal expectations. As she grapples with her inner turmoil and battles with depression, Bharati's struggles intersect with her physical disability, complicatingher senseof identity and agency. ThroughBharati'sjourney, we witness the intricate interplay between mental illness and disability, challenging traditional binaries and shedding light on the multifaceted nature of human experience.

This research paper seeks to challenge stereotypes, promote empathy, and advocate for greater understanding and acceptance of individuals facing mental health challenges and disabilities. Through Bharati's story, we aim to foster dialogue, raise awareness, and advocate for social change towards creating a more inclusive and compassionate society.

Keywords: Mental health, disability, devaluation, stigma, intersectionality, societal perceptions, representation.

Bridging Diversity: UDL-Based Approaches for Inclusive Education of Children with Special Needs

Twinkal Research Scholar

Central University of Rajasthan

The contemporary educational landscape emphasizes the inclusion of children with diverse needs in regular classrooms, necessitating meticulous planning to address the distinct requirements of each student. In this context, crafting detailed lesson plans becomes imperative to ensure a focused approach that caters to the unique needs of all children within the classroom setting.

Aim: This study aims to assess the effectiveness of a Universal Design for Learning (UDL)-based program in fostering the comprehensive development of children with special needs.

Method and Materials: Employing a qualitative exploratory research design, this study focused on a sample comprising 10 children with special needs and 10 special educators affiliated with Rajasthan Mahila Kalyan Mandal (RMKM), selected through purposive sampling. RMKM is a non-profit organization, works for community development to improvethelives of people with disabilities. Case studies and observationmethods were utilized for collecting the data. Thematic analysis was applied for data interpretation.

Results and Discussion: The study reveals that educators in mainstream classrooms successfully provided inclusive opportunities for children with diverse needs, adapting materials to cater to individual student requirements. Additionally, thefindingshighlightedthesupportivenatureoftheUDLframeworkinfacilitating multi-level teaching and the active engagement of children with special needs in the classroom.

Conclusion: The UDL program emerges as an authentic framework empowering teacher to create a more inclusive classroom environment for children with special needs. The findings of paper will help in planning curricular activities and different intervention activities for the children with special needs.

Keywords: Meaningful involvement, UDL, inclusion, children with special needs, special educator

Negotiating the Patterns of Disability in Mahadevi Verma’s “Gungiya”

Umme Kulsoom

Department of English and Modern European Languages

University of Lucknow

Email: ummekulsoom551@gmail.com

Persons with Disability experience devalorization and ridicule within society. With times changing, there is more and more awareness around the issue with many disability theories coming to light. However, there is still a huge margin between theory and execution. This paper deals with analyzing a short story, “Gungiya” by Mahadevi Verma. Verma is known as one of the four pillars of the Chhayavaadi era in Hindi Literature. She was way ahead of her times in writing candidly about certain issues that were considered social taboos, for instance the social treatment of a physically disabled woman. The study explores the agency that a Person with Disability has over one’s own life. It is observed that more often than not women with disability are doubly marginalized as opposed to men with disability. The paper also delves into the issue of marriage and disability through a close reading of the short story. It seeks to sensitize the readers towards the acceptance and social inclusion of persons with disability. The idea that social acceptance of women with disability is linked with their acceptance by a male entity in their life is also questioned in the paper. The proposed research paper shall discusstheimportanceof acceptingoneasan individual and not makedisabilitythefocal point oftheiridentity. It shall also emphasize upon thefact thatsociety must put away thegoggles of pity and sympathy while dealing with the disabled community.

