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Psychology An Exploration 2nd Edition Ciccarelli Test Bank

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TOTAL ASSESSMENT GUIDE Chapter 7

Development Across the Life Span

Learning Objectives Factual (Multiple Choice) Conceptual (Multiple Choice) Applied (Multiple Choice) True/False Questions Short Answer Questions Essay Questions QUICK QUIZ 1 2, 7, 8 3, 6, 9 1, 4, 5, 10 7.1 - What are some of the special research methods used to study development? 1, 3, 7, 12 2, 5, 9-10 4, 6, 8, 11 206-207 260 7.2 - What is the relationship between heredity and environmental factors in determining development? 18 13, 17 14-16 208-209 247 7.3 - How do chromosomes and genes determine the inheritance of disorders, and what causes multiple births? 19-24, 27, 30-33, 35, 37-41, 45, 47-49 25-26, 34, 36, 42, 44, 46, 50 28-29, 43 210-215 248-249 7.4 - What happens during the germinal, embryonic, and fetal periods of pregnancy, and what are some hazards in prenatal development? 51, 53-54, 58-60 52, 55-56, 61, 63-667 57, 62 216-219 251 261 7.5 - What kind of physical changes take place in infancy and childhood? 68, 70-71, 77 69, 72-74, 78 75-76 220-223 250 7.6 – What are two ways of looking at cognitive development, and how does language develop? 79, 81, 83, 86, 88, 9091, 93-94, 96, 98, 105107, 110 80, 87, 99-103, 108, 111 82, 84-85, 89, 92, 95, 97, 104, 109 224-229 252 262

7.7 - How do infants and children develop personalities and form relationships with others, and what are Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development for children?

7.9 -

are the

cognitive, and personality changes that occur in adolescence, including concepts of morality and Erikson’s search for identity?

7.10 - What are the physical, cognitive, and personality changes that occur during adulthood and aging, including Erikson’s last three psychosocial stages, and patterns of parenting?

why aging occurs, and what are the

7.12 - What are some cross-cultural differences in views of death and dying?

204-205

Learning Objectives Factual (Multiple Choice) Conceptual (Multiple Choice) Applied (Multiple Choice) True/False Questions Short Answer Questions Essay Questions

113, 115, 118-120, 123-125, 127, 130131, 133-134 121-122, 126, 129, 132 112, 114, 116117, 128 230-232 253 263 7.8 - What is gender,

develop? 135, 138-141 137, 142, 145146 136, 143-144 233 254

and how do gender roles

147-152, 157, 166, 170 153, 156, 161, 165, 168-169, 172-173 154-155, 158160, 162-164, 167, 171 234-237 255 263

What

physical,

174, 177, 179-182, 185, 187, 189-190, 192-193, 195 176, 183-184 175, 178, 186, 188, 191, 194 238-242 256 263 7.11

dying? 196-199 200 201-203 243-246 257-259 264

- How do psychologists explain

stages of death and

Chapter 7: Development Across the Life Span Quick Quiz 1

1. Each of the 10 children born to Ernest and Elvira Orangeburg were born with red hair. Each child is also very intelligent and athletic. The Orangeburgs are expecting an 11th child who is also likely to be born with the same traits according to ______________, as evidenced in the _____________.

a) nurture; nature versus nurture controversy

b) nature; nature versus nurture controversy

c) environmental factors; conception theory

d) teratogens; conception theory

2. Rod-shaped structures in the cell nucleus that contain genes are referred to as____________.

a) DNA

b) sex-linked traits

c) chromosomes

d) amines

3. Which of the following describes the fetal period?

a) the period during which the zygote moves down to the uterus and begins to implant in the lining

b) the period during which the major organs and structures of the organism first develop

c) the period during which the umbilical cord develops

d) the period during which tremendous growth occurs and the organs continue to develop and become functional

4. Christa and Sal are anticipating the birth of their first baby. Before the baby arrives, they want to fix up the nursery with new wallpaper. They seek the advice of a developmental psychologist. What is she likely to tell them?

a) Newborns prefer to look at complex three-dimensional patterns rather than simple one-dimensional ones.

b) Newborns prefer to look at animals rather than people.

c) Newborns do not see well enough to make any difference.

d) Newborns prefer to look at simple one-dimensional patterns rather than complex ones.

