A Stewards' Guide to the Falkland Estate

A Stewards’ Guide to the

Falkland Estate

MArchD DS3 Students 2024-2025

Oxford Brookes University

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

A Stewards’ Guide to the Falkland Estate would be nothing without the Falkand Estate itself, and all who help steward it. Thank you to Ninian Stuart, without whose willingness, we would not have had the opportunity to visit the beautiful estate, and learn from it.

Thank you to everyone who helped make our trip an insightful experience, helping us soak up the essence of the estate from its people; Sam, Kevin, Adele, Dougie, and Robbie.

Lastly, thank you to our wonderful tutors, Melissa Kinnear, Alex Towler, and Tamara Kahn who have poured their heart into bettering our ideas as regenerative practitioners.

- Oxford Brookes University DS3 Students 2024-2025

Preface

Mythological System

Psychological System

Economic System

Settlement System

Hydrological System

Geological System

Future

Interim States

Bibliography

CONTRIBUTORS

Project Manager Co-ordinator

Lead Photographers

Lead Illustrator

Editor & Graphic Designer Publisher

Proof Readers

Oxford Brookes University DS3 students 2024-2025

Supporting Roles

Nisarga Shinde

Patricia Armstrong

Ayesha

Andrew Sosan Saunders

Lauren Pickard

Shivani Manoghar

George

Jasmin Solaymantash Mannix

Shania

Joeizha

Jahnavi Dsouza Verzosa J

Jessica Biggerstaff

1

PREFACE

In the current polycrisis, there is an emerging shift toward regenerative design. This shift is gradually trickling down into the design and construction industry. New books are being published by engineers and architects, with titles referring to ‘regenerative design’. Architects Declare has recently released a Regenerative Design Primer and has begun to collate a Regenerative Architecture Index. It could be said that ‘regenerative’ is starting to overtake ‘sustainable’. But what is regenerative design, beyond being a fashionable new term?

A simple definition is: sustainable design aims to be less harmful to the environment; whereas regenerative design seeks to positively enhance it. This can be seen as a continuum of design evolution, as illustrated in the diagram from Bill Reed of the Regenesis Group, which charts the trajectory of environmentally responsible design (Ichioka and Pawlyn, 2021; Wahl, 2016).

Adapted from Reed (2006) with the author’s permission.

For the work explored in this book, regenerative design is more rigorously defined as “an approach in which human systems are designed to co-exist and co-evolve with natural systems over time” (UK Architects Declare, 2024, p.8). The work is carried out in MArchD, Design Studio 3 (DS3) at Oxford Brookes University. Tutors and students are exploring how to develop design projects that embody regenerative design principles, and within the studio environment itself, we are evolving a regenerative development practice.

The studio uses the theoretical framework proposed by the Regenesis Institute, as articulated in the book Regenerative Development and Design: A Framework for Evolving Sustainability (Mang, Haggard and Regenesis, 2016). Mang and Reed further expand on regenerative development as “a system of developmental technologies and strategies that work to enhance the ability of living beings to co-evolve, so that the planet continues to express its potential for diversity, complexity, and creativity by harmonizing human activities with the continuing evolution of life on our planet, even as we continue to develop our potential as humans. Regenerative development provides the framework and builds the local capability required to ensure regenerative design processes achieve maximum systemic leverage and support through time” (Mang & Reed, 2012).

To practically navigate this theory, they propose nine key principles:

Principle 1: Design for evolution

Principle 2: Partner with place

Principle 3: Call forth a collective vocation

Principle 4: Actualize stakeholder systems toward co-evolving mutualism

Principle 5: Work from potential, not problems

Principle 6: Find your distinctive, value-adding role

Principle 7: Leverage systemic regeneration by making nodal interventions

Principle 8: Design the process to be developmental

Principle 9: Become a systems actualizer (Mang & Haggard, 2016)

These principles underpin all of the work we have been doing in relation to the place and people on the Falkland Estate in Fife, Scotland. Additionally, as proposed by the Regenesis Institute, we are practicing ‘developmental technologies’ in our efforts to create a caring and nurturing environment for regenerative development within each of us, within the studio team, and in relation to the work we are called to do for a flourishing future for all beings, for all time (Ichioka and Pawlyn, 2021).

- Melissa Kinnear and Alex Towler

2

UNITED KINGDOM

FIFE, SCOTLAND

Falkland

Fife

Falkland Estate in the centre of Fife, Scotland, is a place where human history, the natural world, and community come together to create a landscape of remarkable beauty and richness. Nestling beneath the Lomond Hills, the estate comprises 1,072 acres of woodland, fertile farmland, and rugged hills (Taylor, 2009). Its long history spans millennia, starting with the first farmers who heavily impacted the landscape, through to its use as a royal hunting estate by the Stuart monarchs. Falkland Palace, a beautiful Renaissance building and former royal residence, illustrates its regal past, while the surrounding gardens, woodland, and designed landscape represent centuries of careful management.

The estate is not only a piece of the past but, in fact, a changing and dynamic environment. It is now a centre for conservation, sustainable land use, and community development. Working as a Centre for Stewardship, the estate brings people together using themes such as food, wood, and craft to forge a close bond between people and the land (Taylor, 2009). Falkland Estate provides a special combination of history, natural beauty, and progressive management, thereby ensuring that it is regarded as a treasured destination for future generations to explore, whether by strolling in the ancient woodlands, promenading along the Victorian pleasure walks, or contemplating the efforts of those who created this exceptional location.

Throughout this book, you will find a collection of images and sketches created by DS3 students during their 2024 field trip to Falkland. These works aim to capture the beauty and spirit of this remarkable place. While no image can fully convey the experience of being there in person, we hope this collection offers a glimpse into what makes Falkland Estate so special - a landscape where history, nature, and community come together in harmony.

FROM STUARTS TO STEWARDSHIP

I love Falkland and feel somewhat hefted to it. Yet my inheritance is a burden as well as a privilege. Today my family and I believe the time is coming to hand it on to some form of steward-owners. Our desire is to hand the land on from our single family line into the hands of a community of stewards. Their task will be to hold, host and harvest the land till it is their time, in turn, to hand this land onto the next generation of steward-owners.

Falkland Estate has a remarkable story. From the volcano that shaped the “beacon” hill to the arrival of humans, early hill forts, hunting grounds and gathering places. Then an era of increasing hierarchies and lordship from the Veniconies to Pictish Kings to Earls of Fife (last of the Gaelic Earls). Exactly 600 years ago, James 1 of Scotland confiscated the lands and executed Murdoch Stewart, Earl of Fife. So from 1425, Falkland became a Royal Park, Retreat and Hunting lodge of the Royal Stuarts. As the seat of the Crown moved south, the estate passed to wealthy aristocratic Keepers who protected the old order in the face of the Agricultural & Industrial Revolutions. It was also a favoured home of remarkable women (inc. Mary of Guilders, Mary Queen of Scots, Anna Gordon Brown & Margaret Bruce) who left their marks. The Division of the Commonty on the Lomonds only took place in 1818. My Great Grandfather, 3rd Marquess of Bute purchased the estate in 1887. The two World Wars took a terrible toll of my grandfather’s life and my father’s health, as well as the economy. Uncomfortable with the privilege of owning an estate, I welcomed in those with pioneering spirits and a shared desire to restore the land and its people.

Over the last 40 years, we have provided the enabling conditions for various enterprises to flourish, such as Pillars of Hercules; restored over 25k of paths; created a centre of stewardship learning & rural skills; refurbished Nuthill Stables and the Woodland Hub at Chancefield; hosted inspiring events (from Big Tent to GO Falkland) and opened up opportunities for running, cycling, football, cricket, walking, dancing and wellbeing. However today, many aspects of business-as-usual are no longer fit-for-purpose whilst the challenges of our times, and of future generations, are calling for:

1. A quiet revolution of transformational change to: enable a return to sanity; restore faith in the future; & hold out for the common good.

2. A move from top-down “lairdship” to active devolution of stewardship to those working on the ground, with shared accountability.

3. Us All to trust the evolution of relationships as we together commit to tending our wellbeing as we host & harvest life on this land.

It’s a joy to welcome in the spirit and skills of Oxford Brookes students to share these challenges and explore what a more regenerative path might look like.

- Ninian Stuart

3 EXPLORING SYSTEMS

Exploring Systems

Regenerative development, as explored by Regenesis, emphasises a holistic approach to place-making, recognising that human and natural systems are deeply interconnected. This perspective goes beyond sustainability by seeking to restore and enhance the vitality of ecosystems and communities. The cultural and natural systems at play - spiritual, mythological, psychological, socio-cultural, economic, settlement, biological, hydrological, and geological - each contribute to the unique identity and function of a place. By understanding and integrating these systems, regenerative development seeks to create places that not only minimise harm but actively contribute to the renewal of ecological and cultural vitality.

COSMOLOGICAL STORIES OF PLACE

SPIRITUAL SYSTEM

In the quiet of the forest, where the earth meets the sky, You rest below the branches, where the birds fly by. The wind whispers softly, through the leaves so green, A gentle reminder of what has always been.

The roots around you cradle, the soil holds you tight, A place of peaceful stillness, where days turn into night. No stone, no mark, no monument but nature’s mighty oak, A circle that completes itself, with love from local folk.

The water will remember, the hill will sing your name, As leaves fall, the seasons change, and life begins again. Your spirirt is the sunshine, your memory the rain, As you return to soil and sky, free from resentment and pain.

And though you leave our eyes, you’re nature’s far away, In every breeze, and rustling leaf, in every dawn and day. You are part of something greater, in natures grand embrace, Forever in the earth and sky, in this peaceful Falkland place.

- George Mannix

This Peaceful Falkland Place

SPIRITUAL HOTSPOTS

In the Falkland Estate...

1. The Tyndall Bruce Monument is a memorial commissioned in 1855 by Margaret Tyndall Bruce to honour her late husband, Onesiphorus TyndallBruce.

After marrying the heiress to the Falkland Estate in 1818, Onesiphorus Tyndall-Bruce became hereditary keeper of the Falkland Palace and quickly gained the respect of the Falkland community for his charitable giving and active role in Fife society and politics. He commissioned the construction of the Temple of Decision, the House of Falkland, where the Tyndall-Bruce family once lived, and funded the construction of the Falkland parish church and fountain. At the peak of the Black Hill, the monument stands tall, a silent keeper of history, watching over the land below (Fife Coast & Countryside Trust, 2020).

2. The Lomond Hill to the south of the Falkland Estate is the site of an ancient fort. In 2022, archaeologists began excavating a major settlement dating back to the Roman Iron Age and Pictish times on the southern slopes of the hill. Hundreds of artefacts have been uncovered, including crucibles, pottery, weaponry and games. The area is steeped in history and likely acted as a centre for trade and craftsmanship in Fife for almost 1000 years. It stands as a reminder of permanence, an ever present observer as Falkland’s history has unfolded.

