كتاب الطالب لمادة العلوم الصف الرابع ابتدائي ف1 الطبعة المعدلة

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Original Title:

SCIENCE A CLOSER LOOK By: Dr. Jek K. Hackett Kathryn LeRoy. M.S Dr. Richard H.Moyer Dr. Dorothy J.T. Terman Dr. JoAnne Vasquez Dr. Gerald F. Wheeler Mulugheta Teferi. M.A. Dinah Zike. M.Ed.

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 



       

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 

‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫ﺣﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺣﻤﻦ اﻟﺮّ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻢ ا ِ اﻟﺮّ‬

‫ﺍﻫﺘﻤـﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜـﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴـﻌﻮﺩﻳﺔ ﺑﺘﻄﻮﻳ ﹺﺮ ﻣﻨﺎﻫـﺞﹺ ﺍﻟ ﱠﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﻭﺗﺤﺪﻳﺜﻬـﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺇﻃﺎ ﹺﺭ ﱠ ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣ ﹺﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﺄﺗـﻲ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻄـﺔ ﱠ‬ ‫ﹼ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺍﻛﺒﺔ ﺍﻟ ﱠﺘﻄﻮ ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼ ﹸﻌ ﹺﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴ ﹺﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﻭﺳﻌﻴﹺﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﱡ‬ ‫ﱡ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﻒ ﺍﻟﺮ ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﺑـﻊ ﺍﻻﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺇﻃﺎ ﹺﺭ ﻣﺸـﺮﻭﻉﹺ ﺗﻄﻮﻳ ﹺﺮ ﻣﻨﺎﻫﺞﹺ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﻴ ﹺ‬ ‫ـﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮ ﹺﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﺄﺗـﻲ ﹸ‬ ‫ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻠـﻮ ﹺﻡ ﱠ‬ ‫ﱢ ﱠ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺼ ﱢ ﱠ‬ ‫ﱢ‬ ‫ﺇﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﺗﻄﻮ ﹴﺭ ﻧﻮﻋﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻢﹺ ﻭﺗﻌ ﱡﻠﻢﹺ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﻴ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻄﺎﻟﺐ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡﹺ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻳﻬﺪﻑ ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻌﻴ ﹺـﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍ ﱠﻟﺬﻱ‬ ‫ﱡ‬ ‫ﱢ ﱠ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄ ﱠ‬ ‫ﱟ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺟﺰﺃﻳﻦ؛ ﻳﺸـﺘﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﺟﺎ ﹶﺀ ﻫﺬﺍ‬ ‫ﺋﻴﺲ‬ ‫ﻓﻴـﻪ ﱠ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴ ﹺﺔ ﺍﻟ ﱠﺘﻌ ﱡﻠﻢﹺ ﻭﺍﻟ ﱠﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ‪ .‬ﹾ‬ ‫ﱡ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟـﺪ ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮ ﹸ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﺭﻱ ﻓﻲ ﱠ‬ ‫ﻭﺭ ﱠ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﺟﺰﺋﻪ ﱠ ﹺ‬ ‫ﱞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴ ﹶﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺟﺎﺀﺕ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺣﺪﺍﺕ؛‬ ‫ﺛﻼﺙ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﹾ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴ ﹶﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻷﻧﻈﻤ ﹶﺔ ﱠ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﺷـﺎﻣﻠ ﹰﺔ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻠﻮﻗﺎﺕ ﱠ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻭﻣﻮﺍﺭ ﹶﺩﻫﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﻓﺎﻋﻞ‪ ،‬ﻳﻌﻜﺲ ﺗﻮﺟ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺑﻮﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﺄﺳـﻠﻮﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﻋﺮﺽ ﻣﺤﺘﻮ￯‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﺟﺎ ﹶﺀ‬ ‫ﻬﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻬﺞﹺ‬ ‫ﻣﺸـﻮ ﹴﻕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢﹴ‬ ‫ﹾ‬ ‫ﱟ‬ ‫ﱡ‬ ‫ﱢ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟ ﱠﺘﻌ ﱡﻠﻢﹺ ﺍﻟﺨﻤﺎﺳﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻓﻠﺴﻔ ﹶﺘ ﹸﻪ ﻭﻳﺘﻤﺜ ﹸﱠﻞ ﻓﻲ‬

‫ﺑﺈﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟ ﱠﺘ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﺍﻋﻴ ﹰﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻞ‬ ‫ﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﻛﺬﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﹾ‬ ‫ﺍﺷﺘﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺘﻮ￯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﱢ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮ￯‪ ،‬ﺗ ﱠﺘ ﹸ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﹶ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺒﺮ ﹶﺓ‬ ‫ﻮﺿﻴﺤﻴ ﹶﺔ‬ ‫ﻮﺭ ﺍﻟ ﱠﺘ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻢ‪ ،‬ﺇﺿﺎﻓ ﹰﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩﻳ ﹺﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻭﻕ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺪﺃ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻀﻤﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺘﻮ￯ ﱡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼ ﹶ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﱢ‬ ‫ﹾ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻭﺩﺭﻭﺳﻪ‬ ‫ﻭﻓﺼﻮﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﻭﺣﺪﺍﺗﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺄﻛﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﺃ ﹺﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻜﺲ ﻃﺒﻴﻌ ﹶﺔ‬ ‫ﺍ ﱠﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ‪ ،‬ﹶ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻜﻮﻳﻨﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺪﺃﹺ ﺍﻟ ﱠﺘﻘﻮﻳﻢﹺ ﺍﻟ ﱠﺘ‬ ‫ﱢ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﺎﺭﺍﺗﻪ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﻨﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴ ﹶﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟ ﱠﺘﻔﻜﻴ ﹺﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻬﺠﻴ ﹶﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻟﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﻛﺘﺴﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺃﻫﻤﻴ ﹶﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻠﺴﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﺪﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺃﻛ ﹾ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﱢ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻋﻤﻞ ﺍﻟ ﱠﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝﹺ ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺳﻢ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻭﺍﻟــﻘﺮﺍﺀ ﹸﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻮ ﹺﺭ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻴ ﹺﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪ :‬ﻗﺮﺍﺀ ﹸﺓ ﱡ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺮ ﹸ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴ ﹸﺔ ﱠ‬ ‫ﹼ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻚ ﹸ‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﹶ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻳﺎﺿﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺣﻴﺎﺓ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻟﺐ‪ ،‬ﹾ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﺄﻛﻴﺪﻫﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﺑﻂ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﹶ‬ ‫ﺭﺑﻄﻬﺎ ﱢ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺮ ﱠ‬

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻳﺴـﺎﻫﻢ ﹸ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻟﻸﻧﺸـﻄﺔ‪ ،‬ﹸ‬ ‫ﹲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻟﺐ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴ ﹺﺔ ﻟﺪ￯‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻤﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﺮﺍﺳـﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﺮﺍﻓﻖ‬ ‫ﻳﺆﻣﻞ ﺃﻥﹾ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﺀ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺼﺎﺀ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﺎﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺇﻛﺴﺎﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﺤﻮ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢﹺ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡﹺ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﻴﻮﻟﻪ ﻭﺍﺗﱢﺠﺎﻫﺎﺗﻪ ﹶ‬

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﻣﻪ‬ ‫ﺧﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻫﺪﺍﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻠ ﹶﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻨـﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻥﹾ ﻳﻮ ﱢﻓﻖﹶ‬ ‫ﻧﺴـﺄﻝ ﺃﻥﹾ ﻳﺤ ﱢﻘﻖﹶ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻦ ﱡ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﻘﺪ ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺧﺎ ﹶﺓ ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﻟﻤﺎ ﻓﻴﻪ ﹸ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺯﺩﻫﺎﺭ ﹸﻩ‪.‬‬

      

‫ﺍﻟﻄ ﹸ‬ ٨‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴ ﹸﺔ‬ ‫ﺮﻳﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﱠ‬

١٧ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴ ﹸﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺎﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﱠ‬

١٨    ٢٠

  

         ٢٢ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ‬       ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ٣٢ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴ ﹺﺔ‬      ‫ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻠﻮﻗﺎﺕ ﱠ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ٤٢ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻼﺣﻈﺔ‬ .‫ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺎﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ٤٤ ‫ﺍﻷﻭ ﹺﻝ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﱠ‬ ٤٦

      ٤٨‫ﺍﻟﻼﻓﻘﺎﺭﻳ ﹸﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ‬     ‫ﹸ‬    ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ‬ ٥٥‫ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺎﺭﻳ ﹸﺔ‬   ‫ﹸ‬    ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺃﺟﻬﺰ ﹸﺓ ﺃﺟﺴﺎ ﹺﻡ‬  ٦٤‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ‬    ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺔ‬ :‫ﺎﺕ‬ ٧٢ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻳﺎﺿﻴ ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﱢ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺮ ﱠ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ٧٣ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﱠﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌﺔ‬



٧٦

    

        

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹲ‬ ٧٨  ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ‬        ‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﱠ‬

‫ﹺ‬ ٨٥ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴ ﹺﺔ‬  ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﱠ‬

‫ﹺ‬ ٩٦ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴ ﹺﺔ‬ ‫ﻐﻴ ﹸ‬ ‫ﺮﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﱠ‬ ‫ﺍﻟ ﱠﺘ ﱡ‬

       

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ١٠٥‫ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺤﻴﺎﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻮﺩﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺌﺔ‬ :‫ﻋﻠﻤﻴ ﹲﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﺮﺍﺀ ﹲﺓ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ١٠٧‫ﱠﺎﻟﺚ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌﺔ‬

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          

‫ﹸ‬ ١١٢ ‫ﺨﻮﺭ‬      ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﱡ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺼ ﹸ‬  

١٢٠ ‫ﺍﻟﻤــــﺎﺀ‬    ‫ﹸ‬  

‫ﹺ‬  ١٢٧‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ‬    ‫ﺗﺮﺷﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﹸ‬

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ١٢٨ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﹺ‬

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       

١٣١     ١٤٢    ١٤٦ 



                        

              

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  

   

                               

       

       

    

             .      .  .

                                                  



‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪  ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪  ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪  ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪  ‬‬

‫‪       ‬‬

‫‪‬‬

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴـﻌﻮﺩﻳﺔ ﻋ ﹶﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺮﺍﻛﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﺘﺸـﺮ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜـﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺟﻨـﻮﺏ‬ ‫ﻳﻤﺘـﺪ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺳـﻊ‬ ‫ﻫﻴﺌـﺔ ﺣﺰﺍ ﹴﻡ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﱡ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺑﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﹶ‬ ‫ﺗﻈﻬﺮ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺤـﺰﺍ ﹺﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺸـﻤﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸـﻤﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﱢ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺒـﺎﻝ ﹸ‬ ‫ﹲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔـﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻟـﻢ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻔ ﱠﻮ ﹸ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺒﺮﺍﻛﻴـﻦ‪ ،‬ﹶ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺤ ﱠﺮ ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻛﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﹶ‬

‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪  ‬‬

‫ﻣﺨﺘﺼ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹲ‬ ‫ﻭﻓﻴﺼـﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜـﺎﻥ ﻋﻤـﺮﻭ‬ ‫ـﺎﻥ ﻓـﻲ ﻋﻠـﻢﹺ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺮﺍﻛﻴﻦ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻳﺴـﺒ ﹸﺐ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺮﻳﺪﺍﻥ ﺃﻥﹾ ﻳﻌﺮ ﹶﻓﺎ ﻣﺎ ﱢ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺧﻄـﻮﺍﺕ ﱠ‬ ‫ﻟﻺﺟﺎﺑﺔ ﹺ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴ ﹺـﺔ‬ ‫ﺮﻳﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﻴـﺚ ﺍ ﱠﺗﺒﻌﺎ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺳـﺌﻠﺔ‪ .‬ﱠ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴ ﹸﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘ ﹸﺔ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺗﺴـﺎﻋﺪﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺳـﺌﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻹﺟﺎﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤـﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻳﻘـﻮﻡ ﹶﺑﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻈﻮﺍﻫـ ﹺﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﻢﹺ ﱠ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺗﻔﺴـﻴ ﹺﺮ ﱠ‬ ‫ﻭﺧﻄﻮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻌﻴ ﹺـﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄ ﱠ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄ ﹺ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﻴـﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤـﺎ ﹶﺀ ﺇﻟـﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺷـﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴ ﹺـﺔ‬ ‫ﺮﻳﻘـﺔ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻴـﻊ‬ ‫ﺒـﻊ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻻﺳـﺘﻘﺼﺎﺀ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻛﻴﻔﻴ ﹺـﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻴـﺎ ﹺﻡ‬ ‫ﹾ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻭﻗـﺪ ﻻ ﺗ ﱠﺘ ﹸ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ ﻣﺮﺓ‪.‬ﹴ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺴﻠﺴـﻞ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﱠ‬ ‫ﺧﻄﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ‬

‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺻﺨـﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻬـﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻃـﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃـﻖ ﻓـﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻌـﺾ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﹶ‬ ‫ﹲ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺮﺍﻛﻴﻦ ﹺ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻧﺘﺠـﺖ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺼﻬﺮ ﹲﺓ‬ ‫ﺗﺴـﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺟﻤﺎ‪ .‬ﹾ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﱠ‬

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻧﺤﻮ ﺍﻟﺴـﻄﺢﹺ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻃـﻦ‬ ‫ﻣـﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺪﻓـﺎﻉﹺ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺟﻤـﺎ ﹾ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﹶ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪﹶ ﻣـﺎ ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺭﺽ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺟﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴـﺎﺧﻨﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺳـﻄﺢﹺ‬

‫ﱢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﺨﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﺴـﻤﻰ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﺸـﻜ ﹸﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﺒـﺮﺩ ﻭﺗﺘﺼ ﱠﻠ ﹸﺐ‪،‬‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﹰ‬ ‫ﺻﺨﻮﺭﺍ ﱠ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺤﻴ ﹶﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻛﺎﻧﻴ ﹶﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹲ‬ ‫ﻋﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺻﺨﻮ ﹴﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﺠﻤـﻊ‬ ‫ﻭﻓﻴﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜـﺎﻥ ﻋﻤﺮﻭ‬ ‫ﻗـﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻮﺭﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻳﻨـﺔ‬ ‫ﻏـﺮﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸـﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﺣـﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﻣـﻦ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﻛﺎﻧﻴـﺔ ﹾ‬

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺠﻮﺍﺕ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻛﺒﻴﺮﺍ ﻣـﻦ‬ ‫ﻭﻭﺟـﺪﹶ ﺍ ﺃﻥﱠ ﻓـﻲ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﻋـﺪ ﹰﺩﺍ ﹰ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺠﻮﺍﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﺎﺩ ﻳﺨ ﹸﻠﻮ ﹸ‬ ‫ﺑﻴ ﹶﻨﻤﺎ ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﹶ‬ ‫ﹸ‬

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺠﻮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻳﺴـﺒ ﹸﺐ ﻭﺟـﻮ ﹶﺩ‬ ‫ﺗﺴـﺎ ﹶﺀ ﹶﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﺎﻥ‪ :‬ﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﱢ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﹺ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺮﻓﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻛﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺇﻧﱠﻬﻤـﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺾ ﺃﻧـﻮﺍﻉﹺ ﺍﻟﺼﺨـﻮ ﹺﺭ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺃﻥﱠ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺟﻤﺎ ﻋﻨﺪﹶ ﻣﺎ ﹸ‬ ‫ﻳﻨﺒﻌﺚ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺭﺽ‪،‬‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻞ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺳـﻄﺢﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺃﺧـﺮ￯‪ .‬ﺇﻧﱠﻬﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻠـﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤـﺎﺀ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺑﺨـﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻬـﺎ‬ ‫ﱡ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻭﻣـﻮﺍﺩ ﹶ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻮ ﱠﻗ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﺎﻋﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻫﺮﻭﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺠﻮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺳـﺒﺐ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻌﺎﻥ ﺃﻥﹾ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴـﺎﺧﻨﺔ ﻋﻨﺪﹶ ﻭﺻﻮﻟﹺﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺟﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﺎ ﹺﺯ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺭﺽ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻏـﺎﺯﹸ ﺍﻟﻜﻠـﻮ ﹺﺭ؛‬ ‫ﺇﻟـﻰ ﺳـﻄﺢﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴ ﹸﺮ ﹲ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﻫﻮ ﻏـﺎﺯﹸ ﺍﻟﻜﻠـﻮ ﹺﺭ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤـﺮﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﺧﺘﺒـﺎﺭﻩ ﺇ ﹰﺫﺍ ﹶ‬ ‫ﱢ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻴ ﹸﺮﻩ ﻓﻲ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞﹺ‬ ‫ﻳﺆ ﱢﺛ ﹸﺮ ﱡ‬

‫‪    ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪   ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪  ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪        ‬‬ ‫‪     ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪  ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪  ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪  ‬‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫← ﱠ‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﻫﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻔﺴﻴﺮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟ ﱠﺘ‬ ‫ﺃﺗﺄﻛﺪﹸ ﱠ‬ ‫ﹸ‬

‫‪‬‬

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹲ‬ ‫ﹲ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺿﻴ ﹸﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺿﻴ ﹰﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻛﻮﻧـﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﺎﻥ ﻋﻤﺮﻭ‬ ‫ﻭﻓﻴﺼﻞ ﱠ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﻭﻛﺎﻧـﺖ‬ ‫ﺳـﺆﺍﻝ ﻣـﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻋـﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﻫـﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜـﻦ‬ ‫ﹾ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻟﻺﺟﺎﺑـﺔ ﹾ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺯﺍﺩﺕ ﹸ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻮ ﹺﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺟﻤﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥﱠ ﻫﺬﺍ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺿﻴ ﹸﺘﻬﻤـﺎ‪:‬‬ ‫ﹾ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺃﻛﺜﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻳﺠﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﺠﻮﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﺨﻮ ﹺﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻛﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﹶ‬

‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪    ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪        ‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪  ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﹾ‬ ‫ﻭﻓﻴﺼـﻞ ﺃﻥﹾ ﹸﻳﺠﺮ ﹶﻳـﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺒﺎﺣﺜﻴـﻦ ﻋﻤـﺮﻭ‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜـﻦ‬ ‫ﻫـﻞ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺟﺎﺑـﺔ‪ :‬ﻻ؛ ﹰ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻛﺎﻥ؟ ﱠ‬ ‫ﻭﺑﺪﻻ‬ ‫ﻟﻌﻞ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺧـﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﺤﺜﹶﻬﻤﺎ‬

‫ﻣـﻦ ﹶ‬ ‫ﻬﻢ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﺒ ﹺﺮ‬ ‫ﺫﻟـﻚ ﹸﻳﺠـﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤـﺎﺀ ﺃﺑﺤﺎ ﹶﺛ ﹾ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤـﺎﺀ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﺒـ ﹺﺮ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﺴـﺘﺨﺪﻡ‬ ‫ﻋـﺎﺩﺓﹰ‪.‬‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬

‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭ ﹶﺓ‬ ‫ﻤﺎﺛـﻼﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﹸﻳ‬ ‫ﺿﻐﻂ‬ ‫ﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺭﺿﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺸﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺧﻞ‬

‫‪   ‬‬

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﺎﻥ ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻳﺤﺘﺎﺝ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺿﻴﺘﻬﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﺨﺘﺒـﺮﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻲ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﹾ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺑﺈﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﹴ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺠﺎﺭﺏ‪ .‬ﺍﻟ ﱠﺘﺠﺮﺑ ﹸﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟ ﱠﺘ‬ ‫ﻭﺫﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺩ ﱠﻟ ﹺـﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻋﺪﺩ ﹶ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺇﺛﺒﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺧﻼﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠـﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﹾ‬ ‫ﹲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺿﻴﺔ ﹾ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﱞ‬ ‫ﺭﻓﻀﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﹸ‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﺧﻄﻮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﺘﺒﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﺖ ﺳـﺎﺑ ﹰﻘﺎ ﺃﻥﱠ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎ ﹶﺀ‬ ‫ﺗﻌ ﱠﻠ ﹸ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﺍﻵﺧﺮﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻤﻜﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻭﺫﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﺑﺸـﻜﻞ ﻭﺍﺿﺢﹴ ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺗﺠﺎﺭﺑﹺﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟ ﱠﺘ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﻣﺮ ﹴ‬ ‫ﺍﺕ ﻋﺪﻳﺪﺓﹰ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﹺ‬ ‫ﺘﺎﺋﺞ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﹾ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟ ﱠﻨ ﹸ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺗﺠﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﻳ ﹰﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺸﺎﺑﻬ ﹰﺔ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺮﺍﻫﻴﻦ ﻭﺍﻷﺩ ﱠﻟ ﹸﺔ ﱠ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﻴﻦ ﹶ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴـﺘﻘﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴ ﹶﺮ‬ ‫ﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻳـﻦ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻮﺭ ﹶ‬ ‫ﱢ‬ ‫ﱡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴـﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬ ‫ﻫـﻮ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴـﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﺣﻴـﺪﹶ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴـﺘﻘﻞ ﹶ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﱡ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﺴـﺒ ﹸﺐ ﻓﻴﻬـﺎ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻳﺆﺛﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞﹺ ﹾ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹰﹼ‬ ‫ﻣﺴـﺘﻘﻼ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻐﻴ ﹰﺮﺍ‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻟ ﱠﺘ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹶﺨﺘﺒﺮ ﱢ‬ ‫ﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﻋﺎﺩ ﹰﺓ ﺗ ﹸ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﹶ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻳﺤﺎﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺍ‪،‬‬ ‫ﹰ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺿﺒﻂ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﻗﺪ ﺗﺆ ﱢﺛ ﹸﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟ ﱠﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞﹺ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺧﺮ￯ ﺍ ﱠﻟﺘﻲ ﹾ‬ ‫ﱢ‬ ‫ﹶ‬

‫‪       ‬‬

‫‪‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ﱪ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺿﻴ ﹶﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﺧﺘ ﹸ‬

‫‪‬‬

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹼ‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ‬ ‫ﺃﻓﻜ ﹸﺮ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬

‫‪‬‬

‫ﻟﺠﻤﻊ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺿﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎ ﹸﻟﻬﺎ ﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎ ﹺﺭ‬

‫• ﺃﻧ ﹼﻔ ﹸﺬ ﺗﺠﺮﺑ ﹰﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﺒ ﹺﺮ‪.‬‬

‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴ ﹶﺔ )ﻋﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻈﻮﺍﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﺃﻻﺣﻆ‬ ‫•‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺪﺍﻧﻲ(‪.‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪   ‬‬ ‫‪  ‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﻐﻴـﺮﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻤـﺎ ﹶﺀ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼ‬ ‫ﻭﺿـﻊ ﻋﻤـﺮﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﺨـﻮ ﹺﺭ ﱠ‬ ‫ﺑﻌـﺾ ﱡ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﺃﺿﺎﻑ ﹶﻛﻤﻴ ﹴ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﺎﺕ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔ ﹰﺔ‬ ‫ﺻﻐﻴﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻠﺰﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﺒﺴـﻮﻻﺕ‬ ‫ﹶ ﱢﱠ‬ ‫ﻣـﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﻠـﻮ ﹺﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﱟ‬ ‫ﻟﻢ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ ﻣﻨﻬـﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎ ﻋﺪﺍ ﻛﺒﺴـﻮﻟ ﹰﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﹰﺓ ﹾ‬ ‫ﹸﻳ ﹺﻀ ﹾ‬ ‫ﺛﻢ ﺃﻏﻠ ﹶﻘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ـﻒ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻮﺭ ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎ ﹺﺭﻫﺎ ﻋﻴﻨ ﹰﺔ ﺿﺎﺑﻄ ﹰﺔ‪ .‬ﱠ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﺃﺳـﻄﻮﺍﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﻋﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺧﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺴـﻮﻻﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﻭﺿﻊ‬ ‫ﺑﺄﺣﻜﺎﻡﹴ‪،‬‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﱟ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻀ ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘـﻮﻱ‪ ،‬ﹶ‬ ‫ﻐﻂ‬ ‫ﻭﺑﺪﺃ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻣـﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻭ ﹺﻡ‬ ‫ﺯﻳـﺎﺩﺓ ﱠ‬ ‫ﱢ‬ ‫ﻣﺼﻨـﻮ ﹴﻉ ﹶ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤـﺮﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺮﻓـﻊ ﺩﺭﺟـ ﹶﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺳـﻄﻮﺍﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺧـﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﺪﺭﻳﺠﻴـﺎ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﹰﹼ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺟﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﺿﻌـﺎﻑ‬ ‫ﻳﻘﺎﺭﺏ ‪١٠‬‬ ‫ﻭﻳﺼـﻞ ﺑﻬﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣـﺎ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻓـﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﺒـ ﹺﺰ‪ ،‬ﹶ‬ ‫ﺃﺳـﺒﻮﻋﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻈـﺮﻭﻑ‬ ‫ﻫـﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﺮﻛﻬـﺎ ﻓـﻲ‬ ‫ﹰ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻭﺑﻌـﺪﹶ ﹶ‬ ‫ﺛﻢ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻚ ﹶ‬ ‫ﻋﻤـﺮﻭ ﺑﺘﺒﺮﻳﺪ ﺍﻷﺳـﻄﻮﺍﻧﺔ ﻭﻓﺘﺤﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﱠ‬ ‫ﹲ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺮﺩ ﹶﺓ‬ ‫ﺨـﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺎﻡ ﺑﻌﺪﱢ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺳـﺎﻃﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻬ ﹺﺮ‪ ،‬ﹶ‬ ‫ﻻﺣﻆ ﱡ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺑﺈﺟﺮﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺠﻮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺛﻢ ﹶ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﻭﺳـﺠ ﹶﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺀﺓﹶ‪ ،‬ﱠ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﺁﺧﺮ‪ ،‬ﱡ‬ ‫ﺻﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞﹺ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺘﺄﻛ ﹺﺪ ﹾ‬ ‫ﺍﻟ ﱠﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻭﻗﺖ ﹶ‬

‫‪‬‬

‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺳﻮﺏ (‪.‬‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻮﺫﺟﺎ )ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍ ﹺﻡ‬ ‫ﺃﻋﻤﻞ‬ ‫•‬ ‫ﹰ‬ ‫ﻟﺠﻤﻊ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﺃﻧ ﱢﻔ ﹸﺬﻫﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﺃﺿﻊ ﹸﺧ ﹼﻄ ﹰﺔ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺧﻄﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞﹺ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﺗﺄﻛﺪﹸ ﻣﻦ‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪   ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬

‫‪        ‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪  ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺑﺘﺴـﺠﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧـﺎﺕ ﻗﺎ ﹶﻣـﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜـﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺟﻤـﻊ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣـﺎ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﻛﻤ ﱠﻴ ﹶﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻮ ﹺﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎﺗﻬﻤﺎ ﺑﺪ ﱠﻗـﺔ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻫﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﱠ‬ ‫ﺳـﺠﻼ ﱢ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺻـﻒ ﱢ‬ ‫ﻣـﻦ ﱢ‬ ‫ﻗﻄﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﻛﺒﺴـﻮﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺎﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻄﻠـﻖ ﹾ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟـﻮﺩﺓ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺠﻮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺛﻢ ﻗﺎ ﹶﻣﺎ ﺑﻌـﺪﱢ‬ ‫ﺻﺨـ ﹴﺮ ﺑﺪ ﱠﻗـﺔ‪ ،‬ﱠ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﺛﻢ ﱠ‬ ‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍ ﹺﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻬ ﹺﺮ‪ ،‬ﹼ‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪  ‬‬ ‫‪      ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪  ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪     ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪  ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪    ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻳﻖ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫←‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﹾ‬ ‫ﺃﺗﺄﻛﺪﹸ ﹾ‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬

‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻭﺭ ﹶ‬ ‫ﺣﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟ ﱠﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞﹺ ﺍ ﱠﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﻳﺒﻴ ﹸﻦ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﱢ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﺟﺮﻳﺎ ‪ ٥٠‬ﺗﺠﺮﺑ ﹰﺔ‪ .‬ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻐﺮﻗﺖ ﱡ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﹸ‬ ‫ﹾ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥﱠ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﺍﺳـﺘﻐﺮﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ‬ ‫ﻣـﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﺠﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﹰ‬ ‫ﺃﺳـﺒﻮﻋﺎ ﹶ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤـﻞ‪ ،‬ﹾ‬

‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻬﻤـﺎ ﺣﻮﺍ ﹶﻟـﻲ ﹴ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺧﻼﻝ‬ ‫ﻣـﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺳـﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﹾ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺻﻼ ﹾ‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻘـﺪ ﱠ‬ ‫ﹾ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺃﻛﺒﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﻴﻨ ﹶﺔ ﱡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﺨـﻮ ﹺﺭ ﺍ ﱠﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﱢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟ ﱠﻨﺘﺎﺋـﺞ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥﱠ ﱢ‬ ‫ﻛﻤ ﱠﻴ ﹰﺔ ﹶ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻀﺎﺑﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻛﺜﺮ‪ .‬ﱠﺃﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻮ ﹺﺭ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﹸ‬ ‫ﻋﺪﺩ ﻓﺠﻮﺍﺕ ﹶ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻓﺠﻮﺍﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻦ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﹲ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﹶ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻮ ﹺﺭ ﻓﻠﻢ ﹾ‬

‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﺃﺧﺮ￯‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﹾ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﹶ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ‬

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻭﻟ ﹸﺔ ﺩﺭﺟ ﹸﺔ‬ ‫‪١‬‬

‫‪˚ ٩٢٠‬ﺱ‬

‫‪٣‬‬

‫‪˚ ٩٢٠‬ﺱ‬

‫‪٢‬‬

‫‪˚ ٩٢٠‬ﺱ‬

‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺟﺪﻳﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﹾ‬

‫‪       ‬‬

‫‪‬‬

‫‪٢٠٠‬ﻣﻞ ﺑﺎﺭ‬ ‫‪٢٠٠‬ﻣﻞ ﺑﺎﺭ‬ ‫‪٢٠٠‬ﻣﻞ ﺑﺎﺭ‬

‫‪% ٠٫٨‬‬

‫ﹲ‬ ‫ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ‬

‫‪%٠‬‬

‫‪% ٠٫٩‬‬

‫ﻻ ﻳﻮﺟﺪﹸ‬ ‫ﻋﺪﻳﺪ ﹲﺓ‬

‫‪  ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹶ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹲ‬ ‫ﺑﻤﺮﺍﺟﻌـﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻓﻴﺼـﻞ‬ ‫ﻗـﺎﻡ ﻋﻤـﺮﻭ‬ ‫ـﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﻗـﺖ ﹶ‬ ‫ﻭﻣـﻊ ﹸﻣﻀ ﱢ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺗﺴـﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ـﻦ ﻟﻬـﻢ ﺃﻥﱠ ﺗﺠﺎﺭ ﹶﺑﻬـﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﺒﻴ ﹶ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺗﻬـﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗـﺪ ﱠ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴـﺎ ﹺﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺢﹺ ‪ .‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﺃﺧﻄﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺃﻱ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺜـﻮ ﹺﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﱢ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻓـﺈﻥﱠ ﹶ‬ ‫ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧـﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻳﻀﻴـﻊ ﻓﺮﺻـ ﹶﺔ ﺍﺳـﺘﺨﺪﺍ ﹺﻡ‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻥﱠ‬ ‫ﻳﺴﺘﺪﻋﻲ ﺇﻋﺎﺩ ﹶﺓ‬ ‫ﺃﺧﻄﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﻛﺘﺸـﺎﻑ‬ ‫ﺻﺤﻴﺤﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻀ ﹸ‬ ‫ﻐﻂ‬ ‫ﱠ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﹸ‬

‫ﱠﺎﻋﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻘ ﹸ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨ ﹸﺔ ‪١‬‬ ‫ﱢ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨ ﹸﺔ ‪٢‬‬ ‫ﱢ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨ ﹸﺔ ‪٣‬‬ ‫ﹼ‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪   ‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺗﺪﻋـﻢ‬ ‫ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺠﻬـﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜـﺎﻥ ﺇﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﻳﻘـﺮﺭ‬ ‫ﻳﺠـﺐ ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﹾ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧـﺖ ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻓﻬﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺠﻬﻤﺎ ﺑﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞﹺ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺿﻴ ﹶﺘﻬـﻢ ﺃﻡ ﻻ؟ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﹸ‬ ‫ﻳﻘﺎﺭﻧﺎﻥ ﹶ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺃﺧـﺮ￯ ﻓـﻲ‬ ‫ـﺖ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳـﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘـﻲ ﹸﺃﺟﺮ ﹶﻳ ﹾ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻛﻴـﻦ ﹶ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜـﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢﹺ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫـﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﺴـﻤﺢ ﻟﻬﻢﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺻ ﹶﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﺳـﺘﻨﺘﺎﺟﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻮﺻـﻮﻝ ﺇﻟـﻰ‬ ‫ﺻﺤﻴﺤـﺔ‪ .‬ﹾ‬ ‫ﻟﻘـﺪ ﱠ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺗﺰﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻧـﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥﱠ ﺯﻳﺎﺩ ﹶﺓ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻮ ﹺﺭ ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﺎﻥ ﹶ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﺨﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺠﻮﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﺪ ﹶﺩ‬