5. Ron, a toddler, takes a picture and puts it to the receiver of a phone in order to “show” it to his grandmother. This example illustrates ________.

a) disoriented attachment

b) conservation

c) object permanence

d) egocentrism

6. If a child successfully navigates this stage of psychosocial development, they will make decisions and act independently.

a) integrity vs. despair

b) autonomy vs. shame and doubt

c) initiative vs. guilt

d) basic trust vs. mistrust

7. Countries like the Netherlands, Germany, Italy, and England are more likely to have ____________.

a) nontraditional views of gender

b) a collectivist society

c) very constrained roles for women in society

d) a strong tradition of women staying home

8. At what stage of moral development is moral thought guided by principles that have been decided upon by the individual and may be in disagreement with accepted social norms?

a) preoperational

b) preconventional

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c) postconventional

d) conventional role conformity

9. The correct sequence of the five stages of death and dying postulated by Kübler-Ross is __________.

a) denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance

b) denial, anger, bargaining, acceptance, and depression

c) anger, denial, bargaining, acceptance, and depression

d) anger, denial, bargaining, depression, and acceptance

10. Leticia has just learned that she is terminally ill. She is now always irritable, often throws things on the floor, and yells at members of her family and the nurses who care for her. According to Elisabeth Kübler-Ross, Leticia is most likely in the _________stage of dying.

a) anger

b) bargaining

c) denial

d) reactive

7 Quick Quiz 1 Answers

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Answer: b LO: 7.2 Page(s): 230-231 Type: Applied Diff: 2 2. Answer: c LO: 7.3 Page(s): 232 Type: Factual Diff: 1 3. Answer: c LO: 7.4 Page(s): 236 Type: Conceptual Diff: 2 4. Answer: a LO: 7.5 Page(s): 236 Type: Applied Diff: 3 5. Answer: d LO: 7.6 Page(s): 242 Type: Applied Diff: 2

Answer: b LO: 7.7 Page(s): 251 Type: Conceptual Diff: 2 7. Answer: a LO: 7.8 Page(s): 252 Type: Factual Diff: 2

Answer: c LO: 7.9 Page(s): 256 Type: Factual Diff: 2

Answer: a LO: 7.11 Page(s): 263 Type: Conceptual Diff: 1 10. Answer: a LO: 7.11 Page(s): 263 Type: Applied Diff: 2

Chapter

7 Development Across the Life Span

Main Test Bank Questions

Key: Answer, Page, Type, Learning Objective, Level

Type

A=Applied

C=Conceptual

F=Factual

Level

(1)=Easy; (2)=Moderate; (3)=Difficult

LO=Learning Objective

SG=Used in Study Guide

p=page

MULTIPLE CHOICE

Issues in Studying Human Development

Learning Objective 7.1 - What are some of the special research methods used to study development?

1. The scientific study of the changes that occur in people as they age from conception to death is called_________.

a) abnormal psychology

b) gerontology

Incorrect. Gerontology emphasizes only older adulthood.

c) human development

Correct. Human development is the term used to refer to the changes that occur in people as they age from conception to death.

d) maturational studies

ANS: c, p. 230, F, LO=7.1, (1)

% correct 90 a= 2 b= 6 c= 90 d= 2 r = .32

2. A psychologist spends her entire career studying how and why changes occur in people throughout their lives. This psychologist is most likely working in the field of___________.

a) abnormal psychology

b) gerontology

Incorrect. Gerontology emphasizes only the changes that occur in older adulthood.

c) human development

Correct. Human development studies focus on the changes that occur throughout people’s lives, from conception to death.

d) maturational studies

ANS: c, p. 230, C, LO=7.1, (2)

% correct 95 a= 0 b= 0 c= 95 d= 5 r = .18

3. In a __________design, one group of participants is followed and assessed as the group ages.

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a) cohort

b) longitudinal

Correct. In a longitudinal design one group of participants is followed and assessed as the participants age.

c) behavior genetics

d) cross-sectional

Incorrect. A cross-sectional design studies several different age groups at the same time.