3. Kilgour burial ground. Kilgour is an ancient settlement on which a Victorian farm steading was built. The collection of stone buildings allegedly takes its name from a ‘yellow-church’ which stood here in medieval times, with a heavily over-grown, level area of grass to the South, likely to be a former burial ground (University of St Andrews, 2008).

4. The former site of the Stewartry Castle of Falkland. Falkland was once the capital of the stewartry of Fife, and later, a favourite residence of the Scottish Royal court. The castle of Falkland once stood adjacent to the Palace, but no signs of it remain. Many prisoners would have been locked away in the dungeons, including James I’s reckless younger brother, David - the Duke of Rothesay, who died here at the hands of his uncle the Duke of Albany (Dalgleish, W.S., 1886).

5. Maspie Den Waterfall. The estate is criss-crossed by a large number of different watercourses and geological features such as Maspie Den (an Old Red Sandstone gorge) and the Yad waterfall. Stroll through the picturesque Falkland Estate, where towering trees and wellmaintained paths guide your way. Follow the soothing sound of water as you climb the steep-sided den towards the impressive waterfalls and rock formations. At the top, find refuge underneath the sandstone overhang and take in the meditative sounds provided by the falling

water(Chapman et.al, 2014).

6. Temple of Decision on Green Hill on the Falkland Estate, designed by Alexander Roos and built 1850–56, was intended as a key focal point and promontory for viewing the grounds. There has been lots of speculation about what the temple was supposed to be used for, recent theories suggest it was used to hideaway deserters in World War I (Chapman et.al, 2014).

7. Falkland Palace, Chapel Royal

The Royal Palace of Falkland, built between 1501 and 1541, was the country residence and hunting lodge of the Stewart monarchs. Restored by the 3rd Marquess of Bute and his architect, John Kinross, the chapel dates to around 1540 and was decorated in the 17th century with royal coats-of-arms to the ceiling and scriptural texts adorning the walls. The stained-glass windows display the heraldic badges of Scottish kings and queens associated with Falkland Palace. The chapel was further restored in 1896 for Catholic worship, with the altar, retable, and dais designed by Robert Weir Schultz and installed in 1909.

Now cared for by the National Trust for Scotland, the chapel is open to visitors during regular hours, with admission included in the general ticket. A Roman Catholic, Sunday Mass is free to attend for all (Scotland Churches Trust, 2024).

A map of significant spiritual places in

Falkland

DEATH, MOURNING & COMMEMORATION

Stewarding Loss:

In times of transition, from familiarity to the unknown, from security to uncertainty, from life to death, it is important to commemorate what has come before, learn from the past, decommission the no longer useful and use this as a springboard for future growth.

It is not enough to increase the supply of promising ideas, as we students of Oxford Brookes ‘Regenerative Design Studio’ have endeavoured to do. We must establish a relationship with loss to create sophisticated frameworks for building on the potential of hundreds of years of history, culture and dedicated service that has been held and hosted by a long line of Hereditary Keepers and owners responsible for it including the Stuart family (first Albany then Royal Stuarts, and latterly the Stuarts of Bute).

The Falkland Estate finds itself at a point of transition, as top-down ownership makes way for fair shares, balance and hospitality. Perhaps we can learn from Scotland’s historic funeral traditions, to mourn the end of the Stuarts and welcome in the next generation of Stewards.

Scottish Funeral Traditions:

The earliest evidence of a human ‘funeral’ date back to the ancient Celts, who lived in Scotland over two millennia ago. They believed that death was not the end but simply a transition into another life.

Sepulchral urns were filled with the burnt remains of the dead and deposited under barrows or large circular heaps of earth and stone. This was constant practice for the Caledonians, whose manner of burying the dead is thus described by Robert Henry.

“They opened a grave six or eight feet deep; the bottom was lined with fine clay, and on this they laid the body of the deceased; and if a warrior, his sword and the heads of twelve arrows by his side. Above they laid another stratum of clay, in which they placed the horn of a deer, the symbol of hunting. The whole was covered with a fine mould, and four stones placed on end, to mark the extent of the grave.” (Henry, 1788)

“But oh! what crowds in ev’ry land, All wretched and forlorn, Thro weary life this lesson learn, That Man was made to mourn.”

- Robert Burns

CELTIC AFTERLIFE

The poems of Ossian confirm this burial practice and adds that the favourite dog of the deceased was often buried near them (Macpherson, 1996).

But the most important rite of sepulture amongst the ancient Pictish people was funeral song, that praises the deceased, sung by mourners and set to the music of harps. This is still a feature of modern, Christian funeral practices where numerous songs of praise are sung to guide spirits to a place of rest and happiness. The Celts believed that some animals forewarned of impending death. The appearance of a raven or crow at the scene of death or the howling of dogs in the night, were thought to be symbols of death (still present in popular culture today) that began in Celtic lore.

In post-reformation Scotland, the death of a significant figure was declared using a small bell, tolled by the beadle (a church official) as he ‘paraded at a slow pace’ through the town centre (Raeburn, 2015). When Christianity came to Scotland in the 6th century, it brought with it Pagan rituals such as covering up mirrors and stopping clocks as it was believed that this would prevent the soul from getting trapped on its way to the afterlife. This is verified in an 1819 edition of Scots Magazine, where links between animals and death are still evident…

“When one expires, the clock is immediately stopped, and the dial-plate, covered with a towel; mirrors are also covered in a similar manner. All the cats belonging to the house are caught and put in immediate confinement”. (Scots Magazine, 1819)

Soon after this, in 1855, it became mandatory for any death to be noted with a civil registrar. In modern times, it is common practice for a funeral-goer to wear their clan’s tartan, in the form of a kilt for men and a sash for women. There are nods to tradition throughout contemporary Scottish funerals. Mourners gather at a church, to sing, eulogise and hear readings and music. There is a procession, often set to bagpipe music, and the body is taken to the burial site where a celebrant offers final words or prayers and commits the body to the earth in a coffin. A wake follows, where friends and family of the deceased gather to celebrate the life of the dead (Raeburn, 2015).

COSMOLOGICAL STORIES OF PLACE

MYTHOLOGICAL SYSTEM

Her Signs x The Oak

The signs of change, the whispers of the trees in breezes, and the glowing embrace of the visiting sun.

Even in winter’s bite we aren’t afraid. She said, “surrender! For what do you know of life?”

We say “from the whisperers we have learned to wait,

For the glowing embrace to come.”

Every year she warns us of her wrath, The threat of death, it is but a constant, so long as life has a path.

We know to keep the signs of life.

Sapling planted

Sapling growing

Sapling seeding shelter

Sapling seeking, speaking, an ambassador

Sapling no more, branches abow Great oak standing, strong, wise, enduring Home.

- Andrew Saunders

THE OAK

Resting beneath the blue sky, a deer rests in a great oak tree. The Oak on the Falkland seal references the Royal hunting forests of Falkland that were cut down by Cromwellian forces in 1652 to supply construction of a fort at Dundee. The tree now is closer to a symbol of nourishment, shelter and connection with the people (Folklore Society, 1878).

In wider folklore the oak tree is a symbol of wisdom, strength and endurance, however in certain cultures such as Celtic it may also be seen as the ‘Tree of Life’. Also known as Crann Bethadh, this ancient Celtic symbol marks such beliefs as rebirth, new beginnings, wisdom and strength, safety and the home, and the inevitable cycle of life and death (Smout et al, 2003).

The Celts had admiration and the utmost respect for nature and in particular trees for this is an unwavering presence. Whenever they migrated to a new ground, the clan would clear the area and plant a tree in the centre of the settlement - generally an oak tree though some have documented it to be ash. It represented the life and existence of a new community there, believing their ancestral spirits resided within the tree. Seen as the heart of the clan, it was seen to have powers to tend to the clan and look after all aspects of life.

The mythological presence of the oak can be seen on the Falkland Palace grounds. Exemplified within the garden there stands a ring of 6 oak trees - the 6th cut down as part of ground maintenance (image below).

The Four Agricultural Festivals combined with the Celtic Tree Astrology

TURNING OF THE SEASONS

Many cultural practices are derived from folklore about the turning of the seasons.

Since the Neolithic Period 6000 years ago, agriculture and the turning of the seasons have brought on mythology pertaining to the cycle of transformation, observing the impact of changing climate conditions, the solar patterns, and often the struggle between light and dark (Folklore Scotland, 2022). Out of these observations came customs, rituals and superstitions reaffirming that the sun did and will return, that the land and animals are fertile, that the gods / goddesses / spirits of nature were happy and would look favourably on them. Within Scottish Folklore it was seen as a battle between light and dark, summer and winter; the struggle between growth and decay.

The 4 main agricultural festivals, corresponding with the solar cycle (see diagram). Imbolc marks the very first signs of Spring. Beltane marks the start of the Summer and the cattle returning to the pastures. Lughnasadh/Lammas marks the first of the Harvest. Samhain marks the last of the Harvest and the beginning of the Winter.

While prevalent today as part of folklore, the co-opting of these pagan beliefs by Christianity have altered tradition over time. This has been relatively minor in practice as it still has a firm base within the agricultural cycle. Additionally, industrialisation has brought upon a level of detachment from being an intrinsic part of the cycle of seasons. However, this attitude has been largely resisted given the heavy rural context, hence the bringing forth of fostering stewardship rooted in appreciation of nature’s intrinsic value (Armit & Ralston, 2003).

Gods, goddesses and deities who represent the seasons. The Cailleach (aka Carlin). The Hag Goddess of winter who brings snow. Beira - Queen of Winter and Goddess of creation. She crushes growth and scares animals. Bride - Goddess of Spring. Presiding over the months between Beltane and Samhain. Story of Angus and Beira represent the struggle between spring and winter. The Bodach - Deity used to describe the passing of the seasons and lifegiving.

A greater understanding of the mythological belief system that brings forth a connection between the people and the land aids in a greater fostering of stewardship. Furthermore, these socio-cultural practices bring forth a greater ancestral link, demonstrating the value in retaining the knowledge of the past and respecting the beliefs of those before us.

HISTORY & ADAPTIVE REUSE

Falkland Estate History:

Between 1821 and 1826, during the Victorian era, Professor John Bruce purchased and began upgrading the Falkland Estate. Improvements were made to the palace, the farms, and the grounds. His niece Margaret inherited the estate and commissioned William Burn to build the Tudor-style House of Falkland. Extensive developments to enhance aesthetic relevance were undertaken, and a temple and monument were constructed during this period. In 1887, John Patrick Crichton Stuart, the 3rd Marquess of Bute, acquired the estate and the Keepership of the Palace. (Chapman & Wilson, 2010; admin-flintriver, 2025).

Let’s Break Down the Concept of Adaptive Reuse:

Buildings and structures hold both architectural and cultural significance, whether they continue to serve their original function or are repurposed. Adaptive reuse is a sustainable architectural and urban planning strategy that renovates existing structures for new uses while preserving their cultural heritage (Apa.org, 2025).

