PROGRESSIVE COLLAPSE OF RC BUILDING FRAMES: ONE DIRECTION FAILURE by IRJET Journal

ONE DIRECTION FAILURE

Shubham M. Bakalkar1, P. J. Salunke2

1PG Student, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Mahatma Gandhi Mission's College of Engineering and Technology (MGMCET), Kamothe, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India

2Head of Department, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Mahatma Gandhi Mission's College of Engineering and Technology (MGMCET), Kamothe, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India

Abstract - Progressive collapse in reinforcedconcrete (RC) building frames occurs when the failure of a single structural element triggers a chain reaction, potentially leading to partial or total structural failure. This research explores the mechanismsofprogressivecollapse,emphasizingtheinfluence of structural design, load redistribution, and failure progression. RC frames with insufficient redundancy, weak load paths, or irregular geometries Are especially vulnerable, especially when subjected to extreme forces such as earthquakesorunexpectedimpacts.Analyticalandnumerical simulation techniques are employed to assess the behavior of RC structures during progressive collapse and identify key failure points. Effective mitigation strategies, including improved structural robustness, enhanced redundancy, and optimized load path continuity, are essential to reducing the risk of collapse.

Key Words: One- direction collapse, load redivision, structural failure, seismic vulnerability, collapse propagation, structural robustness, redundancy, failure medium,erectingcanons.

1.INTRODUCTION

Progressive collapse in reinforced concrete (RC) buildingframesoccurswhenthefailureofasinglejointor structural element initiates a chain reaction, ultimately leadingtopartialortotalstructuralfailure.Thestrengthand stability of structural joints play a vital role in preventing progressivecollapse,astheyfunctionascrucialload-bearing connections within the structure. Gaining insight into the responseofRCbuildingframesduringprogressivecollapse isfundamentaltoimprovingstructuralresilience.Analytical andnumericalmodellingapproachesarecommonlyusedto examinefailuremechanismsandevaluatetheperformance ofjointsunderextremeconditions.Thisresearchexamines theimpactofjointfailureontheprogressivecollapseofRC framesandemphasizeseffectivepreventiontechniquesto improveoverallstructuralintegrity.

Whenajointfailsduetoexcessiveloading,material degradation, seismic activity, or design deficiencies, the redistribution of forces can overstress adjacent members, triggeringadomino-likecollapse.Thestudyofprogressive

collapseinRCframesisessentialforimprovingstructural resilience and preventing catastrophic failures. Scientists and engineers employ analytical and computational modellingmethodstoreplicatejointfailuresandassesstheir effectsonoverallstructuralintegrity.

1.1 THEORETICAL BACKGROUND

Progressivecollapseisastructuralfailureprocess wherethelocalizedfailureofacomponentinitiatesachain reaction, resulting in either partial or total collapse of the structure In reinforced concrete (RC) building frames, progressivecollapsecanbeinitiatedbyjointfailure,which disrupts the load transfer mechanism and weakens the overallstructuralintegrity.

Beam-column joints are critical components in RC frames, responsible for transferring loads between beams and columns. Inadequate detailing or poor construction qualityfurtherincreasesthevulnerabilityofjointstofailure under extreme loading conditions. When a joint fails, its supportedloadisredistributedtothesurroundingstructural elements. To analyze and anticipate progressive collapse resulting from joint failure, researchers employ both analyticalandnumericalmodelingmethods.Finiteelement analysis (FEA) and nonlinear dynamic simulations are employedtoassessfailurepropagation,loadredistribution, and the overall structural response under extreme conditions.

Fig.1:CollapsedBuildingDuetoEarthquake

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Volume: 12 Issue: 03 | Mar 2025 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072

Severaldesignapproachescanimprovetheresistanceof RCbuildingframestoprogressivecollapseinitiatedbyjoint failure. These include: Enhancing joint reinforcement to increasestrengthandductility.Incorporatingthesestrategies into design and construction practices can substantially minimize the risk of progressive collapse in RC building frames,enhancingstructuralsafetyandresilience.