‫ﺗﺪﻋﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﺠﺮﻳﺒﻴـﺎ ﻻ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻮﺻ ﹸﻞ ﺇﻟﻴﻬـﺎ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺘﺎﺋـﺞ ﺍ ﱠﻟﺘـﻲ ﱠ‬ ‫ﺍﻟ ﱠﻨ ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹰﹼ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﺀ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻳﺴـﺄﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺿﻴ ﹶﺔ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘـﺔ‬ ‫ﺠﺮﺑـﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﻋـﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟ ﱠﺘ‬ ‫ﻭﻗـﺪ ﻳﻠﺠـﺆﻭﻥ ﺇﻟـﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﻤـﺎﺫﺍ؟ ﹾ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺿﻴ ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻨﺪﺋﺬ‬ ‫ﺻﺤﻴﺤـﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﻗـﺪ‬ ‫ﺃﺧـﺮ￯‪ .‬ﹾ‬ ‫ـﺔ ﹶ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﻳﻠﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺿﻴ ﹴﺔ‬ ‫ﺻﻴﺎﻏﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﻠﺠﺆﻭﻥ ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﱠ‬

‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ﹲ‬ ‫ﻧﺘﺎﺋـﺞ ﺗﺠﺎﺭﺑﹺﻬﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻳﻀـﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳـﺮﺍ‬ ‫ﻭﻓﻴﺼـﻞ‬ ‫ﺃﻋـﺪ ﻋﻤـﺮﻭ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﱡ‬ ‫ﹰ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﺘﺒﻊ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺣﺜﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺠﻬﻤﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻘﺎﺭﻧﺎﻧﹺﻬﺎ ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺘﺒﺎﺩﻻ ﹶ‬ ‫ﺁﺧﺮﻳﻦ‪ .‬ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤـﺎﺀ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺗﺒـﺎﺩ ﹺﻝ‬ ‫ﻛﺜﻴـﺮ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘ ﹶﺔ ﻓﻲ ﹸ‬ ‫ﹲ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﻮﺻﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﻨﺎﺱ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪  ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪  ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪   ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪        ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪   ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪       ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪   ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪     ‬‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫← ﱠ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻃﺮﺡ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺋﻤﺎ ﹾ‬ ‫ﺃﺗﺄﻛﺪﹸ ﹰ‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪  ‬‬ ‫‪  ‬‬

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻤﺎﺀ؟‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪ ‬ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺮﺍﻛﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺣﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﺮ￯‬ ‫‪ ‬ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥﹾ‬ ‫ﹸ‬

‫ﻭﺃﺿﻊ ﻟﻪ ﻓﺮﺿﻴ ﹰﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺍ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺃﺧﺘﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺃﻓﻜﺮ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ؟‬ ‫ﹰ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠ ﹰﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻘﱡ ﹺﻖ‪.‬‬

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﺇﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫‪ ‬ﻣﺎﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻻ ﺗ ﱠﺘ ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻔﻖ ﹶ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺿﻴ ﹺﺔ ؟‬ ‫ﱠ‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪   ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫‪        ‬‬

‫ﻭﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪﻫﻢ ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﱠ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴ ﹺﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺮﻳﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻋﺪﻳﺪ ﹰﺓ ﻋﻨﺪﹶ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ ﹾ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻹﺟﺎﺑﺔ ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺎﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴ ﹸﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻤﻊﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺎﺭﺍﺕ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺣﻮﻟﹺﻨﺎ‪ ،‬ﹾ‬ ‫ﹾ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫ـﺮ ﹶﻑ ﺍﻷﺷﻴﺎ ﹶﺀ‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫ﺃﺳﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﺣـ ﱢ‬ ‫ـﻮﺍﺳــﻲ ﻷﺗــﻌـ ﱠ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻮﺍﺩﺙ‪.‬‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫‪     ‬‬ ‫ﻟﻺﺟﺎﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﺃﺿﻊ ﻋﺒﺎﺭ ﹰﺓ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺴ ﹺ‬ ‫ﺆﺍﻝ‪.‬‬ ‫ﹺ ﱡ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻵﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺃﺷﺎﺭﻙ‬ ‫ﹶ‬

‫‪    ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬

‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪    ‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪↑‬‬

‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺃﺿﻊ ﺍﻷﺷﻴﺎ ﹶﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺸﺎﺑﻬ ﹶﺔ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫‪   ‬ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺛﻢ ﹸﺃﺟﺮﻱ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺎﺕ‬ ‫‪   ‬ﺃﺭﺗ ﹸﱢﺐ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺴﺎﺑﻴ ﹶﺔ ﻟﺘﻔﺴﻴ ﹺﺮ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﹰ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫ﻣﺠﺴﻤﺎ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺃﻋﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﻄﻄﺎ‪ ...،‬ﻟﺘﻮﺿﻴﺢﹺ‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫ﹰ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻤﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻛﻴﻒ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺷﻴﺎﺀ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻛﻴﻒ ﺗﺒﺪﻭ‬ ‫ﹸ‬

äɶMÓŸG o o ôëàJ n o ?¢VQC ∑ ∞«c p ’G IOhO s

o p óæY ?É¡°ùŸ çóëj GPÉe n

    ←  

n o ? pIOhódG Ò t áÄ«H o ¨àJ ∞«c

‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﹴ‬   .‫ﺗﺠﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺃﻛﺘﺐ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﻣﺘﻮ ﱠﻗﻌ ﹰﺔ ﻟﺤﺎﺩﺛﺔ ﹾ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻘﺎﺋﻖ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮ ﹶﻥ‬  ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﻟﺪﻱ ﹶ‬  ‫ ﱢ‬ ‫ﺃﻛﻮ ﹸﻥ ﻓﻜﺮ ﹰﺓ ﱠ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﺎ ﱠ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ . ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻼﺣﻈﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ .‫ﺃﻋﺎﺭﺿﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻷﺩﻋﻢ‬ ‫ ﹸﺃﺟﺮﻱ ﺗﺠﺮﺑ ﹰﺔ‬    ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺿﻴ ﹶﺔ ﹾ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﱠ‬

                                      

      

‫ﹸ‬     ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ ﺃﺣﺪﱢ ﹸﺩ ﺍﻷﺷﻴﺎ ﹶﺀ ﺍ ﱠﻟﺘﻲ‬   ‫ﺗﻀﺒﻂ ﹾ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ .‫ﺠﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻟ ﱠﺘ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻴ ﹸﺮ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﱢ‬ ‫ﹺ‬     ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍ ﱠﻟﺘﻲ ﺟﻤﻌﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺃﺳﺘﻔﻴﺪ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﹸ‬   ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺴ ﹺ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ ﻓﻲ ﱢ‬ .‫ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﻞ‬ ‫ﺆﺍﻝ ﹾ‬ ‫ﻟﻺﺟﺎﺑﺔ ﹺ ﱡ‬

، ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻢﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻭﺩﺭﺟﺔ‬

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬  ‫ﻹﻳﺠﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺒ ﹶﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﺳﺘﺨﺪﻡ‬ ‫ﹸ‬   ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺰ ﹺ‬ ،‫ﻭﺍﻟــﻮﺯﻥ‬ ،‫ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ‬ ،‫ﻣﻦ‬ ،‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ .‫ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ‬

   ←

           •     •          •              •              •  •                       •      •       •                 •            •     •          •             •                                    •           •

       



    ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻠﻮﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻴ ﹸﺔ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥﹸ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼ ﹶﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﱠ‬

    :‫ﻗﺎﻝ ﺗﻌﺎﱃ‬

JIHGFEDC‫ﱫ‬ ‫[ ﱪ ﺍﻷﻧﻌﺎﻡ‬

       

   

 

   

     

‫ﺍﻷﻧﻌﺎﻡ‬

         

 

    

  

   

     

 

      

   

       

 

                       

  

     

 

                              





   

                

 

                                                                                           

   

   



 

   

    

             

                                             





                    

 

 

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪  ‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫←‪ ‬‬

‫‪          ‬‬ ‫‪   ‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫←‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪  ‬‬

‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺧﻠﻴ ﹴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻲ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻠﻮﻕ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻜﻮ ﹸﻥ‬ ‫ﹾ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ ﹾ‬ ‫ﻣﻼﻳﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ‪ ،‬ﹾ‬ ‫ﻗـﺪ ﱠ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﱠ‬ ‫ﱡ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ ﹴ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻭﻓﻲ ﱢ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍﺀ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴ ﹺﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺘﺎﺝ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻠﻮﻗﺎﺕ ﱠ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻌﻴﺶ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻮ ﻏﺎﺯﹲ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤـﺎ ﺃﻧﱠﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻣـﻜﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺇﻟـﻰ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻛﺴـﺠﻴﻦ ﹶ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍﺀ ﻭﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﹲ‬

‫←‪  ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﺗـﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟ ﱠﻨ‬ ‫ﹲ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺣﻴ ﹲﺔ‪ ،‬ﺧﻠ ﹶﻘﻬﺎ ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻠﻪ ﺗﻌﺎ ﹶﻟﻰ ﹾ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﻠﻮﻗﺎﺕ ﱠ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﹲ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺃﺻﻐﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴ ﹸـﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺣـﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻧﺴـﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﹾ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﻠﻮﻕ ﱞ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻳـﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴ ﹺﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﺠﺴـﻤﻲ ﺃﻧﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻜـﻮ ﹸﻥ ﹾ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﺑﻨـﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻠﻮﻗـﺎﺕ ﱠ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺃﺟﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟ ﱠﻨ ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺼﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻧﺒﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬

‫‪‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪  ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﻜﺎﺛﺮ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﻇﺎﺋﻒ‬ ‫ﺑﺨﻤﺲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻠﻮﻕ‬ ‫ﻳﻘﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﻴﺎﺓ‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟ ﱠﺘ ﹸ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﱡ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻄﻴﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮ ﹸﺓ‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺣﻴ ﹴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉﹺ‬ ‫ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﹾ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻮ ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻣﺨﻠﻮﻗﺎﺕ ﱠ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻞ ﺗﻌﻨﹺﻲ ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍ ﹶﺩ‬ ‫ﻭﻛﻠﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﺴﻠﻬﻤﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ ﹾ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺋﺮﻳﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﹶ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻠﻮﻗﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ ﺗﻜﺎ ﹸﺛ ﹺﺮ‬ ‫ﹶﻨﺘﺞ ﹾ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪ ﹶﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗ ﹸ‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪   ‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪   ‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺲ ﱡ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﺟﻠﺪﻫﺎ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﺗﻜﺒﺮ‬ ‫ـﺤﻠﻴ ﹸﺔ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻬـﺎ ﹸ‬ ‫ﻳﻨﺴـﻠﺦ ﹶ‬ ‫ﹾ‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻜـﻦ ﹶ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣـﺎ ﺗﻨﻤـﻮ ﱢ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴ ﱠ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻳﺤﺪﺙ ﻟﻬﺎ ﹶ‬ ‫ﺭﻏﻢ ﺃﻥﱠ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻤﻮ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻤﻮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﺍﻧـﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻲ ﹶ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻴﻌﻬﺎ ﹸ‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﹶ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﻜﺒﺮ‪ .‬ﹾ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﺑﺤﺎﺟـﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﱠ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﻜﻴﻒ‬ ‫ﺎﻗـﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴـﺔ ﻓﺈﻧﱠﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻠﻮﻗـﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﻜﺒـﺮ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄ ﹺ‬ ‫ـﺔ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﱠ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴ ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐـﺬﺍﺀ ﺍ ﱠﻟﺬﻱ‬ ‫ﻣـﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺼـﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬـﺎ؟‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺎﻗﺔ ﹶ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻠﻮﻗـﺎﺕ ﱠ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﱠ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻭﺑﻌﺾ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺸـﺎﺋﺶ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻐﺬ￯ ﻋ ﹶﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺒﺪﻭ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺗﺄﻛ ﹸﻠ ﹸﻪ؛ ﻓﺎﻟﻤﺎﻋﺰ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺔ ﻳﺼﻨﻊ ﻏﺬﺍ ﹶﺀ ﹸﻩ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﻔﺴ ﹺﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻠﻮﻗﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﹸ‬

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻀﻼﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻨﺎﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﻭﺑﻌﺪﹶ ﺃﻥﹾ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻲ ﻏﺬﺍ ﹶﺀﻩ ﻻ ﱠ‬ ‫ﺺ ﹶ‬ ‫ﺑﺪ ﺃﻥﹾ ﻳﺘﺨ ﱠﻠ ﹶ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻠﻮﻕ ﱡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍﺀ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻀﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻠﻮﻕ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻨﺎﻭ ﹸﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮ ﹸﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻲ ﹶ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﹶ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﱡ‬ ‫ﱡ‬ ‫ﻳﻄﺮﺣﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﹸ‬

‫ﺗﺴـﺘﺠﻴﺐ ﻟﺘﻐﻴ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴ ﹶﺔ ﺃﻧﱠﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﹸﻤﻴ ﹸ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﻭﻣـﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﻇﺎﺋﻒ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗ ﱢ‬ ‫ـﺰ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻠﻮﻓﺎﺕ ﱠ‬ ‫ﹸ ﱡ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸـﺮ￯‪ ،‬ﻟﻤﺎ ﹶﺫﺍ ﹸ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸـﻤﺲ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻴـﻊ‬ ‫ﺗﺄﺧﺬ‬ ‫ﻧﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﱠﺗﺒﺎﻉﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌـﺔ ﹾ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻣـﻦ ﺣﻮﻟﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﺗ ﹶ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸـﻤﺲ ﻣﺜ ﹸﻠ ﹸﻪ ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻞ ﺳـﺎﺋ ﹺﺮ‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺴـﻪ؟ ﻧﺒﺎﺕ ﺗﺒﺎﻉﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻻﺗﺠﺎ ﹶﻩ ﹶ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻀ ﹺ‬ ‫ﻳﻨﻤﻮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺗ ﹺ‬ ‫ﻮﺀ‪.‬‬ ‫ﱢﺠﺎﻩ ﱠ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫‪ ‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪        ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪  ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪  ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪  ‬‬ ‫‪  ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪  ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪   ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪  ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪  ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪     ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫‪    ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪  ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫‪         ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺣﻴ ﹰﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺃﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﺻﻐﻴﺮ ﹲﺓ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﻟﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹲ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪﻫﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻘﺎﺀ ﱠ‬ ‫ﻟﻜـﻦ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺃﺧﺮ￯‪ .‬ﻓﺎﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺟﺰﺍ ﹶﺀ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﹾ‬ ‫ﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﹶ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﱠ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﺍﻧﻴ ﹺﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻣﺜ ﹸﻠﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺃﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﻻ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﺗﻴ ﹸﺔ ﻟﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹲ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﺍﻟ ﱠﻨ ﱠ‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ﻳﺤﺘ ﹺﻮﻱ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟ ﱠﻨ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﺗﺴـﻤﻰ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﺧﻀﺮﺍ ﹶﺀ ﱠ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﻣﻤﻠﻮﺀ ﹲﺓ ﺑﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻮﺭﻭﻓﻴﻞ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺳﺘﻴﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﻀﺮﺍ ﹶﺀ‪ ،‬ﹶ‬ ‫ﺻﻨﻊ ﻏﺬﺍﺋﹺ ﹺﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻀﺮﺍﺀ ﺍ ﱠﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩ ﹸﺓ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﺍﻟ ﱠﻨ ﹶ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﱠ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﺍﻧﻴ ﹸﺔ ﻓ ﹶ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻼ ﺗﺤﺘﻮﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴ ﹸﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺲ‪ .‬ﱠﺃﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺿﻮﺀ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍ ﹺﻡ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻮﺭﻭﻓﻴﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺳﺘﻴﺪﺍﺕ ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬

‫‪   ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪      ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪   ‬‬ ‫‪      ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ﻳﺤﻴـﻂ ﺑﺎﻟﺨﻠﻴ ﹺﺔ ﺍﻟ ﹼﻨ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺪﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻳﺴـﻤﻰ‬ ‫ﺻﻠﺐ‬ ‫ﺟﺪﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻫﻨـﺎﻙ‬ ‫ﹲ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﹲ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﱠ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻠـﻮﻱ‪ ،‬ﻳﻌﻄﻴﻬـﺎ ﺷـﻜ ﹰ‬ ‫ﻨـﺪﻭﻕ‪ .‬ﹼﺃﻣـﺎ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼ‬ ‫ﻼ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﻳﺸـﺒﻪ ﱡ‬ ‫ﺧﻠﻮﻱ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻏﺸﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﹶﻟﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺧﻠﻮﻱ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺟﺪﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻓﻠﻴﺲ ﹶﻟﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﱞ‬ ‫ﱞ‬ ‫ﹲ‬ ‫ﹾ‬ ‫ﹲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﺍﻧﻴ ﹸﺔ ﹶ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﺍﻧﻴﺔ ﺷﻜ ﹸﻠﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﺪﻳﺮ ﹰ‬ ‫ﹲ‬

‫‪  ‬‬

‫‪‬‬

‫‪‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫‪‬‬

‫‪‬‬

      



  

  



 

   

   

 

     

                              

                                             

    

  

                                            



‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻗﻠـﺐ‬ ‫ﺗـﺮ￯! ﻣﺎ ﺍ ﱠﻟـﺬﻱ‬ ‫ﻳﺠﻌـﻞ ﹶ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻧﺴـﺎﻥ ﻣﺨﺘﻠ ﹰﻔﺎ ﹾ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹲ‬ ‫ﺟﻠـﺪﻩ؟ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻳﻜـﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔـﺔ؟! ﻋﻨﺪﻣـﺎ‬ ‫ﻫـﻞ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳـﺎ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻋﺪﻳـﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﻣـﻦ ﺧﻼﻳـﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻠـﻮﻕ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﻮﻧﹰـﺎ ﹾ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤـﻲ ﱠ‬ ‫ﱡ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹲ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻇﺎﺋﻒ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺨﻼﻳﺎ‬

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻮﺿﻴـﺢ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻓـﺈﻥﱠ‬ ‫ﺟﺬﻭﺭ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺒﺎﺗـﺎﺕ ﻟﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟ ﱠﻨ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﹶ‬ ‫ﹲ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷﻣـﻼﺡ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺘـﺺ ﺍﻟﻤـﺎ ﹶﺀ‬ ‫ﻫـﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺠـﺬﻭ ﹺﺭ‬ ‫ﺧﻼﻳـﺎ‬ ‫ﱡ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺪﻧﻴ ﹶ‬ ‫ﺻﻨﻊ‬ ‫ﻫـﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳـﺎ ﻻ‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻜـﻦ‬ ‫ــﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﺗﺴـﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﹶ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐـﺬﺍﺀ؛ ﻷﻧﹼﻬـﺎ ﻻ ﺗﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻮﺭﻭﻓﻴﻞ‪ .‬ﺇ ﱠ‬ ‫ﻻ ﺃﻥﱠ‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪  ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪  ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬

‫‪   ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬

‫‪    ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪  ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫‪‬‬

‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﻘﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﻫﻨـﺎﻙ ﺧﻼ ﹶﻳﺎ ﹸﺃﺧﺮ￯ ﺗﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻮﺭﻓﻴﻞ‪،‬‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍﺀ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺼﻨﻊ‬ ‫ﹺ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺪﻡ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻤﺮﺍﺀ ﹺ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﻘﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﱠﺃﻣـﺎ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﺘﻘـﻮﻡ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﱠ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺃﺟﺴﺎﻣ ﹶﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺧﻞ‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺃﺧﺮ￯‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻛﺴﺠﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﱠ‬

‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴ ﹸ‬ ‫ﺇﺷـﺎﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻘـﻞ‬ ‫ـﺔ ﺍ ﱠﻟﺘـﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻨـﺎﻙ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳـﺎ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﺃﺟـﺰﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺠﺴـﻢ‪ .‬ﻓﻌﻨـﺪ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺟـﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻴـﻦ‬ ‫)ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣـﺎﺕ( ﹶ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﺸﻲ ﻳﻌﻄﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﱢ ﹸ‬ ‫ﻓﺘﺴﺘﺠﻴﺐ‬ ‫ﺃﻭﺍﻣﺮ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻗﻴﻦ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻍ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺤﺮ ﹺﻙ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﻋﻀﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻗﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺒﺪﺃ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟ ﱠﺘ ﱡ‬

    

                                                                                                       

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﺘﻈـﻢ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻠـﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌـﺪﱢ ﹺﺩ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳـﺎ‬ ‫ﻓـﻲ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﱢ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺴـﻴﺞ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺸـﻜ ﹶﻞ‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺴـﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍ ﱠﻟﺘﻲ ﻟﻬﺎ‬ ‫ ﺍﻟ ﱠﻨ ﹸ‬.‫ﻧﺴـﻴﺠﺎ‬ ‫ﹰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﺔ ﹸ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹲ‬ .‫ﻣﻌﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻤﺎﺛﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﹶ‬ ‫ﺗﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻭﺗﺘﺂﺯﹶ ﹸﺭ ﹰ‬ ‫ﹸ‬

    

‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻧﺴـﺠﺔ ﹰ‬ ‫ﻋﻀﻮﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻜﻮ ﹶﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﻳﻀﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥﹾ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺗﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﹰ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﹰ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎ ﱢ‬ ‫ﻣﺤـﺪ ﹴ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻟﻘﻠـﺐ ﻣﺜ ﹰ‬ ‫ﻳﻘـﻮﻡ ﱢ‬ ‫ﺑﻀﺦ‬ ‫ﻼ‬ .‫ﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﻇﻴﻔـﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﻘـﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ .‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻧﺴﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﺪﻡﹺ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﺘﻜﻮ ﹸﻥ ﹾ‬ ‫ﱠ‬

     

‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻳﻘﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻋﻀـﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻤـﻞ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻜـﻮ ﹶﻥ ﺟﻬـﺎﺯﹰ ﺍ ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﺘـﺂﺯﺭ ﹰ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﱢ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻣﺤـﺪ ﹴ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﺴـﻤﻰ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﻇﺎﺋـﻒ‬ ‫ﻣـﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﻇﺎﺋـﻒ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﺩﺓ ﹾ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯﹶ‬ ‫ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎ ﹺﺯ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻟﻘﻠﺐ‬ .‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﻱ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﻋﻀﻮ ﹾ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹲ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺍﻧﻲ ﺍ ﱠﻟﺬﻱ ﹸ‬ . ‫ﺃﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻢﹺ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪ ﹶﻡ ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻳﻨﻘﻞ ﱠ‬ ‫ﱢ‬

              

 ∏N á«  Ñ°üY á«

    

l á«∏N  á«Ñ°üY

           

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺭﺅﻳ ﹸﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺟﺪﺍ‪ ،‬ﻻ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﺻﻐﻴﺮ ﹲﺓ ﹰﹼ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻴـﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺠـﺮ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻧـﺮ￯ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﻓﺈﻧﹼﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻜﻲ ﹶ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﹾ‬

‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪     ‬‬

‫ﻣﺠﺎﻫﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻧﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹶ‬

‫ﺃﻛﺜﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻫﺮ ﺍ ﹼﻟﺘﻰ ﻧﺴـﺘﻌﻤ ﹸﻠﻬﺎ ﱢ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺒ ﹸﺮ ﺍﻷﺷـﻴﺎ ﹶﺀ ﹶ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻴﺪﻭﻳ ﹸﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺒﺮﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﻛﺜﻴﺮﺍ ﱠ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﺎ ﱢ‬ ‫ﹰ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻗــﻮ ﹺﺓ ﺗﻜﺒﻴ ﹺﺮﻫـﺎ؛‬ ‫ﻭﺗﺨﺘﻠـﻒ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻫــﺮ ﻓــﻲ ﱠ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻗـﻮ ﹸﺓ‬ ‫ﻳﺴـﺘﺨﺪﻣﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻟﻤﺠﺎﻫـﺮ ﺍ ﱠﻟﺘـﻲ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤـﺎﺀ ﱠ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﹶ‬ ‫ﻧﺴـﺘﺨﺪﻣﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍ ﱠﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﺜﻴﺮﺍ ﹾ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺃﻛﺒﺮ ﹰ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺒﻴ ﹺﺮﻫﺎ ﹸ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻛﺜﻴﺮﺍ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺭﺳـﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍ ﱠﻟﺘﻲ ﱠ‬ ‫ﺃﻛﺒﺮ ﹰ‬ ‫ﻗـﻮ ﹸﺓ ﺗﻜﺒﻴ ﹺﺮﻫﺎ ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺒ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻴﺪﻭﻳ ﹺﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﱢ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻋـﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻫـﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤـﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻳﺴـﺘﺨﺪﻡ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻜﺸـﻒ ﹾ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻻ ﺗﹸﺮ￯‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻠﻮﻗﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠـﺮﺩﺓ ﻭﻣﻨﻬـﺎ ﻣﺴـﺒ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻣـﺮﺍﺽ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﱢ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻴﺮﻭﺳـﺎﺕ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻟﺒﻜﺘﻴﺮ ﹶﻳـﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺪﻳـﺔ ﹶ‬ ‫ﺃﻧـﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﻴﺮﻳـﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﻮﻳ ﹺ‬ ‫ـﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻨﻬـﺎ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴـﺒ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺋـﻮﻱ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻟﻤـﺮﺽ‬ ‫ﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮ ﱢ‬ ‫ﱢ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻟﺘﻬـﺎﺏ ﱢ‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺮﺽ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴـﺒ ﹸﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻧﻔﻠﻮﻧـﺰﺍ‬ ‫ﻭﻓﻴـﺮﻭﺱ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﱢ‬

‫ﺍﻷﻧﻔﻠﻮﻧـﺰﺍ‪.‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪          ‬‬ ‫‪    ‬‬ ‫‪    ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫‪  ‬‬

      

     

                                 



                         



                                                                                        

äÉ ôdGh o «°VÉj o s u Ωƒ∏©dG

                          

 

                               

     

     

     ‫اﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ‬ ُ ‫واﻷﻋﻀﺎء‬ ُ ‫واﻷﺟﻬﺰة‬ ُ

‫اﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﻴ ُﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ‬ َّ ‫واﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻴﻮاﻧﻴ ُﺔ‬ َّ

‫اﻟﻤﺨﻠﻮﻗﺎت‬ ُ ‫اﻟﺤﻴ ُﺔ‬ َّ

                         

o Ωƒ∏©dG áHÉàµdGh o

                                                                                      

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     

      

                         





   

 •  •     •

                         

                                                                                                        

     

                                                       

  

                           



‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪  ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫←‪ ‬‬

‫‪         ‬‬ ‫‪        ‬‬ ‫‪        ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫←‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬

‫←‪  ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﻣﻼﺑﺴ ﹶ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﹾ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻭﻟﺖ ﻳﻮ ﹰﻣﺎ ﻓﺮﺯﹶ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴ ﹸﺔ ﻓﺮ ﹺﺯ‬ ‫ﻗﻤﺖ‬ ‫ـﻚ؟‬ ‫ﻫـﻞ‬ ‫ﻛﻴـﻒ ﹶ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﺑﺬﻟـﻚ؟ ﱠ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹲ‬ ‫ﻓﻨﺤﻦ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻧﺼ ﱢﻨ ﹸﻒ ﺍﻷﺷـﻴﺎ ﹶﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺷـﻴﺎﺀ؛‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻒ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻳﻘـﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻼﺑـﺲ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻧﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺸﺎﺑ ﹶﻪ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﺈﻧﱠﻨﺎ ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻜﻲ ﻧﺼ ﱢﻨ ﹶ‬ ‫ﻧﻌﺘﻤﺪﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻔﺎﺕ ﺍ ﱠﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻥﹾ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻧﻌـﺮﻑ ﱢ‬ ‫ﻒ ﺍﻷﺷـﻴﺎ ﹶﺀ ﹸ‬ ‫ﹾ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﺼﻨﻴﻒ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻟ ﱠﻠ ﹺ‬ ‫ﻮﻥ ﻣﺜ ﹰ‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥﹾ ﺃﺳﺘﺨﺪ ﹶﻣﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺃﺧﺮ￯‬ ‫ﻼ‪ .‬ﺃﻓﻜﱢ ﹸﺮ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟ ﱠﺘ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﹰ‬ ‫ﺃﻳﻀﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺔ ﺗﺼ ﱠﻨ ﹸﻒ ﻓـﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺨﻠﻮﻗـﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻒ‪.‬‬ ‫ﹺﻓـﻲ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺣﺴﺐ ﺻﻔﺎﺗﹺﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﹶ‬

‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺱ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋـﺎﺕ ﻛﺒﻴﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﹶ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴـﻒ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻠﻮﻗﺎﺕ ﱠ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻠﻮﻗﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺧﺼﺎﺋـﺺ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ ﺇﺣﺪ￯‬ ‫ﻔـﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﱢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳـﺪﹶ ﹶ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﱢ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻔ ﹸﺔ ﹶ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴ ﹺﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﱠ‬

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻠـﻮﻕ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺪﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺷـﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺠﺴـﻢﹺ ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺑﻌﻨﺎﻳﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤـﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻳﻨﻈـﺮ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﱢ‬ ‫ﻭﻋـﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻮ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻏﺬﺍﺋﻪ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻳﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻭﻛﻴﻒ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻋﻠـﻰ‬ ‫ﱢ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺃﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﺃﺧـﺮ￯‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺼ ﱢﻨ ﹶ‬ ‫ﻔﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻧـﻮﺍﺓ ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻭﻫـﻞ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﺗﺤﺘـﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻟـﻪ‪،‬‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺎﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻠﻮﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻴ ﹶﺔ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎ ﹰﺩﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫‪  ‬‬ ‫‪  ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪  ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪  ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ﺍﳌﻤﻠﻜ ﹸﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﲑﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺪﺍﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﱠ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﲑﻳﺎ‬

‫ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﹸ‬

‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﹲﺓ‬

‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﹲﺓ‬

‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻼﺋﻌﻴ ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄ ﱠ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮ ﱠﻳﺎﺕ‬

‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﹲﺓ ﹾﺃﻭ‬

‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﹲﺓ ﹾﺃﻭ‬

‫ﻣﺘﻌﺪﱢ ﺩ ﹲﺓ‬

‫ﻣﺘﻌﺪﱢ ﺩ ﹲﺓ‬

‫ﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟ ﱠﻨ ﹸ‬

‫ﺍﳊﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﹸ‬

‫ﻣﺘﻌﺪﱢ ﺩ ﹲﺓ‬

‫ﻣﺘﻌﺪﱢ ﺩ ﹲﺓ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻨﻮ￯‬ ‫ﹶ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﹸ‬

‫ﺗﺼﻨﻊ ﻏﺬﺍ ﹶﺀﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻨﻊ ﻏﺬﺍ ﹶﺀﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻨﻊ ﻏﺬﺍ ﹶﺀﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﲢﺼﻞ ﹺ‬ ‫ﲢﺼﻞ ﹺ‬ ‫ﲢﺼﻞ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﹾﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﹾﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﹾﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﳐﻠﻮﻗﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﳐﻠﻮﻗﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﳐﻠﻮﻗﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﹾ‬ ‫ﹾ‬ ‫ﹾ‬ ‫ﺃﺧﺮ￯‬ ‫ﺃﺧﺮ￯‬ ‫ﺃﺧﺮ￯‬

‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﲢﺼﻞ ﻋﲆ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻏﺬﺍﺋﹺﻬﺎ ﹾ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﳐﻠﻮﻗﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺃﺧﺮ￯‬

‫ﺗﺼﻨﻊ ﻏﺬﺍ ﹶﺀﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﻔﺴﻬﺎ‬

‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﲢﺼﻞ ﻋﲆ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻏﺬﺍﺋﹺﻬﺎ ﹾ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﳐﻠﻮﻗﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺃﺧﺮ￯‬

‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﳊﺮﻛ ﹸﺔ ﹾ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﺁﺧﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺇﱃ ﹶ‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴ ﹺﺔ‬ ‫ﻔـﻖ‬ ‫ﺍ ﱠﺗ ﹶ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤـﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻘﺴـﻴﻢﹺ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻠﻮﻗـﺎﺕ ﱠ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻫـﻲ‬ ‫ﺳـﺖ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ ﱢ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﺎﻟـﻚ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜـ ﹸﺔ ﹶ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻜﺒـﺮ￯ ﺍ ﱠﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺼ ﱠﻨ ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴ ﹸﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ـﻒ ﺇﻟﻴﻬـﺎ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻠﻮﻗﺎﺕ ﱠ‬ ‫ﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴ ﹴﺔ‪ .‬ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﺃﻓﺮﺍﺩﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﺸﺘﺮﻙ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﻟﻠ ﱠﻨ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹲ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﺧﺮ￯‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴ ﱡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺎﻟﻚ ﱢ‬ ‫ـﺖ ﹶ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻟﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺃﻧﻮﺍ ﹴﻉ‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻤﻠﻜﺘﺎﻥ ﻟﻠﺒﻜﺘﻴﺮﻳـﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺤﻴﻮﺍﻧـﺎﺕ‪،‬‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻄﻼﺋﻌﻴ ﹺ‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻤﻠﻜـﺔ ﱠ‬ ‫ﹲ‬ ‫ـﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﺧـﺮ￯‬ ‫ﻛﺜﻴـﺮﺓ ﻣﻨﻬـﺎ‪،‬‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻔﻄﺮﻳ ﹺ‬ ‫ﺎﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫ﱠ‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪     ‬‬ ‫‪  ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪  ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪  ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪          ‬‬ ‫‪     ‬‬ ‫‪  ‬‬ ‫‪   ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪     ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪  ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ـﻨﺠﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺴـﻨﺠﺎﺏ‪ ،‬ﻣـﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴـﺤﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻧﻈـﺮ ﺇﻟـﻰ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗـﺔ ﺑﻴ ﹶﻨﻬﻤﺎ؟ ﱢ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﻨﺘﻤﻴـﺎﻥ ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ـﺤﻠﻴ ﹸﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢﹺ ﹾ‬ ‫ﱢ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺴ ﱠ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﺍﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠـﻰ ﱠ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﺃﺻﻐﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺎﻟﻚ ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻗﺴ ﹶﻢ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻓﺎﺕ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﺍ‪ ،‬ﱠ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﺗﺘﺸﺎ ﹶﺑ ﹸﻪ ﻓﻲ ﹴ‬ ‫ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﱞ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﺻﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﻌﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺷﻌﺒ ﹰﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﺃﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﱡ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﱢ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻗﻞ‪ ،‬ﹺ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﺮﻱ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﱟ‬

‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﺗﺴـﻤﻰ ﹼ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸ ﹸ‬ ‫ﻮﺍﺋـﻒ‪ ،‬ﱡ‬ ‫ﻃﺎﺋﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄ‬ ‫ﺃﺻﻐﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ‬ ‫ـﻌﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﻀـﻢ ﱡ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﱡ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﻓﺼﺎﺋﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺴ ﹸﻢ ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺗﻀﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮ ﹶ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺮ ﹸ‬ ‫ﺃﺻﻐﺮ ﱠ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﱡ‬ ‫ﺗﺐ ﱠ‬ ‫ﺗﺐ‪ .‬ﱡ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﱡ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﺃﻓـﺮﺍﺩ ﱠ‬ ‫ﱡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋـﺔ ﺍ ﱠﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺃﻓـﺮﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻀـﻢ ﻋﺪ ﹶﺩ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋـﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﺃﻗﻞ ﹶ‬ ‫ﱡ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻗﺒ ﹶﻠﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛ ﱠﻠﻤﺎ ﱠ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺯﺍ ﹶﺩ ﺍﻟ ﱠﺘﺸﺎ ﹸﺑ ﹸﻪ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﻴ ﹶﻨﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺃﻓﺮﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﻋﺪﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﻞ ﹸ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻨـﺲ‪ ،‬ﺛﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺼﻨﻴـﻒ ﻫﻤـﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺘﻴـﻦ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻟ ﱠﺘ‬ ‫ﻭﺃﺻﻐـﺮ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟ ﱠﻨﻮﻉﹺ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺻﻐﺮ‬ ‫ﹸ‬

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﱢ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻄﻂ‬ ‫ــﺢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴ ﹺﺔ ﹶ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﻮﺿ ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠـﺎﻭﺭ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻠﻮﻗﺎﺕ ﱠ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻭﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﱢ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴـﻒ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﱢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﱢ‬

‫ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

‫‪  ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫‪‬‬

‫‪    ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬

‫‪   ‬‬ ‫‪   ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬

‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪     ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪  ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫‪  ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬

‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪  ‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

   

   

      

   

  

       

                                             

     

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪  ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪     ‬‬

‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪  ‬‬

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻴﺶ ﻓﻲ ﱢ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﹸ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻗﺪ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺔ ﻻ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻠﻮﻗﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺾ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺭﺅﻳ ﹸﺘﻬﺎ ﹶ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺘـﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﹸ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻭﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺮﺃ ﻓﻴﻪ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻧﺠﺪﻫـﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻄﻌﺎ ﹺﻡ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻧﺄﻛ ﹸﻠﻪ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻋ ﹶﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻴﺶ ﹰ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻄﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻷﻧﻬﺎ ﹺﺭ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤـﺎ ﹺﺭ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﻴﺶ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺟﺴـﺎﻣﻨﺎ‪ .‬ﹶ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺮﺩﺓ؟‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜـﻦ ﺭﺅﻳ ﹸﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﺄﻋﻴﻨﹺﻨـﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻠﻮﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻴـ ﹶﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﹺﻲ ﻻ‬ ‫ﻧﺴـﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻣـﺎ ﹶﺫﺍ ﱢ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﻠﻮﻗﺎﺕ ﹲ‬ ‫ﺟﺪﺍ ﻭﻻ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺔ ﺻﻐﻴﺮ ﹲﺓ ﹰﹼ‬ ‫ﹲ‬ ‫ﱢ‬ ‫ﻧﺴـﻤﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻠﻮﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻴ ﹶﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻗﻴﻘ ﹶﺔ‪ ،‬ﹶ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺧﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺮﺩﺓ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜ ﹸﻨﻨﺎ ﺭﺅﻳ ﹸﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻜﻮ ﹸﻥ ﹾ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻌﻈﻤﻬﺎ ﱠ‬

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻗﻴﻘـﺔ ﹲ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻟـﻖ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻴﻢﹺ ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺻﻨﻊ‬ ‫ﺁﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻠﻮﻗـﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻫـﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﻳﻊ ﹺ‬ ‫ﺇﻋﺠﺎﺯﻳﺔ ﻣـﻦ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹲ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﻳﻘﺴـﻢ‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻌـﻞ ﺍﻟﻠـ ﹶﻪ ﺷـﻤ ﹶﻠﻬﺎ ﻭﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴـﺎﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗـﻮﺍﺯﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﻫﻴﻤـﺔ ﻛﺒﻴـﺮ ﹲﺓ ﻓـﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻬـﺎ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺃﺑﺼﺎﺭﻧﺎ‪ .‬ﹶ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ ﺗﻌﺎ ﹶﻟﻰ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻭﺗﺪﺭﻛ ﹸﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﺸـﺎﻫﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻳﻘﺘﺼﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺿﺤﺎ ﺃﻥﱠ ﺧﻠ ﹶﻘﻪ ﻻ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹰ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻗﺔ‬

‫‪‬‬

‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪  ‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻠﻮﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻴ ﹺﺔ ﱠ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺃﺻﻐﺮ‬ ‫ﺃﺑﺴـﻂ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﻴﺮﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻗﻴﻘﺔ‪ ،‬ﹶ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻠﻮﻕ ﱡ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﻔﺴ ﹺ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﻳﺼﻨﻊ ﻏﺬﺍ ﹶﺀ ﹸﻩ ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﺣﻴـﺪ ﺍ ﱠﻟـﺬﻱ ﻻ ﻳﺤﺘ ﹺﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﹴ‬ ‫ﻭﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ـﻪ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻧﻮﺍﺓ‪ .‬ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍﺀ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺘ ﹶﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﺤ ﱢﻠ ﹸﻞ ﺍﻟ ﱠﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﱢ‬

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻜـﻦ ﹶ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻻﻟﺘﻬﺎﺑﺎﺕ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻣـﺮﺍﺽ‬ ‫ﺗﺴـﺒ ﹸﺐ‬ ‫ﺭﺑﻤـﺎ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﻧﻌـﺮﻑ ﺃﻥﱠ ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﻴﺮﻳﺎ ﱢ‬ ‫ﺗﺴـﺎﻋﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻓﻬﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﻴﺪﹲ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻨﻬـﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﻴﺮﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﹸﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎ ﹺﺯ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻬﻀﻤﻲ؛ ﹶ‬ ‫ﱢ‬

‫ﺗﺤ ﱡﻠ ﹺﻞ ﱠ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻫﻀﻤ ﹸﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻴﺴﻬﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﻌﺎ ﹺﻡ ﺍ ﱠﻟﺬﻱ ﻧﺄﻛ ﹸﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﹸ‬

‫‪  ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟ ﱠﻨ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹲ‬ ‫ﹲ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻤﻞ ﹶ‬ ‫ﺟﺪﺭﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ؛ ﻓﺨﻼﻳﺎﻫﺎ ﻟﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺾ‬ ‫ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﻴ ﹲﺔ‬ ‫ﹲ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﻠﻮﻗﺎﺕ ﱠ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﻓﻬﻲ ﻻ‬ ‫ﺧﻠﻮﻳ ﹲـﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜ ﱠﻨﻬـﺎ ﻻ ﺗﺤﺘـﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻠﻮﺭﻭﻓﻴـﻞ؛‬ ‫ﺗﺴـﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺃﻥﹾ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﹶ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻨﻊ ﻏﺬﺍ ﹶﺀﻫﺎ ﹺ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺃﻛﺜ ﹺﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳ ﹺ‬ ‫ﺎﺕ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎ ﹰ‬ ‫ﻓﻬﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﻔﺴـﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﱡ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺨﻤﻴﺮ ﹸﺓ ﹾ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﻻ‪ ،‬ﹶ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﻔﺎﺥ‬ ‫ﺘﺴـﺒ ﹸﺐ‬ ‫ﹸﺴـﺘﺨﺪﻡ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺠﻴﻦ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺨﻤﻴـﺮ ﹸﺓ ﹶ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻟﺼﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﺨﺒ ﹺﺰ ﹶﻓ ﱢ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻜﻮ ﹸﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺣـﺪﺓ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺧﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻜﻮ ﹸﻥ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﹸ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺾ ﺃﻧﻮﺍ ﹴﻉ ﻣـﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﱠ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘـﻲ ﱠ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﹺ‬ ‫ﻋﺪﺓ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

    

                      

                                                                    

       

‫ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺋﻌﻴ ﹺ‬ ‫ﻣـﻦ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﱠ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﱢ‬ ‫ﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟـﺪ ﻧﻮﺍ ﹲﺓ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺧﻠﻴ ﹴﺔ ﹾ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ ﱠ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺑﻌـﺾ ﺍﻟ ﱠﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴــﺐ‬ ‫ﻛﻤـﺎ ﺗﺤﺘـﻮﻱ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔـﺔ ﹶ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻟﺒﺮﺍﻣﻴﺴـﻴﻮﻡ‬ .‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﻇﺎﺋـﻒ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺧـﺮ￯؛ ﻟﻠﻘﻴﺎ ﹺﻡ‬ ‫ﹸ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺰ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹰ‬ .‫ﺍﺋﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺜـﻼ ﻳﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺍﻛﻴـﺐ ﻹﺧﺮﺍﺝﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤـﺎﺀ ﱠ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺋﻌﻴ ﹺ‬ ‫ﻭﺑﻌـﺾ ﱠ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﻔﺴـﻪ ﻣﺜـﻞ‬ ‫ﻳﺼﻨـﻊ ﻏـﺬﺍ ﹶﺀ ﹸﻩ‬ ‫ـﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﻠﻮﻗﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﺘﻐﺬ￯ ﹸ‬ .‫ﺤﺎﻟﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ .￯‫ﺣﻴ ﹴﺔ ﺃﺧﺮ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻏـﺬﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﻣﺼـﺪﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﻌـﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺋﻌﻴـﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺑﻌـﺾ ﺃﻧـﻮﺍﻉﹺ‬ ‫ﱡ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﺴـﺒ ﹸﺐ‬ ‫ﺿـﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻌﻈﻤﻬـﺎ‬ ،￯‫ﻟﻤﺨﻠﻮﻗـﺎﺕ ﺃﺧـﺮ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﱞ‬ ‫ﱢ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﻭﻫـﻮ‬ ،‫ﻣـﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﻼﺭﻳـﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺜـﻞ‬ ‫ﺃﻣﺮﺍﺿـﺎ ﺧﻄﻴـﺮ ﹰﺓ‬ ‫ﹰ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺇﻧﺴـﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺪﻳـﺔ ﺍ ﱠﻟﺘـﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻣـﺮﺍﺽ‬ ‫ﺃﺣـﺪ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﺘﻘـﻞ ﹾ‬

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ .‫ﺑﻌﻮﺿـﺔ ﺍﻷﻧﻮﻓﻴﻠﻴﺲ‬ ‫ﻋـﻦ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻳـﻖ ﻟـﺪﻍﹺ‬ ‫ﺁﺧـﺮ ﹾ‬ ‫ﺇﻟـﻰ ﹶ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟـﺪ ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺑﺘﺠﻔﻴـﻒ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔـﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﻳـ ﹶﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﻟـﺬﺍ ﺗﹸﻮﻟـﻲ ﱡ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺒـﺮﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻴ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ .‫ـﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴـﺘﻨﻘﻌﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﱡ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﻌـﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﻼﺭﻳﺎ ﹶ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﺑﺸـﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﻨﺘﺸـﺮ ﹰﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻣـﺮﺍﺽ ﺍ ﱠﻟﺘـﻲ ﹾ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺳﻊ ﻓﻲ ﹺ‬ .‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺾ‬ ‫ﹴ‬

                                   

.‫ﻧﺎﻓﻊ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺾ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉﹺ ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﻴﺮﻳﺎ ﹲ‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺃﻟـﻮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺃﺷـﻜﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺣﺠﺎ ﹴﻡ‬ ‫ـﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟ ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹶ‬

‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﹰﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺪ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺻﻐﻴﺮ ﹰﺓ ﹰﹼ‬ ‫ﻳﺼﻌ ﹸﺐ ﺭﺅﻳ ﹸﺘﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﹾ‬ ‫ﹾ‬ ‫ﺟﺪﺍ ﹸ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺎﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻞ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺎﻟﺤﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺬﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻴﺎﺑﺴﺔ ﻭﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﻋ ﹶﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻴﺶ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣـﻦ ‪ ٤٠٠٠٠٠‬ﻧـﻮ ﹴﻉ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ـﺪ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﻮﺟ ﹸ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﹸ‬

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻜﻮ ﹸﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺃﺟﺴـﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻳﻨﺘﻤﻮﻥ ﺇﻟـﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﱠ‬ ‫ﻋﺪ ﹺﺓ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﱠ‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪  ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪  ‬‬

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺳـﺘﻴﺪﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗـﺎﺕ ﻋ ﹶﻠـﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻈـﻢ ﺧﻼﻳـﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺘـ ﹺﻮﻱ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴـﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺘـﻢ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺋـﻲ ﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻀـﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﱡ‬ ‫ﱢ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺁﺧﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﻻ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍﺀ‪.‬‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﹾ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺇﻟﻰ ﹶ‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ﹲ‬ ‫ﺣﻴـﺔ ﻣﺘﻌـﺪﺩ ﹸﺓ ﺍﻟﺨﻼ ﹶﻳـﺎ ﱠﺇﻻ ﺃﻥﱠ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﻠﻮﻗـﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﺍﻧـﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﹲ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻀﺮﺍﺀ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺳﺘﻴﺪﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺧﻼﻳﺎﻫﺎ ﻻ ﺗﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﻓﻬﻲ ﱠ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻐﺬﻱ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺘﻤـﺪ ﻓﻲ ﻏﺬﺍﺋﻬﺎ ﻋ ﹶﻠﻰ ﻣﺨﻠﻮﻗـﺎﺕ ﹶ‬ ‫ﺃﺧﺮ￯‪ ،‬ﹶ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﺃﺧﺮ￯‪.‬‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﹶ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻘـﺪﺭ ﹸﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻈـﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻘـﺎﻝ ﹾ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﻌﻴﺶ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﺃﺷـﻜﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﺑﺄﺣﺠﺎ ﹴﻡ‬ ‫ﺇﻟـﻰ ﹶ‬ ‫ﺁﺧﺮ‪ .‬ﹶ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻴﺎﺑﺴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬

‫‪    ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪  ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪  ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

      

                                                                      

                                                              

                                                                                          

 

                                      

    ُ ‫ﻣﻤﺎﻟﻚ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻠﻴ ُﺔ‬ ‫وﺣﻴﺪة‬ ُ َّ

                        

‫اﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ‬ ُ ُ ‫اﻟﺤﻴﻮاﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫واﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ‬ ُ ُ

äÉ ôdGh o «°VÉj o s u Ωƒ∏©dG

o Ωƒ∏©dG áHÉàµdGh o

                                                                

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   

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹲ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻷﺩﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣـﻦ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺳـﺖ ﻓـﻲ ﻫﺬﺍ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﹰ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎ ﹺﺯ‪ ،‬ﹶ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﱢ‬ ‫ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﺟﻬﺎﺯﹲ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﻘﻞ‬ ‫ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻇﺎﺋﻒ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﹶ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻭﻇﻴﻔﺔ ﹾ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﹸﻩ‪ .‬ﹶ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﺬﻟﻚ؟ ﻟﻘﺪ ‪‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻋﺮ ﹶﻑ‬ ‫ﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﹾ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻛﻴﻒ ﹶ‬

‫← ‪ ‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺨﻤﺲ ﻷﺗﻌ ﱠﻠﻢﹺ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺣﻮﺍﺳـﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪﹶ ﻣـﺎ ‪‬‬ ‫ﻋـﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢﹺ ﹾ‬ ‫ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﹾ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﱢ‬ ‫ﺃﺳـﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻭﺍﺣـﺪ ﹰﺓ ﹾﺃﻭ ﹶ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﹺ‬ ‫ﻳﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﹶ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺘﹺﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﺇﻻ ﺃﻧﱠﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺮﻓﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺭﻏﻢ ﺃﻥﱠ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎ ﹶﺀ‬ ‫ﺣﻮﻟﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﱡ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﺍﻵﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﻟﻴﺘﻌﺮﻓﻮﺍ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻣﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺩﺭﺍﺳـﺘﹺﻬﺎ‪،‬‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﺑﺘﺴﺠﻴﻞ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎﺗﻬﻢ ﻭﻣﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺗﻬﻢ ﹶ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺃﺷـﻴﺎ ﹶﺀ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﹰﺓ ﺑﺎﺳـﺘﻤﺮﺍ ﹴﺭ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻳﺴـﺘﺨﺪﻣﻮﻥ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎﺗﹺﻬﻢ ﻟﻤﺤﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﹶﻓ ﹾﻬﻢﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺷـﻴﺎﺀ ﹾ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﺣﻮﻟﹺﻬﻢ ﻓﻲ ﹶ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻞ ﹶ‬ ‫ﻳﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﹶ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﺎ ﹶﻟﻢﹺ ‪ .‬ﱡ‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻚ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﹺﻣ ﱠﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﹸ‬

‫‪ ‬‬ ‫← ‪ ‬‬

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻓـﻲ ﹶ‬ ‫ﻛﻴـﻒ ﹸ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫ﺃﺳـﺠ ﹶﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺒـﺎﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤـﺎﺀ ﻓـﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﻨﺘﻘﻞ‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫ﺳـﻮﻑ ‪‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺸـﺎﻁ‬ ‫ﻫـﺬﺍ‬ ‫ﺃﺗﺬﻛﺮ ﺃﻥﹾ‬ ‫ﱢ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎﺗﹺﻲ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪  ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪  ‬‬

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺻﺒﻐﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺃﺿﻴﻒ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻃﻤـﺎﻥ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻣـﻦ‬ ‫‪ ‬ﺃﺻـﺐ ‪ ١٠٠‬ﻣﻠﻠﺘﺮ ﹶ‬ ‫ﻗﻄﺮﺍﺕ ﻗﻠﻴﻠـ ﹰﺔ ﹾ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺑﻤﻠﻌﻘﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺰﻳﺞ‬ ‫ﺃﺣﺮ ﹸﻙ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﻌﺎ ﹺﻡ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﻗﺎﺀ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻃﻤﺎﻥ‪ .‬ﱢ‬ ‫ﺳـﺎﻕ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻓﺲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻧﺒﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺃﺳﻔﻞ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺺ ‪ ٣‬ﺳـﻢ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺃﺳـﺘﺨﺪﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺺ ﱢ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻃﻤـﺎﻥ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻓـﺲ ﻓـﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﺒـﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺳـﺎﻕ‬ ‫ﺃﺿـﻊ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺃﺳﺠ ﹸﻞ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﱢ‬

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻓـﺲ ﻣـﺪ ﹶﺓ ‪٣٠‬‬ ‫ﻧﺒـﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺳـﺎﻕ‬ ‫ﺃﻻﺣـﻆ‬ ‫ﺃﺳـﺘﻌﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺃﺳـﺠ ﹸﻞ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺘﹺـﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺩﻗﻴﻘـ ﹰﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﱢ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻛﻴـﻒ‬ ‫ﻟﻮﺻـﻒ‬ ‫ﺑﻤﻼﺣﻈﺘﹺـﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﻨﺘﻘـﻞ ﹸ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫ﹺﻓﻲ‬

‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪       ‬‬

‫← ‪  ‬‬

‫ﺃﻋﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺎﺭ ﹶﺓ ﺑﺎﺳـﺘﺨﺪﺍ ﹺﻡ ﹴ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﻛﻴـﻒ ﹸ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﻧﺒﺎﺕ‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫ﺍﻵﻥ ‪‬‬ ‫ﺃﺧﺮ￯؟ ﹸ‬ ‫ﻳﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﻓـﻲ ﻧﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﹶ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻴ ﹺ‬ ‫ﻧﻔـﻞ ﺑﻴﻀﺎ ﹶﺀ ﹰ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻭﺭﺩﺓ ﹸﻗ ﹸﺮ ﹴ‬ ‫ـﻦ ﺃﺩﻧﺎ ﹸﻩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻼ (‪.‬‬ ‫ﺁﺧـﺮ )‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﺃﺳـﺠﻞ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎﺗـﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻭﻝ ﱠ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ ﺯﻣﻼﺋﹺﻲ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺃﺗﺸﺎﺭﻙ ﹶ‬ ‫‪?â∏©a‬‬ ‫‪GPÉe‬‬ ‫‪o‬‬

‫’‪?â¶M‬‬ ‫‪GPÉe‬‬ ‫‪o‬‬

‫‪  ‬‬ ‫‪    ‬‬ ‫‪  ‬‬

   

     

             ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻠ ﱠﻴ ﹸﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜ ﹸﺔ‬ ‫ﺻﻔ ﹲﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﺴﻴﺠﺎ‬ ‫ﹰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘ ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎ ﹶﺯ‬ ‫ﱠﻜﺎﺛﺮ‬ ‫ﱠ‬

                     



   

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬  ‫ﺗﻨﺘﺞ ﺃﻓﺮﺍ ﹰﺩﺍ ﺟﺪ ﹰﺩﺍ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺔ ﹸ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻠﻮﻗﺎﺕ ﱢ‬

                       

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻠﻮﻕ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺃﺻﻐﺮ‬ ............. ‫ﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻲ ﹶ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﱢ‬

‫ﹺ‬ . ........................ ‫ﺑﻮﺳﺎﻃﺔ‬

          

‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﹸ‬  ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻠﻮﻗﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺗﺼ ﱠﻨ ﹸﻒ ﺇﻟﻴﻬـﺎ‬ ‫ﺃﻛﺒـﺮ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ . ........................... ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﹶ‬

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬  ‫ﻭﻇﻴﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﻷﺩﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻋﻀـﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﹰ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ........................... ‫ﺗﺴﻤﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻢﹺ ﱠ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﺘﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ‬ ....................... ‫ﻟﺘﻜﻮ ﹶﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺸﺎﺑﻬﺔ ﱢ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹺ‬

‫ﺗﺸﺘﺮﻙ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟ ﱠﻨ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ .‫ﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﹸ‬

                          



.‫ﻣﻌﻴﻨ ﹰﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﺆ ﱢﺩﻱ ﻭﻇﻴﻔ ﹰﺔ ﱠ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻘـﺪﺭ ﹸﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﹺ‬ ...................... ‫ﻫـﻲ‬ ‫ﺻﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﻐـﺬﺍﺀ ﹶ‬

   

‫اﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ‬ ُ ‫واﻷﻋﻀﺎء‬ ُ ‫واﻷﺟﻬﺰة‬ ُ



‫اﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﻴ ُﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ‬ َّ ‫واﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻴﻮاﻧﻴ ُﺔ‬ َّ

‫اﻟﻤﺨﻠﻮﻗﺎت‬ ُ ‫اﻟﺤﻴ ُﺔ‬ َّ

ُ ‫ﻣﻤﺎﻟﻚ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻠﻴ ُﺔ‬ ‫وﺣﻴﺪة‬ ُ َّ ‫اﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ‬ ُ ُ ‫اﻟﺤﻴﻮاﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫واﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ‬ ُ ُ

www.obeikaneducation.com :‫ﺃﺭﺟﻊ ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﹸ‬



   

  

‫‪   ‬‬ ‫‪         ‬‬ ‫‪    ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫‪  ‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﺤﺎﻟﺐ؟‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺎﻟﻚ ﺗﻨﺘﻤﻲ‬ ‫‪ ‬ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻱ‬ ‫‪    ‬‬

‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﻧﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﹶ‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫ﺣﻮﻝ ﻣﺪﺭﺳـﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪  ‬‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺃﺑﺤﺚ ﹾ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﺳـﺘﺠﺎﺑﺖ‬ ‫ﻛﻴـﻒ‬ ‫ﻭﺃﺻـﻒ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ ﺑﻴﺘـﻲ‪،‬‬ ‫ﹾ‬ ‫ﹾ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺣﻮﻟﹺﻬﺎ؟‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﹾ‬

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺑﻴـﻦ ﱟ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗـﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳـﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻣـﻦ‬ ‫‪   ‬‬ ‫ﻛﻞ ﹶ‬ ‫‪ ‬ﹶ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﻴـﺚ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﹾ‬ ‫ﻏﺬﺍﺋﹺﻬﺎ؟‬

‫‪ ‬‬ ‫ﺃﺳـﺘﻨﺘﺠﻪ ﺇﺫﺍ‬ ‫‪ ‬ﻣﺎﻟـﺬﻱ‬ ‫‪   ‬‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺟﺪﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺧﻠﻴ ﹰﺔ ﻟﻬـﺎ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹲ‬ ‫ﺷـﺎﻫﺪﺕ ﺑﻮﺳـﺎﻃﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻬـ ﹺﺮ ﱠ‬

‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻏﺬﺍﺋﻴ ﹰﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻮﺫﺟﺎ‬ ‫ﺃﻋﻤﻞ‬ ‫‪.١‬‬ ‫ﻭﺃﺳـﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﱠ‬ ‫ﹰ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ ﹴ‬ ‫ﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﱢ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻈﻬﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔـ ﹰﺔ‬ ‫ﺟﺰﺀ ﹶ‬ ‫ﻣـﻦ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺃﻥﹾ ﹸﻳ ﹶ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻠـﻮﻱ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻠـﻮﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺸـﺎ ﹶﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠـﺪﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻤـﻮﺫﺝ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺗﺠﻮﻳﻒ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺘﻮﺑﻼﺯﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻴﺘﻮﻛﻨﺪﺭﻳﺎ‪،‬‬ ‫ﹶ‬

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫‪ .٢‬ﱠ‬ ‫ﺃﺗﺄﻛ ﹸﺪ ﺃﻥﱠ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻨـﺪﻭﻕ ﻭﺃﻥﱠ ﻟﻮﻧﹶﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﺸـﺒﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺷـﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺃﺧﻀﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫ﹸ‬

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ ﹴ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﻢ ﱢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮﺫﺝﹺ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺃﺟﺰﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫‪ .٣‬ﹸ‬ ‫ﺟﺰﺀ ﹾ‬ ‫ﺃﺛﺒﺖ ﹶ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ ﹴ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺿ ﹸﺢ ﻭﻇﻴﻔ ﹶﺔ ﱢ‬ ‫ﺃﻛﺘﺐ ﻓﻘﺮ ﹰﺓ ﻗﺼﻴﺮ ﹰﺓ ﱢ‬ ‫ﺟﺰﺀ‪.‬‬ ‫‪.٤‬‬ ‫ﹸ‬

‫ﺃﻓﺴ ﹸﺮ ﺇﺟﺎﺑﺘﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﱞ‬ ‫ﺧﻠﻮﻱ؟ ﱢ‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫ﺃﺑﻴ ﹸﻦ ﻓﻴﻬـﺎ ﻓﺎﺋﺪ ﹶﺓ‬ ‫‪ ‬ﹸ‬ ‫ﺃﻛﺘﺐ ﻗﺼـ ﹰﺔ ﱢ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻣﻴﺔ؟‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻤﻴﺮﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻴﺎﺗﹺﻨﺎ‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴ ﹸ‬ ‫ﻭﻛﻴـﻒ‬ ‫ـﺔ؟‬ ‫‪ ‬ﻣـﺎ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻠﻮﻗـﺎﺕ ﱠ‬ ‫ﺗﺼ ﱠﻨ ﹸﻒ؟‬

‫‪      ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪     ‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺯﻣﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﺸﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺃ‪.‬‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﱡ‬ ‫ﺏ‪ .‬ﺍﻟ ﱠﻨﻮﺍﺓﹸ‪.‬‬

‫ﻴﺘﻮﺑﻼﺯﻡ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺟـ‪ .‬ﱠ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺨﻀﺮﺍﺀ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺳﺘﻴﺪﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬

‫‪‬‬

‫‪  ‬‬

  :‫ﻗﺎﻝ ﺗﻌﺎﱃ‬

JIHGFEDC‫ﱫ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺭ‬

‫[ ﱪ ﺍﻷﻧﻌﺎﻡ‬

      

   

   

 

   

   

    

              

      

   

    

                         

 

                

   

  

                       

 

                                

   

        

   

                     

     

    

                                            



        

   

               

                     

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                                                                                

     

                                         

  

äɶMÓŸG o ôëàJ n ?∑ ∞«c s o p óæY ?É¡°ùŸ çóëj GPÉe n n o ? pIOhódG Ò t áÄ«H o ¨àJ ∞«c

  



             



‫‪  ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫←‪ ‬‬

‫‪         ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫←‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬

‫←‪  ‬‬

‫‪   ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪  ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﺃﻟﻴﻔ ﹰﺔ ﺃﻋﺮﻓﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺃﺻﻒ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ؟‬ ‫ﻭﺻﻒ‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﻴـﻒ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺣﺪﻳﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺷﺎﻫﺪﺗﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺃﻭﺟﻪ ﺍﻟ ﱠﺘ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻻﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺑﻴ ﹶﻨﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺸﺎﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺻﻒ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﺍﺋﻖ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬

‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﺤﺮ ﹸﻙ‬ ‫ﻛﺜﻴﺮﺓ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﺧﻠـﻖﹶ ﺍﻟﻠﻪ ﺗﻌﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻌﻈﻤﻬﺎ ﱠ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻋﺰ ﱠ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴ ﹺﺔ ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺘﹺـﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺻ ﹺﺔ‪ .‬ﱠ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺪﺭ ﱠ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﻭﺟـﻞ ﹶﻟﻬﺎ ﻭﻟﻤﻌﻈﻢﹺ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻠﻮﻗﺎﺕ ﱠ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴ ﹺﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﺗﺘﻜﺎﺛﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻤ ﹶﻮ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﺎﻗﺘﹺﻬﺎ ﹶ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﹼ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﺴـﺘﺠﻴﺐ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺛﱢﺮﺍﺕ ﱠ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍﺀ ﺍ ﱠﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﺄﻛ ﹸﻠﻪ‪ .‬ﻗﺎﻝ ﺗﻌﺎﻟﻰ‪:‬‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﺑﻨﺎ ﹰﺀ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺃﻥﱠ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻔﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﱢ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳـﻴﺔ ﺍ ﱠﻟﺘﻲ ﱡ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺴـﻤﻰ ﻓﻘﺎﺭﻳ ﹴ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺲ ﹸﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﻭﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺎﺕ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﹸﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﹲ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻮﺩ ﱞ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﹶ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻻﻓﻘﺎﺭﻳ ﹴ‬ ‫ﺎﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻳﺴﻤﻰ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﺮﻱ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﹲ‬ ‫ﱞ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺃﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﻭﺃﺣﺠﺎ ﹴﻡ‬ ‫ﺫﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻈﻢ‬ ‫ﹲ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻻﻓﻘﺎﺭﻳﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﹶ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺟـﺪﺍ ﹸ‬ ‫ﺟﺪﺍ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺭﺽ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺩﻭﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﹰﹼ‬ ‫ﺻﻐﻴﺮ ﹰﹼ‬ ‫ﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﹲ‬ ‫ﹲ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺻﻠﺒﺔ ﱢ‬ ‫ﹲ‬ ‫ﻛﻤـﺎ ﺃﻥﱠ ﹶ‬ ‫ﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﹸﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﻭﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺟﺴـﻤﻪ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻄﻲ‬ ‫ﺃﻋﻀـﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﹸﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﹲ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺟﺴﻤ ﹸﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺪﻋﻢ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻴ ﹲﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺍﻛﻴﺐ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﱠ‬

‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪  ‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪  ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪  ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫‪       ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

                                                 

                                      



‫ﻼﻓﻘﺎﺭﻳ ﹺ‬ ‫ﺎﺕ ﻫﻲ ﹸ‬ ‫ ﻭﻣﻌﻈﻤﻬﺎ ﹸﻟﻪ‬،‫ﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺳـﻔﻨﺠﻴ ﹸ‬ ‫ﺃﺑﺴـﻂ ﺍﻟ ﹼ ﹼ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﹲ‬ ‫ﻳﺸﺒﻪ ﻛﻴﺴـ ﹰﺎ ﹸﻟﻪ ﹲ‬ ‫ﺟﺴﻤﻪ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﺘﻜﻮ ﹸﻥ‬ ،‫ﻓﺘﺤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻋﻼ ﹸﻩ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪ ﹺ‬ .‫ﺍﺧﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻮ ﹲﻑ ﻣﻦ ﹼ‬ ‫ ﻭﻫﻮ ﱠ‬،‫ﻃﺒﻘﺘﻴﻦ‬

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻹﺳـﻔﻨﺞ‬ .‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻴﺶ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺳـﻔﻨﺠﻴ ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹼ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺻﻐﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﻓﻘﺎﺩﺭ ﹲﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﱠ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﻔ ﹺﻮ‬ ‫ ﹼﺃﻣﺎ‬،‫ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﺪﻳﻢ‬ ‫ﻤـﻮ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟ ﱡﻨ ﱢ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ .‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻓﻮﻕ‬

    

‫ﺍﻟ ﱠ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﺒﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﺴـﻤﻰ‬ ‫ﺃﺟﺰﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﻟﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺳـﻌﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻼ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹲ‬ ‫ﻟﻮﺍﻣﺲ ﹸ‬ ‫ﹲ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ ﻳﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﱞ‬،‫ﺍﻷﺫﺭﻉ‬ ‫ﻻﺳﻌﺔ ﱡ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﻞ ﺑﻬﺎ ﺣﺮﻛ ﹶﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﺨﻼﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺑﻌـﺾ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﻻ‬ ‫ﻋﺪﻳـﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﺍﻧـﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ‬ .‫ﻓﺮﻳﺴـﺘﹺﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤ ﹾﺮ ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻵﺧﺮ‬ ‫ﻭﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ،‫ﺟـﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻳﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﹾ‬ ‫ ﻭﻣ ﹾﻨ ﹶﻬـﺎ ﹶ‬،‫ﻣـﻦ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ .‫ﻗﻨﺪﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﺤ ﹺﺮ‬ ‫ ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ‬،‫ﻭﻳﺴﺒﺢ‬ ‫ﻳﻄﻔﻮ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ← 

      

         

↓

‫‪   ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺷـﺎﻃﺊ ﺍﻟﺒﺤ ﹺﺮ‪ .‬ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺻﺪﺍﻑ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺃﺷـﻜﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺑﺠﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺾ‬ ‫ﻳﻬﺘﻢ ﹸ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﱡ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺃﺟﺴﺎﻣﻬﺎ ﱢﻟﻴ ﹲﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻻﻓﻘﺎﺭﻳﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺻﺪﺍﻑ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺣﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻣﺼﺪﺭ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺻﺪﺍﻑ؟ ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﻳ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹲ‬ ‫ﺃﺟﺴﺎﻣﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺣﻤﺎﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺍﻛﻴﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﺧﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﻟﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﺎﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺻﻠﺒﺔ ﻟﺪﻋﻢﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮ ﱠ‬ ‫ﹼ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﱠ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹲ‬ ‫ﹲ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺻﺪﺍﻑ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺐ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺾ ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﹸ‬

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻴﺶ ﻓﻲ ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻠﺰﻭﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺧﻮﻳ ﹺ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﺮﺧﻮﻳ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺎﺕ ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﺣﻴﺪﺓ ﺍ ﱠﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﱡ‬ ‫ﱠ ﹼ‬ ‫ﹸ ﱠ ﹼ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻴﺎﺑﺴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻴﺶ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﺑﻌـﺾ ﺍﻟﺮﺧﻮﻳ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﻭﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺗﺴـﺘﻘﺮ ﻓـﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﺭ ‪-‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻟﻐﺔ ‪ -‬ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ ﱠ ﹼ‬ ‫ﱡ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷﺧﻄﺒﻮﻁ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺒ ﹸﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻳﺴﺒﺢ ﺑﺤﺮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﱠ‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫‪  ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ـﻒ ﹸ‬ ‫ﻳﺼ ﱠﻨ ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻠﻮﻗﺎﺕ؟‬ ‫ﻫـﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻴ ﹸﺰ‬ ‫ﻗﻨﻔﺬ ﺍﻟﺒﺤ ﹺﺮ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺷـﻮﻛﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﻠﺪ‪ ،‬ﻓﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﱢ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺃﻳﻀـﺎ ﹺﺩ ﹲ‬ ‫ﹰ‬ ‫ﺃﺷـﻮﺍﻛﺎ ﻭﻟﻬﺎ ﹰ‬ ‫ﺗﺴـﻤﻰ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﺤﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻠـﺪ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺟﻠـﺪﹲ‬ ‫ﺷـﻮﻛﻴ ﹸ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻴ ﹲﺔ ﱠ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﺍﺧﻠﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻬﻴﻜﻞ ﱠ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪ ﱠ‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬

‫‪  ‬‬

‫‪ ‬‬

‫‪    ‬‬ ‫‪   ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪  ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪      ‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪  ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪    ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬

‫‪          ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫‪‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ﺃﺭﺑـﻊ‬ ‫ـﺎﺕ ﺇﻟـﻰ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﻨﻘﺴـﻢ‬ .‫ﺭﻃﺒـﺎ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺼﻠﻴ ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﺤﻔﻈـﻪ ﹰ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺭﺟـﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺸـﺮﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳـﺪ ﹸﺓ‬ :‫ﻫـﻲ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋـﺎﺕ ﹶ‬ .‫ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻨﻜﺒﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺸﺮﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬

                   

                        

   

‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻼﻓﻘﺎﺭﻳ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹲ‬ ‫ﺃﺭﺟﻞ‬ ‫ ﻟﻬﺎ‬.‫ﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺃﻛﺒﺮ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺼﻠﻴـﺎﺕ ﹸ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺴ ﹲ‬ .‫ﺃﺟﺰﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﻤﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ،‫ﻣﻔﺼﻠﻴ ﹲﺔ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻭﺃﺟﺴﺎﻣﻬﺎ ﱠ‬ ‫ﱠ‬

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺴ ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮ ﹸ‬ ‫ﺲ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺾ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ ﺗﺘﻨ ﱠﻔ ﹸ‬- ‫ﺮﻃﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﱠ‬ ‫ﹼ‬ ‫ ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﱡ‬- ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺼﻠﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺸﺮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ‬- ‫ﺍﻵﺧﺮ‬ ‫ﻭﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ، ‫ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺨﻴﺎﺷﻴﻢﹺ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹾ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ‬ (‫)ﻗﺼﻴﺒﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺃﻧﺎﺑﻴﺐ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻳﻖ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﺲ ﹾ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ ﻳﺘﻨ ﱠﻔ ﹸ‬- ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﻛﺐ‬ . ‫ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻢﹺ‬ ‫ﺗﻔﺘﺢ ﻋﻨﺪﹶ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻠﻤﻔﺼﻠﻴ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹲ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﺠﺴـﻢ‬ ‫ﺻﻠﺐ ﻳﺤﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﻴـﻜﻞ‬ ‫ـﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﹲ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﱞ‬

 

 

   

                

             

   

    

       

       

‫ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺼﻠﻴ ﹺ‬ .‫ﺗﻨﻤﻮ‬ ‫ﺗﻄﺮﺡ ﻫﻴﻜ ﹶﻠﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﻋﻨﺪﹶ ﻣﺎ ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹼ‬ ‫ﱠ‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪  ‬‬

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻟﻴـﺲ ﱡ‬ ‫ﻓﻬﻨـﺎﻙ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺭﺽ؛‬ ‫ﺗﺸـﺒﻪ ﺩﻭﺩ ﹶﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻳـﺪﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄ ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪ ﹺ‬ ‫ﻳﺪﺍﻥ ﻓﻲ ﹼ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻌﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﻋﺪﻳﺪ ﹲﺓ ﻣﻦ ﹼ‬ ‫ﹲ‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ﺃﺟﺴﺎﻡ ﱠ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﻄ ﹲ‬ ‫ﺭﺃﺱ‬ ‫ﻳﺸـﻴﺮ ﺍﺳﻤﻬﺎ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﹲ‬ ‫ﺤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻬﺎ ﹲ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﹲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴـﻄ ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪ ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻳﺪﺍﻥ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﻳـﺪﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﺑﺴـﻂ ﺃﻧـﻮﺍﻉﹺ‬ ‫ﻭﺫﻳـﻞ‪ .‬ﹼ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﻭﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﹸ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺃﺟﺴـﺎ ﹺﻡ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﻴﺶ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺿﺎﺭ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮ ﱟ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻌﻈﻤﻬـﺎ ﹸ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﺃﺧﺮ￯‪.‬‬

‫‪   ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻜﻮ ﹸﻥ‬ ‫ﻳـﺪﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﺘﻤـﻲ ﺩﻭﺩ ﹸﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﱢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻘﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﱠ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪ ﹺ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺕ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺛﻼﺙ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻘﻴﺔ ﹺﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﺪﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﺟﺴﺎﻡ ﹼ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﻭﻧﻬﺎﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺱ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻤﺎﺛﻠـﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻋﺪﺍ‬ ‫ﺣﻠﻘﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺴ ﹲـﻢ ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪ ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻴﺎﺑﺴـﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻘﻴ ﹸﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻳﺪﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺬ ﹺﻳـﻞ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﺗﻌﻴﺶ ﹼ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺧﻞ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﻴـﺶ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻘﻴ ﹺﺔ‬ ‫ﻳـﺪﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺃﻱ ﻧﻮ ﹴﻉ ﻣـﻦ ﹼ‬ ‫ﻳﻮﺟـﺪ ﱡ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﺃﺧﺮ￯‪.‬‬ ‫ﺃﺟﺴﺎ ﹺﻡ‬

‫‪   ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ﻣﺪﺑﺒﺔ‪ .‬ﻣﻌﻈـﻢ ﺍﻟﺪﱢ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹲ‬ ‫ﹲ‬ ‫ﻳﺪﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﻧﻬﺎﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺭﻓﻴﻌـﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﺟﺴـﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻟﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﹲ‬ ‫ﹲ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺃﺟﺴﺎ ﹺﻡ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺾ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻴﺶ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺳﻄﻮﺍﻧﻴ ﹺﺔ‬ ‫ﱠ‬

‫‪  ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬

‫‪   ‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪   ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪  ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬

‫‪       ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪        ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪  ‬‬ ‫‪  ‬‬

      

                                            

   

                                                        –      –                                   –                – 

                                                                                                

                              

 

øØdGh Ωƒ∏©dG o t

o Ωƒ∏©dG áHÉàµdGh o

                                                          

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    

   

                                    



    

   

                        

    

                                                                                                         

  •     •

   

  

                                  

  

  

                             

  



‫‪  ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫←‪ ‬‬

‫‪         ‬‬ ‫‪        ‬‬ ‫‪         ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫←‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ﺎﺕ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻼﻓﻘﺎﺭﻳ ﹺ‬ ‫ﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻤﺜ ﹸﱢﻞ‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻴ ﹸﺰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺎﺭﻳ ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﱡ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﻱ ﹶ‬ ‫ﻫـﻮ ﻣﺎ ﱢ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺴـﻢ‬ ‫ﻳﺪﻋﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﺍ ﱠﻟﺬﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﻱ ﺟﺰ ﹰﺀﺍ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤـﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻬﻴﻜﻞ ﹼ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﱡ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪ ﱢ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺤﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺜ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺑﻌـﺾ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺎﺭﻳ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺎﺕ‪،‬‬ ‫ﱠﻘﻴﻠﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛـﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺤﺮﻳ ﹺﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﺴـﻤﺢ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﹼ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻨﻬـﺎ ﱡ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻛﺜﻴﺮﺍ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻐﻴ ﹸﺮ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺃﺟﺴـﺎﻣﻬﺎ ﹰ‬ ‫ﱠﺪﻳﻴﺎﺕ ﻻ ﱠ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﻴﻮ ﹺﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺜ ﱠ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺟﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺤﺎﻓﻆ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐـﺬﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﹶﺴـﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻃﺎﻗ ﹶﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﺍﻧـﺎﺕ ﺗ‬ ‫ﻭﻫـﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺰ ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻓﺘﻌـﺪ ﻣـﻦ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺣـﻒ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺳـﻤﺎﻙ‬ ‫ﱠﺃﻣـﺎ‬ ‫ﱡ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺮﻣﺎﺋﻴ ﹸ‬ ‫ـﺎﺕ ﱠ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴ ﹺ‬ ‫ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺟﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﺴـﺘﻄﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﺃﻱ ﺍ ﱠﻟﺘﻲ ﻻ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺟﺔ‬ ‫ﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﹾ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﱢ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻄﺔ ﺑﻬﺎ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌـﺔ‬ ‫ﺣـﺮﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺒﻌﺎ‬ ‫ـﺮ ﹰ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻐﻴ ﹸ‬ ‫ﻓﻬـﻲ ﱠ‬ ‫ﺃﺟﺴـﺎﻣﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﹶ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﺴﺘﻤﺪ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺗﹶﻬﺎ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﱡ‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ﻓﻘﺮﻱ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﹲ‬ ‫ﱞ‬

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺟﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺑﺘ ﹶﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﺴﻤﻰ‬ ‫ﺃﺟﺴﺎﻣﻬﺎ ﺛﺎﺑﺘ ﹰﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﱠ‬

‫←‪  ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻭﺑﻴﻦ ﺃﺟﺴـﺎ ﹺﻡ ﱡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﻴﻮ ﹺﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﻴـﻦ‬ ‫ـﻲﺀ‬ ‫ﺗ ﹶﹸﺮ￯‪ ،‬ﻣﺎ ﱠ‬ ‫ﺃﺟﺴـﺎﻣﻨﺎ ﹶ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺸـﺘﺮﻙ ﹶ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸ ﹸ‬ ‫ﻔﺎﺩﻉ ﻭﺍﻷﻓﺎﻋﻲ؟ ﺟﻤﻴـﻊ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻀ ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻠﻮﻗﺎﺕ ﻟﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻫـﺬ ﹺﻩ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷﺳـﻤﺎﻙ ﱠ‬ ‫ﹸ‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺳـﻤﺎﻙ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺳـﺒﻊ‬ ‫ـﺎﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺴ ﹸـﻢ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺎﺭﻳ ﹸ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﺍﺋـﻒ‪ ،‬ﹶ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﱢ‬ ‫ﱢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻈﻤﻴ ﹸﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷﺳﻤﺎﻙ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﻀﺮﻭﻓﻴ ﹸﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷﺳـﻤﺎﻙ‬ ‫)ﺍﻟﻼﻓﻜ ﱠﻴ ﹸﺔ(‪،‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻚ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺣﻒ‪ ،‬ﱡ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺎﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺰ‬ ‫ﱠﺪﻳﻴ ﹸ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺮﻣﺎﺋﻴ ﹸ‬ ‫ﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﱠ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻄ ﹸ‬ ‫ﻴﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺜ ﱠ‬ ‫ﹼ‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪  ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

  

    

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ :‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺛﻼﺙ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺳـﻤﺎﻙ ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻘﺴـﻢ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﺍﺋـﻒ ﹶ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﱢ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷﺳـﻤﺎﻙ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﻔـﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﻤـﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺳـﻤﺎﻙ‬

     

‫ﹸ‬ .‫ﺍﻟﻌﻈﻤﻴ ﹸﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷﺳﻤﺎﻙ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﻐﻀﺮﻭﻓﻴ ﹸﺔ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﱠ‬

‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﱢ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷﺳـﻤﺎﻙ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﻔـﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﻤـﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺳـﻤﺎﻙ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺩ ﹴﺓ ﹴ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﻀﺮﻭﻓﻴ ﹸـﺔ ﺗﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﻫﻴﺎﻛ ﹸﻠﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﱠ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩ ﹶﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﹶﺓ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﻐﻀﺮﻭﻑ‬ ‫ﺗﺴـﻤﻰ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻳﺸـﺒﻪ ﱠ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﻣﺔ ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻭﻣﻘﺪﱢ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺻﻮﺍﻥ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ .‫ﺃﻧﻔ ﹺﻪ‬ ‫ﺃﺫﻥ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬

   

‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻮﻋﺎ ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﻬﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺳـﻤﺎﻙ‬ ‫ﱠﺃﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﹰ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻈﻤﻴ ﹸﺔ ﹶ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋـﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺎﺭﻳ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﺘﻜـﻮ ﹸﻥ ﻫﻴﺎﻛ ﹸﻠﻬﺎ‬ ،‫ـﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﱢ‬ ‫ ﻭﻣﻦ‬.‫ﺍﻟﻘﺸﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﻐﻄﻲ ﺃﺟﺴﺎ ﹶﻣﻬﺎ‬ ،‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﺎﻡﹺ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ .‫ﻭﺍﻟﻬﺎﻣﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻨﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻈﻤﻴ ﹺﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺳﻤﺎﻙ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﱠ‬

  

   

    

 



                                        

    

                                     

  



‫‪  ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪  ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺴ‬ ‫ﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﱠ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺋﻴ ﹸ‬ ‫ـﻠﻤﻨﺪﺭﺍﺕ ﱡ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻀ ﹸ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪ ﹶ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺮ ﱠ‬ ‫ﹼ‬ ‫ﻔﺎﺩﻉ ﹼ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ‪.‬ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺮﺓﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﱢ‬

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺎﺕ ﺟﺰ ﹰﺀﺍ ﻣـﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻀـﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻣﺎﺋﻴ ﹸ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻴﺎﺑﺴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﻘﻀﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺰ ﹶﺀ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤـﺎﺀ ﹶ‬ ‫ﺣﻴـﺎﺓ ﱢ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻴـﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﺜـﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻀﻔـﺪﻉﹺ ﻓـﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺒـﺪﺃ ﺩﻭﺭ ﹸﺓ‬ ‫ﹺ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻣﺎﺋﻴ ﹺ‬ ‫ﺗﻀﻊ ﺍﻷﻧﺜـﻰ ﹰ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻪ ﺃﺑﻮ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻀﺎ‬ ‫ـﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﹸ‬ ‫ﻳﺨﺮﺝ ﹸ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻴﺶ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺴـﺎﻋﺪ ﹸﻩ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺧﻴﺎﺷـﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﹸﺫﻧ ﹾﹶﻴﺒ ﹶﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻭﻋﻨﺪﹶ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻨﻤﻮ ﺗﺘﺤﻮ ﹸﻝ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﺭﺋﺎﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻴﺎﺷﻴﻢ ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ ﺃﻥﱠ‬ ‫ﺲ ﹰ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻳﻖ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﹾ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺒﺮﻣﺎﺋﻴﺎﺕ ﺭﺋﺎﺕ ﻓﻬﻲ ﺗﺘﻨ ﱠﻔ ﹸ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺭﻃﺒﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﱠ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﺟﻒ‬ ‫ﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻥﹾ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻠﺪ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﺍ‪ ،‬ﹸ‬ ‫ﺟﻠﺪﻫﺎ ﹰ‬ ‫ﻭﻷﺟﻞ ﹶ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻚ ﹸ‬ ‫ﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻴﺶ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﻮﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺟﻠﺪﻫﺎ ﻓﺈﻧﱠﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻣﺎﺋﻴ ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍ ﹴﺭ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺮﺏ‬ ‫ﹶ‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬

‫ﹸ‬ ‫ـﻼﺣﻒ ﺇﻟـﻰ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺴ‬ ‫ﹰﹼﻌﺎﺑﻴـﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴـﺤﺎﻟﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺜ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﺘﻤـﻲ ﱠ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﺍﻧـﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﻣـﻦ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺰ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺣـﻒ‪ .‬ﱠ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺣـﻒ ﹶ‬ ‫ﱢ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﺍ ﱠﻟﺘﻲ ﹸ‬ ‫ﻭﺟﻠﺪﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻴﺎﺑﺴـﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻴﺶ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺟـﺔ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﺪﺍﻥ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹰﹼ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺻﻔﺎﺋﺢ ﺗﺤﻤﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺤﺮﺍﺷﻒ ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﻐﻄﻰ‬ ‫ﹶ‬

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺟﻠﺪﻫﺎ ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻨﻔﺲ ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻠﻮﻗـﺎﺕ ﻻ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺭﺋﺘﻴﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﹶ‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻚ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻣﺎﺋﻴﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﹾ‬

‫‪ ‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪  ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪  ‬‬ ‫‪  ‬‬ ‫‪  ‬‬ ‫‪  ‬‬ ‫‪   ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫‪ ‬‬

                                                                                                                                         

                                       

             

  

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﱡ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﺎﺭﻳ ﹲﺔ ﹸ‬ ‫ ﻟﻬﺎ ﹲ‬،‫ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺭﻳﺶ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺟـﺔ‬ ‫ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻴـﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﹲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄ ﹸ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹲ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﺘﻬﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺭﺟﻼﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﻗﻴﺮ‬ ‫ ﻭﻟﻬﺎ‬،‫ﺧﻔﻴﻒ ﹸﻳﺒﻘﻴﻬﺎ ﺩﺍﻓﺌ ﹰﺔ ﻭﺟﺎ ﱠﻓ ﹰﺔ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ .‫ﺣﺮﺍﺷﻒ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻗﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ‬ ،‫ﻣﺨﺎﻟﺐ‬ ‫ﺑﻘﺪﻣﻴﻦ ﻟﻬﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬

‫ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﹶ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺃﻥﱠ ﱠ‬ ‫ﻟﻬﺎ ﹲ‬ ‫ﺭﻳﺶ ﱠﺇﻻ ﺃﻥﱠ ﹶ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﻄﻴﻮ ﹺﺭ ﹶ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﹾ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻠﻪ ﺗﻌﺎﻟـﻰ ﱡ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻄﻴﻮ ﹺﺭ‬ ‫ﻳﺴـﺘﻄﻴﻊ‬ ‫ ﹾ‬.‫ﺍﻟﻄﻴﺮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺟﻌﻞ ﹸ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﹶ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄ ﹺ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﱠ‬ ‫ ﻛﻤﺎ‬،‫ﻗﻮﻳ ﹰﺔ‬ ‫ ﻭﺭﺋـﺎﺕ ﱠ‬،‫ﻴـﺮﺍﻥ ﻋﻈﺎ ﹰﻣﺎ ﺧﻔﻴﻔ ﹰﺔ ﻣﺠﻮﻓ ﹰﺔ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﺃﻥﱠ‬ ‫ﺗﺴـﺎﻋﺪﻫﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻳ ﹶﺔ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ ﻭﻋﻀﻼﺗﻬـﺎ ﱠ‬،‫ﺷـﻜﻞ ﺃﺟﻨﺤﺘﻬـﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻄ ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉﹺ ﱠ‬ :‫ ﻗﺎﻝ ﺗﻌﺎﻟﻰ‬.‫ﻴﺮﺍﻥ‬

‫ﹲ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻈﻢ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﺮﻗـﺪ‬ ،‫ﺳـﻤﻴﻜﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﺸـﻮﺭﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻮﺿﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﻴـﻮﺭ ﹰ‬ ‫ﺗﻀـﻊ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ .‫ﻟﺘﺒﻘﻴﻪ ﺩﺍﻓ ﹰﺌﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻔﻘﺲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﻴﻮ ﹺﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺾ ﹶ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﱞ‬ .‫ﻭﺧﺸﻦ‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺰﻭﺍﺣﻒ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺟﻠﺪﹲ‬ ‫ﹲ‬

    

         

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﺎﺭﻳﺎﺕ ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﻌﻴﺶ ﻓﻲ‬ ،‫ﺟﺴـﻤﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﺴـﻮ‬ ‫ ﻟﻬﺎ‬.‫ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺟﺔ‬ ‫ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ‬ ‫ﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﱠﺪﻳﻴ ﹸ‬ ‫ﹲ‬ ‫ﺷـﻌﺮ ﺃﻭ ﹲ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻭ ﹸ‬ ‫ﹲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺜ ﱠ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ .‫ﺻﻐﺎﺭﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻋﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻴﺎﺑﺴﺔ ﻭﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻈﻢﹺ‬ ‫ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻧﱠﻬﺎ ﹶ‬،‫ﻭﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻷﺷﺠﺎ ﹺﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﹶ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﺜﺪﻳﻴ ﹺ‬.‫ﻭﻻﺩﺓ ﺻﻐﺎ ﹺﺭﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺛﻼﺙ‬ ‫ﺎﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﱠﺪﻳﻴ ﹸ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﺣﺴﺐ ﹶ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺗﺼ ﱠﻨﻒ ﹸ ﺍﻟﺜ ﱠ‬ ‫ﹼ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻳﻀﻊ ﹰ‬ .‫ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻴـﺐ ﻹﺭﺿﺎﻉﹺ ﺻﻐﺎ ﹺﺭﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﺘﺞ‬ .‫ﺑﻴﻀـﺎ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ،‫ﺻﻐﺎﺭﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻠـﺪ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﻭﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﹸ‬ ‫ﻭﺇﻧﺎﺙ ﺍﻟﺜﺪﻳﻴﺎﺕ ﹸ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺷـﺮﺍﺏ ﹲ‬ ‫ﺣﻠﻴﺐ ﹺ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﻭﻏـﺬﺍﺀ ﻣﻔﻴﺪﹲ ﺗﺘﺠ ﱠﻠﻰ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﺬﻳﺬ‬ ‫ﻓﻬﻮ‬ ‫ﻧﺘﻨﺎﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﻭﻧﺤـﻦ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹲ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﹲ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺜﺪﻳﻴﺎﺕ؛ ﹶ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ ﹶ‬.‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻟﻖ ﺳﺒﺤﺎﻧ ﹸﹶﻪ ﻭﺗﻌﺎ ﹶﻟﻰ ﻭﺣﻜﻤ ﹸﺘ ﹸﻪ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ :‫ﻗﺎﻝ ﺗﻌﺎ ﹶﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻋﻈﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻧﻘﺎﻭﺗﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻞ‬

                                              

    

              

                

                    

    

      

                                                                 





                                                                                

                                                                                        

    …ô≤a OƒªY É¡d äÉfGƒ«M äÉjQÉ≤ØdG Qƒ«£dGh ∞MGhõdGh äÉ«FÉeôÑdGh ∑ɪ°SC’G

äÉ«jóãdG

äÉ ôdGh o «°VÉj o s u Ωƒ∏©dG

                 

o Ωƒ∏©dG áHÉàµdGh o

                                                       

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   

    

    

                                      



       

   

           

   

              

• • • •

                                                             

  

     

 

    

                                

  

  

                   

  



‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫←‪ ‬‬

‫‪        ‬‬ ‫‪    ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫←‬

‫ﺗﺴـﺎﻋﺪﻫﺎ ﻋ ﹶﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻠﻪ ﺗﻌﺎﻟﻰ ﻟﻠﺤﻴﻮﺍﻧـﺎﺕ ﺃﺟﻬﺰ ﹰﺓ ﺣﻴﻮﻳ ﹰﺔ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔ ﹰﺔ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺧﻠـﻖﹶ ﹸ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﻱ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻋﺮﻓ ﹸﺘﻪ ﺳـﺎﺑ ﹰﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﻇﺎﺋﻒ‬ ‫ﺃﺩﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳـﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯﹸ‬ ‫ﱡ‬

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺪﺩﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻇﻴﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﻷﺩﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﹰ‬

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻭﻣـﻦ ﹺ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻬﻴﻜﻠـﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺟﻬﺰﺓ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯﹸ‬ ‫ﹾ‬ ‫ﱡ‬ ‫ﱡ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺍﻧـﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻬـﺎﺯﹸ‬ ‫ﺴـﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻬـﺎﺯﹸ‬ ‫ﱡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒـﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻬـﺎﺯﹸ ﺍﻟ ﱠﺘ ﱡﻨﻔ ﱡ‬ ‫ﱡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻬﻀﻤﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺧﺮﺍﺟﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯﹸ‬ ‫ﱡ‬ ‫ﱡ‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺃﻧﺴـﺠﺔ ﹲ‬ ‫ﹲ‬ ‫ﺗﻜـﻮ ﹸﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻬـﺎﺯﹶ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻬﻴﻜﻠﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻈـﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻭﻋﻈـﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺎﺭﻳﺎﺕ ﱢ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﺧﻠﻴ ﹶﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻳﺪﻋﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻬﻴﻜﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻢ ﻭﻳﺤﻤﻲ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎ ﹶﺀ ﱠ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪ ﱠ‬ ‫ﱡ‬

‫←‪  ‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪  ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪   ‬‬

‫‪‬‬

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﺍﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺴـﺎﻋﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎ ﹺﺯ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻬﻴﻜﻠﻲ ﹶ‬ ‫ﱢ‬ ‫ﱡ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻋﻀﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﺴﻴﺞ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻜﻮ ﹸﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻠﻲ ﹶ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﹲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ‪ .‬ﱠ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻼﺕ‪ ،‬ﹶ‬ ‫ﱞ‬ ‫ﱡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻈﺎﻡ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻳﺤﺮ ﹸﻙ‬ ‫ﱞ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﻱ ﱢ‬

‫‪  ‬‬ ‫‪    ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪  ‬‬ ‫‪  ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

   

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﻫـﻮ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯﹸ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﺘﻜﻮ ﹸﻥ‬ .‫ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﺤﻜ ﹸﻢ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯﹸ ﺍ ﱠﻟﺬﻱ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺃﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺍﻟﺠﺴـﻢ ﹶ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﱡ‬ .‫ﻋﺼﺒﻴ ﹴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﱠ‬

‫ﹲ‬ ‫ﻭﻣـﻦ ﹶ‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﻥﱠ ﻟﻺﺳـﻔﻨﺞﹺ ﹰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻼﻓﻘﺎﺭﻳـﺎﺕ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺟﻬﺎﺯﹲ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻼ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ‬ ،‫ﺑﺴـﻴﻂ‬ ‫ﻋﺼﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹾ‬ ‫ﱞ‬

.‫ﺗﻌﻘﻴﺪﺍ‬ ‫ﺃﻛﺜﺮ‬ ‫ ﱠﺃﻣﺎ‬.‫ﻋﺼﺒﻴ ﹰﺔ ﻗﻠﻴﻠ ﹰﺔ‬ ‫ﹰ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺎﺭﻳﺎﺕ ﻓﺈﻥﱠ ﺃﺟﻬﺰﺗﹶﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴ ﹶﺔ ﹸ‬

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺎﺕ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺟﻬﺎﺯﹲ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﻮﻧ ﹰﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻼﻳﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺤﺪ ﻓﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﻋﺼﺒﻲ ﻣﻌ ﱠﻘﺪﹲ ﺗ ﱠﺘ ﹸ‬ ‫ﱠﺪﻳﻴ ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ ﱢ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺜ ﱠ‬ ‫ﱞ‬ .‫ﺍﻷﻋﺼﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﹶ‬

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺲ‬ ‫ﻭﺃﻋﻀﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﺘﻜﻮ ﹸﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﱢ ﻣﺎﻍﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌﻈﻢﹺ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﱢ‬ ‫ﱡ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺬﻭ ﹺﻕ ﻭﺍﻟ ﱠﻠ ﹺ‬ ‫ﻟﻺﺣﺴﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺸ ﱢـﻢ‬ ‫ﺍ ﱠﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻤﺲ ﱠ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ـﻤﻊ ﻭﺍﻟ ﱠﻨﻈ ﹺﺮ ﻭﺍﻟ ﱠﺘ ﱡ‬ ‫ﺗﺴـﺎﻋﺪﻫﺎ ﻋ ﹶﻠﻰ ﱠ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺑﺘﻐﻴ ﹺ‬ .‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻄﺔ ﺑﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‬ ‫ﺮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﱡ‬

           

                   

    

                                  

               

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ ﺍ ﱠﻟﺬﻱ‬،‫ﺍﻷﻛﺴـﺠﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺳـﺎﻃﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎ ﹺﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻮ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺧﻼﻳ ﹶﺎﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﺘـﻢ ﻧﻘ ﹸﻠﻪ ﹶ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﱢ‬ ‫ﱡ‬ .‫ﺴﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟ ﱠﺘ ﱡﻨﻔ ﱢ‬

