1. According to the three-stage model of memory, in what sequence does incoming information flow through memory?
A) sensory memory, short-term memory, long-term memory
B) short-term memory, sensory memory, long-term memory
C) short-term memory, long-term memory, sensory memory
D) long-term memory, sensory memory, short-term memory
2. When we need to use information previously stored, it flows from _____ memory into _____ memory.
A) short-term; sensory
B) short-term; long-term
C) long-term; sensory
D) long-term; short-term
3.
_____ memory is to bottom-up processing as _____ memory is to top-down processing.
A) Sensory; long-term
B) Long-term; sensory
C) Short-term; long-term
D) Long-term; short-term
4. The initial stage of memory is somewhat comparable to _____, involving input that _____ been recognized.
A) sensation; has
B) sensation; has not
C) perception; has
D) perception; has not
5. Which statement about our senses and sensory memory is FALSE?
A) Our sensory memory contains registers for all five senses.
B) In sensory memory, the auditory register is dominant.
C) Vision is our dominant sense.
D) Information in iconic memory lasts less than one second.
6. Our sensory memory registers allow us to:
A) move into short-term memory everything our sensory registers receive.
B) recognize and become consciously aware of all the sensory information we receive.
C) integrate two sequentially presented stimuli into a meaningful pattern through the temporal integration procedure.
D) store all the sensory information coming in for about a minute.
7. Photographic memory that lasts for less than 1 second is also called _____ memory.
A) visual
B) echoic
C) iconic
D) short-term
8. Iconic memory in the visual sensory register is believed to last for _____ second(s).
A) less than 1
B) 3 to 5
C) 5 to 10
D) 20 to 30
9. Which description of iconic memory is accurate?
A) memory for visual images that have accumulated throughout your life
B) memory for pictures that you have seen within the last 30 seconds
C) memory for all incoming visual information that lasts for less than 1 second
D) memory for incoming visual information that has been recognized
10. Temporal integration is a(n) _____ procedure for measuring _____ iconic memory.
A) direct; whether practice can improve
B) direct; the duration of
C) inferential; whether practice can improve
D) inferential; the duration and capacity of
11. The duration of iconic memory has been successfully measured using the _____ procedure.
A) iconic integration
B) temporal partial-report
C) temporal integration
D) iconic report
12. In Sperling's full-report procedure, after viewing a matrix of letters for less than 1 second, what were participants asked to do?
A) listen for a tone, and report only those letters in the row signaled by the tone
B) listen for a tone, and report all letters they could remember from the entire matrix
C) report all letters they could remember from the entire matrix
D) view a second matrix and report only those letters that were in both matrices
13. The partial report is a(n) _____ procedure for measuring _____ iconic memory.
A) direct; whether practice can improve
B) direct; the duration and capacity of
C) inferential; whether practice can improve
D) inferential; the duration and capacity of
14. Using Sperling's full-report procedure, participants recalled _____ letters on average, and using the partial-report procedure, participants recalled _____ the letters on the indicated row.
A) 3; half
B) 4.5; half
C) 3; all
D) 4.5; all
15. Which statement about Sperling's procedures to study sensory memory is CORRECT?
A) Regardless of the length of the cue delay, participants recalled about 4.5 letters in the full-report procedure but all letters in the partial-report procedure.
B) Regardless of the length of the cue delay, participants recalled about 4.5 letters in the partial-report procedure but all letters in the full-report procedure.
C) There was a negative correlation between number of letters recalled and time delay before auditory cue in the partial-report procedure.
D) There was a positive correlation between number of letters recalled and time delay before auditory cue in the full-report procedure.
16. What were the results of Sperling's partial-report procedure?
A) If a tone was sounded immediately after the matrix disappeared, people accurately reported all letters in the row signaled by the tone.
B) If a tone was sounded immediately after the matrix disappeared, people accurately reported all letters in the top row and part of the second row only.
C) If a tone was sounded 2 seconds after the matrix disappeared, people accurately reported all letters in the row signaled by the tone.
D) If a tone was sounded 2 seconds after the matrix disappeared, people accurately reported all letters in the matrix.
17. Which conclusion(s) can be drawn by combining the results from Sperling's full- and partial-report procedures for studying sensory memory?
A) There is no visual sensory register.
B) Storage in iconic memory is an exact copy of the visual stimulus.
C) Storage in iconic memory lasts about 5 seconds.
D) Visual sensory memory lasts longer if a partial-report procedure is used.