ANS: b, p. 230, F, LO=7.1, (1)

% correct 90 a= 0 b= 90 c= 0 d= 14 r = .37

% correct 95 a= 0 b= 95 c= 0 d= 5 r = .25

4. The local health department of a small town has hired a research firm to study the development of cancer in residents in the town, due to a suspected cancer-causing agent and environmental pollution. The researcher will compare data on the same participants at age 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, and 70 years in order to see if there are increasing rates of cancer in the town. This type of research study is called a ____________.

a) cross-sequential design

b) longitudinal design

Correct. Participants are studied at various ages in a longitudinal design.

c) behavior genetics design

d) cross-sectional design

Incorrect. A cross-sectional design studies several different age groups but only during one period of time.

ANS: b, p. 230, A, LO=7.1, (2)

5. Which of the following is a disadvantage of the longitudinal design?

a) Individuals of different ages are being compared to one another.

Incorrect. The individuals studied in a longitudinal design are all the same age.

b) It is relatively inexpensive.

c) It takes a shorter amount of time than a cross-sectional design.

d) Participants may drop out due to moving, loss of interest, or death.

Correct. In this design there is a risk of losing participants due to many factors.

ANS: d, p. 230, C, LO=7.1, (2)

6. Professor Sanchez is interested in studying development of motor skills. She collects data from 200 one-year-olds and follows and assesses them for a period of five years. What type of research design is Professor Sanchez using?

a) cohort design

b) longitudinal design

Correct. A longitudinal design is one in which one participant or a group of participants is followed and assessed as the person or group ages.

c) behavior genetics design

d) cross-sectional design

Incorrect. A cross-sectional design studies several different age groups at the same time.

ANS: b, p. 230, A, LO=7.1, (3)

7. A researcher who selects a sample of people of varying ages and studies them at one point in time is, by definition, using the _________ method.

a) cohort design

b) longitudinal design

Incorrect. A longitudinal design is one in which one participant or group of participants is followed and assessed as the person or group ages.

c) behavior genetics design

d) cross-sectional design

Correct. A cross-sectional design studies several different age groups at the same time.

ANS: d, p. 230, F, LO=7.1, (1) SG

8. Professor Grant is interested in studying the developmen t of a sense of humor. She collects data from groups of 6year-olds, 16-year-olds, 26-year-olds, and 46-year-olds. What type of research design is Professor Grant using?

406

a) cohort design

b) longitudinal design

Incorrect. A longitudinal design is one in which one participant or group of participants is followed and assessed as the person or group ages.

c) behavior genetics design

d) cross-sectional design

Correct. A cross-sectional design studies several different age groups at the same time.

ANS: d, p. 230, A, LO=7.1, (2)

9. Which of the following is a main disadvantage of the cross-sectional design?

a) Individuals of different ages are being compared to one another.

Correct. In a cross-sectional design, individuals of different ages are being compared.

b) It is relatively expensive.

c) It takes a longer amount of time than a longitudinal study.

d) Participants may drop out due to moving, loss of interest, or death.

Incorrect. The loss of participants over time is a disadvantage of longitudinal design.

ANS: a, p. 230, C, LO=7.1, (2)

10. Unlike other types of research, a cross-sequential design allows researchers to___________.

a) combine longitudinal and cross-sectional research strategies

Correct. A cross-sequential design combines the ease of a cross-sectional design with a shorter longitudinal design.

b) look for gender differences

c) reduce experimenter bias

d) only includes cross-sectional strategies within the design

Incorrect. A cross-sequential design also includes longitudinal strategies.

ANS: a, p. 230, C, LO=7.1, (2)

11 Professor Rashad is interested in studying cognitive development. He collects and compares data from a group of 6-year-olds and a group of 10-year-olds. Five years later, he compares these two groups to each other again as well as to their own performance in the study five years ago. What type of research design is Professor Grant using?

a) cross-sequential design

Correct. A cross-sequential design studies participants by means of a cross-sectional design, using subjects of different ages, but also follows and assesses them over time.

b) longitudinal design

c) behavior genetics design

d) cross-sectional design

Incorrect. A cross-sectional design studies several different age groups but only during one period of time.

ANS: a, p. 230, A, LO=7.1, (2)

12. The type of research design that compares various participants at several points in time (no longer than 6 years apart) to examine age-related differences and changes is called a ______________.

a) cross-sequential design

Correct. A cross-sequential design studies participants by means of a cross-sectional design, using subjects of different ages, but also follows and assesses them over time.

b) longitudinal design

c) behavior genetics design

d) cross-sectional design

Incorrect. A cross-sectional design studies several different age groups but only during one period of time.

