Psychology an exploration 3rd edition ciccarelli test bank

Psychology An Exploration 3rd Edition

Ciccarelli Test Bank

TOTAL ASSESSMENT GUIDE

Chapter 6 Memory

6.1:

and contrast the three processes of memory.

6.2: Explain how the different models of memory work.

6.3:

the process of sensory memory.

6.4:

shortterm memory and distinguish it from working memory.

6.5: Describe the mechanisms of longterm memory and differentiate among the various types of long-term memory.

6.6: Explain the effects of cues on memory retrieval.

6.7: Describe and distinguish between the processes of recall and recognition and identify problems with eyewitness recognition.

6.8: Describe how some memories are automatically encoded into longterm memory.

6.9: Explain how memories are reconstructed and identify some retrieval problems associated with this.

183, 185-187

198, 217

6.10: Describe the “curve of forgetting” and explain the importance of distributed practice to memory retrieval.

6.11: Identify some common reasons why people forget things.

6.12: Explain the biological bases of memory in the brain.

6.13: Define amnesia and discuss its causes.

6.14: Define Alzheimer’s disease and discuss its possible causes and treatments.

133-136, 138, 199

137, 139-140

149, 153, 200, 203204, 218

154-157, 159-160, 163, 205-209, 220

164, 169, 210-211

171-174, 212

143-145, 151, 20202 141-142, 146-148, 150, 152, 219, 225

158, 161-162

166-167, 170 165, 168

Chapter 6 - Quick Quiz 1

1. _______ is the retention of memory for some period of time.

a) Encoding

b) Storage

c) Retrieval

d) Evaluation

2. Which of the following might be the most appropriate analogy for eidetic imagery?

a) a table

b) a modem

c) a rainbow

d) a photograph

3. Repeating items over and over in order to aid memory is known as ______ rehearsal.

a) repetitive

b) imagery

c) elaborative

d) maintenance

4. The Internet, with its series of links from one site to many others, is a good analogy for the organization of ________.

a) short-term memory

b) episodic memory

c) long-term memory

d) nondeclarative memory

5. The best place to take your biology exam to ensure good retrieval of biology concepts is in ________.

a) the biology classroom

b) an auditorium to prevent cheating

c) the English classroom

d) the special testing room used for all exams

6. A witness on the stand swears that he saw someone commit a crime. Must you believe that the testimony is valid when a witness testifies so forcefully?

a) Yes, because seeing is believing.

b) No, because eyewitnesses are not usually honest.

c) Yes, because eyewitnesses are very confident about their testimony.

d) No, because there is a great possibility of a “false positive” identification.

7. For which famous memory researcher is memory a problem-solving activity in which the problem is to give a coherent account of some past event, and the memory is the solution to that problem?

a) Bartlett

b) Meyer

c) Ebbinghaus

d) Skinner

8. Researchers exploring false and real memories have found that .

a) false memories of visual images and visual images of real events are processed in different brain locations

b) false memories of visual images and visual images of real events are processed in much the same way

c) they could not localize where false visual images were processed

d) they could not localize where correct or real visual images were processed

9. Short-term memories appear to be localized in the ________.

a) occipital lobe

b) cingulate gyrus

c) amygdala

d) prefrontal cortex and temporal lobes

10. People with Alzheimer’s disease typically have a memory problem known as ________.

a) amygdaloid amnesia

b) inferograde amnesia

c) retrograde amnesia

d) anterograde amnesia

Chapter 6 - Quick Quiz 1

Answer Key

1. b Explanation: Storage puts away material. (Topic: What Is Memory?, Remember the Facts, 2 – Moderate, LO 6.1- Compare and contrast the three processes of memory, APA 1.1)

2. d Explanation: Yes, it’s like a picture and is sometimes called photographic memory.

(Topic: The Information-Processing Model: Three Stages of Memory, Understand the Concepts, 1 – Easy, LO 6.3 – Explain the process of sensory memory, APA 1.1)

3. d Explanation: Maintenance rehearsal involves repeating bits of information to aid memory. It is not the best strategy for getting information into long-term memory.