1.2 Progressive Collapse in One Direction

Progressive collapse in a single direction describes a failure mechanism in which structural damage spreads primarilyalongoneaxisofthebuildingframe.Inreinforced concrete(RC)structures,thistypeofcollapseoften occurs when a critical joint or load-bearing element fails, causing adjacent structural components to sequentially lose their load-carrying capacity. The failure spreads through the structureinalinearordomino-likemanner,leadingtopartial ortotalcollapse.

StructuralLayout:Structureswithextended-spanframes or insufficient lateral stability in a particular direction are moresusceptibletothistypeoffailure.

FailureMechanism

Thecollapseprocesstypicallystartswiththefailure of an individual joint due to overloading, insufficient reinforcement, or unexpected external forces. It then progressesinonedirection,followingtheweakestloadpath of the structure. However, in structures with inadequate lateral stability, the collapse can rapidly propagate until a significantportionofthebuildingiscompromised.

 Creating Alternative Load Paths: Incorporating additional load-bearing elements to ensure force redistributionintheeventofprimaryjointfailure.

 Enhancing Joint Reinforcement: Utilizing proper reinforcement techniques and detailed design to improve the strength and flexibility of beam-column joints.

 ImpactofBeam-ColumnJoints:Insufficientdetailingor substandardconstructionqualitysignificantlyheightens the susceptibility of joints to failure under extreme loads.

Loadredistributionandstructuralresponsewhena joint fails, the load originally carried by that joint is redistributed to surrounding structural elements. If these elements are not designed to withstand additional stress, they may also fail, triggering a chain reaction of collapses. Structuralsystemswithrobustalternativeloadpaths,suchas moment-resistingframesorcatenaryactioninbeams,havea higherchanceofpreventingtotalcollapse.

To comprehend and predict progressive collapse resultingfromjointfailure,researchersutilizebothanalytical and numerical modeling methods. Finite element analysis

(FEA)andnonlineardynamicsimulationsaidinevaluating the failure sequence, load redistribution, and structural performanceunderextremeconditions.

2. LITERATURE REVIEW

Anjali G. Dhole et al.( 2021) estimated the progressive collapse threat ofa 15- storyconcrete- framed structure underdifferentcolumn junking scriptsusingthealternate load path system. Linear static and dynamic analyses in ETABS2019revealeddemand-to-capacity ratesexceeding permissible limits in all cases, indicating high collapse threat. Mitigation strategies, similar as bottom- position bracing and adding ray sizes, were assessed for effectiveness.

Bhavik R. Patel et al. (2017) investigatedtheeffectsofsoilstructure interaction (SSI) on progressive collapse in RC frames.UtilizingtheWinklermodelandSAP2000software, they analyzed a 15-story building under various column failurescenarios.ThefindingsemphasizedthatSSIimpacts load redistribution and foundation behavior, highlighting nonlinear static analysis as an effective method for evaluatingcollapseresistance.

Zahrai et al.( 2014) comparedfour logicalapproachesfor assessing progressive collapse in intermediate RC frame structuresdirectstatic,nonlinearstatic,directdynamic,and nonlineardynamic styles.Dynamicmethodswerefoundto provide the most precise results for assessing collapse vulnerability in various column removal scenarios, as specifiedintheGSAguidelines.

A.R. Rahai et al.( 2012) examinedprogressivecollapsein RCstructuresduetobothimmediateandgradationalcolumn junking. Gradational junking, modelled as strength declinationfromfire,revealeddifferentredivisionpatterns of forces and plastic distortion compared to immediate junkingscripts.

3. OBJECTIVES

1. Identify Critical Structural Elements: Determinekey RC components whose failure triggers one-direction progressivecollapseanditspropagation.