ANS: a, p. 230, F, LO=7.1, (2)

Learning Objective 7.2 - What is the relationship between heredity and environmental factors in determining development?

13. ________refers to heredity and __________ refers to environmental influences.

407

a) Nature; nurture

Correct. Nature refers to heredity, or genetic factors, whereas nurture refers to environmental influences.

b) Cognition; emotion

c) Nurture; behavioral genetics

Incorrect. Nurture refers to environmental influences, and behavioral genetics is a field that investigates the effects of genes and environmental influences on behavior.

d) Cross-sectional; longitudinal

ANS: a, p. 230, C, LO=7.2, (2)

% correct 92 a= 92 b= 4 c= 2 d= 2 r = .27

14. Dr. Smith believes that people who are very aggressive have become so because of their life experiences. Dr. Goldberg believes that people are more or less aggressive from birth because of genetic factors. Which of the following terms best describes an issue in human development that is highlighted by their disagreement?

a) nature versus nurture

Correct. Nature refers to genetic factors, and nurture refers to environmental influences.

b) cognition versus emotion

Incorrect. The issue highlighted emphasizes the effects of nature (genes) and nurture (environmental factors).

c) classical versus operant conditioning

d) cross-sectional studies versus longitudinal studies

ANS: a, p. 230, A, LO=7.2, (3)

% correct 86 a= 86 b= 4 c= 1 d= 0 r = .51

15 Juan and Carlos are identical twins. Juan was raised by his father and mother, and Carlos was accidentally placed with another family after a “mix up” at the hospital. At the age of 15, both boys “ran into each other” at a football game and noticed how they appeared to be “mirror images of each other.” After proving they were twins by genetic testing, the families discussed some of the differences between the boys. Juan is very athletic and intelligent and excels in basketball but does not take school seriously and has F’s in all subjects. Carlos is also athletic and intelligent and excels in baseball and makes straight A’s as a result of his strict home life and study routine. Although they are identical twins, what do you think accounts for the differences in their academic performance based on the research?

a) nurture

Correct. Nurture would be correct in that differences in study routines are likely to be a factor.

b) nature

Incorrect. They are likely to be similar in genetic make up.

c) school district superintendent

d) teacher appraisals of performance

ANS: a, p. 230, A, LO=7.2, (2)

16. Each of the 10 children born to Ernest and Elvira Orangeburg were born with red hair. Each child is also very intelligent and athletic. The Orangeburgs are expecting an 11th child who is also likely to be born with the same traits according to ______________, as evidenced in the _____________.

a) nurture; nature versus nurture controversy

b) nature; nature versus nurture controversy

Correct. Nature refers to heredity, or genetic factors, whereas nurture refers to environmental influences.

c) environmental factors; conception theory

Incorrect. Environment refers to environmental influences and the conception theory is not discussed in the book.

d) teratogens; conception theory

ANS: b, pp. 230-31, A, LO=7.2, (2)

17. According to research conducted by Ridley (1999), how could individuals like Adolph Hitler, serial killer Ted Bundy, and unibomber Timothy McVeigh commit such acts according to the “nature versus nurture” debate?

a) These individuals were born (nature) to commit such horrendous acts. It was in their genetic make up. Incorrect. Nature and nurture contribute according to Ridley.

b) Their behaviors are the result of the interaction of nature and nurture.

Correct. Both nature and nurture combined to influence these notorious individuals according to Ridley.

408

c) These individual’s behaviors were attributed to nurture and their parental influences.

d) These individuals learned to commit these behaviors after staying in long periods of isolation according to Ridley.

ANS: b p. 231, C, LO=7.2, (3)

18. What relatively new field investigates the influence of genes and heredity on a person’s actions?

a) psychobiology

Incorrect. Psychobiology is the study of the biological bases of behavior.

b) neuropsychology

c) behavioral genetics

Correct. Behavioral genetics is a field that investigates the effects of genes and environmental influences on behavior.

d) psychoanalysis

ANS: c, p. 231, F, LO=7.2, (1) SG

The Basic Building Blocks of Development

Learning Objective 7.3 - How do chromosomes and genes determine the inheritance of disorders, and what causes multiple births?