(Topic: The Information-Processing Model: Three Stages of Memory, Remember the Facts, 1 – Easy, LO=6.4 - Describe short-term memory and distinguish it from working Memory, APA 1.1)

4. c Explanation: Long-term memory is organized with links that branch out to other links in a manner similar to the organization of the Internet.

(Topic: The Information-Processing Model: Three Stages of Memory, Understand the Concepts, 3 - Difficult, LO=6.5 - Describe the mechanisms of long-term memory and differentiate among the various types of long-term memory, APA 1.1)

5. a Explanation: If you could take the test where you studied, that would be the best.

(Topic: Getting It Out: Retrieval of Long-Term Memories, Apply What You Know, 1 - Easy, LO=6.6 - Explain the effects of cues on memory retrieval, APA 1.1, 1.3)

6. d Explanation: A great number of “false positive” identifications have been made. Witnesses sometimes construct memories after the fact and convince themselves of their validity. (Topic: Recall and Recognition, Apply What You Know, 2 - Moderate, LO=6.7 – Describe and distinguish between the processes of recall and recognition and identify problems with eyewitness recognition, APA 1.1, 1.3)

7. a Explanation: The researcher in question is Bartlett. (Topic: How Reliable Are Our Memories?, Remember the Facts, 3 - Difficult, LO=6.9 - Explain how memories are reconstructed and identify some retrieval problems associated with this, APA 1.2)

8. b Explanation: Researchers using MRI scanning have found that false memories of visual images and visual images of real events are processed in overlapping brain locations. (Topic: How Reliable Are Our Memories?, Remember the Facts, 2 - Moderate, LO=6.9 –Explain how memories are reconstructed and identify some retrieval problems associated with this, APA 1.2)

9. d Explanation: Short-term memories appear to be stored in the prefrontal cortex and temporal lobes. (Topic: Neuroscience of Memory, Remember the Facts, 2 - Moderate, LO=6.12 - Explain the biological bases of memory in the brain, APA 1.1)

10. d Explanation: The type of memory problem that people with dementia, including Alzheimer’s, typically have is called anterograde amnesia. (Topic: Applying Psychology to Everyday Life, Remember the Facts, 1 - Easy, LO=6.14 - Define Alzheimer's disease and discuss its possible causes and treatments, APA 1.1)

Chapter 6 - Quick Quiz 2

1. ____________ is defined as an active system that receives information from the senses, puts it into a useable form, organizes and alters information as it stores it away, and then retrieves the information from storage.

a) Classical conditioning

b) Operant conditioning

c) Learning

d) Memory

2. A display of 12 letters is flashed on a screen in front of you followed by a tone. You attempt to recall a portion of the display based on the specific tone you heard. What aspect of your memory is this experiment designed to assess?

a) primary memory

b) sensory memory

c) long-term memory

d) short-term memory

3. Declarative memories are to memories as nondeclarative memories are to memories.

a) implicit; explicit

b) explicit; implicit

4. _____________ memory is constantly updated.

a) Nondeclarative

b) Semantic

c) general knowledge; personal facts

d) personal facts; general knowledge

c) Eidetic

d) Episodic

5. In the semantic network model of memory, concepts that are related in meaning

a) are not physically proximal

b) are archaic

c) are stored physically closer to each other than concepts that are not highly related

d) All of these are true

6. The fact that it is easier to recall items at the beginning and end of a list of unrelated items is known as the ______.

a) phi phenomenon

b) implicit memory effect

c) serial position effect

d) sequestering effect

7. Memories that concern events that are highly significant and are vividly remembered are called ______.

a) eidetic images

b) elaborative rehearsals

c) flashbulb memories

d) eyewitness images

8. It’s Thanksgiving and the whole family has gotten together. You start to reminisce about your childhood and get into an argument with your brother. Both of you claim that you were the innocent victim of the other. This is an example of __________.

a) constructive processing

b) hindsight bias

9. Decay theory works well to explain forgetting in

a) sensory memory only

b) short-term memory only

c) adaptation of memory traces

d) flashbulb integration

c) long-term memory only

d) sensory memory and short-term memory

10. In the curve of forgetting developed by Ebbinghaus, the greatest amount of forgetting occurs _____________.

a) within the first hour after learning new material

b) within the first day after learning new material

c) near the end of the retrieval period

d) near the middle of the retrieval period

Chapter 6 - Quick Quiz 2

Answer Key

1. d Explanation: Memory is defined as an active system that receives, stores, and retrieves information. (Topic: What Is Memory?, Remember the Facts, 1 – Easy, LO=6.1 –Compare and contrast the three processes of memory, APA 1.1)