18. Sheingold's research using Sperling's partial-report technique to study iconic memory in children and adults found that:
A) the capacity of iconic memory is invariant across age.
B) children have greater iconic memory capacity than do adults.
C) adults have greater iconic memory capacity than do children.
D) iconic memory capacity peaks at about the age of 11 years, with younger children and adults both having lower memory capacities.
19. The duration of auditory sensory register is approximately:
A) 4 to 5 seconds.
B) 5 to 10 seconds.
C) 30 seconds.
D) 1 minute.
20. _____ memory is to the visual sensory register as _____ memory is to the auditory sensory register.
A) Iconic; echoic
B) Echoic; iconic
C) Iconic; haptic
D) Haptic; echoic
21. Iconic memory duration is to _____ second(s) as echoic memory duration is to _____ second(s).
A) less than 1; 4 to 5
B) 1 to 2; 2 to 3
C) 2 to 3; 1 to 2
D) 4 to 5; less than 1
22. What type of "work" is done in working memory?
A) preparing information for transfer to sensory memory
B) storing information permanently for many years
C) processing information for storage or decision making
D) gathering information directly from the environment
23. In the memory span task, participants:
A) are presented with a series of items one at a time and then asked to recall the items in the order in which they were presented.
B) recall a small part of a matrix of letters.
C) recall the entire matrix of presented letters.
D) are presented with meaningless dot patterns that produce a meaningful pattern if presented sequentially.
24. "Memory span" refers to:
A) how long a person's recall for a list of 10 words will last.
B) the average number of items a person recalls across multiple trials.
C) how many different types of items, such as pictures and numbers, a person can recall.
D) the average number of items a person recognizes from sets of 20 items.
25. George Miller is credited with determining:
A) how long information can be held in short-term memory.
B) the amount of information that can be held in short-term memory.
C) why larger chunks of information are harder to retain in short-term memory than smaller chunks of information are.
D) the capacity of sensory memory.
26. The "magical number 7 ± 2" was derived from studies on:
A) the spacing effect.
B) the serial position effect.
C) STM (short-term memory) capacity.
D) STM (short-term memory) duration.
27. For most Americans, the acronym USA is _____ chunk(s) of information; the date 1776 is _____ chunk(s) of information.
A) one; one
B) one; four
C) three; one
D) three; four
28. When it pertains to memory processes, the term "chunk" means:
A) a memory strategy used for grouping unrelated information.
B) a meaningful unit in memory.
C) the information pieces moved from sensory memory into long-term memory.
D) the average number of items remembered across a series of memory span trials.
29. In a memory span task, participants are given two lists of items to recall. Items on list A are three-letter acronyms, such as USA and ABC, and items on list B are three unrelated letters, such as BQD and YHP. It is likely that participants will recall more letters from _____, which can BEST be explained by the use of _____.
A) list A; priming
B) list A; chunking
C) list B; priming
D) list B; chunking
30. Which statement concerning memory "chunks" is FALSE?
A) Most people can hold 7 ± 2 chunks of information in STM (short-term memory).
B) A chunk is a meaningful unit of information in memory.
C) There is no difference in the size of chunks when experts in a particular area are compared with novices in the same area.
D) A memory span task leads to greater recall when it includes acronyms that can be chunked.
31. Which procedure would be MOST useful in studying the duration of short-term memory?
A) a distractor task
B) a memory span task
C) a temporal integration procedure
D) Sperling's partial report technique
32. If we do NOT concentrate on the information in short-term memory, it will be lost after approximately:
A) 15 seconds.
B) 30 seconds.
C) 1 minute.
D) 2 minutes.
33. What is the purpose of counting backwards in the distractor task?
A) to prevent rehearsal of the information to be remembered
B) to determine if memory for numbers is better than memory for letters
C) to assess if people can remember a mixture of numbers and letters
D) to block distraction from noise in the experimental laboratory
34. An experimenter presents a small amount of information to a participant and then immediately distracts her from rehearsal by asking her to count backwards from 100 by 3s. This task would be MOST useful in studying:
A) sensory memory capacity.
B) sensory memory duration.
C) short-term memory capacity.
D) short-term memory duration.
35. Maintenance rehearsal is MOST useful for:
A) retaining information in sensory memory.
B) retaining information in short-term memory.
C) retaining information in long-term memory.
D) moving information from sensory memory to short- term memory.
36. Working memory is:
A) a more detailed description of short-term memory.
B) in between sensory memory and short-term memory.