19. The science of heredity is called___________.

a) human development

b) genetics

Correct. Genetics is the study of heredity.

c) physiology

Incorrect. Physiology is a branch of biology that deals with functions such as metabolism, respiration, and reproduction.

d) gerontology

ANS: b, p. 232, F, LO=7.3, (1)

20. Genetics is defined as ___________.

a) the branch of biology that deals with functions such as metabolism, respiration, and reproduction, rather than with structures

b) the science of heredity

Correct. Genetics is defined as the science of heredity.

c) the study of behavior and mental processes

d) the study of the changes that occur in people as they age, from conception until death

Incorrect. The study of the changes that occur in people as they age, from conception until death, is the definition of human development.

ANS: b, p. 232, F, LO=7.3, (1)

21. Which of the following is a special molecule that contains the genetic material of the organism?

a) DNA

Correct. DNA is a special molecule that contains the genetic material of the organism

b) gene

c) chromosome

Incorrect. A chromosome is a rod-shaped structure containing genes that is found in the cell nucleus.

d) amine

ANS: a, p. 232, F, LO=7.3, (1)

22. A special molecule, __________, contains the genetic material of the organism.

a) DNA

Correct. DNA is a special molecule that contains the genetic material of the organism

b) a gene

409

c) a chromosome

Incorrect. A chromosome is a rod-shaped structure containing genes that is found in the cell nucleus.

d) an amine

ANS: a, p. 232, F, LO=7.3, (2)

23. A(n) __________ is a section of DNA containing a sequence of amines.

a) compound

b) gene

Correct. A gene is a section of DNA containing a sequence of amines.

c) chromosome

Incorrect. A gene is a section of DNA containing a sequence of amines and is located on chromosomes.

d) protein

ANS: b, p. 232, F, LO=7.3, (1)

24. A gene that actively controls the expression of a trait is called a _________ gene.

a) recessive

Incorrect. A recessive gene influences the expression of a trait when paired with an identical or less active gene, whereas a dominant gene actively controls the expression of a trait.

b) mutated

c) recombinant

d) dominant

Correct. A dominant gene actively controls the expression of a trait

ANS: d, p. 232, F, LO=7.3, (1)

% correct 100 a= 0 b= 0 c= 0 d= 100 r = .00

25. Which of the following is defined as a gene that controls the appearance of a certain trait?

a) recessive

Incorrect. A recessive gene influences the expression of a trait when paired with an identical or less active gene, whereas a dominant gene actively controls the appearance of a certain trait.

b) mutated

c) recombinant

d) dominant

Correct. A dominant gene is defined as a gene that controls the appearance of a certain trait.

ANS: d, p. 232, C, LO=7.3, (1)

26. A trait controlled by a dominant gene ________.

a) will be expressed even when the corresponding gene in the other half of the pair is different

Correct. A dominant gene actively controls the expression of a trait even if the other half of the pair is different.

b) will be expressed only if it is paired with two recessive genes

c) will not be expressed if it is paired with another dominant gene

d) will not be expressed when the corresponding gene in the other half of the pair is different

Incorrect. Traits controlled by dominant genes will be expressed even when the corresponding gene in the other half of the pair is different.

ANS: a, p. 232, C, LO=7.3, (2)

27. A gene that only influences the expression of a trait when paired with an identical gene is called___________.

a) recessive

Correct. A recessive gene only influences the expression of a trait when paired with an identical gene.

b) mutated

c) recombinant

d) dominant

Incorrect. A dominant gene actively controls the expression of a trait even when not paired with another identical gene.

ANS: a, p. 232, F, LO=7.3, (2)

410

28. Silvia has blond hair, even though her mother and father each have brown hair. What do we know about Silvia’s parents?

a) At least one of her parents has a recessive gene for blond hair.

b) Each of her parents must have one recessive gene for blond hair color.

Correct. The gene for blond hair is recessive; therefore, both parents must have that gene in order for Silvia to have blond hair.

c) Each of her parents must have one dominant gene for blond hair.

Incorrect. The gene for blond hair is recessive; therefore, both parents must have that gene in order for Silvia to have blond hair.

d) Neither of her parents has a gene for blond hair.