2. b Explanation: This was one of the first sensory memory experiments ever done. (Topic: The Information-Processing Model: Three Stages of Memory, Apply What You Know, 3 - Difficult, LO=6.3 – Explain the process of sensory memory, APA 1.1)

3. b Explanation: Nondeclarative memories are to implicit memories as declarative memories are to explicit memories. (Topic: The Information-Processing Model: Three Stages of Memory, Understand the Concepts, 2 - Moderate, LO=6.5 - Describe the mechanisms of long-term memory and differentiate among the various types of long-term memory, APA 1.1)

4. d Explanation: Episodic memory is revised and updated more or less constantly to keep track of day-to-day life. (Topic: The Information-Processing Model: Three Stages of Memory, Remember the Facts, 2 - Moderate, LO=6.5 - Describe the mechanisms of longterm memory and differentiate among the various types of long-term memory, APA 1.1)

5. c Explanation: This is an assumption of the Semantic Network Model. (Topic: The Information-Processing Model: Three Stages of Memory, Remember the Facts, 2 –Moderate, LO=6.5 - Describe the mechanisms of long-term memory and differentiate among the various types of long-term memory, APA 1.1)

6. c Explanation: The finding is known as the serial position effect, as it refers to the ability to better remember things at the beginning and end of a list. (Topic: Recall and Recognition, Remember the Facts, 1 - Easy, LO=6.7 – Describe and distinguish between the processes of recall and recognition and identify problems with eyewitness recognition, APA 1.1)

7. c Explanation: Memories that concern events that are highly significant and are vividly remembered are called flashbulb memories. (Topic: Recall and Recognition, Remember the Facts, 1 - Easy, LO=6.8 - Describe how some memories are automatically encoded into long-term memory, APA 1.1)

8. a Explanation: You are constructing a memory to favor yourself. (Topic: How Reliable Are Our Memories?, Apply What You Know, 2 - Moderate, LO=6.9 - Explain how memories are reconstructed and identify some retrieval problems associated with this, APA 1.1, 1.3)

9. d Explanation: Decay has been proposed to explain forgetting in both sensory memory and short-term memory. (Topic: What Were We Talking About? Forgetting, Understand the Concepts, 1 - Easy, LO=6.11 - Identify some common reasons why people forget things, APA 1.1, 1.3)

10. a Explanation: The greatest amount of forgetting occurs within the first hour after learning new material. (Topic: What Were We Talking About? Forgetting, Remember the Facts, 1 - Easy, LO=6.10 - Describe the “curve of forgetting” and explain the importance of distributed practice to memory retrieval, APA 1.2)

6 Memory

MULTIPLE CHOICE

Learning Objective 6.1 - Compare and contrast the three processes of memory.

TB_06 01 What is Memory?_Remember_LO 6.1, APA 1.1

Memory is defined as an active system that consists of several processes. They are

a) receiving information from the senses, putting it into a useable form, organizing and storing the information, and retrieving the information from storage

Correct. Memory is defined as consisting of receiving, translating, organizing and storing, and retrieving information.

b) the unconditioned stimulus, the conditioned stimulus, and the conditioned response

Incorrect. These elements are all part of classical conditioning.

c) bottom-up processing, selective attention, and top-down processing

d) acquisition, extinction, and spontaneous recovery

Topic: What Is Memory?

ANS: a, Remember the Facts, 1 – Easy, LO=6.1 - Compare and contrast the three processes of memory. APA=1.1

TB_06 02 What is Memory?_Remember_LO 6.1, APA 1.1

_________ is defined as an active system that receives information from the senses, puts it into a useable form, organizes and alters information as it stores it away, and then retrieves the information from storage.

a) Classical conditioning

b) Operant conditioning

c) Learning

Incorrect. Learning has to do with the acquisition of behaviors and not the storage of information. That is the role of memory.

d) Memory

Correct. Memory is defined as an active system that receives, stores, and retrieves information.