C) takes information from short-term memory to long-term memory
D) an antiquated concept that researchers don't use much anymore.
37. Which factor is NOT a component of Baddeley's model of working memory?
A) phonological loop
B) visuospatial sketchpad
C) iconic memory
D) central executive
38. Which component of working memory allows you to work with verbal information for a short period of time?
A) echoic memory
B) phonological loop
C) visuospatial sketchpad
D) central executive
39. Which component of working memory is a temporary storage space that can integrate visual and verbal input?
A) phonological loop
B) visuospatial sketchpad
C) episodic buffer
D) central executive
40. Which component of working memory coordinates the activities and distributes resources to the other three components?
A) phonological loop
B) visuospatial sketchpad
C) episodic buffer
D) central executive
41. It has been estimated that the long-term storage capacity of the human brain is approximately 2.5 million gigabytes, which is enough to hold _____ hours of television shows.
A) 3,000
B) 30,000
C) 300,000
D) 3 million
42. Laura vividly remembers her high school graduation, an example of _____ memory, but has forgotten the meaning of the term "photosynthesis," a failure of _____ memory.
A) implicit; explicit
B) explicit; implicit
C) episodic; semantic
D) semantic; episodic
43. When recall of a memory requires conscious effort and entails making declarations about the information remembered, you are using your _____ memory.
A) implicit
B) iconic
C) explicit
D) nondeclarative
44. Knowing how to ride a bicycle requires the use of _____ memory, whereas knowing the name of a state capital requires the use of _____.
A) implicit; explicit
B) explicit; implicit
C) episodic; semantic
D) semantic; episodic
45. Remembering how to drive a car is to _____ memory as remembering how to ride a bike is to _____ memory.
A) explicit; implicit
B) implicit; explicit
C) implicit; implicit
D) explicit; explicit
46. Remembering how to type on a keyboard is an example of which type of memory?
A) iconic
B) semantic
C) implicit
D) explicit
47. Which term does NOT belong with the others?
A) priming
B) semantic memory
C) procedural memory
D) classical conditioning
48. _____ memory is to automatic processing as _____ memory is to conscious effort.
A) Episodic; implicit
B) Semantic; episodic
C) Implicit; explicit
D) Explicit; semantic
49. Which statement concerning implicit memory is FALSE?
A) Not all implicit memories are procedural memories.
B) Classically conditioned responses are implicit memories.
C) Implicit memories require conscious effort to recall.
D) Priming is an involuntary, nonconscious implicit process.
50. Implicit memory for cognitive and motor tasks is known as _____ memory.
A) episodic
B) semantic
C) procedural
D) priming
51. _____ is a type of implicit memory that occurs when an earlier stimulus influences the response to a later stimulus.
A) Episodic
B) Semantic
C) Procedural
D) Priming
52. Joe studies a list of words that includes the word motel. He later completes the word fragment mot--- with the word motel instead of the word mother, even though he does not consciously recall studying the word motel. This behavior likely occurs because of:
A) classical conditioning.
B) episodic memory.
C) iconic memory.
D) priming.
53. Individuals suffering from _____ amnesia are unable to store new _____ memories that are believed to be processed in the _____.
A) retrograde; explicit; cerebellum
B) anterograde; implicit; cerebellum
C) retrograde; implicit; hippocampus
D) anterograde; explicit; hippocampus
54. After surgery to reduce the impact of epileptic seizures, H. M. suffered from _____ amnesia, meaning that he was unable to _____.
A) anterograde; recall long-term memories from the time prior to surgery
B) anterograde; form new long-term memories after surgery
C) retrograde; recall long-term memories from the time prior to surgery
D) retrograde; form new long-term memories after surgery
55. H. M.'s performance on the mirror-tracing task revealed that he:
A) could encode new procedural and episodic memories.
B) could encode new procedural memories.
C) could encode new episodic memories.
D) had suffered damage to his cerebellum as well as his hippocampus.
56. In the case study of H. M., his _____ long-term memory was affected and he suffered from _____ amnesia.
A) explicit; retrograde
B) implicit; retrograde
C) explicit; anterograde
D) implicit; anterograde
57. Which statement concerning H. M.'s memory abilities following surgery is FALSE?
A) H. M.'s short-term and long-term memory abilities were severely damaged following his surgery.
B) H. M. had difficulty remembering new people he met but not people he knew before his surgery.
C) H. M.'s hippocampus and surrounding temporal lobe areas were removed to reduce his epileptic seizures.
D) H. M. had anterograde amnesia following his surgery.