ANS: b, p. 232, A, LO=7.3, (3)

29. Ryan has cystic fibrosis. This means that his mother is a carrier for the cystic fibrosis gene, while his father ___________.

a) is also a carrier

Correct. Because cystic fibrosis is a disease carried by recessive genes, a person can get it only if he or she receives the gene from both parents.

b) is not a carrier

Incorrect. Because cystic fibrosis is a disease carried by recessive genes, a person can get it only if he or she receives the gene from both parents.

c) does not have a cystic fibrosis gene

d) has two cystic fibrosis genes

ANS: a, p. 232, A, LO=7.3, (3)

30. Diseases carried by recessive genes are inherited when ___________.

a) a child inherits two recessive genes, one from each parent

Correct. Diseases carried by recessive genes are inherited from two recessive genes.

b) a child inherits two dominant genes, one from each parent

c) a child inherits a dominant gene from one parent and a recessive gene from the other parent

Incorrect. Diseases carried by recessive genes are inherited from two recessive genes.

d) the child does not inherit any genes from one parent

ANS: a, p. 232 F, LO=7.3, (2)

31. Rod-shaped structures in the cell nucleus that contain genes are referred to as____________.

a) DNA

Incorrect. DNA is a molecule that consists of two strands that wind around each other in a spiral that contains the genetic material of the organism.

b) sex-linked traits

c) chromosomes

Correct. Chromosomes are rod-shaped structures in the cell nucleus that contain genes.

d) amines

ANS: c, p. 232, F, LO=7.3, (1)

32. In ________ syndrome, the 21st pair of chromosomes contains an extra chromosome resulting in symptoms such as wide-set almond-shaped eyes and mental retardation.

a) PKU

b) Down

Correct. Down syndrome occurs as a result of an extra chromosome on the 21st pair.

c) Klinefelter’s

Incorrect. Klinefelter’s syndrome occurs as a result of an extra X chromosome on the 23rd pair.

d) Turner’s

ANS: b, p. 232, F, LO=7.3, (1)

33. What is the cause of Down syndrome?

a) an extra chromosome on the 21st pair

411

Correct. Down syndrome occurs as a result of an extra chromosome on the 21st pair.

b) an extra X chromosome on the 23rd pair

Incorrect. Klinefelter’s syndrome occurs as a result of an extra X chromosome on the 23rd pair.

c) neurotransmitter excesses

d) neurotransmitter deficiencies

ANS: a, p. 232, F, LO=7.3, (2)

34. Steve was born a male with an extra X chromosome on the 23rd pair. As a result, he has reduced masculine characteristics, enlarged breasts, obesity, and excessive height. Which disorder is likely to be diagnosed?

a) PKU

b) Down

c) Klinefelter’s

Correct. Klinefelter’s syndrome is caused by an extra X chromosome on the 23rd pair and occurs in males.

d) Turner’s

Incorrect. Turner’s syndrome occurs only in females.

ANS: c, p. 232, C, LO=7.3, (3)

35. In _________ syndrome the 23rd pair of chromosomes is missing an X, resulting in short, infertile females.

a) PKU

b) Down

c) Klinefelter’s

Incorrect. Klinefelter’s syndrome occurs only in males.

d) Turner’s

Correct. Turner’s syndrome produces short, infertile females.

ANS: d, p. 232, F, LO=7.3, (1)

36. Sheila was born a female with only one X chromosome on the 23rd pair. As a result she is infertile, has difficulty learning, and did not develop breast tissue and rounded hips as her female peers did. Which disorder is likely to be diagnosed?

a) PKU

b) Down

c) Klinefelter’s

Incorrect. Klinefelter’s syndrome occurs only in males.

d) Turner’s

Correct. Turner’s syndrome produces the characteristics described and occurs in females.