Impact on the Future:

Adaptive reuse does more than preserve historical elements; it also has psychological effects. When places are thoughtfully repurposed and restored, they can evoke psychological comfort and emotional well-being. Architecture that emphasises historical continuity fosters environments that enhance emotional resilience and cultural identity (Apa. org, 2025).

STEWARDSHIP MINDSET

Stewardship is about keeping and nurturing assets from the past for the benefit of present and future generations. The term derives from the Anglo-Saxon word stigweard, the keeper of the hall (stig – house or hall; weard – keep): a vital role in early societies, maintaining the heart of the community. Today stewardship is synonymous with longterm management, care and relationship. It implies nurturing and sustaining an asset with the intention that it should continue to be around for a long time for the benefit of future generations.

We live in an age in which the opposite values of speed, profit-taking and consumption threaten to trump the mindfulness, investment and long-term care that are the hallmarks of stewardship. Many of our current practices appear unsustainable and short-sighted and the world cries out for more responsible, longer-term thinking. For us stewardship is about reconnecting and increasing flow of exchange between different generations, diverse cultures and those who are excluded.

We clearly need more of the stewardship perspective: in the education of (as well as learning from) our children; our approach to resource use and new technologies; the development of responsible business; the long term challenges of an ageing society; the evolution of community in a connected world and a changing economy; and many other areas.

Falkland aims to be a living testament to good stewardship in action. Falkland Estate’s resources exist for our enjoyment in their present form largely due to the thoughtful stewardship of previous generations. Our generation is faced with the challenge of being an equally good steward on behalf of the future. We need to show as much vision, imagination and creativity as our forebears in order to secure a place for Falkland as part of a thriving society in a future social setting we cannot even imagine a hundred years from now. We need to be leaders in the ethos and act of stewardship through unpredictable times.

HISTORY AND HERITAGE

Definition of History:

History is the legacy of the past existing in the present. It underpins place development and influences people’s behaviour within specific spaces. Much like psychology, history explores human behaviour, with Falkland Estate and its ‘sublime’ landscaping recognised as a site of outstanding historical and cultural significance (Chapman & Wilson, 2010).

History Cannot be Avoided:

People are living embodiments of history. Communities speak languages inherited from ancestors and live in cultures shaped over centuries. Human genomes reflect evolution over millennia. Therefore, understanding history is fundamental to understanding human existence. As Corfield (2019) states, “History matters” because it is not merely useful but essential.

Three Contrasting Orientations:

History can be viewed as psychological expression, as a psychological progenitor, or as psychological discourse itself. Emotions are thus integral to history, and for architects and designers, essential to placemaking. There is no authentic placemaking without the inclusion of emotion, historical awareness, and heritage (Apa.org, 2025; Corfield, 2019).

SOCIETAL STORIES OF PLACE

SOCIO-CULTURAL SYSTEM

Rivers flow, birds sing sweet, Flowers bloom, forests dance to the beat.

Tree shadows shelter, peaceful nest, Animals play, forest finds rest. Nature’s charm greets our hearts.

Sunsets fade, stars appear bright, Night’s soft silence, a peaceful sight. The forest’s lullaby, a gentle hush, As nature’s beauty, our souls rush. In harmony, we find our delight.

Ancient hills rise, heather blooms free, A haven for wildlife, wild and carefree. Woodland paths unwind, through silver birch and beech, A tranquil escape, where nature’s beauty speaks. Serenity found, in this scenic retreat.

- Shivani Manoghar and Lauren Pickard

CHARACTER OF LOCAL AREA

This map represents the local character of Falkland

Source: Digimap

Lifestyles and Values:

Nature-oriented Lifestyle: proximity to large woodland areas and hills enables residents easy access to outdoor activities such as hiking, cycling, and conservation.

Community-focused Lifestyles: The small clusters suggest close-knit human settlements with the potential of highly connected social bonds and the holding of local traditions.

Cultural heritage and arts: Falkland’s historic and artistic identity suggests the potential fertile ground for a community of craft and making.

Employment Patterns:

Rural employment: agriculture, forestry, and conservation-related jobs are likely prominent here.

Service industry: Falkland has a mix of service oriented jobs tied to local shops, schools, healthcare, and hospitality.

Tourism and hospitality: with attractions like the Falkland Palace and East Lomond, the area likely sustains a significant number of jobs in the tourism and hospitality sectors.

Key:

Rural Residents

Cosmopolitans

Ethnicity Central

Multicultural Metropolitans

Urbanites

Surbanites

Constrained City Dwellers

Hard Pressed Living

Community Characteristics:

1. The smaller towns and villages, particularly around Falkland, are likely characterised by tight-knit communities.

2. Settlements near major roads may serve as commuter hubs, linking residents to larger urban areas for work or services.

Demographic Patterns:

1. Rural residents dominate the open countryside and woodland areas.

2. The settlements around Falkland and Freuchie are diverse, with a higher density of suburbanites, urbanites and small clusters of cosmopolitans and multicultural metropolitans.

3. Smaller clusters and rural zones reflect low-density populations, likely consisting of farming communities or individuals seeking a rural lifestyle.

FIFE PLACES OF CULTURAL INTEREST

Falkland Palace

Falkland Estate

Culross Palace

Culross Castle

Aberdour Castle

Wemyss Caves

Fife Folk Museum

Dunino Den

St Andrews Chapel

Blackfriars Chapel

Creich Castle

Dunfermline Abbey / Palace

Forth Bridge

Dunimarle Castle

STORY OF FIFE PILGRIM KINGDOM

In the Footsteps of Medieval Pilgrims:

In medieval Europe, St Andrews was one of the main pilgrimage locations. People flocked to the area, to be near the bones of St Andrew, who was believed to be one of Jesus’ disciples. Dunfermline was also a popular destination, where people travelled to visit St Margaret’s shrine in the Abbey. Other saints were represented by churches and chapels along the journey to St Andrews.

The medieval pilgrimage left their mark on the landscape of Fife. Many of the roads and bridges we see today were formed hundreds of years ago to ease the journey for pilgrims. Pilgrimage is why Fife is often referred to as the nickname of ‘Pilgram Kingdom’. Pilgrimage had an impact on Fife’s economy, religion and cultural life.

Medieval Pilgrimage:

There were two main reasons for undertaking a pilgrimage. The first being that it was an act of penitence. The penance were often given by the church, and the more uncomfortable and dangerous the journey, the more likely it was for pilgrims to receive absolution (Visit Dunfermline: Fife’s Pilgrim Way, 2025).

In medieval times, there was a strong fascination with Saints and relics; this was the second reason people chose to partake in pilgrimages. It was believed that by being in close proximity to a Saint, they were able to absorb some of their power. It was also believed that Saints could provide miracles, and so people would travel to receive healing (Undiscovered Scotland, 2025; Visit Dunfermline: Fife’s Pilgrim Way, 2025).

The Four Pilgrimage Sites:

Category 1:

The Holy Land, Jerusalem, and Rome.

Category 2:

Sites associated with apostles and other biblical characters.

Category 3:

Sites of national or regional saints.

Category 4:

Sites of locally significant saints.

CULTURAL AND TOURISM STRATEGY

2019-2029

Vision: ‘By 2028 Fife will be one of the strongest digital destinations in Scotland where businesses are taking advantage of digital opportunities and visitors and locals alike are able to interact, book and share their positive experiences leaving their own digital footprint across Fife for others to view, share and experience for themselves.’

The area of Fife are striving for growth by focusing on their thematic and geological strengths. St. Andrews is recognised internationally, attracting a large number of tourists every year. The currently cultural strategy will work towards re-establishing Dunfermline as a cultural destination through large-scale investement, along with the Forth Bridge becoming a World Heritage Site has raised the profile of Fife as a whole.

• Develop a strong sense of place behind the Fife brand through local partnerships

• Create a synamic ‘Sense of Place’ campaign to engage visitors and the people of Fife

• Create compelling social media content

• Support Local Tourist Associations

• Lengthen the tourist season through activities with local businesses

• Develop transport connectivity

• Take advantage of regional opportunities to promote Fife - support campaigns through the Forth Bridges Tourism Strategy and the Tay Cities Tourism Strategy.

FALKLAND GARDENING GROUP

Historical Background:

Established in 1987 as ‘Falkland in Bloom’, the group earned numerous awards for its summer floral displays. In 2017, they became a registered charity under the name ‘Visit Falkland’ and officially adopted the current name, Falkland Gardening Group, in 2021.

Community Impact:

The group’s efforts have been recognised in various publications. An article in the Scottish farmer praised them for providing a lifeline to people struggling during COVID-19 pandemic. Additionally, they were featured by the Scottish Land Group for land-owners’ supporting community uses as an exemplary model for landowners commission across Scotland. The group brings together individuals of all ages and skill levels to participate in gardening and horticultural activites. Through collective initiatives like maintaining the village and organising community events, the group strengthens relationships among residents. By offering volunteering platforms such as the Monday Planting Group, the organisation encourages civic participation, which enhances community cohesion.

1. Mental Well-being

2. Cultural Preservation Heritage

3. Environmental Sustainability Awareness

Planting Group:

This group meets most Mondays at 1:30pm at Sugar Acre in Falkland. They focus on beautifying areas such as the Cross Wynd and High street corner. The group offers allotments equipped with three large polytunnels, enabling members to cultivate vegetables and fruits organically, as well as organising events such as the

BIG TENT FESTIVAL

The Big Tent Festival was initiated as a Festival of Stewardship and grew a reputation as one of Scotland’s foremost Environmental and Cultural events, hosted at Falkland Estate from 2006 to 2012, served as an umbrella for many activities: music, arts, sustainability dialogues, and community engagement. It significantly contributed to Falkland and the wider area, leaving a legacy in various respects.

Cultural

and Artistic Benefit:

Eclectic music programming: the festival had a broad array of musical acts, highlighted by the remarkable acts of The Proclaimers in 2012 and Roseanne Cash in 2010. This music attracted audiences from all walks of life and further enlivened cultural sounds in the region as well as raising environmental awareness amongst people who may not otherwise be conscious of the issues.

Child-friendly environment: arts and crafts storytelling activities, and many others organised for the family, donated much to making the festival accessible to families where children under 12 would come in for free-attended activities. Thus, it expanded the definition of ‘community’ and made it within reach of the arts.

Heritage and legacy for future events: Falkland Estate has established the Harvest Fest-a programme celebrating rural skills, music, and sustainability - after the Big Tent Festival. The festival is partly modelled on this Big Tent concept, thus carrying on the grand tradition of people convening around eco-relevant events.

BUILDING A SUSTAINABLE FUTURE

Falkland Estate’s Sustainable Build Schools are an educational initiative dedicated to promoting ecological and traditional building techniques.

Mission and Objectives:

The primary mission of the Sustainable Build Schools are to foster interest and proficiency in building with natural materials. By providing practicel learning experiences, the school aims to equip individuals with the skills necessary for self building and small scale construction projects.

Educational Offerings:

The school organises a variety of courses and workshops led by experts in the field of sustainable construction. The sessions cover topics such as earth and timber building, emphasising the use of natural and reclaimed materials.