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﺴـﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻛﺴـﺠﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻞ‬ ‫ﻳﺴـﺎﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺠﻬـﺎﺯﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﱢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻀ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ،‫ﺎﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺗﺨﻠﻴﺼ ﹺﻪ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪ ﹺﻡ ﻭﻋﻠـﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻀﻼﺕ ﱠ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ ﱠ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ .‫ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﻛﺴﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻏﺎﺯﹸ ﺛﺎﻧﻲ‬

‫ﹸ‬ - ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻳـﺪﺍﻥ‬ ‫ ﻭﻣﻨﻬـﺎ‬- ‫ﺍﻟﻼﻓﻘﺎﺭﻳـﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴـﺮ ﹸﺓ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﺘﻘﻞ‬ ‫ﺣﻴـﺚ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻔﺴـﻲ ﻣﻌﻘ ﹴﱠـﺪ؛‬ ‫ﻻﺗﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺟﻬﺎ ﹴﺯ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﱟ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ .‫ﻭﺧﺎﺭﺟﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺧﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﺴـﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﺃﺟﻬﺰﺓ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﻟـﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﻧـﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﻴـﺮ ﹸﺓ ﻓﺈﻧﱠﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﱠﺃﻣـﺎ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺃﻋﻀـﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﺍﻧـﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻫـﺬﻩ‬ ￯ ‫ ﻭﻟـﺪﹶ‬،‫ﻣﺘﺨﺼﺼـﺔ‬ ‫ﹲ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔـﺔ ﻟﻠ ﱠﺘ ﱡﻨﻔ ﹺـﺲ ﱢ‬ ‫ﹲ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﺗﺒـﺎﺩﻝ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﻜ ﹸﻨﻬﺎ ﹾ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﹶ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻭﻣـﻦ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻴﺎﺷـﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤـﺎﺀ ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﹾ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ .‫ﺋﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺮ ﹸ‬ ‫ﱢ‬

                                                                                                                 

                                                             

    

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪  ‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬

‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻢﹺ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻢﹺ ﹶ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺮ ﹺ‬ ‫ﺋﺔ‬ ‫ﱢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﺋ ﹸﺔ‬ ‫ﱢ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮ ﹺ‬ ‫ﺋﺔ‬ ‫ﹶ ﱢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻠﺐ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻢﹺ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻢﹺ‬ ‫ﹶ‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪    ‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺨﻴﺎﺷﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻢﹺ‬ ‫ﹶ‬

‫ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻢﹺ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺨﻴﺎﺷﻴﻢﹺ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻘﻠﺐ‬ ‫ﹸ‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪  ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟـﺪ ﹺﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻠـﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺍﻧـﻲ ﻣـﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻜـﻮ ﹸﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻬـﺎﺯﹸ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﱡ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺍﻧﻲ ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻞ‬ ‫ﻭﻭﻇﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎ ﹺﺯ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻳ ﹺﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﱠ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪ ﱠ‬ ‫ﱢ‬

‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷﻛﺴـﺠﻴﻦ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﺤﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍ ﹶﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪ ﹺﻡ ﺍ ﱠﻟﺬﻱ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺺ ﻣﻦ ﻓﻀﻼﺗﹺﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻢﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟ ﱠﺘﺨ ﱡﻠ ﹸ‬

‫ﻭﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻠـﺐ‬ ‫ﺋﻴـﺲ ﻓـﻲ ﻫـﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺠﻬـﺎ ﹺﺯ‪ ،‬ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮ ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻀـﻮ ﱠ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﱢ‬ ‫ﺃﺟﺰﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻴـﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟـﺪ ﹺﻡ ﺇﻟـﻰ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﻳ ﹲـﺔ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻟﻀـﺦ ﱠ‬ ‫ﹲ‬ ‫ﻋﻀـﻼﺕ ﹼ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻢﹺ ‪.‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ﻳﻨﺘـﺞ ﻋـﻦ ﹶ‬ ‫ـﻞ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳـﺎ ﱠ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣـﺎ ﺗﺤ ﱢﻠ ﹸ‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄ ﹶ‬ ‫ﻌـﺎﻡ ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺧﺮﺍﺟﻲ ﺑﺎﻟ ﱠﺘﺨ ﱡﻠ ﹺ‬ ‫ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯﹸ‬ ‫ﺺ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﹲ‬ ‫ﻓﻀﻼﺕ ﹸ‬ ‫ﱡ‬

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﻌـﺪ ﱞ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻠﺪ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻧـﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴـﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺒـﺪ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ ﻣـﻦ‬ ‫ﱡ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺮ ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻀﻼﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺋﺘﻴﻦ ﺃﻋﻀﺎ ﹰﺀ ﻹﺧﺮﺍﺝﹺ‬ ‫ﱢ‬

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ ﹺ‬ ‫ﻳﻨ ﱢﻘـﻲ ﱞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻀﻼﺕ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪ ﹶﻡ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴـﺔ ﱠ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻠﺪ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﺨﺰﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴـﺎﺋﻠ ﹶﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻔﺮﺯﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﻼﺕ ﱠ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺰ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﺍﺋﺪﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺴـﻢ ﻣـﻦ ﺍﻷﻣـﻼﺡﹺ ﱠ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌـﺮﻕ ﻓﻴﺘﺨ ﱠﻠ ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺴـﻢ ﻣـﻦ‬ ‫ـﺺ‬ ‫ﺋـﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮ ﹸ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺨﻴﺎﺷـﻴﻢ ﻓﺘﺨ ﱢﻠ ﹸ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﱠﺃﻣـﺎ ﱢ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﻳ ﹺﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻀﻼﺕ‬ ‫ﱠ‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪     ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪               ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬

‫‪    ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪   ‬‬ ‫ﻧﺴﻴﺞ ﹲ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺋﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪ ﹸﻡ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﹲ‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪  ‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻄ ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﱠ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﹼ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﺎﻗﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻌﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺗﺄﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄ ﹶ‬ ‫ﹾ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺑـﺪﻭﻥ ﻫﻀـﻢﹺ ﱠ‬ ‫ﺗﺴـﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺠﺴـﻢﹺ ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﻌـﺎ ﹺﻡ ﻻ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺼـﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﹼ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﻳﺴـﺎﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻬﻀﻤﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗ ﹶﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﱡ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﺤﻠﻴﻠﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻔﻜﻴﻚ ﺍﻟﻄﻌﺎ ﹺﻡ‬

‫ﺟﻤﻴـﻊ ﺍﻟﺜﱠﺪﻳﻴ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹲ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ‬ ‫ﻫﻀﻤﻴ ﹲﺔ‬ ‫ﺎﺕ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺃﺟﻬﺰ ﹲﺓ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺸـﺎﺑﻬﺔ‪ ،‬ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﹼ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺗﻤـﺰﺝ ﱠ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﻘﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﻌـﺎﻡ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌـﺪﺓ ﺍ ﱠﻟﺘـﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺘـﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄ ﹶ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬

‫ﻳﻨﻘﻞ ﱠ‬ ‫ﺑﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﱠ‬ ‫ﺛﻢ ﹸ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻌﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻬﺎﺿﻤـﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﺼﺎﺭﺗﹸﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄ ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﻌﺎﻡﹺ‪ ،‬ﱠ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺃﺻﻐﺮ‬ ‫ﻣـﻮﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﻠـﻪ ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺇﻟـﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻣﻌـﺎﺀ ﱠ‬ ‫ﻗﻴﻘـﺔ ﺍ ﱠﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤ ﱢﻠ ﹸ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺃﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻢﹺ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪ ﹺﻡ ﺃﻥﹾ ﻳﻨﻘ ﹶﻠﻬﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻳﺴﻬﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﱠ‬

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹲ‬ ‫ﻫﻀﻤﻴـﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻴـﺲ ﻟﻬـﺎ ﺃﺟﻬـﺰ ﹲﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻼﻓﻘﺎﺭﻳـﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﻌـﺾ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﹲ‬ ‫ﹲ‬ ‫ﹲ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻴﻄﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻫﻀﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﹸﻟﻪ ﺃﺟﻬﺰ ﹲﺓ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺨﺼﺼﺔ‪،‬‬

‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻫﻀﻤﻴ ﹲﺔ ﻣﻌﻘﱠﺪﺓﹲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺎﺕ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺃﺟﻬـﺰ ﹲﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺣـﻒ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺰ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺮﻣﺎﺋﻴ ﹸ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻭﺃﺳﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺴﻠﺤﻔﺎﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻬﻀﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﺷـﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎ ﹺﺯ‬ ‫ﺃﻧﻈﺮ ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﱢ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﱢ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻜﻮ ﹸﻥ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎ ﹶﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﱢ‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪  ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪           ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪    ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬

‫‪ ‬‬

‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬

‫‪ ‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪    ‬‬ ‫‪  ‬‬ ‫‪  ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪    ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

      

                                                                                                                                                           

 

                                

 

                     

 

                  

 

   

  »∏µ«¡dG RÉ¡édG

 

 

»∏°†©dG RÉ¡édGh

»fGQhódG RÉ¡édG

                        

, »°ùØæàdG RÉ¡édGh »LGôNE’G RÉ¡édGh

   

»ª°†¡dG RÉ¡édG

øØdGh Ωƒ∏©dG o t

o Ωƒ∏©dG áHÉàµdGh o

                                                    

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   

‫‪  ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪    ‬‬ ‫‪p‬‬ ‫‪oájɪM‬‬ ‫‪äÉfGƒ«ëdG‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﻬـﺪ ﹺ‬ ‫ﺴـﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻤﻌﻴ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺳ‬ ‫ﺧﻼﻝ‬ ‫ﻣـﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻻﻧﻘﺮﺍﺽ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﻌـﺾ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤـﺎﺀ ﺣﻤﺎﻳ ﹶﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﺤـﺎﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﹾ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻣﺖ ﺇﺣﺪﹶ ￯‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺤﻴﺎﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴـﻌﻮﺩﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺌﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴـﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺤﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺘﻤ ﹺﺔ‬ ‫ﹾ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳ ﹺﺔ‪ .‬ﹾ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻭﻟﺨﺼﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢﹺ ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻻﻧﻘﺮﺍﺽ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺪﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺃﻋﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺔ ﺑﺤﺼ ﹺﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ‬ ‫ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﹾ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻣﺎ ﹾ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ‬ ‫ﹶ‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪    ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫‪ ‬‬

‫‪‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬

‫‪‬‬

‫‪‬‬

‫‪‬‬

‫‪ ‬‬

‫‪‬‬

‫‪‬‬

‫‪‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫‪‬‬

‫‪  ‬‬

‫‪‬‬

‫‪ ‬‬

‫‪‬‬

‫‪ ‬‬

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﻟﻺﺟﺎﺑﺔ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻭﻝ ﺃﻋﻼ ﹸﻩ‬ ‫ﺃﺳﺘﻌﻤﻞ‬

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻻﻧﻘﺮﺍﺽ ﻓﻲ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ؟‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺪﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻼﻓﻘﺎﺭﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﺪﺩ‬ ‫‪ -١‬ﻣﺎ ﹸ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻻﻧﻘﺮﺍﺽ ﻓﻲ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ؟‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺪﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺎﺭﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﺪﺩ‬ ‫‪ -٢‬ﻣﺎ ﹸ‬

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺣﺴﺐ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻻﻧﻘﺮﺍﺽ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺎﺭﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺪﺩ ﹶﺓ‬ ‫ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ‬ ‫‪ -٣‬ﺃﺭﺗ ﹸﱢﺐ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﺃﻋﺪﺍﺩﻫﺎ ﹶ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﱢ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻗﻞ؟‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻛﺜ ﹺﺮ ﺇﻟﻰ‬

‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪   ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪  ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪  ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

   

     

             ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹲ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﻴﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻬﻀﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﱞ‬ ‫ﱢ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﱠﻭﺍﺣﻒ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎ ﹶﺯ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻼﻓﻘﺎﺭﻳ ﹺ‬ ‫ﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺎﺭ ﱠﻳ ﹸ‬ ‫ﹼ‬ ............

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﹺ‬  ‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﺘﻤﻲ ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻈﻢ‬ ‫ﹸ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻢ ﱠ‬ . ........................ ‫ﻌﺎﻡ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ ﻳﺤ ﱢﻠ ﹸﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄ ﹶ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ . ‫ﻓﻘﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﻟﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﹲ‬ ‫ﹲ‬ ‫ﱞ‬

........................

                             



 ‫ﺻﻠـﺐ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ................................ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺸـﺮﺍﺕ ﻟﻬـﺎ‬ ‫ﹲ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ .‫ﻳﺤﻤﻲ ﺃﺟﺴﺎ ﹶﻣﻬﺎ‬

              

‫ ﺍﻟﺪﱢ ﹸ‬ . .................. ‫ﺗﻜﻮ ﹸﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺃﻋﻀﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻍ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺲ ﱢ‬ ‫ﱢ‬

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹲ‬  ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺟـﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻐﻴ ﹸﺮ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﻮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ـﺤﻠﻴ ﹸﺔ‬ ‫ﱞ‬ ‫ﱢ‬ ‫ﻓﻘـﺎﺭﻱ ﱢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴ ﱠ‬ . .............................. ‫ﻭﻳﻨﺘﻤﻲ ﺇﻟﻰ‬

                                

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…ô≤a OƒªY É¡d äÉfGƒ«M

»fGQhódG RÉ¡édG , »°ùØæàdG RÉ¡édGh »LGôNE’G RÉ¡édGh

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   

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     

   

‫‪         ‬‬ ‫‪    ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪   ‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻭﻇﻴﻔﺔ‬ ‫‪       ‬ﻣـﺎ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﺗﺪﻋﻢ ﺇﺟﺎﺑﺘﹺﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻔﺎﺻﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺃﺫﻛﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎ ﹺﺯ ﱠ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪ ﱢ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻭﺭﻱ؟ ﹸ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫‪    ‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﺍ ﱠﻟﺘﻲ ﺩﺭﺳ ﹸﺘﻬﺎ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺃﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﺃﺣﺪﹶ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻔﻪ ﻣﺴﺘﺨﺪ ﹰﻣﺎ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻌ ﱠﻠﻤ ﹸﺘ ﹸﻪ ﺇﻟﻰ‪ :‬ﻓﻘﺎﺭﻳ ﹴ‬ ‫ﺎﺕ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺛﻢ ﺃﺻ ﱢﻨ ﹸ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤـﺮﺍﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻣﺘﻐﻴ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ـﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﹺ‬ ‫ﻻﻓﻘﺎﺭﻳ ﹴ‬ ‫ـﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺟـﺔ‬ ‫ﺛﺎﺑﺘـﺔ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﱢ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤـﺮﺍﺭﺓ‪ ...،‬ﻭﻫﻜﺬﺍ‪ .‬ﱢ‬ ‫ـﺢ ﺇﺟﺎﺑﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺟـﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻭﺿ ﹸ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ ﹴ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﱢ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻛﻴﻒ ﱢ‬ ‫‪ ‬ﹶ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺳﻤﺎﻙ ﺩﺭﺟ ﹶﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻈ ﹸﻢ‬ ‫‪  ‬‬ ‫‪   ‬‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺃﺟﺴـﺎﻣﻬﺎ؟ ﱢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌـﺔ ﺍ ﱠﻟﺘﻲ ﹸ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻴﺶ‬ ‫ﺃﻓﻜ ﹸﺮ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﹸ‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫ﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻢ‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫ﺷـﻮﻛﻴ ﹸ‬ ‫‪   ‬ﹶ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻠـﺪ ﹺ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﺸـﺎﺑﻬﺎﻥ؟‬ ‫ﻭﻓﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻋـﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺼﻠﻴـﺎﺕ؟ ﹶ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﹸﺃﻋﻄﻲ ﺃﻣﺜﻠ ﹰﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﹶ‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻚ‪.‬‬

‫‪   ‬‬ ‫‪  ‬‬

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻭﺭﺩﺕ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻼﻓﻘﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﺍﻧـﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺃﻛﺘﺐ ﻗﺎﺋﻤ ﹶﺔ‬ ‫‪.١‬‬ ‫ﹾ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻫﺬﺍ‬

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﺃﺭﺳﻢ ﺻﻮﺭ ﹰﺓ ﱢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﺳﻤﻪ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻞ‬ ‫‪.٢‬‬ ‫ﺣﻴﻮﺍﻥ ﻭﺭ ﹶﺩ ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﻋـﻦ ﱢ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﻮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﺃﺳـﺠﻞ‬ ‫‪.٣‬‬ ‫ﱢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍ ﱠﻟﺘـﻲ ﺗﻌ ﱠﻠﻤ ﹸﺘﻬﺎ ﹾ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺖ‬ ‫ﹶ‬

‫‪   ‬‬

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﺸـﺎﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺃﺫﻛﺮ ﹶﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺩﻓﺘﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﺃﺧﺘـﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﹾ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻮ ﹺﺭ‪ ،‬ﱠ‬ ‫ﺛﻢ ﹸ‬ ‫ﻳﺨﺘﻠﻔﺎﻥ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻪ ﻛﻼ‬

‫‪  ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪  ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﺍﻧـﺎﺕ ﹸ‬ ‫ﺗﺨﺘﻠـﻒ‬ ‫ﻛﻴﻒ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ ﹴ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺾ؟‬ ‫ﹾ‬

‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺃ‪-‬‬ ‫ﱡ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺧﺮﺍﺟﻲ‬ ‫ﺏ‪-‬‬ ‫ﱡ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺍﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﺟـ‪-‬‬ ‫ﱡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﺩ‪-‬‬ ‫ﱡ‬

 

    

          

        

   

     

 

       ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻘﺮﺓ‬

   

        

             

 

                        

    

             

 

       

               

   

               

     

                       

   

        



       

  

     

      

                  





   

   

                                 

• • • •

  

    

                                                                          

    

  

                                  

  

  

                                  

  



‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫←‪ ‬‬

‫‪    ‬‬ ‫‪  ‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫←‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪  ‬‬

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴ ﹺﺔ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳ ﹺﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﻢ‬ ‫ﺃﻃﻠﻖﹶ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﹶ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻠﻮﻗﺎﺕ ﱠ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﹶ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﻴﺮﻳﺎ‪ ،‬ﹾ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﹰ‬ ‫ﺃﻳﻀﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﻞ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟ ﱠﻨ ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‪ .‬ﹾ‬

‫‪  ‬‬ ‫‪  ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪  ‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﱠ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴ ﹺﺔ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﻮﻳ ﹺﺔ‬ ‫ﻘﺼﺪ‬ ‫ﹸﻳ ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻼ ﱠ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺷـﻴﺎﺀ ﹸ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮ ﱠ‬ ‫ﹲ‬ ‫ﺨـﺮ ﻭﺍﻟ ﱡﺘ ﹸ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺥ ﹰ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺥ‬ ‫ﻻﺣﻴﻮﻱ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﺃﻳﻀـﺎ‬ ‫ﻮﺀ‪.‬‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺮﺑﺔ ﱠ‬ ‫ﱞ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻀ ﹸ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺼ ﹸ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﻫﻮ ﹸ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺯﻣﻨﻴ ﹴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻮ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﺪ ﹸﺓ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﱢ‬ ‫ﺧﻼﻝ ﻓﺘﺮﺍﺕ ﱠ‬

‫←‪  ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺘﻤﻞ ﺃﻥﹾ ﺃﺷﺎﻫﺪﹶ ﺯﻣﻼﺋﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺃﺗﺎﻣ ﹸﻞ ﻣﺎ ﺣﻮﻟﻲ؟ ﹶ‬ ‫ﺃﺷﺎﻫﺪ ﻋﻨﺪﹶ ﻣﺎ ﱠ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼ ﱢ‬ ‫ﺃﺟﻠﺲ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻘﻌﺪ ﺍ ﱠﻟﺬﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺐ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻒ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻣﻌ ﹼﻠﻤﻲ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﱠ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‪.‬‬

‫‪ ‬‬

‫ﺃﺳﻤ ﹶﻲ ﻋﺎﻣ ﹰ‬ ‫ﹾ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺑﻴﺌﺘﻲ؟‬ ‫ﻼ‬ ‫ﺁﺧﺮ ﹾ‬ ‫ﹰﹼ‬ ‫ﻫﻞ ﻳﻤﻜ ﹸﻨﻨﻲ ﺃﻥﹾ ﱢ‬ ‫ﻻﺣﻴﻮﻳﺎ ﹶ‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣـﻞ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ـﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋـﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌـﻲ ﻣـﻦ‬ ‫ﻈـﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﺸـﻜ ﹸﻞ ﺍﻟ ﱢﻨ ﹸ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﱡ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺟﺪﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ‬ ‫ﻈـﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺪ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣـﻞ‬ ‫ﺻﻐﻴﺮﺍ ﹰﹼ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻼﺣﻴﻮﻳ ﹺﺔ‪ .‬ﹾ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟ ﱢﻨ ﹸ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﹰ‬ ‫ﱡ‬ ‫ﺟﺪﺍ ﻛﺎﻟﺼ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﺤﺮﺍﺀ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻛﺒﻴﺮﺍ ﹰﹼ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﻛﺠﺬﻉﹺ ﺷﺠﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﹾ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ ﹰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻠﻮﻗـﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻴ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ـﺔ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻟ ﱢﻨﻈـﺎ ﹺﻡ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻴـﻊ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺘﻤـﺪ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﱢ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺷـﻴﺎﺀ ﻏﻴـ ﹺﺮ ﺍﻟﺤﻴ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺾ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺘﻤـﺪ ﹸ‬ ‫ﻭﻛﺬﻟـﻚ‬ ‫ـﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺮ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻌﻴـﺶ‪ .‬ﻓﻤﺜ ﹰ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﻳﺤﺘـﺎﺝ ﱢ‬ ‫ﻛﺔ ﺣ ﹼﺘﻰ‬ ‫ﻔﺪﻉ ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻼ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻀ ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹶﹾ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﻀﻊ ﹶ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻀ ﹸﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺲ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻨ ﱠﻔ ﹶ‬

‫ﻳﻌﻴﺶ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﱡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﻴ ﹺﺮ ﹸﻟﻪ ﹲ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﹸ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﻼﺋﻢ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﻠﻮﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟ ﱢﻨﻈﺎ ﹺﻡ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﱢ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴ ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫ـﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻃـﻦ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻳﺴـﻤﻰ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻳﻘ ﹶﺔ ﻋﻴﺸـﻪ ﱠ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﱠ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻳﺠﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺍﻃﻦ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔ ﹰﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﺨﻠﻮﻗـﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺗﻮ ﱢﻓ ﹸﺮ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻟﺒﻄﺮﻳﻖ ﻻ ﹸ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺮﺍ ﹶﺀ ﻣﻮﻃ ﹰﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻼﺋﻤـﺎ ﹸﻟﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺎ ﱠﻓﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥﱠ ﱠ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼ ﱠﺒ ﹶ‬ ‫ﹰ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻣﻼﺋﻤﺎ ﻟﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﻣﻮﻃ ﹰﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﺠﺪ ﺑﺮﻛ ﹶﺔ‬ ‫ﻻ ﹸ‬ ‫ﹰ‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪      ‬‬ ‫‪    ‬‬ ‫‪   ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪  ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬

‫‪    ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪   ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪   ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪  ‬‬ ‫‪    ‬‬ ‫‪   ‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫‪   ‬‬

‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪  ‬‬

‫‪      ‬‬ ‫‪  ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪   ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﹺ ﹾﺮ ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴ ﹺﺔ ﺷـﺄﻧﹸﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻛـﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻃـﻦ ﻟﻜﺜﻴـ ﹴﺮ ﹶ‬ ‫ﹲ‬ ‫ﻣـﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻠﻮﻗـﺎﺕ ﱠ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﻃـﻦ‪ .‬ﱡ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺣـﻲ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻳﻨﺘﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻴـﻊ‬ ‫ﺷـﺄﻥ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻭﻛﻞ ﻣﺨﻠﻮﻕ ﱟ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻠﻮﻗـﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻴ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻭﺟﻤﻴـﻊ‬ ‫ـﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺇﻟـﻰ ﻧـﻮ ﹴﻉ ﻣـﻦ ﺃﻧـﻮﺍﻉﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ ﺍﻟ ﱠﺘـﻲ ﹸ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺌﻲ ﺗﺴـﻤﻰ‬ ‫ﺃﻓـﺮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟ ﱠﻨـﻮﻉﹺ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻴﺶ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻈﺎ ﹴﻡ ﱟ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﺍ ﱠﻟﺘﻲ ﹸ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻴﺶ‬ ‫ﺯﻧﺎﺑـﻖ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﺎﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳ ﹶﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻤﺎﻋـ ﹶﺔ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﹴ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻀﻔﺎﺩﻉﹺ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﻛﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺟﻤﺎﻋﺔ ﱠ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴـﻮﻱ ﻓﻴﺘﻜـﻮﻥ ﻣـﻦ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﺎﻋـﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤـﻊ‬ ‫ﱠﺃﻣـﺎ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﺘﻤـﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻝ ﻓـﻲ‬ ‫ﻫـﻮ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻈـﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌـﻲ ﻛﻤﺎ ﹶ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺳـﻤﺎﻙ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻀﻔﺎﺩﻉ‪ ،‬ﻭﺟﻤﺎﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻜﻮ ﹸﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻤﺎﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﺍ ﱠﻟﺬﻱ ﱠ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺸﺮﺍﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺰﻧﺎﺑﻖ ﻭﺟﻤﺎﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺟﻤﺎﻋﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺪﹶ ￯ ﺗﻮﺍ ﹸﻓ ﹺﺮ ﺃﺷـﻴﺎ ﹶﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﺣﺠﻢ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﱢ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺄﻭ￯ ﱠ‬ ‫ﻮﺀ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﺬﺍ ﻓﺈﻥﱠ‬ ‫ﺣﺠﻢ‬ ‫ﻋﺪﻳﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻌﺎﻡ ﱠ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻄ ﹸ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻀ ﹸ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺭ ﹺﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺮ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻃﺒـﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﺎﺕ ﻓـﻲ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺣﺠـﻢ‬ ‫ﻳﻔﻮﻕ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺒﻴ ﹺﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺎ ﱠﻓ ﹺﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫‪  ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ﻳﻬﺘﻤ ﹶ‬ ‫ﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴ ﹶﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﺪﺭﺱ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪﹶ ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻓﺈﻧﻬﻢ ﱡ‬ ‫ﹾ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻷﻧﻈﻤ ﹶﺔ ﱠ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳ ﹺﺔ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌـﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻤﺎﻋـﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﺭﺍﺳـﺔ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﺃﻱ ﺗﻐﻴﻴ ﹴﺮ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻣـﻦ ﺩﺭﺍﺳـﺎﺗﹺﻬﻢ ﺇﻟـﻰ ﺃﻥﱠ ﱠ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺻ ﹸﻠﻮﺍ ﹾ‬ ‫ﻭﻗـﺪ ﱠ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ـﺮ ﻓـﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻤﺎﻋـﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳـﺔ ﹾ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ ﺃﺣـﺪ ﺃﻓﺮﺍﺩﻫـﺎ ﻳﺆ ﱢﺛ ﹸ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻜﺲ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻣ ﹰﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴـﻮﻱ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟ ﱢﻨﻈﺎ ﹺﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﱢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ ﱠ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﱢ‬ ‫ﺻﺤﻴﺢ‪.‬‬ ‫ﹲ‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪    ‬‬ ‫‪   ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪     ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪  ‬‬ ‫‪   ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪  ‬‬

     

‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘ ﹸﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﻘﻊ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺿﻤﻦ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﱠ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﻮﻳﺔ ﻛﺒﻴﺮﺓ ﹶ‬ ‫ﱡ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺤـﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺮ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻭﻧﺪﺭﺓ‬ ،‫ﺗﺘﻤﻴ ﹸﺰ ﺑﺘﺮﺑﺘﻬـﺎ ﺍﻟﺠﺎ ﱠﻓ ﹺﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﻣﻠﻴﺔ ﺍ ﱠﻟﺘـﻲ ﱠ‬ ‫ﱠ ﱠ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ ﻭﺗﻘ ﱡﻠ ﹺ‬،‫ﺃﻣﻄﺎ ﹺﺭﻫـﺎ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻨـﺎﻙ‬ .‫ﺩﺭﺟـﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺗﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ .‫ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺑﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺒﻴ ﹸﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ‬ ‫ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‬،￯‫ﺣﻴﻮﻳ ﹲﺔ ﺃﺧﺮ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﱠ‬

  

                              

   

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻴﺎﺑﺴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺘﺪ ﹸ‬ ‫ﱡ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﱠ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳـ ﹸﺔ‬ ‫ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘـ ﹸﺔ‬.‫ﺣﻴﻮﻳـ ﹰﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﻮﻧـ ﹰﺔ ﻣﻨﺎﻃـﻖﹶ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﺷﺎﺳـﻌﺔ ﱢ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺻ ﹸﺔ‬ ‫ ﹸﻟﻪ ﻧﺒﺎﺗﺎﺗﹸﻪ ﻭﺣﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺗﹸـﻪ ﻭﺗﺮﺑ ﹸﺘﻪ‬،‫ﻛﺒﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﹲ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺌـﻲ ﹲ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﱞ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﱢ‬ ،‫ﺣـﺮﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻮﺳـﻂ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﻮﻳ ﹴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘـﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻟـﻜﻞ‬ .‫ﺑـﻪ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺻ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺾ‬ ‫ﻭﻣﺘﻮﺳـﻂ‬ ‫ ﹸ‬.‫ـﺎﻥ ﺑﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻫﻄﻮﻝ ﺃﻣﻄﺎ ﹴﺭ ﱠ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺘﺪ ﻋﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺭ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ .‫ﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺟﺪﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳ ﹺﺔ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﹰﺓ ﹰﹼ‬ ‫ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﱡ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﱠ‬

    

                        

  

                   

  



  

      

    

              

       

                             



        

                                                                                                 

‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃـﻖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻴ ﹸـﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﻴـﺮ ﹸﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴ ﹸـﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺼ ﱠﻨ ﹸـﻒ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻧﻈﻤـﺔ ﱠ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻨﻴـﻒ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘـﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳ ﹸـﺔ ﻓﻴﻬـﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔـﺔ ﹾ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ .‫ﺍﻟﻴﺎﺑﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳ ﹺﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ‬ ‫ﱠ‬

‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻔﻬﺎ ﺑﻨﺎ ﹰﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴ ﹸﺔ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻴ ﹸﺔ ﱡ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﱠ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹲ‬ .‫ﺟﺎﺭﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ ﻫﻲ ﺭﺍﻛﺪ ﹲﺓ ﹾ‬ ‫ ﹾ‬،‫ﻣﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎ ﹸﻩ ﻋﺬﺑ ﹰﺔ ﹾﺃﻡ ﻣﺎﻟﺤ ﹰﺔ‬

‫ﱟ‬ ‫ ﻭﺟﻤﻴﻌﻬـﺎ ﻣـﻦ‬،‫ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺘـﻪ‬ ‫ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺼـﻪ ﻭ‬ ‫ﻭﻟـﻜﻞ ﻣﻨﻬـﺎ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﻠﻮﻗﺎﺗـﻪ ﹶ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻠﻴﻠـﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻨﺎ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺳـﺎﺋ ﹺﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻠـﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﻌـﻢﹺ‬

' & % $ # " !‫ ﱫ‬:‫ﺗﻌﺎ ﹶﻟـﻰ‬

‫ﻓﺎﻃﺮ‬

‫ ;<=>?ﱪ‬:

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺤﻴـﺮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒـﺮﻙ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻴ ﹺـﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴ ﹺـﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻧﻈﻤـﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺃﻫـﻢ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﱡ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ .‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻄﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺤﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷﻧﻬﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﻮﻳ ﹲﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ‬ ‫ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻋﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻌﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﹸ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﻮﻳ ﹰﺔ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔ ﹰﺔ ﹾ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ ﹶ‬،‫ﺃﻭ ﻣﺘﺸـﺎﺑﻬ ﹰﺔ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ .‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﻮﻳ ﹴﺔ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﺎﻋﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﺘﻤﻞ ﺑﺪﻭ ﹺﺭﻫﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﱠ‬

  

                                     

            

    

      

                                                                  



                                                                                    

                                                                                                         

    

 

                 

   

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                                                                 

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                     

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   

                   

               

                                                                           

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                                            

  

                                                                                                            

    

  

  

                



                                      

         

‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﻟﻘـﺪ ﹶ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻠﻪ ﺗﻌﺎﻟﻰ ﱢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﺭﺍ ﻳﺆ ﱢﺩﻳﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎ ﹺﻡ‬ ‫ﺟﻌﻞ ﹸ‬ ‫ﺣـﻲ ﹰ‬ ‫ﱢ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﺨﻠﻮﻕ ﱟ‬ ‫ ﹺ‬.‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻠﻮﻗـﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﻫﺘـﻢ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻭﺣﻴﺎﺓ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺎﺗـﻪ‬ ‫ﻻﺳـﺘﻤﺮﺍ ﹺﺭ‬ ‫ﻏﻴـﺮﻩ ﹶ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻠﻮﻗﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍ ﹺﺭ ﺍﻟﺘـﻲ ﺗﺆ ﱢﺩﻳﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻫـﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﺭﺍﺳـﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗـﺎﺕ ﹶ‬

.‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﻱ ﻟﻔﻬﻢﹺ ﺍﻟ ﱢﻨﻈﺎ ﹺﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﱢ‬ ‫ﱢ‬

   ←

      

  ←

 

                 

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻠﻮﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻴ ﹺﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟ ﱢﻨﻈﺎ ﹺﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﹺ ﹺ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﱡ‬ ‫ ﻭﻫﻲ‬،‫ﺠﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﱢ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﻠﻮﻗﺎﺕ ﺣﻴ ﹲﺔ ﺗﹶﺼﻨﻊ ﻏﺬﺍ ﹶﺀﻫﺎ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ .‫ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺲ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﻣﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣ ﹰﺔ ﻃﺎﻗ ﹶﺔ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹲ ﱠ‬

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺃﻫﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﹺ ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺷﺠﺎﺭ‬ ‫ ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ‬،‫ﺍﻟﺨﻀﺮﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺠﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻴﺎﺑﺴﺔ ﺍﻟ ﱠﻨ ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﱡ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮ ﹸ‬ ‫ﺋﻴﺴﺔ ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺤﻴﺮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻄﺎﺕ‬ ‫ ﱠﺃﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ‬.‫ﻭﺍﻷﻋﺸﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﱠ‬ .‫ﺍﻟﻄﺤﺎﻟﺐ‬ ‫ﹸ‬

  ←

     





     

       

  

             

‫‪  ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴ ﹸ‬ ‫ﺻﻨـﻊ ﻏﺬﺍﺋﹺﻬـﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺴـﺘﻄﻴﻊ‬ ‫ـﺔ ﺍ ﱠﻟﺘـﻲ ﻻ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻠﻮﻗـﺎﺕ ﱠ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻣﺴـﺘﻬﻠ ﹴ‬ ‫ﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﻤﻰ‬ ‫ﱠﺪﻳﻴ ﹸ‬ ‫ﻜﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﱡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄ ﹸ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﻔﺴـﻬﺎ ﱠ‬ ‫ﻴﻮﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺜ ﱠ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﺣﻴ ﹴﺔ ﺃﺧﺮ￯‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍ ﱠﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﱡ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺘﻤﺪ ﻃﺎﻗ ﹶﺘﻬﺎ ﹾ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﻣﺨﻠﻮﻗﺎﺕ ﱠ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴـﺘﻬﻠ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍﺀ ﺍ ﱠﻟﺬﻱ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﺒﻌﺎ ﻟﻨﻮﻉﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻜﺎﺕ ﹰ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺗـﺄﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻋﺸـﺎﺏ ﻭﻫـﻲ‬ ‫ﺁﻛﻠـﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻬﻨـﺎﻙ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴـﻪ؛‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺼـﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﹺ ﹺ‬ ‫ﺠﺎﺕ ﹾ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺰﻻﻥ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷﺭﺍﻧﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﺭﺽ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﻂ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﹸ‬

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠـﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻐـﺬ￯ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﺍﻧـﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺑﻌـﺾ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻛـﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴـﺘﻬﻠﻜﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﺴـﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﻘـﻮﺍ ﹺﺭ ﹶﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻨﻬـﺎ ﱠ‬ ‫ﻭﺑﻌﺾ ﱡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﻴﻮ ﹺﺭ‪.‬‬ ‫ﹸ‬

‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﱡ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘـﻂ‬ ‫ﺍﻵﻛﻠـﺔ ﺍﻟ ﱡﻠﺤـﻮ ﹺﻡ ﻭﻣﻨﻬـﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﺍﻧـﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻨـﺎﻙ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻭﺑﻌﺾ ﱡ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺵ‬ ‫ﻭﺳﻤﻚ‬ ‫ﻤﺮ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷﺳـﺪ ﻭﺍﻟ ﱠﻨ ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﻴﻮ ﹺﺭ‪ ،‬ﹶ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﻮﺍﻧـﺎﺕ ﱠ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻋﺸـﺎﺏ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺍﻵﻛﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻐﺬ￯ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﹲ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﺭﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻋﻠﻰ‬

‫‪  ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪    ‬‬ ‫‪          ‬‬ ‫‪   ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪          ‬‬ ‫‪         ‬‬ ‫‪            ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪  ‬‬ ‫‪   ‬‬ ‫‪      ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪  ‬‬ ‫‪  ‬‬ ‫‪    ‬‬

‫‪  ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ﺑﺘﺤﻠﻴـﻞ ﺍﻟﻤـﻮﺍ ﱢﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻴ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺘـﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻠﻮﻗـﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﻌـﺾ‬ ‫ﺗﻘـﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﱢ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻠﻮﻗﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻫـﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﺴـﻤﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗـﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺤﺼـﻮﻝ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤ ﱢﻠ ﹺ‬ ‫ﻼﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻨﻬـﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﱢ ﹸ‬ ‫ﺎﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻳﺪﺍﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﻴﺮﻳـﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳ ﹸ‬ ‫ﹼ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺈﻋـﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤـﻮﺍ ﱢﺩ ﺇﻟـﻰ ﺍﻟ ﱢﻨﻈـﺎ ﹺﻡ‬ ‫ـﻼﺕ‬ ‫ﺗﻘـﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺤ ﱢﻠ ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﱢ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﱢ‬ ‫ﻣﻐﺬ ﹶﻳ ﹰﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺻﻔﻬﺎ ﱠ‬

‫‪   ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫‪ ‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬

‫‪         ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬

‫‪   ‬‬

‫‪  ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪  ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫‪ ‬‬

‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪  ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ﻣﺨﻠﻮﻕ ﺣﻲ ﻳﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﹴ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﱡ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺪ‬ ‫ﻟﻴﻌﻴﺶ‬ ‫ﻃﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﻨﻤﻮ‪ .‬ﹾ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﱟ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻠﻪ ﺗﻌﺎ ﹶﻟﻰ ﱢ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﻣﺼﺪﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﻠﻮﻕ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺟﻌﻞ ﹸ‬ ‫ﹰ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻳﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻗﺎﻝ ﺗﻌﺎﻟﻰ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﹸ‬

‫‪  ‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪  ‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻜﺒﻮﺕ‬

‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻄ ﹸ‬ ‫ﻤﺲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ‬ ‫ﺎﻗﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟ ﱢﻨﻈﺎ ﹺﻡ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻣﺼﺪﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﱠ ﹸ‬ ‫ﱢ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟـﻮﺍﺭﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼـﻮ ﹺﺭ‬ ‫ﺃﻧﻈـﺮ ﺇﻟـﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﺍﻧـﺎﺕ ﻓـﻲ ﱡ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﺃﺧـﺬ ﱠ‬ ‫ﺍﻟـﺪ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹲ‬ ‫ﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﺴـﺘﻄﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﻮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺲ ﹾ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺭﺱ‪ .‬ﹶ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄ ﹺ‬ ‫ﻣﺼﺪﺭ ﱠ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸ ﹺ‬ ‫ﺎﻗﺔ ﺍ ﱠﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ـﻤﺲ‬ ‫ـﻤﺲ؛ ﱠ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﱠ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺎﺷـﺮ ﹰﺓ ﹶ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻟﺸ ﹸ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻬﻠﻜﺎﺕ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﺗﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺗﺨﺘﺰﻥ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻨﻬـﺎ ﺇﻟـﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺤ ﱢﻠ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﺘﻘـﻞ ﱠ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗـﺔﹸ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻭﺑﺬﻟـﻚ‬ ‫ـﻼﺕ‪،‬‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍﺋﻴ ﹶﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺴﻠ ﹶﺔ‬ ‫ﺁﺧﺮ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﱢ‬ ‫ﻧﺴﻤﻴﻪ ﱢ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﻠﻮﻕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﹶ‬ ‫ﱠ‬

‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪  ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻷﻋﺸﺎﺏ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻴﺎﺑﺴﺔ ﻋﺎﺩ ﹰﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍﺋﻴ ﹸﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻠﺴـﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴ‬ ‫ﺗﺒﺪﺃ ﱢ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻓﻨﺒﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻀـﺮﺍﺀ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺒﺎﺗـﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷﺷـﺠﺎ ﹺﺭ ﻭﻏﻴ ﹺﺮﻫـﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟ ﱠﻨ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﱠ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴـﺮﻋﻮﻑ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺘﺞ‪ .‬ﱠﺃﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸـﻮﻙ ﻓﻲ ﹼ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻭﺭﺓ ﹲ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻜﺎﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﺠﻤﻴﻌﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻮﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺤﻠﻴ ﹸﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻬﻠ ﹲ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﱢ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺴ ﱠ‬

‫‪ ‬‬

‫‪   ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﻮﺕ ﹺ‬ ‫ﻼﺕ‬ ‫ﻜﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﻭﻋﻨﺪﹶ ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻘـﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺤ ﱢﻠ ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴـﺘﻬﻠ ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺑﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺃﻧﺴـﺠﺘﹺﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻴ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳـﻴ ﹴﺔ ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤ ﹸﻠﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺘﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﱠ‬ ‫ﱢ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﺟﺪﻳﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴ ﹸﺔ ﹾ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻠﻮﻗﺎﺕ ﱠ‬

‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪  ‬‬ ‫‪     ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪   ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪  ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍﺋﻴ ﹶﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺴـﻠ ﹶﺔ‬ ‫ﻠﺴـﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍﺋﻴ ﹸﺔ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻛﺔ ﱢ‬ ‫ﺗﺸـﺒﻪ ﱢ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺤﺎﻟـﺐ ﻭﺍﻟ ﱠﻨ ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻴﺎﺑﺴـﺔ؛ ﺇ ﹾﺫ ﹸ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺗﺒﺪﺃ ﱠ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻀﺮﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻄ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸ ﹺ‬ ‫ﻮﺋﻲ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴ ﹺﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﺲ‬ ‫ﺍ ﱠﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻠﺘﻘﻂ ﻃﺎﻗ ﹶﺔ ﱠ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﱠ‬ ‫ﺧﻼﻝ ﱠ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻀ ﱢ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴ ﱠﻜ ﹶﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺧﻼﻳﺎﻫﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺗﺨﺰﻥ ﱡ‬

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺸﺮﺍﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﱠ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﺴﺘﻔﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺤﺎﻟﺐ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻐﺬ￯‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺰﻭﻥ ﻓـﻲ ﺧﻼﻳﺎﻫﻤـﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴـﻜ ﹺﺮ‬

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﻇﺎﺋﻒ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﻴﺎ ﹺﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﺛﺮ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛـﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﺨﺰﻥ ﺟﺰ ﹰﺀﺍ ﹶ‬ ‫ﱡ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺃﺟﺴﺎﻣﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺃﻧﺴﺠﺔ ﻭﺧﻼ ﹶﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻐﺬ￯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﹲ‬ ‫ﺃﺳـﻤﺎﻙ ﱠ‬ ‫ﻓﺘﺴﺘﻔﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺸﺮﺍﺕ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ‬ ‫ﹸ‬

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﺼﻄﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺃﺟﺴـﺎﻣﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺰﻧﺔ ﻓـﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗـﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺬﻟـﻚ ﻣـﻦ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺰﻳﻦ ‪ -‬ﹺ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻄﻴﻮ ﹺﺭ ‪ -‬ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﹲ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺳـﻤﺎﻙ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ‬

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻳﺤـﺪﺙ ﻟﻠ ﱠﻨ ﹺ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﻮﺕ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﺍﻧـﺎﺕ ﻋﻨﺪﹶ ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ ﹶﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻛﺔ؟‬

‫‪   ‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬

‫‪   ‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪    ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪  ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪   ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪  ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪     ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪  ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪  ‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪  ‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻄ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ ﹴ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﹼ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪ ﺳـﻼﺳﻞ ﹸ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﻏﺬﺍﺀ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺎﻗﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻛﻴﻔﻴ ﹺﺔ‬ ‫ﺟـﻴﺪﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐـﺬﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻮﺫﺟـﺎ ﹰ‬ ‫ﱡ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﹰ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴـﻞ ﱠ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄ ﹺ‬ ‫ﻟﻨﻘﻞ ﹼ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴ ﹺﺔ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺳﻼﺳـﻞ ﹸ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺍ ﹺ‬ ‫ﺎﻗـﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺴـﺎﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻳﺒﻴ ﹸﻦ‬ ‫ﻫـﺬﺍ‬ ‫ﹰ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﹰ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻤـﻮﺫﺝ ﱢ‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﱠ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﹲ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎ ﺍﻟﺸـﺒﻜ ﹸﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍﺋﻴ ﹸﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺪﺍﺧﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺪﺍﺧﻠـﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻏـﺬﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﹾ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺳـﻞ ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍﺋﻴـﺔ ﹰ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﻮﺿﺢ ﹰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻠﻮﻗﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ‬ ‫ﺃﻳﻀﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎ ﹺﻡ‬ ‫ﺳﻼﺳﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺍﺑﻂ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺿﺢ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﱢ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍﺋﻴ ﹺﺔ ﺑﻴ ﹶﻨﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺣﺴﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﱠ‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻫـﻮ ﹸ‬ ‫ﱢ‬ ‫ﺁﻛﻞ ﺍﻟ ﱡﻠﺤﻮ ﹺﻡ ﺍ ﱠﻟﺬﻱ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺮﻳﺴـﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺘﺮﺱ‬ ‫ﺑﻴـﻦ‬ ‫ﺷـﺒﻜﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺿ ﹸـﺢ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗ ﹶﺔ ﹶ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺘﺮﺱ ﹶ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻳﺴـﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻬﻮ‬ ‫ﺗﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻠﻮﻕ‬ ‫ﻃﻌﺎﻣـﻪ‪ .‬ﹼﺃﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻳﺼﻄـﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﺻﻄﻴﺎﺩﻩ ﹶ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻲ ﺍ ﱠﻟﺬﻱ ﱠ‬ ‫ﱡ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺨﻠﻮﻗﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴ ﹸﺔ ﻣﻔﺘﺮﺳـ ﹰﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍﺋﻴ ﹺﺔ‬ ‫ـﺒﻜﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸ‬ ‫ﻓـﻲ ﻣﻌﻈﻢﹺ ﱠ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻠﻮﻗﺎﺕ ﱠ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺨﻠﻮﻗﺎﺕ ﺃﺧﺮ￯‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﱢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻄ ﹸﻂ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﻳﻮﺿ ﹸﺢ‬ ‫ﻭﻓﺮﻳﺴ ﹰﺔ‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪       ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪   ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ﻨﺎﻓﺲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟ ﱠﺘ ﹸ‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻗﻌﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻲ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻠﻮﻕ‬ ‫ﻳﺄﺧﺬ‬ ‫ﻗﺪ‬ ‫ﹾ‬ ‫ﹰ‬ ‫ﱡ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻏﺬﺍﺋﻴ ﹴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﻳﺤﺪﺙ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﹶ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴ ﹺﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻠﻮﻗﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﻨﺎﻓﺲ‪،‬‬ ‫ﹲ‬ ‫ﺻﺮﺍﻉ ﹶ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﺍﻟ ﱠﺘ ﹸ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﻭﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎﺗﹺﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﺧﺮ￯‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﻌﺎ ﹺﻡ‬ ‫ﹺ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍﺋﻴ ﹺﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺒﻜﺔ‬ ‫ﺁﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﺃﻋﺸـﺎﺏ ﻓﻲ ﱠ‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﹸ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐـﺰﺍﻝ ﱡ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷﺭﻧـﺐ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻘﺮﺓﹸ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺄﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴـﺮ ﹸﺓ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻴﻮﺭ ﱠ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻄ ﹸ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻳﺤـﺪﺙ ﺇﺫﺍ ﱠ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴ ﹸ‬ ‫ـﺔ‬ ‫ﻫـﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﻐـﺬﺕ‬ ‫ﻣـﺎﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻠﻮﻗـﺎﺕ ﱠ‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺴ ﹺ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﺕ ﹺ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻴﻌﻬـﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟ ﱠﻨ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻴﻌﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺲ‬ ‫ـﻪ؟‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺳـﻮﻑ ﺗﺘﻨﺎ ﹶﻓ ﹸ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻵﺧﺮ؛‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻮﺕ‬ ‫ﺃﺣﺪﻫﺎ ﺑﻴ ﹶﻨﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺪ‬ ‫ﻋﻠـﻰ‬ ‫ﻳﺴـﺘﻔﻴﺪ ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍﺀ‪ ،‬ﹾ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺇ ﱠ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻐﺬﺍﺀ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺁﺧﺮ‬ ‫ﻻ ﺇﺫﺍ ﹶﻭﺟﺪﹶ‬ ‫ﹲ‬ ‫ﻣﺼﺪﺭ ﹸ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﺍﻧـﺎﺕ ﹾ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﻂ‪ ،‬ﹾ‬ ‫ﺑﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺼﻮﺭﺍ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﻴـﺲ‬ ‫ﹰ‬ ‫ﻨﺎﻓـﺲ ﹶ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟ ﱠﺘ ﹸ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ ﺍﻷﺷـﺠﺎ ﹺﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴـﺮ ﹸﺓ‬ ‫ـﺲ ﺍﻟ ﱠﻨ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﺗـﺎﺕ ﱠ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷﺯﻫـﺎﺭ ﹶ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻨﺎ ﹶﻓ ﹸ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹼ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸ ﹺ‬ ‫ـﻤﺲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺑـﺔ‬ ‫ﻮﻳﻠـﺔ ﻓـﻲ‬ ‫ﺃﺷـﻌ ﹺﺔ ﱠ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺤﺼـﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﱠ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻐﺬ ﹺ‬ ‫ﱢ‬ ‫ﻳﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍ ﱢﺩ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪﺓ؛‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻓﺮﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺪ‬ ‫ﹾ‬ ‫ﻨﺎﻓﺲ ﹶ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟ ﱠﺘ ﹸ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﺣﺪﻳﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺎﻓﻴ ﹺﺮ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺲ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﺪ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹾ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﺎﻫﺪ ﺗﻨﺎ ﹸﻓ ﹶ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟ ﱠﻨ ﹺ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺛﻤﺎ ﹺﺭ ﹺ‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻊ ﱢ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﻭ ﹸﺑﺬﻭ ﹺﺭﻫﺎ‪ .‬ﹶ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟ ﱠﺘ ﹺ‬ ‫ﻨﺎﻓﺲ ﻓﺈﻥﱠ‬ ‫ﺷﺒﻜﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴ ﹺﺔ ﹲ‬ ‫ﺟﺰﺀ ﹾ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻠﻮﻗﺎﺕ ﱠ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﺿﺨﻤﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻏﺬﺍﺋﻴ ﹴﺔ‬ ‫ﱠ‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪     ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ﺒﺎﺗـﺎﺕ ﱠ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸ ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄ ﹶ‬ ‫ـﻤﺲ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺘـﺺ ﺍﻟ ﱠﻨ‬ ‫ﺃﺷـﻌ ﹺﺔ ﱠ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺎﻗـﺔ ﹾ‬ ‫ﱡ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﱠ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄ ﹺ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﻴ ﹸﺔ ﱠ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺃﺣﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ؟‬ ‫ﺎﻗﺔ ﺍ ﱠﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺃﻛﻠﺖ ﻧﺒﺎﺗﹰﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﻤﺎ ﱠ‬

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻳﺤﺼـﻞ ﻋﻠﻴﻬـﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗـﺔ ﺍﻟﺘـﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﻴـﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺪﻳـﺮ‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜـﻦ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺳـﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻧﻤـﻮﺫﺝ ﻫـﺮ ﹺﻡ ﱠ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤـﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻠـﻮﻕ‬ ‫ﱡ‬ ‫ﻳﻮﺿـﺢ ﻛﻤﻴـ ﹶﺔ ﺍﻟ ﱠﻄ ﹺ‬ ‫ﺎﻗـﺔ ﻓـﻲ ﱢ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟـﺬﻱ ﱢ ﹸ ﱢ ﱠ‬ ‫ﻣﺴـﺘﻮ￯ ﹾ‬ ‫ﹰ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍﺀ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﻟﻤﻨﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺋﻤـﺎ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺘﺠـﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺷـﺒﻜﺔ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﹰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄ ﹺ‬ ‫ﺗﺴـﺘﻌﻤﻞ ‪ ٩‬ﱠ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺎﻗـﺔ ﺍ ﱠﻟﺘـﻲ ﺗﻨﺘﺠﻬﺎ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺣﻴـﺚ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻬـﺮﻡﹺ؛‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫‪١٠‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄ ﹺ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﺨـﺰﻥ ‪ ١‬ﱠ‬ ‫ﺎﻗﺔ ﻓـﻲ ﺧﻼﻳﺎﻫـﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻨﺪﹶ ﻣﺎ ﱠ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻐﺬ￯‬ ‫‪١٠‬‬ ‫ﻳﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﹴ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺁﻛﻞ ﺍﻟ ﱠﻨ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺟﺰﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﻓﺈﻧ ﹸﱠﻪ‬ ‫ﺒـﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫‪١‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺰ ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄ ﹺ‬ ‫ﺻﻐﻴـ ﹴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﱠ‬ ‫ﻧـﺔ ﹾ‬ ‫ﻓﻘـﻂ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺎﻗـﺔ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫‪١٠‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻄ ﹺ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸ ﹺ‬ ‫ﻤﺲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﱠ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻴ ﹺﺔ ﹶ‬ ‫ﱠ‬

‫‪  ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻬﻠﻜﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﹲ‬

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴ ﹺﺔ ﻓﻲ ﱢ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﺺ ﹸ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﺘﻨﺎ ﹶﻗ ﹸ‬ ‫ﻣﺴـﺘﻮ￯ ﹾ‬ ‫ﹰ‬ ‫ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻠﻮﻗﺎﺕ ﱠ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄ ﹺ‬ ‫ﻫﺮ ﹺﻡ ﱠ‬ ‫ﺎﻗﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻄ ﹺ‬ ‫ﻣﺴـﺘﻮ￯ ‪ ٩‬ﱠ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻲ ﻓﻲ ﱢ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﻳﺴـﺘﻬﻠﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻠﻮﻕ ﱡ‬ ‫ﹰ ‪١٠‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄ ﹺ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﻨﻘـﻞ ‪ ١‬ﻛﻤﻴ ﹺ‬ ‫ـﺔ ﱠ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺎﻗـﺔ ﺇﻟـﻰ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬـﺎ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘـﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﺤﺼـﻞ ﹶ‬ ‫ﹸ ‪ ١٠‬ﱢ ﱠ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴـﺘﻮ￯ ﺍ ﱠﻟﺬﻱ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻤ ﱠﻴ ﹺـﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﻠﻴﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﹶ‬ ‫ﻭﺑﺴـﺒﺐ ﻫﺬﻩ ﱢ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﺎﻗـﺔ ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻘـﺎﺀ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘـﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻠﻮﻗـﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻋـﺪﺩ‬ ‫ﻳﻘـﻞ ﹸ‬

‫ﺗﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﱢ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻛﻤ ﱠﻴ ﹴﺔ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻗﻤ ﹺﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﺮ ﹺﻡ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺃﻗﻞ ﱢ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻟﻤﺨﻠﻮﻗﺎﺕ ﻓـﻲ ﱠ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄ ﹺ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﱠ ﹺ‬ ‫ﻤﺲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺪ ﹺﺓ ﹶ‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪   ‬‬ ‫‪  ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪  ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪  ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪  ‬‬ ‫‪     ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪      ‬‬ ‫‪  ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬

‫ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﹲ‬

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺲ ﻟﺪﻳﻬﺎ ﹲ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻋﺸﺎﺏ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺁﻛﻼﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﹾ‬ ‫ﺁﻛﻼﺕ ﺍﻟ ﱡﻠﺤﻮ ﹺﻡ ﹶ‬ ‫ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﹸ‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

                                                                                                

     

                                                                                            

                                

                                      

øØdGh Ωƒ∏©dG o t

     

              



äÉ ôdGh o «°VÉj o s u Ωƒ∏©dG

                                                                            

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   

       

         

                                





   

                

                        •    •    •

    

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪      ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫←‪ ‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪         ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪     ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫←‬

‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴ ﹶﺔ؛‬ ‫ﻇﻮﺍﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷﻣﻄﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷﻋﺎﺻﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺮﺍﻛﻴـﻦ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻴ ﹲﺔ ﱢ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻴ ﹸـﺮ ﺍﻷﻧﻈﻤ ﹶﺔ ﱠ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺮﺍﻛﻴـﻦ ﻭﺍﺩﻳـﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺮ ﹺ‬ ‫ﻓﻘـﺪ ﺗﻤ ﹸ‬ ‫ـﻮﺍﻃﺊ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸ‬ ‫ﻭﻗـﺪ ﻳﺪ ﱢﻣ ﹸﺮ‬ ‫ﻸ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻋﺼﺎﺭ ﱠ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺩ‪ ،‬ﹾ‬ ‫ﹾ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﹰ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻋﺪﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺰﻻﻗﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺜﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﻫﻄﻮﻝ ﺍﻷﻣﻄﺎ ﹺﺭ‬ ‫ﻳﺴـﺒ ﹸﺐ‬ ‫ﹾ‬ ‫ﺃﺭﺿﻴ ﹰﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺆ ﱢﺩﻱ ﹸ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﱢ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻔﺎﻑ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻫﻄﻮﻝ ﺍﻷﻣﻄﺎ ﹺﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫←‪  ‬‬

‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻐﻴ ﹺﺮ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻐﻴ ﹸﺮ‪ ،‬ﺇﻻ ﺃﻧﱠﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺒـﺪﻭ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴ ﹸﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻮﻟﻨﺎ ﻭﻛﺄﻧﱠﻬﺎ ﻻ ﱠ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﱠ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺋﻤﺔ ﺍﻟ ﱠﺘ ﱡ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﻳﺤﺪﺙ‬ ‫ﻭﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﺎﺟـﺊ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﺸـﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺪﺙ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺾ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﺳـﺮﻳﻊ ﹾ‬ ‫ﺗﻬﺪﺩ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟ ﱠﺘﻐﻴ ﹺ‬ ‫ﺮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﺒﻂﺀ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺼﺐ ﻋﻠﻴﻨﺎ ﻣﻼﺣﻈ ﹸﺘﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﹾ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﱡ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ؟‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻴ ﹶﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﱢ‬ ‫ﺑﻘﺎ ﹶﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻠﻮﻗﺎﺕ ﱠ‬ ‫ﻳﺴﺒ ﹸﺐ ﱡ‬

‫‪ ‬‬

‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﻭﻧﺘﻴﺠـ ﹰﺔ ﻟﻬﺬﻩ ﺍﻟ ﱠﺘﻐﻴ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺯﻣﻨﻴ ﹴﺔ‬ ‫ﻈﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻳﺤﺘـﺎﺝ ﺍﻟ ﱢﻨ ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻓﺘﺮﺍﺕ ﱠ‬ ‫ﱡ‬ ‫ﱡ‬

‫ﻭﺿﻌ ﹸﻪ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺴﺘﻌﻴﺪﹶ‬ ‫ﹶ‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪      ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪   ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬

‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪  ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫‪ ‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪  ‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴ ﹸ‬ ‫ـﺔ ﹰ‬ ‫ـﺮ ﺍﻷﻧﻈﻤ ﹶﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻳﻀـﺎ ﹾ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻗﺪ ﱢ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻴ ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻠﻮﻗـﺎﺕ ﱠ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴ ﹶـﺔ‪ .‬ﹰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺮﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺃﺳـﺮﺍﺏ‬ ‫ﺗﻬﺎﺟﻢ‬ ‫ﻓﻤﺜﻼ ﻋﻨﺪﹶ ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﺘـﺮﻙ ﱠ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﺗـﺎﺕ ﻓﺈﻧﱠﻬـﺎ ﺗﻘﻀـﻲ ﻋﻠﻴﻬـﺎ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟ ﱠﻨ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌـﻲ ﹶ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴـﻮﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟ ﱢﻨﻈـﺎ ﹺﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤـﻊ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﱢ‬ ‫ﱢ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﻏﺬﺍﺀ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻠﻮﻗـﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻴ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﻴﺪﺍ‬ ‫ـﺔ ﻗﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﻌـﺾ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻳﻜـﻮﻥ ﹰ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﻤﺎﺳـﻴﺢ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﺤـﺮ ﹸﻙ ﺍﻟ ﱠﺘ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌـﻲ؛ ﻓﻌﻨﺪﻣـﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻠ ﱢﻨﻈـﺎ ﹺﻡ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﱢ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﺮ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸﺤﺪﺙ ﻣﻤﺮ ﹴ‬ ‫ﻃﺒﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﺣﻔـﺮﺍ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺗ ﹸ‬ ‫ﹰ‬ ‫ﹺ ﱠ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﻭﻗـﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻤـﺎﺀ‪ .‬ﻭﻓـﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺘﻠـﺊ‬ ‫ﺳـﺮﻋﺎﻥ ﻣـﺎ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﺰ ﹸﻥ ﻓﻲ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻔـﺎﻑ ﹸ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﻔ ﹺﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﻳﻨﻘﺬ ﹸ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﻭﺣﻴﻮﺍﻧـﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺠـﻮﺍﺕ ﺣﻴـﺎ ﹶﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺎﺳـﻴﺢﹺ‬

‫‪   ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬

‫ﺃﺧﺮ￯‪.‬‬ ‫ﹶ‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪     ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪         ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬

‫‪     ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫‪         ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪   ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪  ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻃﺮ‬

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺷـﺄﻥ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻳﻐﻴ ﹸﺮ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺷـﺄﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﱢ‬ ‫ﺑﻘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻠﻮﻗﺎﺕ ﱠ‬ ‫ﹸ ﱠ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻄﺔ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺿﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴ ﹺﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‪ .‬ﹸ‬ ‫ﻐﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﱞ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﱠ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺾ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟ ﱠﺘ ﱡ‬ ‫ﻭﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﻣﻔﻴﺪﹲ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﹸ‬

‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﻷﺷﺠﺎﺭ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺛﺎﺙ‬ ‫ﻭﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻮﺕ‬ ‫ﻟﺒﻨﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻳﻘﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻭﺑﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻷﺷـﺠﺎ ﹺﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺧﺮ￯‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋـﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻣـﻦ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻭﻏﻴ ﹺﺮﻫـﺎ ﹶ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻠﻮﻗﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺍﻃـﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻧﺴـﺎﻥ ﻋ ﹶﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻳﻘﻀﻲ‬

‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪     ‬‬ ‫‪    ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪   ‬‬ ‫‪  ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪   ‬‬ ‫‪     ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪     ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪      ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪  ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪  ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪  ‬‬

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻭﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻏﺬﺍﺋﹺﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺑﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺪ ﱢﻣ ﹸﺮ ﻣﺴﺎﻛ ﹶﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻴﺶ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﹶ‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻠﻌﻤـﻞ‪ .‬ﻭﻛ ﱠﻠﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻌﻴـﺶ‬ ‫ﺃﻣﺎﻛﻦ‬ ‫ـﺎﺱ ﺇﻟـﻰ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻳﺤﺘـﺎﺝ ﺍﻟ ﱠﻨ ﹸ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟ ﱠﻨ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺟﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩ ﹺﺭ ﺍ ﱠﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺯﺩﺍﺩﺕ‬ ‫ـﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﺍﺯﺩﺍ ﹶﺩ ﹸ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤـﻜﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﺼﺒﺢ‬ ‫ﻳﺴـﺘﻌﻤﻠﻮﻧﹶﻬﺎ‪،‬‬ ‫ﹸ‬

‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﻛﺒﻴـﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟ ﱠﻨ ﹺ‬ ‫ﺻﻌﺒـﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﹸ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺎﺱ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﻴﺶ ﹲ‬ ‫ﹰ‬ ‫ﻋﺪﺩ ﹲ‬ ‫ﻣﺤـﺪ ﹴ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﹸ‬ ‫ﹰ‬ ‫ﺍﻛﺘﻈﺎﻇﺎ ﱠ‬ ‫ﻳﻘﺎﻝ ﺇﻥﱠ‬ ‫ﻳﺤﺪﺙ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺪ‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﺎﻧﻴﺎ‪ .‬ﹾ‬ ‫ﺳـﻜ ﹰﹼ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴ ﹺﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻊ ﱢ‬ ‫ﺃﻱ ﻧﻮ ﹴﻉ ﹶ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﺍ ﹶ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻠﻮﻗﺎﺕ ﱠ‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪     ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫‪   ‬‬