Fig. 2 ProgressiveCollapseeffect

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056

Volume: 12 Issue: 03 | Mar 2025 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072

2. Analyze Load Transfer: Evaluate how loads are redistributed after critical failures, emphasizing structuralinstabilityandpossiblesecondaryrisks.

3. Develop computational models: Simulate onedirectionalprogressivecollapseundersevereconditions toassessfailurepropagation.

4. Propose Structural Enhancements: Suggest design andretrofittingstrategiestopreventorlimitcollapse.

5. Evaluate Connection Performance: Assessstructural connections in resisting failure and preventing progressivecollapse.

4. METHODOLOGY

Progressivecollapsetakesplacewhenthefailureof one or more essential structural elements triggers a cascading effect, resulting in either partial or complete structuralfailure.Inthisresearch,ahybridcomputational approach is utilized, incorporating ABAQUS 2024 and STAADProtoachievetheobjectives.

4.1

4.2 Model Summary

Staad Pro V22

i.PlanSize:G+10–15x15m

G+20–25x25m

G+30–40x40m

ii. Spacingbetweencolumn–5mc/c

iii.HeightofBuilding–30m,60m,90m

iv.SlabThickness–150mm

v.Floortofloorheight–3m

vi.ColumnSize:G+10–500x500mm

G+20–550x550mm

G+30–762x762mm

vii.BeamSize:G+10–300x500mm

G+20–400x600mm

G+30–500x700mm

viii.GradeofConcrete–M30

ix.GradeofSteel–Fe415

Loading on Structure:

DeadLoad:3.75kN/m²

LiveLoad:2kN/m²

LiveLoad:1.5kN/m²

Seismic Parameters (As Per IS 1893 part-1 2016):

SeismicZone(Z):V[0.36](AsPerClause6.4.2)

SoilCategory:II[MediumSoil](AsPerClause6.4.2)

ResponseReductionFactor(R):5[SMRF](AsPerClause 7.2.6)

ImportanceFactor(I):1.0(AsPerClause7.2.3)

Damping:5%(AsPerClause7.2.4)

Abaqus 2024

i. JointConnection-Corner,Exterior,Interior

ii. ColumnCover 40mm

iii. BeamCover 25mm

iv. Columnsize 500mmx500mm

v. Beamsize 300mmx500mm

vi. Beamspan 5000mm

vii. Reinforcement: Main Ø16mm

Stirrups Ø8mm@150mmc/c

Fig.5representCorner,Exterior,InteriorJointconnection modelonAbaqus2024

Modelling process

Fig3AbaqusFlowchart

Fig4StaadProFlowchart

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056

Volume: 12 Issue: 03 | Mar 2025 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072

5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

ResultReportonElementJointConnectionUnderOneDirection Progressive Collapse Using ABAQUS and STAAD Pro.Thisreportpresentstheresultsofadetailedanalysisof element joint connections subjected to one-direction progressive collapse, using ABAQUS and STAAD Pro. Joint performance was assessed under redistributed loads and cascadingeffects.

 Abaqus2024analysisofconnection

 Stress-StrainDissipation

 TimeDisplacementresponse

 Plastic&DamageDissipation  DemandCapacityRatio(DCR)

5.1 Abaqus 2024 analysis of connection

Theanalysisrepresentstheconcentratedareain theconnectionelementincorner,exteriorandinterior joint.

5.2 Stress & Strain Dissipation

Visualsorcontourplotsshowingstressandstrain acrosscriticalelementsduringfailure.

Fig.6representG+10,G+20,G+30modelonStaadprov22

Fig7Cornerconnectionanalysis

Fig8Exteriorconnectionanalysis

Fig.9Interiorconnectionanalysis

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056

Volume: 12 Issue: 03 | Mar 2025 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072

1–StrainEnergyinconnection

5.3 Time – Displacement Response

Plotshowinghowkeypointsdisplaceovertimeduringthe progressive collapse. Tracks the immediate behavior of criticaljointsaftertheeliminationofstructuralcomponents. Shows peak displacements, residual deformations, and oscillatorybehavior

 Maximumjointdisplacement:Interior-550mm, Exterior–650mm,Corner–100mm

2–Time–DisplacementGraphofjoint

5.4 Plastic & Damage Dissipation

Locationsandprogressionofplasticdissipation& damagedissipationinitiatedatthebeam-columninterface .