Topic: What Is Memory?

ANS: d, Remember the Facts, 1 – Easy, LO=6.1 - Compare and contrast the three processes of memory. APA=1.1

TB_06 03 What is Memory?_Understand_LO 6.1, APA 1.1

When people hear a sound, their ears turn the vibrations in the air into neural messages from the auditory nerve, which makes it possible for the brain to interpret the sound. This process is called

a) encoding

Correct. Encoding starts with sensory processing and sending the information to the brain.

b) storage

c) retrieval

d) evaluation

Incorrect. Evaluation is not the term used for this process even though it sounds appropriate.

Topic: What Is Memory?

ANS: a, Understand the Concepts, 1 – Easy, LO=6.1 - Compare and contrast the three processes of memory. % correct 92 a= 92 b=0 c= 0 d= 8 r = .19

APA=1.1

TB_06 04 What is Memory?_Understand_LO 6.1, APA 1.1

When someone looks at an image, the retina turns the light rays from it into neural messages that go up to the optic nerve so the brain can interpret them. This process is called

a) encoding

Correct. Encoding is necessary for interpretation, as the information must be sent to the brain.

b) storage

Incorrect. Storage cannot happen until after encoding. If the information is not processed, it can’t be stored.

c) retrieval

d) evaluation

Topic: What Is Memory?

ANS: a, Understand the Concepts, 1 - Easy, LO=6.11 - Compare and contrast the three processes of memory.

% correct 88 a= 88 b= 2 c= 3 d= 8 r = .21

APA=1.1

TB_06 05 What is Memory?_Remember_LO 6.1, APA 1.1

The first step in the memory process is _________ information in a form that the memory system can use.

a) encoding

Correct. Encoding is the first step in memory.

b) storing

Incorrect. Storing the information cannot happen until after encoding it so the information can be transmitted from the senses to the brain.

c) retrieving

d) evaluating

Topic: What Is Memory?

ANS: a, Remember the Facts, 1 - Easy, LO=6.1- Compare and contrast the three processes of memory.

% correct 100 a= 100 b= 0 c= 0 d= 0 r = .00

APA=1.1

TB_06 06 What is Memory?_Remember_LO 6.1, APA 1.1

_________ is the retention of memory for some period of time.

a) Encoding

b) Storage

Correct. Storage puts away material.

c) Retrieval

Incorrect: Retrieval is getting the information out of storage.

d) Evaluation

Topic: What Is Memory?

ANS: b, Remember the Facts, 2 - Moderate, LO=6.1- Compare and contrast the three processes of memory.

% correct 71 a= 26 b= 71 c= 3 d= 1 r = .44

% correct 79 a= 14 b= 79 c= 6 d= 1 r = .25

APA=1.1

TB_06 07 What is Memory? Apply LO 6.1, APA 1.1, 1.3

Shaquin finished his term paper and handed it in. As he walked out of the classroom, he realized that there were a few more things he should have included in the paper. Shaquin’s problem is the _________ component of memory.

a) encoding

b) storage

c) retrieval

Correct. He cannot bring forth, or retrieve, information that he has in memory when he needs it.

d) retention

Incorrect. He does retain the information, or have it in memory, but he can’t retrieve it.

Topic: What Is Memory?

ANS: c, Apply What You Know, 2 - Moderate, LO=6.1 - Compare and contrast the three processes of memory.

APA=1.1, 1.3

TB_06 08 What is Memory?_Apply_LO 6.1, APA 1.1, 1.3

Trying to remember someone’s name whom you met long ago is an example of what type of process?

a) storage

b) retrieval

Correct. Pulling previously stored information out of memory is retrieval.

c) encoding

Incorrect. The process of putting information into memory storage is encoding.

d) decoding

Topic: What Is Memory?

ANS: b, Apply What You Know, 1 – Easy, LO=6.1 - Compare and contrast the three processes of memory.

APA=1.1, 1.3

TB_06 09 What is Memory?_Remember_LO 6.1, APA 1.1

Which of the following statements is true about retrieval?

a) It is a process that allows an extinguished CR to recover.

b) It is a process of getting stored memories back out into consciousness.

Correct. Retrieval gets information back into consciousness.

c) It is a process of getting information from the sensory receptors to the brain.