Keywords: disability, women, marginalization, inclusion, Mahadevi Verma, short story ***

Harmonizing Inclusion: Exploring Educational Challenges and Societal Perceptions of Autism Spectrum Disorder

Vartika Singh Research Scholar

Department of English and Modern European Languages

University of Lucknow

This paper critically examines the intricate challenges and potential avenues for achieving genuine inclusive education for students with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) withinmainstream educational settings. Despite progressive legislative mandates and growing societal awareness, the implementation of inclusive practices remains beset by multifaceted impediments rooted in entrenched paradigms and systemic barriers. The paper

elucidates the pervasive recalcitrance within educational institutions towards embracing holistic approaches to inclusion. It highlights the prevalence of parochial perspectives and outdated pedagogical practices that perpetuate exclusionary norms, hindering the genuine integration of students with ASD. Through a comprehensive analysis, this paper delineates the complex array of challenges faced by educators in accommodating the diverse needs of students with ASD. From misinterpretations of ASD behaviours to inadequate provision of accommodations, educators grapple with navigating unfamiliar terrain amidst limited support and understanding. Inlight of these challenges, this paper advocates for aparadigm shift in educational philosophy and practice towards fostering genuine inclusivity. It underscores the imperative for educators to cultivate a nuanced understanding of ASD and employ proactive adaptation strategies to create supportive learning environments. By fostering a culture of acceptance, flexibility and collaboration, educational institutions can aspire towards realizing the full potential of inclusive education for students with ASD.

Keywords: autism, inclusive education, spectrum, socio-psychological factors, learning Dynamics

The Concept of Value in Ashtavakra Gita: An Inquiry into Disability, Form, and Spiritual Insight

Vedamini Vikram

Ph.D. Scholar

Department of English and Modern European Languages

University of Lucknow

This research paper explores the idea of value in Ashtavakra Gita, a classical Indian text, written in the form of a dialogue between King Janak and Sage Ashtavakra whose body is deformed and bent in eight places. Specifically, it investigates the perspective of Indian Advaita philosophy concerning disability, form, and value. The discoursein Ashtavakra Gita challenges prevailing perspectives onhumancognition and perception of bodies and forms by emphasizing formlessness as an inherent and genuinely present quality of the human body and mind. Essentially, the text prompts a reflection on the fundamental question of ‘where’ we place value. In a culture influenced by materialism, placing value solely on bodies, identities, and their position in social hierarchies inevitably leads to the creation of notions such as center-periphery or ability-disability, often unconsciously. However, when value is placed in something common and equal in all individuals such as the formless essence within duality begins to dissolve, even if its lingering sense persists. Thus, this text holds clues to developing an absolutely egalitarian worldview based on ancient Indian spiritual understanding one where all avenues of discrimination, including disability, cease to hold value. Through literary analysis, this paper attempts to read this text and its definitions of bodies, forms, and identities in the context of the idea of ‘value’ in literature, a subject which links closely to discussions around disability.

Keywords: Value, disability, Advaita philosophy, perception, ontology, discrimination, materialism, egalitarian worldview, literary analysis, identity.

Media and Disability: Constructing an Inclusive Public Discourse

Veenita Rai Research Scholar

Department of English and Modern European Languages

University of Lucknow

Email: veenitarai97@gmail.com

In this rapidly evolving era of global communication, media emerges not only as a mirror reflecting societal norms and prejudices but also as a powerful architect shaping the contours of public discourse. Among its diverseinfluences, theportrayal of disability in themediaplaysanintegral rolein eitherreinforcing stereotypes or fostering an inclusive society that values diversity and equality. This paper explores thedual natureof media in relation to disability, the challenges that persist in achieving inclusive representation, and the strategies that can lead us towards a more equitable media landscape. Historically, media representations of disability have oscillated between pity, heroism, and villainy. Such portrayals, deeply embedded in the collective consciousness, have not only relegated individuals with disabilities to the periphery of societal narratives but have also significantly influenced public attitudes, often leading to discrimination, stigma, and exclusion. Furthermore, the absence of individuals with disabilities in creative and decision-making processes leads to a lack of authentic voices and narratives in media content. The relationship between media and disability is complex and fraught with challenges. Yet, it is clear that the media possesses immense potential to influence societal attitudes and contribute to constructing an inclusive public discourse. By embracing diversity, challenging stereotypes, and involving people with disabilities in the narrative process, the media can lead the way in shaping a society that values and celebrates difference. This paper analyzes the journey towards inclusivity, which is ongoing, and the indispensable role of media in navigating this terrain, pushing the boundaries of representation, and fostering a more inclusive world for all.

Keywords: Disability, media, inclusion, discourse, exclusion.