Community Engagement:

Beyond individual skill development, the Sustainable Build School serves as a community hub for ecological building practices. It collaborates with organisations like the Scottish Ecological Design Association (SEDA) to promote sustainable construction methods. The school also contributes to Falkland Estate’s broader vision of creating a ‘Field of Learning’.

SOCIETAL STORIES OF PLACE

ECONOMIC SYSTEM

PSYCHOLOGY OF RESISTANCE

Detrimental Growth:

Growth is necessary, and at this stage of Falkland Estate’s development, improving the economy is vital. Why is there no robust technology in place to monetise the estate’s potential? Growth plays a key role in creating jobs, reducing poverty, and fostering more resilient and intelligent societies, ensuring future generations inherit a more stable financial landscape (Diaz, 2022). However, as beneficial as growth can be, it also has serious environmental consequences: it depletes soil, acidifies oceans, destabilises the climate, and accelerates wildlife extinction - ultimately creating a world far from ideal (Matthias, 2014). So, what should the governance of the estate do in the face of this contradiction?

Responsible Actions:

Humanity faces the threat of irreversible climate change, and each of us carries a moral responsibility to act differently. Modern economic life contributes daily to planetary destruction. Although we are aware of these consequences, we struggle to break free from harmful patterns - often because economic security and personal freedom are tightly linked to continued growth (Psychology Today, 2025). Balancing these competing interests is at the core of sustainable governance and responsible estate management.

New Ways of Thinking About Economic Growth:

We need a fundamental shift in mindset. Before we can change how we grow, we must understand the assumptions and narratives driving our current concept of growth (Widarni, Febiyana & Bawono, 2022). What do we believe growth looks like, and where do we expect it to lead? Growth is essential - but not in its current form. Rather than expanding through exploitation, we must focus on growing intelligently: regenerating, healing, and sustaining our natural and social systems.

SUSTAINING THE ESTATE’S ECONOMY

Tackling Economic Deficit:

In a post-industrial society, sustaining the economy and reducing deficits begins with establishing stability in the information economy. This involves building a strong foundation of accessible and relevant data, which has evolved through the rise of digital tools and social networks. These developments mark a shift in the fundamental conditions of economic behaviour. As digital interactions continue to grow, both societal and business engagement with information should be a central focus to foster innovation and identify new avenues for economic growth (Widarni, Febiyana & Bawono, 2022).

Information Economy – A Tool of Progress:

A balanced information economy is essential to creating a thriving financial system within Falkland Estate. By sharing meaningful information and publicising socio-economic activities, the community can become more engaged and informed. This active sharing will not only foster awareness of growth but also generate enthusiasm for collaborationleading to a more equitable distribution of resources and opportunities for both current and future generations (Diaz, 2022).

External Exchange:

Falkland Estate possesses abundant human capital, which is a key resource for establishing robust external exchange. According to Samual, Soputan, and Kawulur (2020), human resources significantly influence business innovation and broader economic development, especially when cultivated through education and skills development. By aligning this potential with a well-structured information economy and building external partnerships, the estate can embark on a

4 RETURNS FRAMEWORK

The 4 Returns Framework is a holistic model for landscape restoration developed by Commonland. Its central goal is to transform degraded landscapes by addressing environmental, social, and economic dimensions through four key types of returns: Inspiration, Social Capital, Natural Capital, and Financial Capital (Commonland, n.d.-a).

1. Return of Inspiration

This return focuses on restoring hope and purpose within communities affected by environmental degradation. It emphasises reconnecting people with their landscape and envisioning a better future (Commonland, n.d.-a).

2. Return of Social Capital

This component strengthens local communities by encouraging collaboration, education, and social cohesion. It fosters inclusive stakeholder engagement, recognising the value of local knowledge and cultural practices (Commonland, n.d.-a).

3. Return of Natural Capital

Natural Capital involves restoring biodiversity and ecosystem functions such as water retention, soil fertility, and carbon sequestration. It is foundational for long-term environmental health (Commonland, n.d.-a).

4. Return of Financial Capital

This aspect aims to develop regenerative business models that create sustainable income streams for local communities, making landscape restoration economically viable (Commonland, n.d.-a).

The 4 Returns Framework operates across three landscape zones - natural, combined, and economic zones - and is implemented over a minimum 20-year timespan, aligning short-term actions with long-term restoration goals (Commonland, n.d.-a).

Commonland also provides an open-access Community Platform to support practitioners, investors, and policymakers in applying the framework worldwide (Commonland, n.d.-b).

The 5 elements:

Commonland’s approach breaks big landscape goals into manageable steps to boost impact across the 4 Returns. It involves:

- Forming a landscape partnership

- Reaching a shared understanding

- Creating a joint vision and plan

- Implementing the plan effectively

- Monitoring progress and learning continuously

This process is flexible - steps can overlap, repeat, or follow different orders depending on the context (Commonland, n.d.-a).

SOCIETAL STORIES OF PLACE

SETTLEMENT SYSTEM

Beneath the Lomond’s watchful gaze, A village thrives through ancient days. Where kings once hunted, courts did sing, And stone-built homes saw life take wing.

The palace rose with regal pride, A haven where the Stuarts bide. Weavers, farmers, hands at play, Bound the past to Falkland’s way.

Now cobbled streets and gardens fair, Hold echoes of the lives lived there.

A timeless place, both proud and small, Where history breathes within its walls.

- Jasmin Solaymantash

Illustration of an Iron Age Fort on East Lomond Hill - Bob Marshall

Evidence of human activity, such as ancient burial sites and standing stones in the surrounding region, suggests that there has been settlers in Falkland since the Iron Age (admin-flintriver, 2025).

EARLY HISTORY

Falkland became a Royal Burgh in the 12th century. Its location near important trade routes made it an attractive site for settlement and commerce. In 1160, King Malcolm IV of Scotland granted Falkland its burgh status, which meant it was given certain privileges and a level of self-governance (Scottish-places.info, 2022).

ROYAL BURGH

During the reign of the Stuart kings, Falkland became a popular destination due to its royal connections. The Palace continued to be used by various monarchs, including Mary, Queen of Scots. The town itself became associated with royalty and noble families, fostering growth and attracting people involved in courtly activities (www.scotlandsenchanting-kingdom.com, 2024).

THE ROYAL COURT

PICTISH INFLUENCE

During the early medieval period, the area was part of the Pictish kingdom. Though specific Pictish artifacts linked directly to Falkland are scarce, the region was under their cultural influence (Tayscreen.com, 2022).

FALKLAND PALACE GROWTH

Originally built by the Stuart kings, particularly James IV and James V, as a hunting lodge. It became an important royal retreat and a symbol of the village’s significance during the Renaissance period. The palace’s extensive grounds and gardens also highlight the village’s historical importance as a royal centre (Visitscotland.com, 2025).

The construction of the palace spurred the growth of Falkland as a settlement. Many of the village’s stone houses date back to this period, and the village layout retains much of its historical character (Bennett, 2024).

After the Union of the Crowns in 1603, the Scottish royal court moved to London, leading to a decline in Falkland’s importance. The palace fell into disrepair, though parts of it were later restored in the 19th century (Britain Express, 2025).

THE ROYAL COURT

In the 20th century, Falkland began to attract tourists due to its historic buildings and landscapes. The Falkland Palace and the village itself were preserved, with local efforts to maintain the character and heritage of the area. The Royal Burgh designation also helped in establishing the village as a centre of historical and cultural importance (Visitscotland. com, 2025).

CONSERVATION & HERITAGE DAY TRIPS

Its central location also makes it a great day trip destination for those wanting to explore the natural beauty of the Lomond Hills and Maspie Den trails. This has resulted in cafes and pubs to support this influx of tourism, as well as the maintenance of the natural trails (Welcome to Fife, 2024).

During the 18th and 19th centuries, Falkland’s economy relied on agriculture and weaving. The introduction of linen production brought modest prosperity to the area. This industry attracted more people to the village and resulted in the construction of terraced houses for the workers (Historicenvironment.scot, 2020).

In the 20th century, Falkland gained recognition for its historical significance. The National Trust for Scotland acquired and restored parts of Falkland Palace, and the village became a popular destination for visitors (Nts. org.uk, 2025).

Due to its central location between main cities, Dundee and Edinburgh , the village has become a popular destination to live outside of the city (www. scotlands-enchantingkingdom.com, 2024).

MATERIALITY

Settlements in Falkland today still hold some of the same features that they did originally in the 18th and 19th centuries. Houses, agricultural buildings and even the palace is built with local materials like buff sandstone, timber and clay. These materials have defined a large part of the character that makes up Falkland. (Falkland Conservation Area Appraisal & Management Plan, 2010)

“Falkland is rich in stone, both natural and worked by generations of people. Hard rock rises above the whole estate in the twin volcanic peaks of East and West Lomond. Softer rock is cut through by the hill burns.”

- Falkland Centre for Stewardship

Local Buff Sandstone:

Sandstone walls with a pink mortar made from local red sand. Traditionally a limewash made from yellow lime ochre was used to render the stone walls, but now white limewash is more commonly used.

Timber:

Falkland is abundant with timber, and was a popular building material, due to its convenience and qualities. Traditionally, the doors, window frames and roof trusses would have all been made out of timber.

Clay:

First used in the 1600s, clay pantiles was a very common choice in Fife region for roofing due to its milder weather and imports from The Netherlands. By the 1700s, an entire industry for clay pantiles had begun, and completely replaced thatch in Fife. The pantiles in Fire are a deep orange/red, but the colour of the pantiles varied as it reflected the clay within the region. Their interlocking design makes it a popular choice to this day, as it is easy to replace.

Crown Glass:

Although now a lot of the windows in the buildings have modern glass panels, a lot of the traditional glass windows are still present in Falkland. Crown glass got its name from its process of production; traditionally glass windows were made by blowing molten glass into a frame, also known as a ‘crown’. This is why the glass is wavy and has bulges in it. This was a common practice until the 19th century.

PLANETARY STORIES OF PLACE

BIOLOGICAL SYSTEM

Beauty of the Land

The sound of pink fruit geese in flight Echoes through the Lomond Hills, Heard by red squirrels at dawn’s light, On towering trees where time stands still.

Apples dangle, their time at hand, Chill bites softly, though the sun commands. A morning brisk, November’s call, Bright yet cold - a walk through fall.

Take a breath you take a step Setting your path ahead you go on, At the end you take your last breath, You look above and you see the future was right there.

- Joeizha Verzosa, Shania D’Souza, and Ayesha Sosan

Birch was the first tree to cover the land after the last Ice Age, followed by hazel and Scots pine. Alder was common in wetter areas. Elm trees were once a significant part of the native forests but declined after the introduction of farming about 3,200 years ago (Taylor, 2009).

Reforestation efforts at Falkland Estate began in earnest in the 1820s under Professor John Bruce, with the establishment of a tree nursery at the Palace garden (Taylor, 2009).