ANS: d, p. 232, C, LO=7.3, (3)

37. Ovum is a term used to describe___________.

a) the female sex cell or egg

Correct. Ovum is another term for the female sex cell or egg.

b) male sex cell

Incorrect. Sperm are male sex cells; ovum is the female sex cell.

c) the developing organism from conception to the end of the second week after fertilization

d) the developing organism from 2 to 8 weeks after fertilization

ANS: a, p. 234, F, LO=7.3, (1)

38. The union of the ovum and sperm is called__________

a) fertilization

Correct. Fertilization occurs when the sperm and ovum unite.

b) the fetal period

c) a zygote

Incorrect. The zygote is the result of the union of the ovum and sperm.

d) an embryo

ANS: a, p. 234, F, LO=7.3, (1)

412

39. In the process of fertilization the __________ and _________ unite, resulting in a single cell.

a) sperm; ovum

Correct. Fertilization occurs when the sperm and ovum unite.

b) zygote; sperm

Incorrect. Fertilization occurs when the sperm and ovum unite; the zygote is the result of this union.

c) embryo; zygote

d) ovum; fetus

ANS: a, p. 234, F, LO=7.3, (1)

40. At fertilization, the chromosomes from the father’s sperm unite with the chromosomes from the mother’s egg, creating a new cell called a(n)____________.

a) embryo

Incorrect. An embryo is the name for the developing organism from 2 weeks to 8 weeks after fertilization.

b) zygote

Correct. A fertilized egg is called a zygote.

c) genome

d) blastocyst

ANS: b, p. 234, F, LO=7.3, (2)

41. Humans have a total of _______chromosomes in normal developmental cases.

a) 46

Correct. Humans have 46 chromosomes.

b) 23

Incorrect. Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes, equalling a total of 46 chromosomes.

c) 21

d) 22

ANS: a, p. 234, F, LO=7.3, (2)

42. Monozygotic twins ___________.

a) are genetically identical

Correct. Monozygotic twins are genetically identical.

b) are genetically different

Incorrect. Monozygotic twins are genetically identical; dizygotic twins are genetically different.

c) will be of different sexes

d) are more likely to occur when a woman is taking fertility drugs

ANS: a, p. 234, C, LO=7.3, (2) SG

43. Ashley and Elizabeth are twins who are genetically identical. What type of twins are they?

a) monozygotic twins

Correct. Monozygotic twins are identical.

b) fraternal twins

c) dizygotic twins

Incorrect. Dizygotic twins are the result of two fertilized eggs, which means they are genetically different.

d) wombmates

ANS: a, p. 234, A, LO=7.3, (3)

% correct 81 a= 81 b= 0 c= 14 d= 5 r = .19%

44. Which of the following describes the way in which monozygotic twins occur?

a) The mother’s body releases multiple eggs, two or more of which are fertilized.

Incorrect. Multiple fertilized eggs result in dizygotic twins.

b) The mother’s body releases one egg, conceives, and then releases another egg in a later ovulation cycle.

c) The egg is fertilized by a single sperm and then splits completely into two separate zygotes.

Correct. When an egg is fertilized by a sperm and then splits completely into two separate zygotes, the result is monozygotic twins.

d) The mother uses fertility drugs.

413

ANS: c, p. 234, C, LO=7.3, (2)

45. __________develop when two eggs each get fertilized by two different sperm, resulting in two zygotes in the uterus at the same time.

a) Monozygotic twins

Incorrect. Monozygotic twins develop when an egg is fertilized by a sperm and then splits completely into two separate zygotes.

b) Fraternal twins

c) Dizygotic twins

Correct. Dizygotic twins are the result of two fertilized eggs by two different sperm.

d) Wombmates

ANS: c, p. 234, F, LO=7.3, (1)

46. Mary and Juan are twins who developed from two separate fertilized ova that were fertilized by two different sperm. What type of twins are they?

a) monozygotic twins

Incorrect. Monozygotic twins result from one ovum fertilized by one sperm that splits in two.

b) maternal twins

c) dizygotic twins

Correct. Dizygotic twins are the result of two fertilized eggs.

d) wombmates

ANS: c, p. 234, C, LO=7.3, (2)

47. Fraternal twins are __________ similar genetically than are other brothers and sisters.

a) much more

Incorrect. Fraternal twins are genetically no more similar than are any other two siblings, since they develop from different eggs and different sperm.

b) no more

Correct. Fraternal twins develop from different eggs and different sperm, just like any other set of siblings.

c) slightly more

d) much less

ANS: b, p. 234, F LO=7.3, (2)

48 Conjoined twins are ___________.

a) monozygotic twins

Correct. Conjoined twins are monozygotic and are the result of a single fertilized egg that did not completely separate before developing into two embryos.

b) fraternal twins

c) dizygotic twins

Incorrect. Dizygotic twins are the result of two fertilized eggs and cannot become conjoined.