3–DamageDissipationGraphofjoint

4–PlasticDissipationGraphofjoint

Deflection and dispalcement in Staad Pro V22

Fig.10RepresentdefelctionofG+10,G+20,G+30

Bar representation of damage dissipation, displacement,plasticdissipation,strainenergy,andfroceact onconnectionjoint

Chart

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056

Volume: 12 Issue: 03 | Mar 2025 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072

Corner Connection

Chart5-Barrepersentationofcornerjoint

Exterior Connection

Char6–Barreperesentationofexteriorjoint

Interior Connection

Chart7-Barrepersentationofinteriorjoint

5.5 Demand Capacity Ratio (DCR)

Assesswhetherthestructurecomplieswithdesign criteria for progressive collapse resistance (e.g., in accordance with UFC 4-023-03 or GSA guidelines). The Demand-to-Capacity Ratio (DCR) is a key metric in progressive collapse evaluation, used to determine the structural sufficiency of components under extreme load conditions.

DCR Corner InteriorExterior

AxialForce 0.243 1.46 0.292

ShearForce 2.19 2.07 2.24

Moment0.256 0.27 0.32

• Acceptable Range:DCR≤1.0(elementsremainwithin capacity).

• Critical Range:DCR>1.0(indicatingpotentialfailureor collapse).

Axial Force Shear Force Moment

Corner Interior Exterior

Chart8–BarrepresentationofDCRratio

CONCLUSION

Progressive collapse in reinforced concrete (RC) buildingframes,particularlyduetojointfailure,isacritical structuralissuethatcanleadtodisproportionatedamageor total collapse. The failure of a single joint or load-bearing componentcaninitiateachainreaction,causingsequential failuresinthestructure.

Thisphenomenonisinfluencedbyfactorssuchas structuralconfiguration,loadredistribution,jointdetailing, materialproperties,andexternalforceslikeseismicactivity orblastloads.

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056

Volume: 12 Issue: 03 | Mar 2025 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072

1. Collapse Mechanism:

The failure of critical connections caused a significantredistributionofloads,resultinginaprogressive collapsemechanism predominantlyinthedirectionof the failure.

2. Critical Connections:

Connection like corner connection, exterior connection, interior connection is more useful for the collapseofbuildingstructureinchainreactionataparticular direction.

3. Load Redistribution:

Keystructuralweaknesseswereidentifiedatjoints and critical load-transfer paths, emphasizing their importanceincollapseresistance.

4. Material Behavior:

The behavior of materials during progressive collapseiscrucialindetermininghowastructureresponds tolocalizedfailures.Themechanicalpropertiesofconcrete, reinforcementsteel,andotherstructuralmaterialsinfluence load redistribution, failure propagation, and the overall structuralresponse.

5. Software Comparison:

Abaqus2024:Bestfordetailednonlineardynamic analysisandmaterial-specificfailuremechanisms.Staad.Pro is well-suited for preliminary analysis and assessing the overallstructuralresponse.

7. FUTURE SCOPE

1. Developinginnovativebeam-columnjointsystems withenhancedflexibility,reinforcement,andimpact resistancecanimprovestructuralrobustness.

2. Zone V and Medium soil has been considering in thisstudies,otherzoneandsoiltypecanbeuse.

3. Conducting full-scale and reduced-scale experimentalevaluationsonRCframescanprovide valuableunderstandingoffailuremechanismsand contributetotheenhancementofdesignguidelines.

4. Regular updates and advancements in building regulations that address progressive collapse will contributetosaferconstructionpracticesglobally.

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Volume: 12 Issue: 03 | Mar 2025 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072

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