Incorrect. No, this answer describes the process known as encoding.

d) It is the reason that conditioned taste aversions last so long.

Topic: What Is Memory?

ANS: b, Remember the Facts, 1 - Easy, LO=6.1- Compare and contrast the three processes of memory.

% correct 83 a= 10 b= 83 c= 7 d= 1 r = .37

APA=1.1

TB_06 10 What is Memory?_Apply_LO 6.1, APA 1.1, 1.3

Janie is taking an exam in her history class. On the exam, there is a question that asks her to state and discuss the five major causes of the Trans-Caspian War (whatever that was!). Janie remembers four of them. She knows there is a fifth, but time is up. As Janie is walking down the stairs, all of a sudden, she remembers the fifth point, but it is too late. Janie had a problem with

a) encoding

b) storage

Incorrect. She did have the information so it was stored. However, she couldn’t retrieve it.

c) retrieval

Correct. Yes, she couldn’t find the information in her memory or retrieve it.

d) evaluation

Topic: What Is Memory?

ANS: c, Apply What You Know, 1 - Easy, LO=6.1- Compare and contrast the three processes of memory.

% correct 96 a= 0 b= 4 c= 96 d= 0 r = .19

APA=1.1, 1.3

Learning Objective 6.2 - Explain how the different models of memory work.

TB_06 11 Models of Memory_Remember_LO 6 2, APA 1.1

The processes of encoding, storage, and retrieval are seen as part of _________ model of memory.

a) the information processing

Correct. These are the correct stages.

b) the top-down storage

Incorrect. Top-down processing is more a perceptual processing term.

c) the classical conditioning

d) Tolman’s cognitive

Topic: Models of Memory

ANS: a, Remember the Facts, 1 - Easy, LO=6.2 – Explain how the different models of memory work.

% correct 97 a= 97 b=0 c= 3 d= 0 r = .19

% correct 94 a= 94 b= 2 c= 0 d= 2 r = .34

APA=1.1

TB_06 12 Models of Memory_Understand_LO 6 2, APA 1.1

In the parallel distributed processing model of memory, information is

a) simultaneously stored in a network that stretches across the brain

Correct. The parallel distributed processing model of memory model uses a network.

b) stored simultaneously in unconnected regions of the brain

Incorrect. The information is simultaneously stored in a network that stretches across the brain.

c) associated in sets of classically conditioned neurons across the neocortex

d) None of these are correct.

Topic: Models of Memory

ANS: a, Understand the Concepts, 2 - Moderate, LO=6.2 – Explain how the different models of memory work.

APA=1.1

TB_06 13 Models of Memory_Remember_LO 6.2, APA 1.1

Information is simultaneously stored across a network that stretches across the brain in the

a) Craik and Lockhart model of memory

b) multistore model of memory

c) information-processing theory of memory

Incorrect. Information-processing models don’t involve a network.

d) parallel distributed processing model of memory

Correct. The parallel distributed processing model is seen as a simultaneous process involving a network.

Topic: Models of Memory

ANS: d, Remember the Facts, 1 - Easy, LO=6.2 – Explain how the different models of memory work.

APA=1.1

TB_06 14 Models of Memory_Understand_LO 6.2, APA 1.1

In the levels-of-processing model of memory, information that gets processed at a level (such as accessing the meaning of a word or phrase) is more likely to be retained longer and form a stronger memory than information that is processed at a _________ level (such as the visual characteristics of a word).

a) deeper; shallower

Correct. According to the levels-of-processing model, deeper processing results in better memory, whereas shallower processing results in poorer memory.

b) shallower; deeper

Incorrect. According to the levels-of-processing model, deeper processing results in better memory, whereas shallower processing results in poorer memory.

c) higher; lower

d) lower; higher

Topic: Models of Memory

ANS: a, Understand the Concepts, 1 - Easy, LO=6.2 – Explain how the different models of memory work.