Disability to Ability: Exploring the Idea of Value in Indian Epics

Department of English and Modern European Languages

University of Lucknow

Yashi Bajpai Research Scholar

E-mail: yashi.bajpai11@gmail.com

This paper examines the philosophy of inclusivity in ancient Indian culture through a close reading of Indian epics to reconsider how disability is portrayed. From a vigilante perspective, disability seems inexplicable, even though it is a fact that in Indian society, it has been viewed as a sin or an outlaw. This is more of a colonialism related socio-temporal shift. Many disabled personalities have been given space and strength in the Mahabharata and the Ramayana illustrating the particulars that signify narrative change in the postcolonial era. The themes of power, harmony, friendship, cooperation, unity in diversity, and friendship demonstrate the important role that disabled characters have played. Multiculturalism portrays the innate attitude of cooperation among Indians during difficult times. In the culmination, a correct comprehension of theseepicscan highlight thepositivebehaviour of societyandhelp reducethestigmaassociated with disability.

Keywords: Disability, Narratives, Indianness, Inclusion

Disability as Symbolism: Perspectives on the select characters in the Ramayana and the Mahabharata

Yogendra Pratap Singh Research Scholar

Department of English

DDU Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur

Disability is a social construct as well as a medical term for those who have different anatomical and body structuresascompared to all thosewhoarearoundthem. ‘Disability’; hasbeengivendifferent termsandnames and been defined differently with the terms such as ‘disabled’, ‘differently abled’, ‘Divyang’, ‘Viklang’, etc. Discourses on this concept are new to the academics but the thing which is called disability, has been present here since the beginning of the society. Values, concepts and social roles are the things that change with the passage of time and disability is no exception. There have been different concepts, values and social roles related to disability and disabled people in our society. A lot of such things are evident in Sanskrit texts, folk literature and public sayings. As Saussure has observed a word or a thing is arbitraryin its meaning so different words have been the symbols for the signified concept or anatomical structure which is now considered a disability. Several disabled characters appeared in mythical and religious works like the Ramayana, the Mahabharata and several others. Among these characters, Dhritrashtra, Kubja, Shakuni, Ashtavakra, Manthara, and Kumbhkarna are disabled by birth; Gandhari is blindfolded; and Surpankha represents a kind of acquireddisability. Thereisanother kind ‘Naga’which is describedby theneo-mythological novelist Amish Tripathi that includes a wide range of characters. All these characters are part of a special kind of semiotics. This paper aims to study this ‘science of symbols’, the disabled characters and their symbolic significance. Thepaper willalso tryto analysethechangingmeaning andsignificanceofthesecharactersand theirdisability.

Keywords: Disability, symbolism, social role valorization

Post World War I Trauma in Modern Literature: A Critical Study

A.

Babu

Rajendra Prasad Associate

Professor Amity School of Languages Amity University, Lucknow Campus

The First World War created lots of problems for mankind. For the first time in history, the world understood the futility of war. Until that point, war was fought mainly between two countries for one reason or another. During the First World War, the colonized countries were forced to participate due to pressure imposed on them by colonizers. By the end of the First World War, the USA and the USSR emerged as powers to reckon with, meanwhileEngland’s economy collapsed. The First World War led to manycasualties. Soldiers lost their lives in trench warfare. The tragedy is that soldiers from colonized countries sacrificed their lives for no direct reason. The impact of the First World War on different countries was so devastating that modern literature makes a mention of Post World War I trauma through many works. Many Modern Writers including Virginia Woolf, T.S. Eliot and others have thrown light on the impact of the First World War in their works. For instance, Virginia Woolf created a character Septimus Smith who was a victim of war in her novel Mrs. Dalloway. In fact, the term “shellshock" used in the novel later entered the English Dictionary as well. The term ‘Wasteland’ was used as a metaphor to represent the whole of Europe, which literally became a graveyard post World War I. In English Literature, an exclusive category of poets come under the broad heading called War Poets. This paper traces the sufferings of mankind as depicted in Modern Literature.

Key Words: World War I, trauma, modern literature, shellshock, war and suffering

Recent Publications