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺒﻌﺜﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴـﻴ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺗﻠﻮ ﹸﺙ‬ ‫ـﺎﺣﻨﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﱠ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﻧﻊ ﱢ‬ ‫ﱠ ﱠ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺿـﺎﺭ ﹴﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺃﺷـﻴﺎ ﹶﺀ‬ ‫ﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻬـﻮﺍ ﹶﺀ ﺍ ﱠﻟـﺬﻱ‬ ‫ﻠـﻮ ﹸﺙ ﹶ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺘﻨﺸـﻘ ﹸﻪ‪ .‬ﺍﻟ ﱠﺘ ﱡ‬ ‫ﹺﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻀﻼﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺭﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍﺀ ﺃ ﹺﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﺃ ﹺﻭ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ‪ ،‬ﹾ‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﺃﺷـﻜﺎﻟﻪ ﹸ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺙ ﺃﻥﹾ ﻳﻘﻀﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟ ﱠﻨ ﹺ‬ ‫ﻟﻠ ﱠﺘﻠﻮ ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟ ﱢﻨﻈﺎ ﹺﻡ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﱡ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﱢ‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ ﻣﻦ ﹶ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹾ‬ ‫ﻳﺴﺒ ﹸﺒﻬﺎ ﹸﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟ ﱢﻨﻈﺎ ﹺﻡ‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﻫﻞ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻷﺿﺮﺍ ﹺﺭ ﺍ ﱠﻟﺘﻲ ﱢ‬ ‫ﱢ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﹶ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺎﺭﺍﺗﻬﻢ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺳﻴ‬ ‫ﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻧﺴـﺎﻥ؟‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻚ ﻋﻨﺪﹶ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻘ ﱢﻠ ﹸﻞ ﺍﻟ ﹼﻨ ﹸ‬ ‫ﹾ‬ ‫ﺍﺳـﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﱠ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻳﺴـﺘﻌﻤﻠﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺴـﻴ ﹺ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺜـ ﹶﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻄـﻮﺭﺓﹶ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻋﻨـﺪﹶ‬ ‫ﹾ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﹶ ﱠ ﱠ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻀﻼﺕ ﻟﻠ ﱠﺘﺨ ﱡﻠ ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻀ ﱠﺎﺭ ﹺﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍ ﱢﺩ ﱠ‬ ‫ﺺ ﹶ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻤﻜ ﹸﻨﻨﺎ ﹰ‬ ‫ﻧﺰﺭﻉ‬ ‫ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟ ﱢﻨﻈﺎ ﹺﻡ‬ ‫ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﹸﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﹸ‬ ‫ﱢ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷﻭﺭﺍﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺰﺟﺎﺝﹺ ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻧﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺃﺷـﺠﺎﺭﺍ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓﹰ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﺪﻭﻳ ﹺﺮ ﱡ‬ ‫ﹰ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﱢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻬﻼﻙ‬ ‫ﻭﻧﺮﺷ ﹸﺪ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻼﺳﺘﻴﻚ‪،‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪   ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪  ‬‬ ‫‪   ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪    ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬

‫‪    ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪    ‬‬ ‫‪  ‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪     ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪  ‬‬ ‫‪  ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪    ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺳﻠﻮﻙ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻠﻬﺐ‬ ‫ﺃﻟﺴﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻣﺘﺪ ﹾﺕ‬ ‫ﺣﺮﻳﻖ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺪﻟﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﺇ ﹶﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺾ‬ ‫ﺃﺗﺨﻴ ﹸﻞ‬ ‫ﹲ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺭﺃﺳ ﹸﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺑﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻳﻖ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﺋﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻧﺘﺸﺮﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻷﺷـﺠﺎ ﹺﺭ‪،‬‬ ‫ﹾ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﻳﺤﺮ ﹸﻙ ﹶ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﺰﺍﻝ ﱢ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴ ﹸﺔ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﺪﺧـﻞ‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺴﺘﻨﺸـﻖﹶ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍ ﹶﺀ‪،‬‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺑـﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺻﺮﺍ ﹴﻉ ﹾ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻠﻮﻗﺎﺕ ﱠ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ؟‬ ‫ﻗﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻘﺎﺀ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺃﺟﻞ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻓﻜﻴﻒ ﺗﺒﻘﻰ ﺍﻟ ﱠﻨ ﹸ‬

‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻠﻮﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭ ﹶﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍ ﹺﺭ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﺒﻌﺾ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﺐ ﹸ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺀﻣ ﹸﺔ ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺳـﻠﻮﻛﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺴـﺎﻛﻨﹺﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻴ ﹸﺮ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻈـﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ؛ ﹾ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻐﻴ ﹸـﺮ ﺍﻟ ﱢﻨ ﹸ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﺪ ﱢ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﱡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺩﺙ ﻓﻲ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺌﺘﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻐﻴ ﹺﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﺍﻥ ﻟﻠ ﱠﺘ ﱡ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻳﻀﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺋﻖ‬ ‫ﺗﺪﻣـﺮ‬ ‫ﻏﺎﻟﺒـﺎ ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﺋﻴﺲ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺑﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﱠ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮ ﹶ‬ ‫ﹰ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻣﺼﺪﺭ ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍﺀ ﱠ‬ ‫ﱡ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﺪ ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﺗﺄﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ‪ -‬ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻌـﺾ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﻏﺬﺍﺋﻪ؛ ﹾ‬ ‫ﻳﻐﻴ ﹶﺮ ﹶ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﺰﻻﻥ‪ -‬ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥﹾ ﱢ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻟﺤﺎ ﹶﺀ ﺍﻷﺷﺠﺎ ﹺﺭ ﹶ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺍﻕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﹾ‬ ‫ﻧﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﹾ‬ ‫ﻗﺪ ﻳ ﱠﺘ ﹺﺨ ﹸﺬ ﹾ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻣﺴﻜ ﹰﻨﺎ ﹸﻟﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﱠ‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴ ﹺﺔ ﻗﺎﺩﺭ ﹰﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺴـﺖ‬ ‫ﹾ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻠﻮﻗـﺎﺕ ﱠ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴ ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ؛ ﻟﺬﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ‬ ‫ـﺮﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻼﺅﹸ ﹺﻡ ﹶ‬ ‫ﱡ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺴـﻜﻨﻪ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﻐﻴﻴ ﹺﺮ‬ ‫ﻳﻠﺠﺄ ﹸ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﹾ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﻣﺴـﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﻭﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻐـﺬﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﺟﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺼـﺪ ﹴﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﹾ‬

‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‪.‬‬

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻌـﺾ ﺃﻥﱠ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺋﻖ‬ ‫ﺣﺪﻭﺙ‬ ‫ﻳﺴـﺘـﻐﺮﺏ‬ ‫ﻗـﺪ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻤﺨﻠﻮﻗﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻐﺎﺑـﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﻴـﺪﺍ‬ ‫ﻳﻜـﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﺣﻴﺎﻧﹰـﺎ‬ ‫ﹰ‬

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﺍﻧـﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﻌـﺾ‬ ‫ﻳﺠﺒـﺮ‬ ‫ﻓﻬﻮ‬ ‫ﺃﺧـﺮ￯؛ ﹶ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮ ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴ ﹸﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺒ ﱢﻘ ﹸﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﺘﺤﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﻞ‪،‬‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻠﻮﻗﺎﺕ ﱠ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺘﺎﺝ‬ ‫ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎﺗﻬﺎ ﺑﻮﻓـﺮﺓ ﻓﻼ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟ ﱠﺘ ﹺ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻘﺎﺀ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺃﺟﻞ‬ ‫ﻨﺎﻓﺲ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﻴ ﹶﻨﻬﺎ ﹾ‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪    ‬‬ ‫‪  ‬‬ ‫‪    ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ﻣـﻊ ﺗﻐﻴ ﹺ‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻟـﻢ ﺗﺘﻜﻴ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻠﻮﻗـﺎﺕ‬ ‫ـﻒ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹾ ﱠ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴـﺔ ﹶ ﱡ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹾ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺣﺎﺟﺎﺗﹺﻬﺎ ﻣـﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺌﺎﺗﹺﻬـﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟـﻢ‬

‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﺗﻤـﻮﺕ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻓﺴـﻮﻑ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤـﺄﻭ￯‬ ‫ﻣـﻦ ﺍﻷﻧﻮﺍﻉﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﺼﺒﺢ ﹶ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻴﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻋـﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺫﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻧـﻮﺍﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻘﺮﺿـﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺔ ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻻﻧﻘﺮﺍﺽ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻬﺪﺩ ﹸﺓ‬ ‫ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﱠ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺌﻲ ﹲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺒﻘﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﱢ‬ ‫ﺃﻱ ﻧﻈﺎ ﹴﻡ ﱟ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻗﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻬـﺪﺩ ﹸﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗـﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻻﻧﻘﺮﺍﺽ ﹾ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ ﻣﺮﻭ ﹺﺭ‬ ‫ﻟﻢ ﹶﺗ ﹾﻠﻖﹶ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﺒـﺢ ﹰ‬ ‫ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻋﺎ ﻣﻨﻘﺮﺿ ﹰﺔ ﹶ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﺇﺫﺍ ﹾ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺕ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺃﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﻮ ﹺﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻤﺎﻳ ﹶﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺒ ﹶﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻫﻮ ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻧﻘﺮﺍﺽ ﹶ‬ ‫ﻛ ﱢﻠﻬﺎ ‪.‬‬

‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴـﻌﻮﺩﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴـﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜـﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺘـﺎﺯﹸ‬ ‫ﺑﺘﻨـﻮﻉﹺ‬ ‫ﱡ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻫـﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻧﻮﺍﻉﹺ ﻣﻬﺪﺩ ﹲﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﺑﻌﺾ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻠﻮﻗـﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﹸ‬

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺼﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻌﺮ ﹺﺿﻪ‬ ‫ﻃﺎﺋﺮ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻻﻧﻘﺮﺍﺽ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺒﺎﺭ￯ ﱡ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ ﺍﻟـﺬﻱ ﹶ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻥ ﻳﻄ ﹶﻠ ﹸﻖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻤـﺮ‬ ‫ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺎﺋـ ﹺﺮ‪،‬‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﱡ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﺼﻴ ﹺ‬ ‫ﺎﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﺳﻢ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﹸ‬ ‫ﱠ‬

‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪   ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪    ‬‬ ‫‪  ‬‬ ‫‪    ‬‬ ‫‪   ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪    ‬‬

‫‪  ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

                                                                                                                                                                                          

     

 

                           

 

                    

 

            



          



 

          

                          



   

   



o Ωƒ∏©dG áHÉàµdGh o

                                                          www.obeikaneducation.com :‫ﺃﺭﺟﻊ ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﹸ‬

   

  

      

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻮﺍﻃﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺌﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺴـﻌﻰ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﹶ‬،‫ﺍﻟﺒﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺤـ ﹺﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴـﻌﻮﺩﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺔ ﺇﻟـﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﻴـﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﱢ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻌﺎﺩﺓ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ .‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺪﻫﻮﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﻃﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ؛‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﺯﺩﻫﺎ ﹺﺭ ﺍﻷﻧﻮﺍﻉﹺ‬

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻭﺧﺼ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺨﺼﺼﻴـﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻴﺢ‬ ‫ﺼـﺖ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺒﺎﺣﺜﻴﻦ ﹶ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺌﺔ ﹰ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻗﻌﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷـﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ ﹸ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺃﻥﹾ ﱠ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﻓﻲ ﱢ‬ ‫ ﻭﻳﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ‬،‫ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﺨﺺ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎ ﹶﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳ ﹶﺔ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ ﹶﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻠﻌﻮﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﱡ‬ ‫ﻳﻄ ﹸ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ ﹰ‬ .‫ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻔﺴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔ ﹶﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺮﺍﺣﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺃﻳﻀﺎ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻭﺃﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﹰ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﻻ‬ ،(‫ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﺋﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻮﻉ‬ ) ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻮﺩﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻮ ﹶﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺃﺗﺼ ﱠﻔ ﹸﺢ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻒ ﱡ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ .‫ﺑﻌﻨﺎﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺃﻗﺮﺅﻩ‬ 











          

             

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      

     

‫‪‬‬

‫‪øY ÖàcC‬‬ ‫‪G‬‬ ‫‪o‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫‪    ‬‬ ‫‪       ‬‬ ‫‪    ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺤﻤﻴـ ﹸﺔ ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻨـﻮﺏ‬ ‫ﺗﻘـﻊ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺟﺒﻞ ﺷـﺪﺍ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ‪ ،‬ﹸ‬ ‫ﹶﻣ ﱠ‬ ‫ﱢ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺮﻋﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻫﻢ ﺃﺷـﺠﺎ ﹺﺭ‬ ‫ﹾ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺔ‪ .‬ﱡ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸـﺠﻴﺮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻱ(‪،‬‬ ‫)ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺘﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﹶ‬ ‫ﱡ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﹸﺓ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺸﺎﺋﺶ‪ .‬ﱠﺃﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷﻋﺸﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﹸ‬

‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺬﺋﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻄ ﹸﻂ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻀﺒﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺮ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﱡ‬ ‫ﻓﺄﻫﻤﻬﺎ ﹸ‬ ‫ﱡ‬ ‫ﱡ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻮ ﹶﺷ ﹸﻖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻌﺎﻟﺐ ﹶ‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬ﺃﺳﺘﺨﺪﹸ ﻡ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺘﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑ ﹶﻘ ﹶﺔ ﹶ‬ ‫ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉﹺ‪.‬‬

‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺺ‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫ﺃﺩﻋـﻢ ﺍﺳـﺘﻨﺘﺎﺟﺎﰐ ﺑﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣـﺎﺕ ﻣـ ﹶﻦ ﱢ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻗﺮﺃﺗﹸﻪ‪.‬‬

‫‪   ‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪  ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬

      

     

             ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﻏﺬﺍﺋﻴ ﹴﺔ‬ ‫ﺷﺒﻜﺔ‬ ‫ﱠ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘ ﹶﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳ ﹶﺔ‬

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺀﻣﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻃﻦ‬ ‫ﹶ‬

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻬﻠﻜﺎﺕ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟ ﱢﻨﻈﺎ ﹶﻡ‬ ‫ﱠ‬

                                                                   

‫ﺳﻠﺴـﻠﺘﺎﻥ ﻏﺬﺍﺋﻴ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹺ‬  ‫ﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳـﻦ‬ ‫ﺃﻛﺜـﺮ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﺸـﺎﺭﻙ‬ ‫ﺘـﺎﻥ ﹾ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﱠ‬

                               

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬  ‫ﺑﻨﻔﺴـﻪ‬ ‫ﻏﺬﺍﺋﻪ‬ ‫ﺻﻨﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻠـﻮﻕ ﺍ ﱠﻟﺬﻱ ﻻ‬ ‫ﻳﺴـﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﹶ‬ ‫ﹸ‬

  

.................................................... . ........................‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻫﻮ ﹾ‬ ‫ﹶ‬

 ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺻ ﹸﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺣﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺗـﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﺒﺎﺗﺎﺗﻪ‬ ‫ﻟـﻪ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ ﹸ‬،‫ﻛﺒﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﹲ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺌـﻲ ﹲ‬ ‫ﻧﻈـﺎﻡ ﱞ‬

                                         

. ........................ ‫ﻳﺴﻤﻰ‬ ‫ﱠ‬

‫ﻳﻌﻴﺶ ﹺ‬  ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ ﺍ ﱠﻟﺬﻱ ﹸ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻠﻮﻕ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻈـﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﱡ‬ ‫ﱡ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ . ................ ‫ﻳﺴﻤﻰ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﺠﺪ ﻓﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎﺗﻪ ﱠ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬  ‫ـﻤﺲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻲ ﺍ ﱠﻟﺬﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻠﻮﻕ‬ ‫ﻳﺴـﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﱠﻃﺎﻗ ﹶﺔ ﱠ‬ ‫ﱡ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ . ........................ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻫﻮ ﹶ‬ ‫ﻟﺼﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍﺀ ﹶ‬

‫ﺑﻴﺌـﺔ ﻣﻌﻴ ﹴ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣـﻞ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳ ﹸﺔ ﻭﻏﻴـﺮ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳ ﹺﺔ ﻓﻲ ﹴ‬ ‫ﹸ‬  ‫ﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ . ........................ ‫ﺗﺴﻤﻰ‬ ‫ﱠ‬

                                       

    

 

             



 



 





     



‫ﻟﻠﺘﻐﻴـﺮﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬  ‫ﻧﻈﺎﻣ ﹺﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻠـﻮﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﺳـﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﱢ‬ . ........................ ‫ﺗﺴﻤﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ ﱠ‬

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

   

‫‪   ‬‬ ‫‪         ‬‬ ‫‪    ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫ﹲ‬ ‫ﹲ‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺤﺮﺍﺀ‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼ ﹸ‬ ‫‪   ‬ﱠ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﻮﻳﺔ ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻠﻮﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻴ ﹺﺔ‪ .‬ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭ ﹸﺓ‬ ‫ﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ‬ ‫ﻣﻼﺋﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﺃﻭﺿ ﹸﺢ ﹶ‬ ‫ﹲ‬ ‫ﺭﺃﻱ؟ ﱢ‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻚ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﹾﺃﻡ ﹲ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒـﺮ‪ ،‬ﻓﻤﺎ‬ ‫‪ ‬ﺇﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫‪    ‬‬ ‫ﺫﻫﺒـﺖ ﻓﻲ ﺭﺣﻠـﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﱢ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﺍ ﱠﻟﺘﻲ ﺃﺗﻮ ﱠﻗ ﹸﻊ ﺃﻥﹾ ﺃﺭﺍﻫﺎ؟‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟ ﱠﻨ ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣـﻞ ﻏﻴـﺮ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪  ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫ـﺔ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺃﻭﺿ ﹸـﺢ ﹶ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌـﻲ‪ ،‬ﱢ‬ ‫ﺃﺩﻋـﻢ‬ ‫ﺫﻟـﻚ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻤـ ﹲﺔ ﻟﻠ ﱢﻨﻈـﺎ ﹺﻡ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﱢ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﺑﺄﻣﺜﻠﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺇﺟﺎﺑﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﺃﺕ‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪  ‬‬ ‫ﺃﻓﺘﺮﺽ ﺃﻥﱠ ﺷـﺮﻛ ﹰﺔ ﹾ‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﻋﺸـﺒﻴ ﹴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻤﺎ ﺍ ﱠﻟﺬﻱ ﺃﺗﻮ ﱠﻗ ﹸﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻮﺕ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺒﻨﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍﺀ ﻓﻲ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ؟‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﻟﺴﻼﺳﻞ‬ ‫ﺣﺪﻭ ﹶﺛ ﹸﻪ‬

‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪  ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫ﻭﺃﻛﺘﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﱟ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﻮﺍ ﹰﺓ ﹶ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻗﻄﻊ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺛﻼﺙ ﹴ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫‪ .١‬ﱡ‬ ‫ﺃﻗﺺ ﻭﺭﻗ ﹰﺔ ﹼ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺤﺮﺍﻭﻳﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼ‬ ‫ﺍﺳـﻢ ﺇﺣﺪﹶ ￯‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟ ﱠﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﱠ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺒﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺑﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﱠ‬

‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﺣﺪﱢ ﹸﺩ ﱢ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺃﺑﺤﺚ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺼﺎﺩ ﹺﺭ‬ ‫‪.٢‬‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻧﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﻭﺃﺭﺑﻌ ﹶﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﻮﻳ ﹴﺔ ﺃﺭﺑﻌ ﹶﺔ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫‪ .٣‬ﹺ‬ ‫ﱢ‬ ‫ﺃﺻ ﹸ‬ ‫ﻭﺟﻬﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘـﺔ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬ ‫ﻟـﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗـﺎﺕ‬ ‫ـﻒ‬ ‫ﺃﺣـﺪ ﹶ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﺟـﻪ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﺍﻧـﺎﺕ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬ ‫ﻭﺃﺻـﻒ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﺭﻗـﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻌﻤ ﹰ‬ ‫ﺳﻮﻡ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺮ ﹶ‬ ‫ﻼ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﱡ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺑﻤﺸﺒﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ ﹴ‬ ‫ﺃﺭﺑﻂ ﱠ‬ ‫ﺣﺒﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﺨﻴﻂ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻋ ﱢﻠﻘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺭﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫‪.٤‬‬

‫ﹺ‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴ ﹺﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺮ ﹺﻡ‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬ﱡ‬ ‫‪  ‬‬ ‫ﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻠﻮﻗﺎﺕ ﱠ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴـﺘﻬﻠﻜﺎﺕ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺿﺢﹺ ﺃﺩﻧﺎﻩ ﱡ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺪ ﹶ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ؟‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻭﺃﻳﻬﺎ ﱡ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺪ ﹶ‬ ‫ﱡ‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫ﺃ‪ .‬ﻣﺤ ﱢﻠ ﹰ‬ ‫ﻼ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻔﺘﺮﺳﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺏ‪.‬‬ ‫ﹰ‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ؟‬ ‫ﺒﺎﺗـﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻴﺶ ﺍﻟ ﱠﻨ‬ ‫ﺃﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫‪ ‬ﹶ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﱞ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻵﺧ ﹺﺮ؟‬ ‫ﻭﻛﻴﻒ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬

‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﺝ‪ .‬ﹶ‬ ‫ﺃﻋﺸﺎﺏ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺁﻛﻞ‬

‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﻗﺎﺭﺗﹰﺎ‪.‬‬

‫‪ ‬‬

‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬

‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﺨﻮ ﹺﺭ‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﹲ‬ ‫ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﹶ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺭﺽ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻃﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻔﺎﻅ‬

         ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺎﺛﻴﺔ‬



   

  

   

        

               

 

              

     

       

       

          

   

                       

   

     

    

                                     

   

                    

  •     •

                                                                                  

     

 

     

  

                                





                      

  

 

‫‪ ‬‬

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺴ ﹺ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ ﹴ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ـﺆﺍﻝ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺾ؟‬ ‫ﺨﻮﺭ ﹸ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺎﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻺﺟﺎﺑﺔ ﹾ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﹾ‬ ‫ﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﱡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼ ﹸ‬ ‫ﱡ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻧﻌﺮﻑ ﺷـﻴ ﹰﺌﺎ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﻭﻋﻼﻗﺘﹺﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺼﺨﻮ ﹺﺭ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻴﺪ ﺃﻥﹾ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺪﻥﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﹶ‬ ‫ﹶ‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫←‪ ‬‬

‫ﱢ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﹶ‬ ‫ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﺮﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼ‬ ‫ﺣﻴ ﹴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺩ ﹲﺓ‬ ‫ﺨـﻮﺭ‪ .‬ﹾ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺗﺸــﻜ ﹸﻞ ﱡ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﹶ‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻴ ﹲﺔ ﹸ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮ ﱠ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﹺ‬ ‫ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺎﺻﻴﺔ ﹺﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ‬ ‫ﺫﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺁﻻﻑ ﻧﻮ ﹴﻉ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﹶ‬

‫‪      ‬‬ ‫‪  ‬‬ ‫‪  ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫←‬

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﻏﻴﺮﻩ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻴ ﹸﺰ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﹺ ﹶﺀ ﹾ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ ﱢ‬ ‫ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﻋﺪﻳﺪﺓﹰ‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟ ﱠﻠ ﹸ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺮﻳﻖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺴﺎﻭ ﹸﺓ‬ ‫ﻓﺴﺄﺟﺪ ﻟﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹶ‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪  ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬

‫‪ ‬‬

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺃﺑﻴـﺾ ﺍﻟ ﱠﻠ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻚ ﻣﺜ ﹰ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟ ﱠﻠ ﹸ‬ ‫ﻮﻥ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻼ‬ ‫ﻓﻤﻌـﺪﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺧﺼﺎﺋـﺺ‬ ‫ﺃﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ـﻮﻥ ﹸ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹲ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟ ﱡﺘﻮﺑـﺎﺯﹸ ﹸﻟﻪ ﹲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﻴﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺯﺭﻕ‪ .‬ﻭﻻ ﻳﻤﻜـ ﹸﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔـﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺃﻟﻮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﹸ‬

‫←‪  ‬‬

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﹴ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ﹾ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ‬ ‫ﻓﺒﻌـﺾ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﻂ؛‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺾ ﺑﺎﺳـﺘﺨﺪﺍ ﹺﻡ‬ ‫ﹸ‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬

‫‪‬‬

‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺍﻟ ﱠﻠ ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻮﻥ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺪ‬ ‫ﹾ‬

‫‪ ‬‬

‫‪  ‬‬

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﺗﺨﺪﺷ ﹸﻪ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ ﺃﻥﹾ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴ ﹸﺔ ﺃﻥﹾ‬ ‫ﻳﺨﺪﺵ ﹸ‬ ‫ﺁﺧﺮ‪ ،‬ﹾ‬ ‫ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﻣﻌﺪﻧﹰﺎ ﹶ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ ﱠ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺴﺎﻭ ﹸﺓ ﹶ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻗﺴﺎﻭﺓ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺾ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻴ ﹲﻦ‬ ‫ﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺃﺧﺮ￯‪ .‬ﻭ ﹸﻳ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹲ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﱠ‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬

‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻗﺴﺎﻭﺗﹺﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﱡ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺪﻥ ﹸﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﻭﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻣﻦ ‪١٠‬‬ ‫ﻭﻳﺘﻜﻮ ﹸﻥ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺪﻥ ﺍﻷﻛﺜ ﹺﺮ ﻗﺴﺎﻭﺓﹰ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻗﻢ ‪ ١٠‬ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺭﻗﻢ ﻣﻦ ‪ ١‬ﺇﻟﻰ ‪ ،١٠‬ﹸ‬ ‫ﹲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮ ﹸ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﹸ‬ ‫ﻳﺸﻴﺮ ﱠ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴـﺎﺱ ﺃﺩﻧﺎ ﹸﻩ ﺃﻥﱠ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻟﻤﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺨﺪﺵ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺃﻱ ﺍﻷﻛﺜـﺮ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣ ﹰﺔ‬ ‫ﹾ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺃﻟﻴ ﹸﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﻗﺴﺎﻭﺓﹰ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺃﻛﺜﺮ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻠﻚ ﹶ‬ ‫ﹸ‬

‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫‪‬‬

‫‪‬‬

‫‪‬‬

‫‪‬‬

‫‪‬‬

‫‪‬‬

‫‪‬‬

‫‪‬‬

‫‪‬‬

‫‪‬‬

‫‪‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

 











      

    

        

 

  

  



 



 

 

  

 

 









 

   

 

  

‫ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻳـﻖ ﺇﻟـﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻔﻴ ﹺ‬ ‫ﺳـﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﻜﺲ ﺑﻬﺎ‬ ‫ـﺔ ﺍ ﱠﻟﺘـﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﺸـﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ـﺎﻗﻂ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴ ﹶ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ‬ .‫ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺪﻥ ﱠ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻀﻮ ﹶﺀ ﱠ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ .‫ﺑﺮﻳﻘﻬﺎ ﻭﻟﻤﻌﺎﻧﹺﻬﺎ‬

                         

 

‫ﺑﻘﻄﻌـﺔ ﺧﺰﻓﻴ ﹴ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ ﹸ‬،‫ـﺔ ﺑﻴﻀـﺎ ﹶﺀ‬ ‫ﱡ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﺮﻙ‬ ‫ﻧﺤـﻚ ﻣﻌﺪﻧﹰـﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣـﺎ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻟﺤﻜﺎﻛﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻟﻮﻥ‬ .‫ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻌـﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺪﻥ ﻣﺴـﺤﻮ ﹰﻗﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺪﻥ‬ ‫ﺣﻜﺎﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥﹾ ﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ .‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺤﻮﻕ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﺍ‬ ‫ﹸ‬



‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ ﹺ‬ .‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﻄﺤﻪ‬ ‫ﻟﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﹾ‬ ‫ﱢ‬

              

       







 









‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪  ‬‬

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ ﹴ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﺍﺋﻖ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺧﺘﻼﻑ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺾ‬ ‫ﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﺼﺨﻮﺭ ﹸ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﹾ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﻟﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻗﺎﻝ ﺗﻌﺎﻟﻰ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮﻧﹺﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ‬ ‫ﱡ‬

‫ﻓﺎﻃﺮ‪.‬‬

‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺭﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻫـﻲ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻭﺗﺼ ﱠﻨ ﹸـﻒ ﺍﻟﺼﺨـﻮﺭ ﺇﻟـﻰ ﺃﻧﻮﺍ ﹴﻉ ﺛﻼﺛـﺔ‪ ،‬ﹶ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﻮﻟﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺳﻮﺑﻴﺔ‬

‫‪   ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺗﺴـﻤﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺭﺽ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻃـﻦ‬ ‫ﺨـﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺼﻬـﺮ ﹸﺓ ﻓـﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼ‬ ‫ﱡ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺗﻔﻘﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺟﻤﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﺧﺮﺟﺖ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺳﻄﺢﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻓﺈﻧﱠﻬﺎ ﹸ‬ ‫ﹾ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻟ ﱠ‬ ‫ﻼﺑ ﹶﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﹶﺓ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪﹶ ﻣـﺎ ﹸ ﹺ‬ ‫ﺨﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺼﻬـﺮ ﹸﺓ ﺳﻮﺍ ﹰﺀ ﻓﻲ ﹺ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻃﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﺒﺮﺩ ﻫﺬﻩ ﱡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼ ﹸ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ ﹶ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺎﺭﻳـ ﹶﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮ ﹸﻥ ﱡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼ ﹶ‬ ‫ﺨﻮﺭ ﺍﻟ ﱠﻨ ﱠ‬ ‫ﻓﻮﻕ ﺳـﻄﺤـﻬﺎ ﱢ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﹾ‬ ‫ﻓـﺈﺫﺍ ﹶ‬ ‫ﺣﺒﻴﺒـﺎﺕ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﹲﺓ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻧـﺖ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟ ﱠﺘ ﹸ‬ ‫ﹲ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮ ﹾ‬ ‫ﺒﺮﻳـﺪ ﺑﻄﻴ ﹰﺌﺎ ﱠ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺧﺸـﻨﺎ‪ .‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﺨ ﹺﺮ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﺼﺒﺢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ‪،‬‬ ‫ﹰ‬ ‫ﻣﻈﻬﺮ ﱠ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﹶ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻜﻮ ﹺﻥ‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ‬ ‫ﻓﻠـﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺮﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹲ‬ ‫ﺳـﺮﻳﻌﺎ ﹾ‬ ‫ﹰ‬ ‫ﻭﻗـﺖ ﻛﺎﻑ ﱡ‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﺴﻤﻰ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﻋﻤﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻛﺒﻴﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺼﺒﺢ‬ ‫ﺣﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﻈﻬﺮ ﺍﻟﺼﺨ ﹺﺮ ﹰ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻴﺞ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﺨ ﹺﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻒ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺻﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻈﻬﺮ ﱠ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﹸ‬

‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪    ‬‬

‫ﻧﺎﺭﻳ ﹲـﺔ ﻟﻬـﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺎﺯﻟـﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻛﺎﻧـﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺰﺟـﺎﺝ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹲ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺻﺨـﻮﺭ ﱠ‬ ‫ﱡ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻜﻮ ﹸﻥ‬ ‫ﺣﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﹲ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻴ ﹲﺔ ﺻﻐﻴﺮﺓﹲ؛ ﻭﻛﻼﻫﻤﺎ ﱠ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺪ ﱢﻓﻘﺔ ﻋﺒﺮ ﹸﻓﻮ ﹺ‬ ‫ﻼ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺗﺒﺮﻳﺪ ﺍﻟ ﱠ‬ ‫ﺻﺨﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻛﺎﻥ‪ .‬ﱠﺃﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻫﺔ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹶ ﱠ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻜـﻮ ﹸﻥ ﻓـﻲ‬ ‫ﺣﻴـﺚ‬ ‫ﻓﺘﺨﺘﻠـﻒ ﻋﻨﻬﻤـﺎ؛‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺮﺍﻧﻴـﺖ‪،‬‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﻌﻄﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻕ ﻭﺑﺒﻂﺀ ﺷـﺪﻳﺪ‪ ،‬ﱠ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﻛﺒﻴﺮﺓ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﻧﺴـﻴﺠﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﺨﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻄﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻥ‬ ‫ﺣﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﹰ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﺧﺸ ﹰﻨﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺪﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻜﻮ ﹸﻥ ﹾ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﺨﻮﺭ ﱠ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺜﹶﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫ﹾ‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

      

                                                                                                    

            



   

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ ﹾ‬،‫ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﺃﺩﻧﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﺃﺷﺎﻫﺪ‬ ‫ﻓﻬﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﻣﻠﻲ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺤﺺ ﺍﻟﺤﺠ ﹺﺮ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺗﹺ ﹺﻪ؟‬

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﻫـﺬﻩ ﱠ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﻮ ﹲ‬ ‫ﺗﺴـﻤﻰ‬ ‫ﺻﻐﻴـﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﻗﻄـﻊ‬ ‫ﻣـﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻧـﺔ ﹾ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﺒﻘـﺎﺕ ﱠ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺮ ﹺ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺾ ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮ ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﺨﻮ ﹺﺭ ﺃ ﹺﻭ‬ ‫ ﹸ‬.‫ــﺐ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺳـﺐ ﹶ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺳ ﹶ‬ ‫ﻣـﻦ ﱡ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻭﺃﺻﺪﺍﻑ‬ ‫ﻧﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺃﺟﺰﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻭﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﺳـﻮﺑﻴ ﹸﺔ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻜﻮ ﹸﻥ ﱡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼ ﹸ‬ ‫ ﱠ‬.‫ﻭﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺃﺧﺮ￯ ﺻﻠﺒـﺔ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﺨﻮﺭ ﱡ‬ ‫ﻣﻼﻳﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺮ‬ .‫ﻭﺗﻤﺎﺳﻜﺖ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺍﺻ ﹾﺖ‬ ‫ﹾ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﺍﺳﺐ ﱠ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥﹾ ﱠ‬ ‫ﻨﻴﻦ ﹶ‬ .‫ﻭﺍﺳﺐ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺻﺨ ﹴﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮ‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻞ ﺃﻥﹾ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴ ﹶ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﱢ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﺤﻮ ﹶﻝ ﱠ‬