% correct 89 a= 89 b= 3 c= 8 d= 0 r = .41

% correct 81 a= 81 b= 6 c= 14 d= 0 r = .31

APA=1.1

TB_06 15 Models of Memory Understand LO 6.2, APA 1.1

According to the levels of processing model, we are most likely to remember information that we process at a _________ level.

a) deeper

Correct. According to the levels-of-processing model, deeper processing results in better memory, whereas shallower processing results in poorer memory.

b) medium

c) shallower

Incorrect. According to the levels-of-processing model, deeper processing results in better memory, whereas shallower processing results in poorer memory.

d) any of these, depending on the information

Topic: Models of Memory

ANS: a, Understand the Concepts, 1 - Easy, LO=6.2 – Explain how the different models of memory work.

% correct 100 a= 100 b= 0 c= 0 d= 0 r = .00

APA=1.1

TB_06 16 Models of Memory_Apply_LO 6.2, APA 1.1

The levels-of-processing concept would suggest that which of the following questions would lead to better memory of the word frog?

a) “Does it rhyme with blog?”

b) “Is it in capital letters?”

Incorrect. This question requires a shallower level of processing and that leads to poorer memory.

c) “Is it written in cursive?”

d) “Would it be found in a pond?”

Correct. This question requires a deeper level of processing as it engages meaning. Meaning is seen as a deeper level of processing, which leads to better memory.

Topic: Models of Memory

ANS: d, Apply What You Know, 3 - Difficult, LO=6.2 – Explain how the different models of memory work.

APA=1.1

TB_06 17 Models of Memory_Apply_LO 6 2, APA 1.1

Which of the following examples represents the shallowest processing as described by the levels of processing model?

a) recalling an object’s function

b) attending to the sound of a word

Correct. Thinking about the appearance of a word is a shallower thought process than thinking about its meaning.

c) thinking about the meaning of a word

Incorrect. Thinking about meaning requires a deeper level of processing than does thinking about more superficial aspects of the word itself, such as its sound.

d) recalling that an object was rectangular

Topic: Models of Memory

ANS: b, Apply What You Know, 3 - Difficult, LO=6.2 – Explain how the different models of memory work.

APA=1.1

TB_06 18 Models of Memory_Understand_LO 6 2, APA 1.1

In the _________ model, memory is seen as a simultaneous process, with the creation and storage of memories taking place across a series of networks “stretched” across the brain.

a) levels-of-processing

b) parallel distributed processing

Correct. The parallel distributed processing model is seen as a simultaneous process involving a network.

c) transfer-appropriate processing

d) information-processing

Incorrect Information-processing models don’t involve a network

Topic: Models of Memory

ANS: b, Understand the Concepts, 2 - Moderate, LO=6.2 – Explain how the different models of memory work.

APA=1.1

TB_06 19 Models of Memory_Remember_LO 6.2, APA 1.1

In the AI (artificial intelligence) world, the parallel distributed processing model would be referred to as ________, which is the use of artificial neural networks to explain the mental abilities of humans.

a) the levels-of-processing model

b) connectionism

Correct. This is the correct term that would be analogous in an AI context.

c) integrationism

d) an information-processing approach

Incorrect Information-processing models don’t involve a neural network

Topic: Models of Memory

ANS: b, Remember the Facts, 3 - Difficult, LO=6.2 – Explain how the different models of memory work. APA=1.1

Learning Objective 6.3 – Explain the process of sensory memory.

TB_06 20 The Information-Processing Model: Three Stages of Memory_Understand_LO 6.3, APA 1.1

Believers in the information-processing model of memory are likely to agree that

a) the brain has nothing in common with a computer

Incorrect. Modern neuroscience considers the brain to be like a computer.

b) studying computers can give you useful insights into human information processing

Correct. Computers serve as a model for cognitive psychologists.

c) auditory information is retained in the sensory register for up to 2 seconds

d) information flows from one memory system to the next

Topic: The Information-Processing Model: Three Stages of Memory

ANS: b, Understand the Concepts, 2 - Moderate, LO=6.3 – Explain the process of sensory memory.

APA=1.1

TB_06 21 The Information-Processing Model: Three Stages of Memory_Understand_LO 6.3, APA 1.1

Which model of memory is most similar in conceptualization to the way computers function?

a) Craik and Lockhart’s model

b) extinction

c) information-processing model

Correct. The information-processing model of memory uses the way a computer functions as its model for human thought.

d) parallel distributed processing model

Incorrect. Parallel distributed processing is not the dominant form of computer architecture.