58. Research evidence suggests the _____ is important in the formation of explicit memories and the _____ is important in the formation of implicit memories.
A) amygdala; hypothalamus
B) hypothalamus; amygdala
C) cerebellum; hippocampus
D) hippocampus; cerebellum
59. Following injury to his cerebellum, Frank is likely to experience difficulty forming new _____ memories.
A) iconic
B) semantic
C) short-term
D) implicit
60. Rebecca demonstrated normal implicit repetition priming effects on a word fragment completion task but had difficulty forming new memories. It is likely Rebecca has experienced damage to her:
A) hippocampus.
B) cerebellum.
C) basal ganglia.
D) hypothalamus.
61. Schacter (1996) reported that people with left hippocampal damage have difficulty recalling _____ information and that people with right hippocampal damage have difficulty recalling _____ information.
A) visual; verbal
B) verbal; visual
C) complex; simple
D) simple; complex
62. One explanation for infantile/child amnesia is that _____ is/are not fully developed.
A) the cerebellum
B) the basal ganglia
C) the hippocampus
D) both the cerebellum and the hippocampus
63. Which statement is FALSE regarding the proposed role of the hippocampus in infantile amnesia?
A) During infancy, the hippocampus is not fully developed.
B) During infancy, high levels of neurogenesis in the hippocampus disrupt hippocampus-dependent memories.
C) The hippocampus is the final repository for explicit memories.
D) As explicit memories age, the hippocampus's participation in their storage wanes.
64. Infantile/child amnesia is the inability of adults to remember events that occurred before about 3 years of age. This means that adults have no _____ memories for this time period.
A) semantic
B) implicit
C) nondeclarative
D) episodic
65. As explicit memories age, participation by the _____ tends to _____.
A) cerebellum; increase
B) hippocampus; increase
C) cerebellum; decrease
D) hippocampus; decrease
66. In a free recall task, items from the middle of the list are typically recalled _____ frequently than those at the beginning of the list and _____ frequently than those at the end of the list.
A) less; less
B) less; more
C) more; less
D) more; more
67. We can effectively eliminate the recency effect in a free recall task by:
A) selecting a list of words that all begin with the same letter.
B) forcing participants to study each of the words on the list equally.
C) preventing rehearsal and delaying the time between presentation and recall of the words.
D) presenting the items at a faster rate.
68. A research participant is asked to recall one at a time a list of 20 words he has just been asked to learn. When he recalls more words from the beginning than the middle of the list, it is called the _____ effect and is MOST likely due to recall from _____ memory.
A) primacy; short-term
B) primacy; long-term
C) recency; short-term
D) recency; long-term
69. The primacy effect results from superior recall from _____ memory, and the recency effect results from superior recall from _____ memory.
A) short-term; long-term
B) long-term; short-term
C) explicit; implicit
D) implicit; explicit
70. If people count backwards for 30 seconds after viewing a list of words, then attempt to freely recall the words, the serial position curve is likely to reveal:
A) both primacy and recency effects.
B) a primacy effect but not a recency effect.
C) a recency effect but not a primacy effect.
D) neither primacy nor recency effects.
71. The primacy effect likely occurs because research participants:
A) believe that the first words presented are the most important to recall.
B) believe that the last words presented are the most important to recall.
C) study the first few words in the list more than later words.
D) study the last few words in the list more than earlier words.
72. If people are forced to rehearse all words on a list equally, followed by freely recalling the words, the serial position curve is likely to reveal:
A) both a primacy and a recency effect.
B) a primacy effect but not a recency effect.
C) a recency effect but not a primacy effect.
D) neither a primacy nor a recency effect.
73. Sandra read a section of her textbook, but when she tried to answer the concept check questions at the end of the section, she could not even remember reading about the topics covered in the questions. It is likely that, when reading, Sandra used _____, rather than _____, which is required for effective study.
A) visual encoding; verbal encoding
B) verbal encoding; visual encoding
C) automatic processing; effortful processing
D) effortful processing; automatic processing
74. Encoding is the process of:
A) maintaining information in a particular stage.
B) bringing information stored in long-term memory to the conscious level in short-term memory.
C) bringing information stored in short-term memory to the conscious level in long-term memory.
D) transferring information from one memory stage to the next.
75. Encoding refers to transfers of information:
A) from sensory to short-term memory.
B) from short-term memory to sensory memory.
C) from long-term memory to short-term memory.
D) both sensory to short-term memory and long-term memory to short-term memory.