REFORESTATION

The next major wave of tree planting came in the mid-20th century, led by Michael Crichton Stuart. This period saw the planting of Scots pine, larch, Douglas fir, Sitka spruce, Norway spruce, and a variety of broadleaved trees (Taylor, 2009).

More recent forestry work has shifted towards removing non-native species and promoting the growth of native trees, particularly in areas like Maspie Den and Kilgour Crags (Taylor, 2009).

RED AND GREY SQUIRRELS

Falkland Estate hosts both red and grey squirrels, playing a key role in the estate’s ecology.

Red and grey squirrels:

Larger and competitive, grey squirrels coexist with red squirrels on the estate, illustrating the complex dynamic between the two species. Red squirrels thrive in the conifer plantations of Blackhill and Greenhill, benefiting from tree cover, especially pines, which provide a suitable habitat. Their presence is significant, as red squirrels are declining elsewhere due to competition with grey squirrels and a virus spread by them (Taylor, 2009). The estate serves as a crucial habitat for red squirrels, who have been locally extinct in other regions. Thoughtful woodland management supports their survival (Taylor, 2009).

Habitat diversity:

A mix of conifer and other woodlands provides a suitable environment for both species, with red squirrels favoring conifers. This biodiversity enriches the estate (Taylor, 2009).

Expansion potential:

Expanding red squirrel habitats, like a ‘red squirrel superhighway’ through the Howe of Fife, is feasible but requires careful management to avoid introducing grey squirrels (Council, 2024).

Effective woodland management, including promoting native trees and habitat connectivity, enhances wildlife conservation and reflects the estate’s ecological success (Council, 2024).

NATIVE FLORA AND FAUNA

The Falkland Estate is home to a rich variety of native flora and fauna, showcasing its ecological diversity and health.

Flora:

Beyond the notable tree species, the estate supports an array of mosses and liverworts, particularly in the damp environments of Maspie Den and other wooded areas. These plants thrive in the moist microclimates created by the estate’s shaded streams and forests, contributing to the overall biodiversity. Falkland is also recognised for its diversity of fungi, especially waxcaps, which are found in abundance in the Playing Fields and Cricket Pitch. Waxcaps are often indicators of well-managed, unimproved grasslands, highlighting the ecological quality of these areas (Taylor, 2009).

Fauna:

Falkland Estate supports a variety of birdlife, including birds of prey such as kestrels, buzzards, and peregrines, which are often spotted soaring above the woodlands and open fields. Additionally, the estate provides a sanctuary for several bird species listed as priorities for biodiversity action in the UK due to their population declines (Taylor, 2009). These include skylarks, song thrushes, bullfinches, linnets, and house martins. The presence of these birds reflects the health and management of the estate’s farmland and woodland habitats, which offer essential food and nesting sites (Taylor, 2009).

The estate’s ability to sustain such a wide range of flora and fauna underscores its role as a vital ecological haven, supporting both common and threatened species. Through continued conservation efforts and careful habitat management, Falkland Estate serves as a model for biodiversity preservation and ecological balance (Taylor, 2009).

NATIVE ANIMAL SPECIES

Native animal species in or near Falkland Estate:

Red deer and fallow deer were present in the area and were the main targets of royal hunts within Falkland Park (Gilbert, 2014).

Boars were also kept in Falkland Park for hunting purposes (Gilbert, 2014).

Red squirrels continue to inhabit the estate, especially in the conifer plantations (Taylor, 2009).

Sea eagles, while not explicitly mentioned as being within the Estate, have been reintroduced nearby and could potentially be spotted in the area (Taylor, 2009).

Herons were specifically protected from hunting in 1493 to ensure their availability for royal sport (Taylor, 2009).

Grey squirrels, an introduced species, also live on the estate and have impacted the red squirrel population (Taylor, 2009).

Ospreys can be seen flying towards Ballo Loch, located south of the Estate (Taylor, 2009).

Other bird species present on the estate, indicating a healthy ecosystem, include skylarks, song thrushes, bullfinches, linnets, and house martins (Taylor, 2009).

Hares and pigeons were likely prey for goshawks used in hawking activities (Taylor, 2009).

The animal life at Falkland Estate is highlighted primarily in relation to species associated with historical hunting practices, particularly during the Stuart era. However, there is limited information about the full range of native animal species in the area.

SUSTAINABLE PRACTICES

Falkland Estate in Fife, Scotland, exemplifies sustainable land stewardship by integrating conservation, education, and community engagement. Through the Centre for Stewardship, the estate promotes traditional skills such as coppicing, sustainable agriculture, and forestry, ensuring responsible use of natural resources while maintaining ecological integrity (Taylor, 2009).

Over the last two decades, Falkland Estate has provided a range of training, education and employment opportunities, particularly for local young people, through initiatives like the Kickstart and Community Jobs Scotland schemes. These programs focus on traditional land management skills, contributing to both personal development and the preservation of heritage practices (Lynne, 2021).

In its commitment to climate resilience, Falkland Estate is involved in restoring ancient woodlands, enhancing biodiversity, and exploring renewable energy initiatives. These efforts align with broader strategies to mitigate climate change impacts and promote sustainable practices within the community (Fife Forestry & Woodland Strategy 20132018, n.d.).

By combining modern sustainability practices with traditional land management, Falkland Estate serves as a living example of how heritage and environmental care can coexist, fostering a harmonious relationship between people and nature (Taylor, 2009).

PLANETARY STORIES OF PLACE

HYDROLOGICAL SYSTEM

- Jahnavi J

Beneath the Lomonds, where the rivers rise, A burn begins its journey ‘neath cold winter skies. Its icy whispers weave through the ancient trees, Carrying tales from the hills to the breeze. In quiet forest glades, the water sings, Of frozen nights and the thawing springs.

HYDROLOGY IN FALKLAND

Scotland’s hydrology and rivers are important for Falkland Estate.

Watersheds play a major role in the formation of a place and contain many hints about how people occupied it.

“Water represents the source, spirit and flow of people and resources necessary to renew and support the flourishing life of this place”.

- Falkland Estate Book

Scotland hydrology relevant to Falkland

Changes in Falkland

The maps compare the water bodies from 1700 and before to the present day systems in Falkland. 1766, pipes were laid called the Lady’s Well which provided spring water for the people living in Falkland town. The burns or springs originating from the Lomonds were celebrated for this purpose since they provided the people with one of the most essential resource of daily life: Water.

When the Bruces (Onesiphorys Tyndall Bruce and wife Margaret Bruce) re-designed the landscape within the estate with the help of architect Alexander Roos, they used water from the burns as a prominent landscape feature, creating small waterfalls and ponds sprinkled around the estate; the fish pond which currently is at the main entrance to the stables and the waterfalls along Maspie Den walk near the current Falkland School being part of this.

Map from 1754

Map from 2023

Nestled in the valley of the Lomond hills, the Falkland Estate is fed by burns like Maspie and Arraty, which originate in the hills and bring down fresh water through the rich forests and agricultural land in the estate; only to join the tributaries of river Eden in the end.

Sandwiched between the River Laven and Forth River, Fife is drained by two major catchments of River Eden (314m^2) and river Laven (422 m^2) but also boasts of other rivers like River Ore,Black Devon and the multitude of smaller burns in the area. Hence the region, as part of past volcanic activity, not only has reserves of igneous rocks but also has a variety of sedimentary formations and deposits; which shaped by the wind and weather conditions have left formations like the Bunnet stone northeast of The West Lomond.

Key

Significant intergranular flowUpper old red sandstone

Locally important aquifersQuaternary sands and gravels

Locally important aquifers- Recent: Blown sand

Locally important aquifers- Flow in fissures- Carboniferous: Westphalian

Locally important aquifers- Flow in fissures- Lower and middle old red

Concealed aquifer- Quaternary: Coastal and river alluvium

Impermeable rocks- Extrusive rocks

Impermeable rocks- Intrusive rocks

Flow in Fissures- Carboniferous: Dinantian and Namurian

Geographical boundaries

Artificial works: Canal

Impounding reservoir with design yield >= 10 Ml/d (in Ml/d)

Sources of public water supply

Wells and Boreholes

Spa water spring or well with greater than 1000 mg/l dissolved

Impounding reservoir with design yield >= 10 Ml/d (in Ml/d)

Perennial river or stream

Perennial river or stream with Cl ion > 1000 mg/l at low flow conditions

Stream guaging station with mean annual runoff in m3/s, over catchment area in km2

Hydrometric area boundary

The rainfall data represented in the graphs are a comparison of data for the catchment of Eden at Kembrack from 1985 to 2019. The rainfall (mm) is on an average between 50-150mm with exceptions of very high rainfall recorded during certain months like January of 1986, 1993 and 2016 and July of 2008; these correspond to floods in the catchments of River Eden recorded by the River flow stations as shown through the graphs above.

Aquifers:

Due to the nature of Fife’s (especially Falkland’s) bedrock being composed of porous Devonian sandstone, it forms a highly productive bedrock which allows for groundwater flow. Along with this, there is also the presence of fractured Strathclyde group of rocks which form moderately productive aquifers. The images show the baseline conceptual idea of an aquifer and the distribution within Falkland estate.

Similar to the rainfall data, the graphs represent the flow statistics collected from river flow station at Strathmiglo and groundwater station at Easter Lathrisk Observatory. The groundwater is mostly present in bedrock aquifers with a higher chance of contamination by chemicals like nitrates. Because of the presence of highly productive bedrock aquifers and productive superficial aquifers, there are quite a few borewells dotting the fife region that provide public water supply, the largest ones found in the Devonian sandstone bedrocks.

Porous Sandstone: Aquifer allowing to flow through rock

Fractured stone: Aquifer allowing flow through fissures and cracks

WATER IN FALKLAND

How does one experience water on site?

“The first story we heard about the Falkland Estate, and one that immediately captured our imagination was that the burns that traversed the grounds of The House of Falkland has been ‘tuned’. The Estate had been extensively developed.”

- Re-Sounding Falkland by David Chapman and Louise K Wilson

There seems to be a lot of interest in understanding Falkland as a sonorous landscape; by Ninian who is the current laird or other stewards who have been part of the estate works. It does not come as a surprise since one can hear the distant trickling of water cascading across the estate no matter where they are stood inside. In the book re-sounding Falkland,the authors talk about the designed landscape of the estate and how water was used as a prominent feature of the same. There are many cascades, waterfalls and ponds dotting the Falkland Estate which in essence guide a traveller not just along a physical trail of beautiful landscapes but also along a spiritual journey as all other chaos is curtailed by their sounds. In fact, the book goes on to describe how the pitch of the sounds collected from each of the cascades was used to create the six channel sound-piece about the estate called Cascading.

When asked about what someone retains from Falkland after their visit, amongst all the things that pop up from the mundane to the poetic, the land and the water remain the biggest influences.

“Nowadays, thanks to restoration work in Maspie Den and beyond, water is once again - and in more ways than one - a source of refreshment for people who travel the estate and its ‘sonorous landscape’.”