Topic: The Information-Processing Model: Three Stages of Memory

ANS: c, Understand the Concepts, 1 - Easy, LO=6.3 – Explain the process of sensory memory.

% correct 93 a= 2 b= 2 c= 93 d= 3 r = .2

APA=1.1

TB_06 22 The Information-Processing Model: Three Stages of Memory_Remember_LO 6.3, APA 1.1

The three parts of the information-processing model of memory are

a) sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory

Correct. These are the three parts of the information-processing model.

b) CS, UCS, UR, and CR

c) encoding, storage, and retrieval

Incorrect. These are processes but not the parts of the information-processing model.

d) shallow, medium, and deep processing

Topic: The Information-Processing Model: Three Stages of Memory

ANS: a, Remember the Facts, 3 - Difficult, LO=6.3 – Explain the process of sensory memory.

% correct 38 a= 38 b= 0 c= 62 d= 0 r = .22

% correct 68 a= 68 b= 0 c= 32 d= 0 r = .21

APA=1.1

TB_06 23 The Information-Processing Model: Three Stages of Memory_Remember_LO 6 3, APA 1.1

Which memory system provides us with a very brief representation of all the stimuli present at a particular moment?

a) primary memory

b) sensory memory

Correct. Sensory memory stores brief images.

c) long-term memory

d) short-term memory

Incorrect. Sensory memory provides very brief sensory representation. Short-term memory is verbal in nature and limited in capacity.

Topic: The Information-Processing Model: Three Stages of Memory

ANS: b, Remember the Facts, 2 - Moderate, LO=6.3 – Explain the process of sensory memory.

% correct 50 a= 6 b= 50 c= 4 d= 40 r = .41

% correct 81 a= 2 b= 81 c= 3 d= 14 r = .31

APA=1.1

TB_06 24 The Information-Processing Model: Three Stages of Memory_Understand_LO 6 3, APA 1.2

Why did research participants in Sperling’s experiment recall so few letters stored in sensory memory?

a) They stopped paying attention after a few stimuli.

Incorrect. Attention wasn’t relevant to sensory memory.

b) Proactive interference reduced the effectiveness of recall.

c) The stress of participating in this research became excessive.

d) The remaining stimuli quickly faded from sensory memory.

Correct. The stimuli faded quickly before they could be read.

Topic: The Information-Processing Model: Three Stages of Memory

ANS: d, Understand the Concepts, 3 - Difficult, LO=6.3 – Explain the process of sensory memory.

APA=1.2

TB_06 25 The Information-Processing Model: Three Stages of Memory_Apply_LO 6.3, APA 1.1

A display of 12 letters is flashed on a screen in front of you followed by a tone. You attempt to recall a portion of the display based on the specific tone you heard. What aspect of your memory is this experiment designed to assess?

a) primary memory

b) sensory memory

Correct. This was one of the first sensory memory experiments ever done.

c) long-term memory

d) short-term memory

Incorrect. Testing short-term memory was done with verbal items in a list form.

Topic: The Information-Processing Model: Three Stages of Memory

ANS: b, Apply What You Know, 3 - Difficult, LO=6.3 – Explain the process of sensory memory.

% correct 36 a= 0 b= 36 c= 2 d= 62 r = .27

APA=1.1

TB_06 26 The Information-Processing Model: Three Stages of Memory_Apply_LO 6 3, APA 1.1, 1.3

You are out for a drive with the family and are lucky enough to get a window seat. The rapidly passing scenery you see out the window is first stored in

a) echoic sensory memory

b) iconic sensory memory

Correct. Iconic memory is sensory and the first stage of the memory systems.

c) long-term memory

d) short-term memory

Incorrect. This storage location is not first, as the sensory memory system of iconic memory comes before it.

Topic: The Information-Processing Model: Three Stages of Memory

ANS: b, Apply What You Know, 2 - Moderate, LO=6.3 – Explain the process of sensory memory.