- Falkland Estate book

Collaged sound wave of recorded water sounds on site

Falkland water resources

PLANETARY STORIES OF PLACE

GEOLOGICAL SYSTEM

Beneath the roots of Falkland’s trees, Lie tales of shifting lands and seas, Sandstone whispers, ancient and wise, Tell of a world in changing skies.

Granite shoulders hold the past, Formed in fires, cooled to last, Glacial hands once shaped this place, Etching scars of time’s embrace.

Now streams and rocks in silence stand, Marking the passage of nature’s hand, A timeless story, carved and vast, Falkland’s geology binds the past.

Through shifting soil and weather’s wear, New life takes root with tender care, Yet deep below, the ancient theme, Endures beneath the fleeting green.

Jessica Biggerstaff and Nisarga Shinde

GEOLOGY IN FIFE

Fife, Scotland, has a fascinating geological history that spans hundreds of millions of years, revealing a dynamic landscape shaped by ancient seas, volcanic activity, and glacial forces. From the Devonian Old Red Sandstone to the Carboniferous coal seams and the effects of the Ice Age, Fife’s geology offers a window into the Earth’s past. This section explores the key rock formations and landforms that define Fife’s unique geological character.

A geological map of Fife highlights the diversity of rock types across the region, from volcanic hills like the Lomond Hills to fossil-rich coastal cliffs in East Neuk.

Key:

Source: Scottish Geology Trust

The geology of Fife, Scotland, is shaped by a rich history of sedimentary, igneous, and glacial processes. Much of its bedrock consists of Devonian Old Red Sandstone and Carboniferous limestones, shales, and coal seams, reflecting ancient tropical seas and swampy landscapes (NatureScot, 2023). Volcanic activity during the Carboniferous formed prominent features like the Lomond Hills, with basalt flows, dolerite intrusions, and extinct volcanic vents (Browne et al., 2001,Hall, 1991). The last Ice Age sculpted the landscape further, leaving behind glacial deposits, drumlins, and raised beaches (Browne et al., 2001). Fife’s coastline reveals fossil-rich sedimentary rocks, showcasing corals, crinoids, and ancient plant remains, while coal mining and sandstone quarrying highlight its economic significance (Browne et al., 2001).

Scotland

Eastern Scotland Fife

Geological timeline in Fife:

325 million years ago, tropical rain forests grow on coastal plains.

350 million years ago, small volcanoes began erupting. Continued for the next 50 million years.

440-520 Million Years Ago

Scotland collided with England. Highland boundary fault was created.

Silurian

410-440 Million Years Ago

360-410 Million Years Ago

360 million years ago, tropical coastal plain was occasionaly flooded by sea.

Carboniferous

290-360 Million Years Ago

250-290 Million Years Ago

Ordovician Devonian Permian

Thickness of shales and sandstone accumulated in the ocean.

10 million years ago, large volcanoes produced Ochil and Sidlaw Hills. Climate Semi-arid and large river system which deposited sandstone.

370 million years ago, the wide coastal plain was established.

Formation of the supercontinent Pangaea and the Permian-Triassic extinction event.

(Browne et al., 2001)

5,000 to 4,000 years ago sea level falls to present days.

2,000 years ago, Roman occupation.

600 years ago, coal mining

250 years ago, industrial revolution.

LOMOND HILLS & FALKLAND ESTATE

Volcanic intrusions: The Lomond Hills, especially East Lomond and West Lomond, are volcanic remnants that influence the estate’s topography and drainage patterns (NatureScot, 2019; Hall, 1991).

Shaped by ice: During the last Ice Age (2.6 million to 10,000 years ago), glaciers sculpted the landscape of Falkland Estate, leaving behind features that define its terrain today (NatureScot, 2019.; Browne et al., 2001).

Sedimentary layers: Sandstone and shale deposits provide a foundation for the estate’s fertile soils, supporting diverse woodlands and agriculture (NatureScot, 2019.; Falkland Estate, n.d.).

Fossils of the estate: Falkland Estate’s sedimentary rocks hold fossils that provide a glimpse into the ancient ecosystems that once thrived here.

Marine fossils: Coral, crinoids, and brachiopods from ancient tropical seas can be found in limestone layers near the estate (Browne et al., 2001; UK Fossils, n.d.).

Plant fossils: Imprints of tree ferns and other vegetation in sandstone and coal deposits reflect the area’s swampy past during the Carboniferous period (UK Fossils, n.d.).

HUMAN CONNECTION

Geology’s role in shaping Falkland:

The geology of Falkland Estate has influenced human activity for centuries.

Building Materials such as Sandstone from the estate has been used in local construction, contributing to the area’s architectural heritage (Fife Council, 2010).

For agriculture there are fertile soils derived from glacial deposits that have supported farming and forestry on the estate (Falkland Estate, n.d.).

Modern relevance:

For tourism the geological features of Falkland Estate, such as the Lomond Hills and fossil-rich outcrops, attract visitors and hikers (Falkland Estate, n.d.).

In conservation efforts protecting the estate’s geological heritage is essential for preserving its biodiversity and cultural significance (Falkland Estate, n.d.).

FUTURE OF FALKLAND

The Falkland Estate is a vibrant and changing landscape where natural and human elements come together, shaping its identity over time. From its deep geological roots to the flowing water systems, from the diverse wildlife to the cultural traditions and stories that have thrived here, every part of the estate narrates a tale of connection. Communities have emerged and evolved, economies have transformed, and the spiritual and emotional ties to the land have deepened, reflecting the ongoing relationship between people and their environment. Each system be it, physical, ecological, or social, plays a role in the estate’s lasting importance, creating a rich and intricate history that continues to develop.

Viewing Falkland Estate through these interconnected systems helps us appreciate it not merely as a historical site or a natural landscape, but as a living entity shaped by time and human influence. This viewpoint encourages us to think about how we interact with the land today and how we can maintain its delicate balance for the future. By acknowledging the complex relationships that support Falkland, we help ensure that its cultural heritage, ecological wealth, and spiritual significance remain vibrant for future generations. In doing so, we pay tribute not only to the past but also to the ongoing narrative of this extraordinary place.

INTERIM STATES

Phase 1 - Immersion and research gathering:

The first phase of the project involved an in-depth exploration of Falkland Estate, where students recorded its unique potential through visual documentation, conversations, and atmospheric observations. Walking through the medieval village, they engaged with local businesses and historical landmarks, including the Royal Palace, which served as a powerful entry point into Falkland’s rich heritage. The students’ research expanded to cover multiple aspects, including spiritual, mythological, psychological, sociocultural, economic, settlement, and hydrological systems. This collective effort provided a well-rounded understanding of the estate’s strengths, challenges, and opportunities, setting the stage for informed decision-making in later phases.

Phase 2 - Historic insights and stakeholder engagement:

A crucial moment in the research process was the visit to Falkland Palace, where students had the opportunity to learn from the estate’s current custodian. This encounter provided deeper insight into the estate’s economic and social history, along with recent efforts to make the estate more accessible and engaging for the wider community. The importance of stewardship and heritage conservation became evident, reinforcing the need for a development approach that aligns with the estate’s historical and environmental values.

Following this, students presented their findings to key stakeholders, establishing interconnections between different sites within the estate: Cricket, Kilgour, Pillars of Hercules, and Westfield. Their proposals focused on heritage preservation, community-driven initiatives, and regenerative infrastructure, ensuring that any future interventions would honor both the past and the future.

Phase 3 - Interim state and future pathways:

The interim state of the project plays a critical role in preparing the stakeholders for long-term regenerative development. By utilising the estate’s existing potential, this phase establishes a low-cost yet impactful foundation for economic and ecological regeneration. It introduces temporary solutions that foster financial growth, enabling future investments in permanent infrastructure. The project also emphasises training and engaging the local community, ensuring that stewardship becomes an integral part of the estate’s culture.

With a regenerative approach centered on net-zero principles and biodiversity conservation, the estate is poised for a future that balances historical preservation with economic sustainability. The proposed initiatives uphold ethical principles of mutual dependence and nested systems, securing a lasting and responsible transformation of Falkland Estate.

The following pages provide a glimpse into the students’ interim state projects, which have the potential to inspire the people of Falkland by sparking creativity and encouraging community engagement.

FALKLAND CRICKET CLUB

A CRICKET STORY

Where is your building?

BY PATRICIA ARMSTRONG

In the East of Scotland, within Fife’s Falkland Estate, a historic site once known as a royal burgh is undergoing a regenerative transformation. Despite a thriving local community of diverse backgrounds, the estate lacks essential infrastructure, limiting its potential for growth. While many residents sustain themselves through independent ventures, a structured, long-term economic solution is needed.

What is your building for?

The concept stems from the historic and cultural significance of the estate, combined with the pressing need for modern infrastructure that benefits both sports and the community. This pavilion will become a landmark of heritage, sustainability, and innovation, a model for how historic estates can evolve while preserving their identity.

Who is your building for?

The Falkland Cricket Club, which has been additional stakeholders of the estate for 165 years, presents a unique opportunity to drive regeneration. The new pavilion project will not only strengthen the club but also serve as a multi-functional hub, supporting cricketers, stakeholders, and the wider community. By generating multiple income streams and reviving lost crafts, the project will create sustainable economic income, ensuring Falkland Estate’s long-term prosperity.

Where has the concept come from?

The concept is deeply rooted in Falkland Estate’s needs, responding to its scarcity of infrastructure while honoring its historic and cultural significance. Influenced by the regenerative movement, the design aims to create a continuous cycle of heritage preservation and economic sustainability. By integrating traditional crafts and new economic models, the project fosters financial independence, allowing both locals and visitors to sustain and expand the estate’s legacy.

1. The cord-like patterns, resembling a tent-like structure, are integrated into the building’s facade to symbolise shelter, tradition, and craftsmanship. This design element visually reinforces the connection between nature and human creativity, echoing the estate’s history of resourcefulness and regenerative practices. By blending organic forms with engineered precision, the pavilion embodies both heritage and innovation, creating a space that feels deeply rooted in its environment while serving as a beacon for the future.

2. A living willow hallway, constructed from timber or engineered Scot Pine, mimicking natural willow growth—a symbolic passage leading to the pavilion.

3. Oculus-style windows on either side of the building, framing the landscape and enhancing natural light flow.

4. A night-time scene, where the community gathers across the building holding lamps, signifying unity, storytelling, and the illumination of heritage. This can be represented visually with white writing on a dark surface or a textured medium like black paper with contrasting white elements.

LICHENTORIUM CENTRE (CRICKET CLUB)

INTERIM STAGE LICHENS GROWTH ACCORDING TO SUN ORIENTATION + BENEFITS FOR THE HUMANS

Shelters are located around the Cricket square. Sun proximity will define the type of Lichen that will be most likely to grow on the shelter. On site the Lichens shelter are display at the 4 cardinal directions to achieve a collection of different type of Lichens. As the benefit for humans will vary from one Lichen to another, in general, a respiratory improvement will occur.

Biodiversity

Improvement through Rewilding

Polution control/ Air filtration

Health abilities

Better breating

Xanthoria parietina is a medicinal lichen known for its antipyretic, antifungal, antibacterial, and antibiotic properties, traditionally used to treat lung, kidney, bladder, neural diseases, wounds, jaundice, menstrual pain, and even cancer.

HABITAT + FOOD SOURCE

Oakmoss provides a habitat for insects and other small animals, and it can be a food source for certain herbivores.

+ Asexual repro-

The abundance of trees on and around the site are facilitating the natural as well as *artificial propagation of Lichens . * Artificial propagations made through translocation.

Xantoria Parietina Sun burst Lichen (Crusti)

Flavoparmelia Green Lichen (Folios)

Oakmoss (Folios)

Sexual

duction of Lichens

The sexual + Asexual cycle are also made by the flying leaves.

Xantoria Parietina sunburst Lichens grow on the South East

Folios Green Lichen grow on the West

FALKLAND ESTATE COMMUNITY CLUB

CRICKET PAVILION

BY IMRUL KAYES

Transforming a cricket pavilion into a community hub for people of all ages, including elite cricket members, involves utilising local resources to improve soil quality and enhance biodiversity. This initiative includes reintroducing the beaver, a natural engineer, into engineered wetlands to support a wider variety of plant species. Additionally, it aims to promote eco-tourism and expand the community beyond the estate.

Where is your building?

The project site is located in the centre of the Falkland estate in Fife, Scotland. The waterfall becomes the Maspie Burn as it descends from the top of Lomond Hill, passing through the cricket playing field site. The site offers scenic views to the south and overlooks downtown to the north.

What is your building for?

The site serves as the primary location for the Falkland Cricket Club, which was established in 1860. It features an old club building along with a cricket ground used for practice and tournaments. Additionally, the club acts as a community hub for local residents. Future enhancements aim to provide year-round activities for the broader community, in addition to serving elite cricket members.

Who is your building for?

The club building will be used by cricketers, community club members, visitors, and spectators. Several accommodation facilities will be available for visitors, coaches, and ground curators. A social BBQ and tea house will cater to people of all ages, along with a children’s play area. To enhance biodiversity and restore soil quality, an engineered wetland, including a beaver pond, will be reintroduced along the Maspie Burn. This initiative will serve the wider local community and promote eco-tourism.

Where has the concept come from?

The sustainability of the Falkland estate is deeply connected to the interplay among the community, environment, economy, and place. By examining the potential of the area both locally and in a broader context, several key synergies have been identified to foster a thriving and resilient future for both the site and the Falkland Estate as a whole.

KILGOUR

HAPPY DEATH DAY

THE FALKLAND CENTRE FOR NORMAL DYING

Who?

BY GEORGE MANNIX

Over 65s who want to gain control over the last few years of their life and die surrounded by humans, animals and organisms that they have forged a genuine connection with, rather than at home, cold, scared and alone.

What?

Accessible accommodation for the older generation, co-living and dining spaces shared equally with the iron-age pigs living on site. Apartments with toilet, kitchenette and balcony and shared courtyards/managed gardens for controlled wandering. Courtyard contains a biodiversity showcase that demonstrates the impacts pigs can have on nature. They will be housed in ‘Ad-Hog’ pig styes constructed in the ruins of the existing site, using reclaimed materials. There will be hostel style accommodation for bio-backpackers, overlooking the site. A modern, secular chapel called the ‘Memory Archive’ that contains information about residents past and present - a space to reflect and remember that contrasts the existing orthogonal building.

Where?

Kilgour, a small victorian farm steading on the outskirts of the Falkland estate, a former Royal hunting ground turned regenerative haven. The site has a historic human-centric connection to rearing pigs and is the former site of a church and burial ground.

When?

Phase 1: Release the PIGS! Clear the site, celebrate the end of its life, bring in local stakeholders to familiarise themselves with the pigs and ‘make-good’ of Kilgour. Installation of ‘Ad-Hog’ Pig Styes.

Phase 2: Developing a showcase of biodiversity and trial period for ‘Memory Archive’.

Phase 3: Nationwide Roll-out

How?

Locally sourced timber, stone to match existing, and rammed earth. Funded by the elderly residents who have sold their houses in order to gain control over their death.

Why?

In Scotland, too many people are dying alone, cold and afraid. In order to live better, we must learn to die better.

Kilgour

Site Clearance and Local Engagement

Kilgour steading is an unassuming collection of Victorian farm buildings, standing neglected and ramshackled on the peripheries of the Falkland estate, a former royal hunting ground turned regenerative haven in Fife, Scotland. Since the early 20th century, the site has been used to rear animals, anSimbalanced relationship that is focused on fulfilling human needsfor meat, warmth and milk or to tend to our farmland. Most recently, pigs have inhabited the West wing of the steading.

Give Kilgour the local concerns and of Kilgour

Introduce domesticated actions of the site process within

Clear the occupies the structure. not safe later use.

Train locals pigs, what roam and escaped pig!

Engage the of ‘Ad-Hogism’ reused on protruding the steading. to pigs perhaps collect drink.

THE AGRICULTURAL HUB

BY LAUREN PICKARD

Where is your building?

The chosen site for this project is Kilgour. The site’s background as a farm steading is an important part of history for Falkland, and Fife as a whole, and by re-imagining the whole area as argricultural pays homage to the history of Falkland. Additionally, Kilgour is currently a working farm and has suitable infrastructure set up to see it thrive as a progressive and natural centre for farming. Being at the surrounding site has an interesting geological foundation, which would prove beneficial for natural farming, and being at the base of the Lomond Hill, it provides a scenic view of the area and its overall character.

What is your building for?

The site overall will serve as a systems demonstrator - efficiently demonstrating to volunteers, visitors and members of various co-operatives, how a working natural farm can be successful, and improve biodiversity in the area. This will consist of farming preparation and equipment, as well as affordable housing for the residents working on the farm. The site will also play host to WWOOF volunteers, and therefore act in part as a hostel, providing room and board for those visiting. Whilst encouraging co-operative systems, it is important that the site provides a ‘hub’ of research, communication and meeting space for the various co-operative members and stakeholders.

Who is your building for?

The project will provide a space for farmers and others in the agricultural industry on the Falkland Estate and the surrounding Fife. The space will house a number of co-operatives from around Fife, enabling smaller co-operatives to form one larger, mutually-beneficial, system. In addition to this, the site will house farming families in affordable accommodation, and WWOOF volunteers in a hostel setting.

Why?

With the current climate crisis, it is important we continue to explore more regenerative forms of agriculture to better support our environment, and also the farmers in this industry. Natural farming would provide a way to work with the natural landscape of the area, and enable the agricultural community to better adapt to the climate and biodiversity crisis. In addition, there is limited support for farming families in this crisis, and generational farming is becoming less common as young farmers turn away from the industry and hopefully, this system and co-operation with other stakeholders will provide more security. By working with other co-operatives, it creates a mutually beneficial and sustaining system, that ensures the system is thoroughly thought-out and supported at each stage of the process from creation through to surplus.

When?

The project will work all year around, with certain months becoming increasingly busy and prominent in the farming industry. Mapping out timing and progress will be important for developing and maintaining this system, and so the hostel will be in use throughout the year, the family farming homes all the time, and the research and office space will be periodic, such as every couple of weeks- once a month.

Falkland Estate

The farm steading at Kilgour is the immediate site for the Natural Agriculture Cooperative Hub. It will provide the base for research and learning for young farmers.

The Kilgour site will also have affordable housing for the farmers and their families.

Kilgour was originally a farm steading, and still has a number of agricultural farms on site, these will be factored into the cooperative to pool resources and knowledge. This will help the surrounding fields to lean towards natural farming.

The process of natural farming can expand into the other areas of the estate, with the different residents/ visitors / owners becoming part of the co-operative.

The produce can be a benefit across the entire estate. Those living on the estate and/ or Pillars could consider being a part of a ‘Community Supported Agriculture’ system.

Opportunity for visitors to become part of the cooperative or enagage in the learning/ responsibility of natural farming.

Long Section

The cooperative could encourage transparency across between the farming stage through to the consumer stage in surrounding areas.

Community Supported Agriculture would ensure mutual benefits and risks across producers and consumers.

Community Supported Agriculture and cooperative farming will increase solidarity amongst the community. This process and the mutually shared risks can encourage a market environment across Fife, which would also strengthen community spirit.

Kilgour Steading

THE WATERSHED COLLECTIVE

FALKLAND CENTRE FOR WATER STEWARDSHIP

Where is your building?

BY JASMIN SOLAYMANTASH

Nestled in the heart of Fife, Scotland, this historic site lies in the original settlement of Falkland, known as Kilgour. Once a thriving farmstead, it now stands abandoned, resting at the foot of the Lomond Hills. The Arraty Burn flows just south of the site, while views of Falkland’s expansive woodlands creates a serene and picturesque landscape.

What is your building for?

A multi-use space designed to bring together stakeholders from across the watershed. It offers collaborative spaces for learning, collaboration, and reflection, fostering a deeper connection to the water and the stakeholders along it. Thoughtfully designed, it not only embraces the benefits and significance of water but also gives back to it, honouring its vital role in our ecosystem.

Who is your building for?

Designed for a diverse group of stakeholders who are engaged in water stewardship, environmental conservation, education, and wellness experiences. This includes: landowners, educators, schools, young people, community members, aspiring Water Stewards , policy-makers and visitors from nearby areas.

Where has the concept come from?

1. Stewardship is deeply woven into the identity of the Falkland Estate, making it essential to embrace and explore its full potential.

2. The site’s location at the source of the River Eden serves as a key position within the watershed.

3. Visiting Falkland, the site in Kilgour initially had a sense of disconnection to the rest of the estate but, the continuous presence of streams and ponds created an underlying network subtly connects all the sites to each other.

4. The concept of immersing ourselves within the watershed, not just as passive observers but as active participants.

PILLARS OF HERCULES

LOCALLY SOURCED

CULTIVATING TRANSPARENCY AND REGENERATION

Where is your building?

BY AYESHA SOSAN

The Pillars of Hercules, located at Falkland Estate in Fife, Scotland, is a unique and vibrant place that offers a blend of nature, sustainability, and local produce. The site features a café, a shop, a campsite, a holiday bothy, and a plant nursery, creating a welcoming space for visitors to relax and explore the nearby forest and lomond hills.

What is your building for?

The vision at Falkland Estate is to cultivate an integrated, immersive ecosystem where cooking and growing coexist in perfect harmony, fostering a deeper connection between the land, food, and the community. At the heart of this vision is the idea of empowering both local producers and small businesses, advocating for the use of locally sourced, organic produce to ensure a positive environmental impact. The estate’s commitment to sustainability extends beyond the plate, creating a platform for small-scale farmers, businesses and artisans to collaborate, and share their craft.

Who is your building for?

The centre is designed for a diverse group of stakeholders who are engaged in food stewardship, the Pillars of Hercules itself, with its existing programs like the café and organic shop. Individuals from the Falkland village, Local schools or educational institutions might be involved in workshops. Environmental groups or sustainability organizations could also have an interest. Small scale business owners, artisans, farmers or community members who could benefit from the commercial grade community kitchen for the small scale production.