% correct 62 a= 7 b= 62 c= 2 d= 29 r = .47

APA=1.1, 1.3

TB_06 27 The Information-Processing Model: Three Stages of Memory_Apply_LO 6 3, APA 1.1, 1.3

The fleeting images we see as we look out the car window occur in .

a) sensory memory

Correct. Sensory memory is the first and most brief type of memory that information encounters on its way into storage.

b) short-term memory

Incorrect. Before information gets to short-term memory, it must first be encoded into sensory memory.

c) semantic memory

d) working memory

Topic: The Information-Processing Model: Three Stages of Memory

ANS: a, Apply What You Know, 2 - Moderate, LO=6.3 – Explain the process of sensory memory.

APA=1.1, 1.3

TB_06 28 The Information-Processing Model: Three Stages of Memory_Apply_LO 6.3, APA 1.1

Long ago, during the early days of television, when a television set was turned off it took a while for the last image that was on the screen to fade away. This phenomenon is most like .

a) iconic memory

Correct. Iconic memory is like a fading image.

b) echoic memory

Incorrect. Echoic memory is concerned with hearing and not vision.

c) short-term memory

d) long-term memory

Topic: The Information-Processing Model: Three Stages of Memory

ANS: a, Apply What You Know, 2 - Moderate, LO=6.3 – Explain the process of sensory memory.

APA=1.1

TB_06 29 The Information-Processing Model: Three Stages of Memory_Remember_LO 6.3, APA 1.2, 2.4

The key to the partial report method of Sperling’s study of sensory memory was to

a) have the participants report the entire matrix of letters they saw as fast as they could

b) have the participants report the entire matrix of letters but mask the letters after the presentation with a very bright light

Incorrect. Masking was used by a later study.

c) cue the participants, using a tone, as to which line of the matrix they were to report

Correct. A cue was used by Sperling to allow the participants to retrieve the marked set of letters and let Sperling measure the duration of sensory memory.

d) test the use of chunking

Topic: The Information-Processing Model: Three Stages of Memory

ANS: c, Remember the Facts, 3 - Difficult, LO=6.3 – Explain the process of sensory memory.

APA=1.2, 2.4

TB_06 30 The Information-Processing Model: Three Stages of Memory_Remember_LO 6 3, APA 1.2, 2.4

In the partial report method of Sperling’s study of sensory memory, the participants were to report .

a) one of three lines of letters as indicated by the sound of a tone immediately presented after the letters had disappeared

Correct. The participants had to report the line of letters that was indicated by the tone.

b) only one or two of the letters in the cued line

c) the first letter of each line only

Incorrect. They could usually get the whole line, and that was used to measure sensory memory capacity.

d) the middle letter of each line

Topic: The Information-Processing Model: Three Stages of Memory

ANS: a, Remember the Facts, 2 - Moderate, LO=6.3 – Explain the process of sensory memory.

% correct 68 a= 68 b= 4 c= 11 d= 17 r = .42

% correct 89 a= 89 b= 3 c= 5 d= 3 r = .35

APA=1.2, 2.4

TB_06 31 The Information-Processing Model: Three Stages of Memory_Remember_LO 6 3, APA 1.2

Using the partial report method, Sperling found the capacity of iconic memory to be around .

a) four or five items

Incorrect. This was what the participants reported but it was not the true capacity of iconic storage. Using this estimate, Sperling then calculated the true capacity of iconic storage.

b) nine or ten items

c) all the letters present

Correct. All the letters were available but for a limited amount of time.

d) one to two items

Topic: The Information-Processing Model: Three Stages of Memory

ANS: c, Remember the Facts, 2 - Moderate, LO=6.3 – Explain the process of sensory memory.

% correct 60 a= 14 b= 10 c= 60 d= 16 r = .20

APA=1.2

TB_06 32 The Information-Processing Model: Three Stages of Memory_Understand_LO 6.3, APA 1.1

Which of the following might be the most appropriate analogy for eidetic imagery?

a) a table

b) a modem

c) a rainbow

Incorrect. Eidetic imagery is more like a photograph and is even called photographic memory.

d) a photograph

Correct. Yes, it’s like a picture and is sometimes called photographic memory.

Topic: The Information-Processing Model: Three Stages of Memory

ANS: d, Understand the Concepts, 1 - Easy, LO=6.3 – Explain the process of sensory memory.

% correct 80 a= 2 b= 7 c= 10 d= 80 r = .44

APA=1.1