Where has the concept come from?

1. Location - Based on the Pillars of Hercules in Fife, which is the gateway to Falkland Estate and already has an organic farm, cafe, and community programmes.

2. The Scottish food paradox - Addressing that Scotland has great local food, but many people eat unhealthy diets. The project seeks to bridge this divide by transforming Falkland Estate into a stage for transparency and education.

3. Collaboration - The project works with Falkland Estate, which already uses eco-friendly farming methods to improve soil and support nature.

FOREST SCHOOL AND AGROFORESTRY

BY NISARGA SHINDE

What is it?

Forest school to help manage and steward the woodlands of the Falkland Estate.

- Running agroforestry and woodland education sessions

- Partnering with Woodland Hub to engage in woodland craft

- Different course types ran to best suit different age ranges and type

Who is it for?

- Children from schools in Falkland Estate & Fife

- Residents of Falkland Estate

- Tourists from Fife & wider areas

Why is this important?

- Restore the forest of the estate

- Introduce regenerative farming into existing farming at Pillars

- Fill the gap in woodworking at the estate and help Sam the forest ranger gain an extra pair of hands for managing the forest

- Steward the forest for future generations

Where is it?

Using the Pillars of Hercules site, which acts as the gateway into the estate to activate the busy corner.

- Tackle the derelict house on the corner to be converted into accommodation

- Use site across the house to implement forest school activities

How will it happen?

- Retrofit existing house

- Further construction using felled and coppiced wood from Falkland forest - douglas fir

WESTFIELD

THE POLLINATOR PATHWAY PROJECT

BY JESSICA BIGGERSTAFF

Where is your building?

Westfield abandoned agricultural sites located in the Falkland Estate, Scotland. Once home to farm animals like sheep, this derelict site now supports diverse wildlife, including owls and bats. Westfield lies within a transition zone in the Falkland Estate. This well-positioned area bridges the natural landscape with human-made environments, offering pathways that lead to diverse routes, inviting people to explore and experience the estate from multiple perspectives.

What is your building for?

The project will create an interactive education center focused on fostering insect-friendly environments. Through workshops and hands-on demonstrations, it will engage schools and the wider community in habitat restoration, inspiring action toward long-term biodiversity conservation on both local and regional scales.

Who is your building for?

The center is designed for schools, researchers, and environmental advocates, serving as a hub for the next generation of environmental stewards. It will provide a space for learning, collaboration, and direct engagement with rewilding efforts.

Where has the concept come from?

1. Strategic Location – Situated between natural ecosystems and local towns, offering a bridge between human communities and wildlife.

2. Established Educational Links – Strong connections with schools ensure engagement and long-term impact.

3. Addressing the Insect Decline – Inspired by the urgent need for conservation education, taking cues from successful initiatives like the Dundreggan Rewilding Centre to raise awareness and drive action.

BRIDGING THE GAP

ARCHAEOLOGICAL

MUSEUM AND RESEARCH HUB

Where is your building?

BY SHANIA DSOUZA

The building is in Westfield, Falkland Estate, Fife, Scotland. It forms a gateway to the walking trails on the estate. The trails connect to the Lomond Hills and other historic places on the estate.

What is your building for?

To create a strong and deep-rooted understanding of the place through exploration. The building will work as a base for archaeological digs in the area and showcase the findings through a museum, presentations and interactive activities for the community.

Who is your building for?

Archaeologists, community and people curious about archaeological digs and exploration. There will also be summer camps for people of all ages to teach them about digs. This will create a deeper understanding of the area and teach people about the past through discovery.

Where has the concept come from?

Through understanding the uniqueness of the place which is lots of undiscovered settlements and rich history of the site. Talking to the stakeholders during the site visit, the historian who works with universities to conduct archaeological digs on Lomond Hills mentioned the enormous number of undiscovered sites on the estate and hill. This then led me to look at the historic maps which showed a vast number of historical discoveries in the area. This led me to create a workshop to facilitate these discoveries and showcase the findings through exhibitions and interactive facilities.

FACILITATING ARCHEOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES

CURRENT ARCHEOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES

POTENTIAL ARCHEOLOGICAL DIGS WORKFLOW

WALKING TO THE SPOT

ABERDEEN UNI

ARCHEOLOGY STUDENTS

ARCHEOLOGIST JOE IN FALKLAND ESTATE

LOCAL COMMUNITY

LOCATING THE AREA

TEST DIG

FOUND NOTHING FOUND SOMETHING

COMMUNITY/ ARCHEOLOGIST

FILL WITH STRAW AND NATIVE PLANTS

GARAGE INTO STORAGE (TOOLS TO FACILITATE DIGS) HOUSE

LOMOND HILLS

NEW ARTEFACT CLEANING AREA

WESTFIELD

HOSTED!

BY JAHNAVI J THE REFRAME RESIDENCY BY FALKLAND

Where is your building?

The site is located in Falkland estate in Fife, Scotland and is a retrofit of an old Scottish farm steading called Westfield. Westfield, (with Kilgour) is one of 2 farms and now 3 with addition of Pillars comprising Falkland’s inhand Home Farm, a place which has hosted, over the centuries, Pictish settlers, the Scottish Royalty, wealthy merchant families and recently certified organic from agriculture and creative fields. The estate is currently in the process of transition from a family-ownership to community led stewardship and the project is nested within this context.

What is your building for?

The building is a Residency for regenerative professionals to stay and conduct research and tests in their fields. It also has a space for workshops with live demonstrations for the local community and other enthusiasts to get involved in. Initially it is focused on the building construction industry, developing technologies with alternative materials and retrofit of old abandoned farm buildings; but later functions as a space for professionals from various fields like art, agriculture, science or theatre.

Who is your building for?

People from all fields who are either aiming to make a shift to the regenerative way of thinking within their professions or wanting to explore and test methods to improve the same. The workshop is open for all people of all ages and skills who are interested in learning, with hands-on demonstrations, ideas they could implement in their own lives to improve the quality of it. The work produced in the building could also be of interest to the suppliers and stakeholders who want to discover and fund new innovations.

Where has the concept come from?

1. The potential of Westfield as a farm steading being central in location to all activities on the site like the natural attractions, archaeological sites, nature trails, cafes and other built structures.

2. Interest shown by Falkland in Regenerative professions, seen in programs like GO Falkland.

3. Interest shown by Falkland in building material research like Sustainable Build school, Woodworks, Association with EBUKI and local architects working with low carbon material building and Falkland’s association with universities and local Fife organisations like Historic Scotland, Built Environment Scotland, 1000 hut project, the Bothy Project, Fife council and others.

4. Need within the construction industry to shift from conventional to low carbon materials and the need for a demonstrator project in the interest of both: Material Study and Regenerative Architectural Thinking; Also considering the growing interest in regenerative principles of many different fields like music, art, healthcare, science, agriculture and the rest

5. Inspiration from personal work in Grymsdyke farm and Hooke Park which have similar agendas.

FIFE COMMUNITY ENERGY CENTRE

BY SHIVANI MANOGHAR

Where is your building?

The site is a retrofit of an old Scottish farm steading known as Westfield and is situated in the Falkland estate in Fife, Scotland. Over the ages, the Scottish Royalty, wealthy merchant families, Pictish settlers, and more recently, agricultural professionals have all called Westfield home. It was the farm of the Falkland estate. The project falls within the framework of the estate’s current transition from family ownership to community-led stewardship.

What is your building for?

A community owned Renewable Energy Centre that:

- Generates clean energy through solar, wind and biomass systems

- Enables local energy management

- An Educational and Innovation Hub

- Provides hands-on learning for energy literacy, sustainability and regenerative design

- Host workshops, training programmes.

- A circular Economy and Sustainable Construction Model

- Repurposes existing infrastructure, minimises embodied carbon

- Promotes community co-ownership and a participatory governance model for long-term sustainability

Who is your building for?

The project is for the local communities and residents, empowering them to co-own and manage renewable energy resources. Educational Institutions & Researchers – Serving as a living lab for energy studies, Passivhaus design, and circular economy innovation. Regenerative Architects & Developers for demonstrating the way adaptive reuse, modular wood construction, and decentralised energy decisionmaking can create the future of sustainable communities.

Where has the concept come from?

The concept is derived from Horizon 3 thinking, taking the focus well beyond incremental improvements in sustainability to rethink quite fundamentally how communities produce, manage, and collectively own their energy assets derived from:

- Scotland’s target of Net Zero 2045, to decarbonise the built environment.

- Principles of circular economy, maximising material reuse and carbon minimisation.

- Passivhaus methods, making buildings highly efficient and reducing energy waste.

- Decentralised energy models, shifting control from national grids to microgrids owned by communities.

The Fife Community Energy Centre embraces these ideas and creates a robust, scalable model for sustainable energy communities.

ROOTS OF RENEWAL

WESTFIELD REWILDING CENTRE

Where is your building?

BY JOEIZHA VERZOSA

Westfield is located in Falkland, Scotland, within the Falkland Estate. The site is surrounded by open fields and bordered to the south by Maspie Den forest. Currently, the building is a derelict stone steading. The east side of the steading is partially occupied by two tenants, and there is an existing house on the site and a neighbour to the west. The location is well-connected to Falkland, linking to trails, monuments, schools, and the village itself.

What is your building for?

The building will serve as a research centre focused on hybridising plants to enhance their resilience to climate change. It will also support the removal and management of invasive species, such as rhododendrons and deer, within Falkland. Additionally, the space will function as a hub for walkers and hikers while providing hosting for community events and activities.

Who is your building for?

The building will accommodate volunteers of all ages assisting in rhododendron removal and construction. Local and surrounding communities. Students from primary school to university level. Researchers and scientists specialising in architecture, permaculture, horticulture, ecology, climate change etc. Walkers/ hikers, artists, builders. Falkland staff, including forest rangers and caretakers. The natural ecosystemsupporting plants, vegetables, pollinators, and wildlife.

Where has the concept come from?

1. Field Observations – During the field trip, an abundance of rhododendrons was observed in the forest. Further research into the Falkland forestry plan highlighted the challenges these invasive species pose. Additionally, the forest is showing signs of climate stress, including increased soil erosion and flowers blooming in autumn.

2. Site Potential – The close relationship between the site and the forest presents an opportunity to work alongside the landscape, enhancing biodiversity and conservation efforts.

3. Regenerative Material Use – The project aims to repurpose existing materials from the site, Kilgour (another derelict steading nearby), and felled trees from Falkland. This approach will create a visual and structural contrast between old and new materials, much like the design seen in the Battersea Arts Centre.

Rhododendron cuttings will be organised and stored on the west side of the steading.

The central space will be used as meeting point for volunteers. This is also where the volunteers will receive their briefing.

Glamping pods will be gradually added through the help of volunteers. 1:500@A2

Camping will be one of the initial accomodation options for volunteers and visitors.

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