     

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻀ ﹸ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻌـﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺭﺽ‬ ‫ﻐـﻂ‬ ‫ﺗﺤـﺖ ﺳـﻄﺢﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤـﺮﺍﺭ ﹸﺓ ﱠ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻀ ﹺ‬ ‫ﺨﻮﺭ ﹺ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻌـﺮ ﹸ‬ ‫ﻐﻂ‬ ‫ ﻭﻋﻨﺪﹶ ﻣﺎ‬،‫ﺟـﺪﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺜﻞ ﻫـﺬﺍ ﱠ‬ ‫ﹰﹼ‬ ‫ﺽ ﱡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼ ﹸ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﻨﺘـﺞ ﹾﻋـﻦ ﹶ‬ ‫ﺻﺨـﻮﺭ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﹲﺓ‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻚ‬ ،‫ـﺮ‬ ‫ﹲ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺤـﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺗﺘﻐﹶ ﱠﻴ ﹸ‬ ‫ﹲ‬ .‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﻮﻟ ﹶﺔ‬ ‫ﺨـﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﺧﺼﺎﺋـﺺ‬ ‫ﻟﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺗﺴـﻤﻰ ﱡ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﱢ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﺭﻳ ﹴﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥﹾ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺨﻮﺭ ﹾ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﺸــﻜ ﹶﻞ ﻫـﺬﻩ ﱡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼ ﹸ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺻﺨـﻮ ﹴﺭ ﱠ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ ﺭﺳـﻮﺑﻴ ﹴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺣ ﱠﺘـﻰ ﻣﻦ ﺻﺨـﻮ ﹴﺭ ﻣﺘﺤﻮ ﹴ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺸ ﹸ‬ ‫ـﻜﻞ‬ ‫ ﱠ‬.‫ﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﱢ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺼﺨـﻮ ﹺﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﻮﻟﺔﹺ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺨﻮﺭﹺ‬ ‫ﱡ‬ ‫ﻳﺒﻴ ﹸﻦ ﹶ ﱡ‬ ‫ﱢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠـﺎﻭﺭ ﱢ‬ .‫ﻧﺖ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮ ﹾ‬ ‫ﺍ ﱠﻟﺘﻲ ﱠ‬

  

              

   

    

       

        

                                          

‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪    ‬‬

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺭﺽ؛ ﻷﻥﱠ ﻟﻬـﺎ‬ ‫ﻣـﻮﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﻣـﻦ‬ ‫ﺨـﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌـﺎﺩﻥ ﹾ‬ ‫ﱡ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥﹾ ﻧﹶﺮ￯ ﺃﻣﺜﻠ ﹰﺔ ﻋﺪﻳﺪ ﹰﺓ ﻟﻬﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﻣﻔﻴﺪ ﹰﺓ ﻟ ﹶﻨﺎ؛‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺣﻮﻟﹺﻨﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﹾ‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫‪  ‬‬

‫‪    ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬

‫ﻳﻘﺎﻭﻡ ﺍﻟ ﱠﺘﺠﻮﻳ ﹶﺔ ﻭﺍﻟ ﱠﺘﻌﺮﻳ ﹶﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺻﻠﺐ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺮﺍﻧﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺻﺨﺮ ﱞ‬ ‫ﹲ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹲ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤـﺪﺍﺭﺱ‬ ‫ﻟﺒﻨـﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳـﺒﺎ‬ ‫ـﻪ‬ ‫ﻭﻫـﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺼﺎﺋـﺺ ﺗﺠﻌ ﹸﻠ ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹰ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻨﺸﺂﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﺮ￯‪.‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫ﺭﺳـﻮﺑﻲ ﻳﺴـﺘﺨﺪﹶ ﹸﻡ ﻋـﺎﺩ ﹰﺓ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺻﺨﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻴـﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺠـﺮ‬ ‫ﱡ‬ ‫ﹲ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﱞ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﱠ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺳـﻤﻨﺖ‬ ‫ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﺪﺧﻞ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﺒﺎﺷـﻴ ﹺﺮ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤـﺎ‬

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺍﺳـﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻣـﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻨـﺎﺀ ﺍﻷﺧﺮ￯‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺑﻌـﺾ ﻣـﻮﺍ ﱢﺩ‬ ‫ﹾ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻤـﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜـﻦ‬ ‫ﺳـﻮﺑﻴ ﹺﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓـﺔ ﺗﺎﺭﻳـﺦﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﱡ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﺨـﻮ ﹺﺭ ﱡ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺭﺽ‪.‬‬

‫‪‬‬

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﻭﺫﻟـﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺳـﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ؛‬ ‫ﺷـﺎﺋﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺤـﻮ ﹲﻝ‬ ‫ﺻﺨـﺮ‬ ‫ﺧـﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮ ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﱢ‬ ‫ﹲ‬ ‫ﱡ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﺎﻟﻪ ﻭﻗﻮ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻁ‬ ‫ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﺴـﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻪ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﺍ‬ ‫ﺑﺴـﺒﺐ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻮﺍﻗﺪ ﺍﻟ ﱠﻨﺎ ﹺﺭ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺠﺮﻳ ﹺﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷﻋﻤﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﱠ‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪     ‬‬ ‫‪    ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫‪  ‬‬ ‫‪    ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬

      

                                                       

                                                    

         

   

                                                         

                               ‫ﻣﻮارد اﻷرض‬

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                                                                            

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     

 

                          

 

              

   

                                           

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  

                                                                                                        

     

                                                      

  

                     



‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫←‪ ‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪   ‬‬ ‫‪  ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫←‬

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ ﹴ‬ ‫ﺃﺟﺪ ﺃﻧﱠﻨﺎ ﹸ‬ ‫ﻧﻌﻴﺶ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﺴﻢﹺ‬ ‫ﻗﺮﺏ ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺭﺿﻴ ﹺﺔ ﹾ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪﹶ ﻣﺎ ﹸ‬ ‫ﺃﻧﻈﺮ ﺇﻟﻰ ﱠ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﻣـﻦ ﹶ‬ ‫ﹲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻚ ﺗﹸﻌﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﹶ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺋﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢﹺ ﹾ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻟـﻢ ﱟ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ؟ ﻭﻫـﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﻤـﺎ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻴﻌﻬﺎ ﺻﺎﻟﺤﺔﹲ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻣ ﹾﻦ ﹸﺷ ﱟ‬ ‫ـﺢ ﻣﺼﺎﺩ ﹺﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ‪ .‬ﹶ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺸﺮﺏ؟‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫‪  ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫←‪  ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫‪áo ∏µ°ûŸG‬‬ ‫‪qp ƒëf äGƒ£N‬‬ ‫‪l‬‬ ‫‪π◊G‬‬ ‫‪πoq ◊G‬‬

‫ﱢ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺭﺽ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺤﺎﺭ ﻣـﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻄﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻄـﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﻘﺎﺭﺏ ﺛﻼﺛ ﹶﺔ ﺃﺭﺑﺎﻉﹺ ﺳـﻄﺢﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸ ﹺ‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﹾ‬ ‫ﺮﺏ‬ ‫ﻫﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ!‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍ ﹶﻣﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﱡ‬ ‫ﻛﻤ ﱠﻴ ﹲﺔ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﹲﺓ ﹶ‬ ‫ﹾ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺇﻧﱠﻬﺎ ﱢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺰ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻛﺒﻴﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﻤ ﱠﻴ ﹴﺔ‬ ‫ﺃ ﹺﻭ ﱢ‬ ‫ﻣـﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺒﺤ ﹺﺮ ﹸ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﻋـﺔ؟ ﻳﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﹸ‬ ‫ﻭﻣﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻂ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﱢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺰ ﹺ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺸ ﹺ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﻋﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮ ﺻﺎﻟﺢﹴ ﱡ‬ ‫ﺮﺏ ﺃ ﹺﻭ ﱢ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻣﻼﺡﹺ ؛ ﻟﺬﺍ‪ ،‬ﹶ‬ ‫ﻓﻬﻮ ﹸ‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﺬﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻤﻴ ﹴﺔ ﹴ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺪﺍﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻌﻈﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻣﻼﺡﹺ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﹶ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻳﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹼﱠ‬ ‫ﻋـﺬﺏ‪ .‬ﻭ ﻣﻌﻈـﻢ ﹺ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺒـﺮﻙ ﺗﺤﺘـﻮﻱ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﹴ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷﻧﻬـﺎ ﹺﺭ ﻭﺍﻵﺑـﺎ ﹺﺭ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺼ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺴ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ـﺎﺋﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﹾ‬ ‫ﻠﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻞ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌـﺬﺏ ﻻ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺭﺽ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﱡ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻠﻴﺪ ﱢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻴﺎﺑﺴـﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻓـﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻄﻲ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖﹶ ﻭﺍﺳـﻌ ﹰﺔ ﹶ‬ ‫ﺳـﻤﻴﻜﺔ ﹶ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻠﻴﺪﻱ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﱢ‬ ‫ﺃﻭﺭﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﻄﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻬـﺎ‬ ‫ﱡ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﻳﻐﻄﻲ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖﹶ ﻭﺍﺳـﻌ ﹰﺔ ﹾ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺷـﻤﺎﻝ ﱠ‬

‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﺿﺨـﻢ ﱢ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺭ ﹶﺓ‬ ‫ﺟﻠﻴﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﻏﻄﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸـﻤﺎﻟﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺐ‬ ‫ﻗﺮﺏ‬ ‫ﱞ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﹲ‬ ‫ﻳﻐﻄﻲ ﱠ‬ ‫ﹲ‬ ‫ﱢ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻨﻮﺑﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻨﻮﺑﻴ ﹶﺔ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺠﻤﺪ ﹶﺓ‬ ‫ﱢ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﱢ‬

‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪  ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

              

          

              

   

‫ﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﹶ‬ ‫ ﻭﻣﺎ‬،‫ﺑﻌﻀ ﹸﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟ ﱡﺘﺮﺑ ﹶﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻟ ﱠﻨ ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪﹶ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﺨ ﱠﻠ ﹸﻞ ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸ ﹺ‬ ‫ﻳﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﺇﻟﻰ ﹶ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﺒﻘﱠﻰ ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﺨﻮ ﹺﺭ‬ ،‫ﺃﺳﻔﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺮ ﱡ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻘﻮﻕ ﻓﻲ ﱡ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﻨﺴﺎﺏ ﹶ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺍﻏﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﺘﺠﻤ ﹸﻊ ﻓﻲ‬ ،‫ﺻﻠﺐ‬ ‫ﻳﺼﻞ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺻﺨ ﹴﺮ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥﹾ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﻳﻄ ﹶﻠ ﹸﻖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴ ﹸﺔ‬ ‫ ﺍﻟﻤﻴـﺎ ﹸﻩ‬.‫ﻠﺐ‬ ‫ﻓـﻮﻕ ﱠ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﺨ ﹺﺮ ﱡ‬ ‫ﹲ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺰﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﺨﻮ ﹺﺭ ﹶ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺍﻏﺎﺕ ﹶ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ ﱡ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ % $ # " ! ‫ ﱫ‬:‫ ﻗﺎﻝ ﺗﻌﺎﻟﻰ‬.‫ﺍﻷﺭﺽ‬ ‫ﺳﻄﺢﹺ‬ ‫ﱪ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﻣﻨﻮﻥ‬/ . - , + * )( ' &

            

    

  

             

    

       

          

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪  ‬‬ ‫‪  ‬‬ ‫‪   ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪  ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪  ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪  ‬‬ ‫‪      ‬‬ ‫‪        ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪             ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪     ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪  ‬‬ ‫‪       ‬‬ ‫‪    ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﺠﻤ ﹸﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﺿﺨﻤـ ﹰﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻈـﻢ‬ ‫ﺧﺰ ﹲ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤـﺪﻥ ﺑﻬﺎ ﱠ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺰ ﹺ‬ ‫ﻭﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻴ ﹲﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺑﺤﻴﺮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ‪ .‬ﹸ‬ ‫ﹲ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺾ ﱠ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﹸ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻵﺧـﺮ ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺰ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻳﺤﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻧـﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﺒﻨﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﻫـﺬﻩ ﱠ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻧﺴـﺎﻥ‪ .‬ﹾ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺃﻧﺎﺑﻴﺐ‬ ‫ﺷﺒﻜﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺮ‬ ‫ﻬﻢ ﹶ‬ ‫ﺍﻟ ﱠﻨ ﹸ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﹶ‬ ‫ﺎﺱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎﺗ ﹾ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ‪.‬‬

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌـﺬﺏ‪ .‬ﱠ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻄ ﹸ‬ ‫ﺮﻳﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺁﺧﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴ ﹸﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻴـﺎ ﹸﻩ‬ ‫ﹲ‬ ‫ﻣﺼـﺪﺭ ﹸ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺣﻔﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻴـﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ـﻴﻮﻋﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﹸﺷ ﹰ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﹶ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺼﻞ ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺭﺽ‬ ‫ﹾﺐ ﹸﻳﺤ ﹶﻔ ﹸﺮ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻵﺑﺎ ﹺﺭ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺌﺮ ﹶﺛﻘ ﹲ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻀﺨﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺘـﺎﺝ ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻭﺃﻏﻠﺐ ﺍﻵﺑﺎ ﹺﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴـﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬

‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺋﻤﺎ؛‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺬﺏ ﻻ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺴـﻄﺢﹺ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻴﺎ ﹰ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﹰﹼ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻞ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﺿﺎﺭ ﹴﺓ‪ .‬ﹸ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﺪ ﻳﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻜﺘﻴﺮﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﻭﻛﻴﻤﺎﻭﻳﺎﺕ ﱠ‬ ‫ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻧﹺﻪ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﺍ ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﻓـﻲ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻗﺪ ﹸ‬ ‫ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻞ ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤـﻮﺍ ﱢﺩ ﹾ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺸﺮﺏ ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺼﺒﺢ ﺻﺎﻟﺤ ﹰﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠ ﹸﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﹶ‬

‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﹶ‬ ‫ﺗﺰﻭﻳـﺪ ﺍﻟ ﱠﻨ ﹺ‬ ‫ﺳـﻼﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ـﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﻳﺘــﻢ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻗﺒـﻞ ﺍﻟ ﱠﺘ ﱡﺄﻛ ﹺﺪ ﹾ‬ ‫ﻻ ﱡ‬ ‫ﺎﺕ ﺍﻟ ﱠﺘ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻄ ﹺ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺎﻟﺞ ﻓﻲ ﹼ‬ ‫ﻳﺼﺒﺢ‬ ‫ﻨﻘﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﺘﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻟﻪ؛ ﻟﺬﺍ‪،‬‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﱢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺪﺍﻳﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺷــﺢﹴ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﻤﺮ ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﹰﹼ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻴﺎ ﻭﻧﻈﻴ ﹰﻔﺎ‪ .‬ﱡ‬ ‫ﺗﻀﺎﻑ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸﻓﻴ ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺛﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻭﺳﺎﺥ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﺰﻳﻞ ﹸ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷﺟﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮﺓﹶ‪ ،‬ﱠ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪﹶ ﹶ‬ ‫ﺎﺕ ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻀ ﱠﺎﺭ ﹺﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺘﻞ ﺍﻷﺟﺴﺎ ﹺﻡ ﹼ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﺎﻭﻳ ﹸ‬ ‫ﱠ‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪    ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪       ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬

‫‪     ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪  ‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻋﺪﻳﺪﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻷﻏﺮﺍﺽ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺭﺿﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎ ﹶﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﺳﻜﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻼﺣﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺾ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺬﺏ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﹶ ﹸﻡ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎ ﹸﺀ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺮ ﱡﻱ ﻋﻤﻠﻴ ﹸﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺰﻭﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﻳﺴﺘﻌﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﱢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﺻﻴﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺎﺀ‪ .‬ﱠ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﻄﺮﺍﺋﻖﹶ ﹴ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﺘﻢ ﹶ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻋﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ‪ ،‬ﱡ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻨﻮﺍﺕ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺣﻔﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻧﺎﺑﻴﺐ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻠﻤ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹲ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﹸﻳﺴـﺘﺨﺪﹶ ﹸﻡ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻤﺔ ﻓـﻲ‬ ‫ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺭ‬ ‫ـﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﻧﻊ؛ ﹸ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹲ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ـﺔ ‪.‬ﻭﺗ ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴـﻔﻦ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﹸﺒﺤ ﹸﺮ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻮﻟﻴـﺪ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺁﺧﺮ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟﻨﻘﻞ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻀﺎﺋﻊ ﹾ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺇﻟﻰ ﹶ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻟﺸـﺮﺏ ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤـﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﺳـﻮﺍ ﹰﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨـﺎﺱ ﻋـﻦ‬ ‫ﻻﻳﺴـﺘﻐﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﺴـﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﹰ‬ ‫ﺃﻳﻀ ﹰﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﺿـﻮﺀ ﻭﻏﻴ ﹺﺮﻫـﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺳـﺘﺤﻤﺎ ﹺﻡ ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿـﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻤﻤﺎﺭﺳـﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﺘﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻭﻗـﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﻀـﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫‪.‬ﺃﺑﺤـﺚ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﺭﺏ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﺠﺬﻳـﻒ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻴـﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴـﺒﺎﺣﺔ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺀ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺃﺧﺮ￯‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﹶ‬

‫‪‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴـﺘﻌﻤﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤـﺎﺀ؟ ﺗ ﹶﹸﺠ ﱠﻤ ﹸﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎ ﹸﻩ‬ ‫ﻧﺤﺎﻓﻆ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬ ‫ﻛﻴـﻒ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺧـﻼﻝ ﻧﻈﺎ ﹺﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻥ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴـﻤﺎ ﹸﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎ ﹶﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻣـ ﹶﺔ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﹼ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﻨﻘﻞ ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺤﻲ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎ ﹺﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺮﻑ ﱢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻤﻰ ﹶ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﱠ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼ ﱢ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻄ ﹺ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻄ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹼ‬ ‫ﹼ‬ ‫ﺎﺕ ﻳﻨﻘﹼﻰ‬ ‫ﻫـﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻴـﺎﻩ‪ .‬ﻭﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ‬ ‫ـﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺰ ﹺ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤـﺎﺀ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺭﺍﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﺳـﺘﻌﻤﺎﻟﻪ ﻓﻲ ﱢ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﺨﺮﺝ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﹲ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺼ ﹺ‬ ‫ﻨﺎﻋﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﱢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻓﻈـﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ؟‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴـﺎﻫﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﻴـﻒ ﻳﻤﻜ ﹸﻨﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻭﺃﻃﻠﺐ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺳـﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻨﺒﻮﺭ ﺑﻌﺪﹶ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺃﻏﻠـﻖ ﱡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼ ﹶ‬

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻠﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻴـﺎﻩ‪ .‬ﺇﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻐﺎﺳـﻞ ﻭﺻﻨﺎﺑﻴ ﹺﺮ‬ ‫ﺃﻋﻄﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺇﺻﻼﺡ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺃﺣﺎﻓﻆ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻚ ﻓﺄﻧﺎ‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪          ‬‬ ‫‪  ‬‬

‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪  ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

      

                               áo ∏µ°ûŸG              qp ƒëf läGƒ£N π◊G πoq ◊G

                       

                                                           

         

              –                  –   

             ‫اﺳﺘ‬

‫ﺨﺪاﻣﺎت اﻟﻤﺎء‬

ُ ‫أﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻧﺤﺼﻞ‬ َ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ِ ‫اﻟﺸ‬ ‫ﺮب؟‬ ُّ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻴﺎ ِه‬

‫أﺷﻜﺎ ُل اﻟﻤﻴ ِﺎه‬ .‫اﻟﻌﺬﺑ ِﺔ‬

äÉ ôdGh o «°VÉj o s u Ωƒ∏©dG

                                                                                          www.obeikaneducation.com :‫ﺃﺭﺟﻊ ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﹸ‬

   

  

Qo ôu ëªdG …õjõY

Y ΩÓ°ùs dG MQh ºµ r «∏ o ó©Hh ...¬JÉcôHh ¬p ∏dG o᪠©J ɪc s EÉa º∏ M¿ É« J Éæn s o ∏c É¡ ©J ªà ó ∏Y p ≈ G o øo ëæa ;Aɪd p ô°ût dG »a ¬p «dEG êo Éàëf pOGó` YEG »ah áp `YGQõ`u `dG »ah Ü p ©£s dG ªëà°S’G »ah ΩÉ ΩÉ p .. ,.

G dE ≈ «Z pô dP ` n ∂ . ÉeÉ k Yh Oõj mΩÉY ón ©H ó©J OG OG o Éf ’h j o jõ ó G ªd AÉ ÉH o ≤d p ó p Q o ;¬p °ùØf …u Qhô°†s dG øn e Gòd G C ¿ n f ë r aÉ ß ∏Y ≈ p e Gƒ OQ Qó n b ¬o æe Éf n dòd .´p É£à°ùªdG s CG iQCG ∂ s Óv c ¿ p g ør eh Éæe pá¶ë∏ds G √ò j πp ªY »a nCGóÑj ¿r CG øo µª Ée ùj à° £ ™« p ∏d ë ÉØ ® o ≈∏Y p ªdG æ°üt dG ìp Ó°UEÉc ;AÉ ƒÑ p Q dG ò … ùj ô° Ü G ªd AÉ , G hC o u Qp É«àNG r n áp Ñ°SÉæªdG äp ÉJÉÑæds G p d «Ñ ÉÄ J Éæ s Gh d à » ’ J ë Éà ê pô«ãµdG ≈dEG o p øe ÉH áp ≤jóëdG …u Q hCr G ,AɪdG p àd æ s «≤ § , G hC Y Ωó p J ó jh pô r p ƒë°üt dG áp dÉ°ùs Z áp dÉ°ùs Z hCr G ¿ dG Óª p ùH ¢ s G E ’ gh » e ઠÄ∏ .á n 

  

        ←    øY G o r ÖàcC         ←                                       ←           

     

             ‫ﺍﻟﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﹼ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺭﺽ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭ ﹶﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﺨﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺭﻳ ﹶﺔ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺪﻥ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻓ ﱠﻴ ﹺﺔ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﻮﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﺨﻮﺭ‬

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 ‫ﻣﻦ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﺧﺎﻡ ﹲ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﹾ‬ ‫ﹸ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩ ﹸﺓ ﺍ ﱠﻟﺘﻲ ﱢ‬  . ................ ‫ﺨﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﱠ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﻜ ﹸﻞ ﱡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼ ﹶ‬ ‫ﹼ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄ ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﹸﺓ ﻓﻲ ﱠ‬  ‫ﻳﺴـﺘﺨﺪﻣﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﻭﺍ ﱠﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﱡ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ . .............................. ‫ﺗﺴﻤﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟ ﱠﻨ ﹸ‬ ‫ﺎﺱ ﱠ‬

‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺰﺍﺭﻋﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ .................... ‫ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪﻭﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﻛﺜﻴﺮ ﹶ‬ ‫ﹲ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ .‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﺤﺎﺻﻴﹺﻠﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﻹﻳﺼﺎﻝ‬



‫ﹺ‬  ‫ﻟﻠﻮﺻـﻮﻝ ﺇﻟـﻰ‬ ‫ﺣﻔـﺮﺍ ﻋﻤﻴﻘـ ﹰﺔ‬ ‫ـﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﻳﺤﻔـﺮ ﺍﻟ ﱠﻨ ﹸ‬ ‫ﹰ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﻤﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻵﺑﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ ﱠ‬،.........................

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺗﺴـﻤﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺒﺮﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺟﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﹶﻨﺘﺞ ﹾ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﺨـﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗ ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﱠ‬



                                                                      

                               ‫ﻣﻮارد اﻷرض‬

‫ﺨﻮر‬ ُّ ُ ‫اﻟﺼ‬

‫اﻟﻤﻌﺎد ُن‬

‫ﺗ ُّﻠﻮ ُث اﻟﻤﻴﺎ ِه‬

ُ ‫أﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻧﺤﺼﻞ‬ َ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ِ ‫اﻟﺸ‬ ‫ﺮب؟‬ ُّ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻴﺎ ِه‬

‫أﺷﻜﺎ ُل اﻟﻤﻴ ِﺎه‬ .‫اﻟﻌﺬﺑ ِﺔ‬

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   

    

‫‪   ‬‬ ‫‪         ‬‬ ‫‪    ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫‪  ‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪     ‬ﹶ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺻﺨ ﹴﺮ‬ ‫ﺻﺨﺮ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻜﻮ ﹸﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺤﻮ ﹲﻝ ﹾ‬ ‫ﱢ‬ ‫ﻛﻴﻒ ﱠ‬ ‫ﹲ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﺭﻱ؟‬ ‫ﱟ‬ ‫ﺃﻛﺘـﺐ ﻧﺸـﺮ ﹰﺓ ﻣﻮﺟـﺰ ﹰﺓ ﱢ‬ ‫‪   ‬‬ ‫ـﺢ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺃﻭﺿ ﹸ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺗﺴـﺎﻋﺪ‬ ‫ﻭﻛﻴﻒ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻘﻴـﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻄﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺃﻫﻤﻴـﺔ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻒ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸ ﹺ‬ ‫ﺮﺏ؟‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴ ﹸﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺀ ﱡ‬ ‫ﱠ‬

‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﻳﺴـﺒ ﹶﺐ‬ ‫ﻛﻴـﻒ‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪  ‬‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜـﻦ ﺃﻥﹾ‬ ‫‪  ‬‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫ﱢ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﻠـﻮ ﹶﺙ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﺳـﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻷﺳـﻤﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﱡ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ؟‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﻭﻛﻴﻒ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺭﺽ؟‬ ‫ﻣـﻮﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﺑﻌـﺾ‬ ‫‪ ‬ﻣـﺎ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻧﺤﺎﻓﻆ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ؟‬

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ‬ ‫ﻭﺃﺑﺤﺚ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻤﻴ ﹰﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺃﺳﺘﺨﺪﻡ‬ ‫‪.١‬‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻊ ﱠ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣـﺎﺕ ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻟﻤـﺎﺱ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻮﺍﺭﺗ ﹺﺰ ﻭﺧﺎ ﹺﻡ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻹﻳﺠﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻭ ﹺﻡ ﻭﺍﻟ ﱡﻨ ﹺ‬ ‫ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﱟ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ؟‬ ‫ﺤﺎﺱ‪ .‬ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﹸ‬

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ ﻛﻴﻔﻴ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﺳـﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﱢ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷﺷـﻴﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺪﻥ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫ـﺔ‬ ‫‪.٢‬‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺃﺑﺤـﺚ ﹾ ﱠ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻳﺪﺧﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒ ﹺ ﹶﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺋﻌﺔ ﺍ ﱠﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟ ﱠﺘﺎﻟﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺃﺳﺘﺨﺪﻡ‬ ‫‪.٣‬‬ ‫ﹸ‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪  ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪  ‬‬

‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫ﺃ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺎ ﹺﺭ‬

‫ﺏ‪ .‬ﺍﻷﻧﻬﺎ ﹺﺭ‬

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻠﻴﺪﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺝ‪.‬‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﻴﺮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺩ‪.‬‬

‫‪‬‬

‫‪   ‬‬

    

  • 

        •

 •

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻛﺴﺎﺋﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻧﺴـﺎﻥ ﻣ ﹾﻦ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺟﺴـﻢ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻜﻮ ﹸﻥ‬ ‫ﹼ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻜـﻮ ﹸﻥ ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﳊﻴـﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺨﻠﻮﻗـﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺑﻼﻳﲔ ﺍﳋﻼﻳـﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘـﺔ ﻣـ ﹾﻦ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺴﻴﺞ‬ ‫ﺃﻧﺴـﺠﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺗﻨﺘﻈﻢ ﻣ ﹰﻌﺎ ﰲ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫‪  ‬‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺘﺸـﺎﲠﺔ ﰲ‬ ‫ﳎﻤﻮﻋ ﹲﺔ ﻣ ﹶﻦ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸـﻜﻞ ﺗﺆ ﱢﺩﻱ ﻭﻇﻴﻔـ ﹰﺔ ﳏﺪﺩﺓﹰ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻠـﺐ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻟﻌﻀﻠـ ﹸﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﺒﻴـ ﹸﺔ ﰲ‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫ﹲ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﻜﻮ ﹸﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺴـﻴﺞ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺜـﺎﻝ ﻋـﲆ‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫ﹼ‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬

‫ﺍﻷﻧﺴـﺠ ﹸﺔ ﺑﺪﻭﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎ ﹶﺀ؛‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻣﺜـﺎﻻﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺋﺘـﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻟﻘﻠـﺐ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻭﺃﺧـﲑﺍ‪،‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻋﻀـﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻋـﲆ‬ ‫ﹰ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﳎﻤﻮﻋ ﹲﺔ ﻣ ﹶﻦ‬

‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ﺍﳉﻬﺎﺯ‪ .‬ﻓﻤﺜﻼﹰ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻣ ﹰﻌﺎ ﻣﺸـﻜﹼﻠ ﹰﺔ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻠﺐ ﻭﺍﻷﻭﻋﻴـ ﹸﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻣﻮﻳ ﹸﺔ ﺃﺟﺰﺍ ﹲﺀ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻫـﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﻌﻤـﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟـﺪﻭﺭﺍﲏ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﳉﻬـﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﻣـ ﹶﻦ‬ ‫ﹼ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﻋﲆ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻧﺴـﺎﻥ ﻣ ﹰﻌﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺟﻬﺰ ﹸﺓ ﰲ ﺟﺴـ ﹺﻢ‬ ‫ﺻﺤﺘﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﹼ‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬

‫‪‬‬

‫‪ ‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﹶ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻬ ﹾﻴ ﹶﻜ ﱡ‬

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻬﻴﻜﻠﻲ‪ :‬ﺃﺣﺪﹸ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺃﺟﻬﺰﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹼ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹲ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﻇﻴﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻌـﺎ ﻟﻠﻘﻴﺎ ﹺﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋـﺔ ﹶ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﹰ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻴ ﹴ‬ ‫ﻨﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﹼ‬

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺟﺴـﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻬﻴﻜﻠﻲ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﺮﻛ ﹸـﺐ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻧﺴـﺎﻥ ﹾ‬ ‫ﹼ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔـﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺷـﻜﻠﻬﺎ ﻭﺣﺠﻤﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻈﻤـﺎﺕ‬ ‫)‪(٢٠٦‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻤﺠﻤـﺔ ﺗﺤﻤـﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﹼ ﹶ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻣـﺎﻍ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻈـﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﻭﻇﻴﻔﺘﻬـﺎ؛‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤـﻮﺽ ﺗﺴـﺎﻋﺪﹸ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬ ‫ﻭﻋﻈـﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛـﺔ‪ .‬ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺤﺎﻓﻆ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻈﺎﻡ ﺑﻮﻇﺎﺋﻔﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻤ ﹺﺔ ﹰ‬ ‫ﹼ‬ ‫ﹰ‬ ‫ﻭﺳﻠﻴﻤﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻧﺸﻴﻄﺎ‬ ‫ﹰ‬

‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪   ‬‬

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﻌﻄﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺠﺴﻢ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻈﺎﻡ ﺩﻋﺎﻣ ﹰﺔ‬ ‫← ﺗﻌﻄﻲ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﹰ‬ ‫ﺃﻳﻀﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﹼ‬ ‫ﺍﺧﻠﻴ ﹶﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫← ﺗﺤﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻷﺟﺰﺍ ﹶﺀ ﺍﻟﺪﹼ ﹼ‬

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻼﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻈﺎﻡ ﹶ‬ ‫←‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺠﺴﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺗﻨﺘﺞ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﹼ ﹺﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﺮﺍ ﹶﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻈﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺗﺨﺰﻥ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫←‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﺻﻞ‪:‬‬

‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﺗ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﹸ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﹼﺼﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺼﻞ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺃﻧﻮﺍ ﹴﻉ ﹶ‬ ‫ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﹰ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻋﻈﻤﻴﻦ ﹾ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ ﹶ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﺻﻞ‪ ،‬ﹶ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻮ ﹺ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮﻣﺘﺤﺮ ﹴ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﺎﺻﻞ ﹴ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺤﺮ ﹴ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺠﻤﺠﻤﺔ ﺍ ﹼﻟﺘﻲ ﺗ ﱠﺘ ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺼﻞ ﻋﻨﺪﹶ‬ ‫ﻛﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻈﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻛﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹼ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﺎﺻﻞ ﹸ‬ ‫←‬ ‫ﹼ‬ ‫ﹼ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﺻﻞ ﻋﻨﺪﹶ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺿﻼﻉ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻊ ﻋﻈﺎ ﹺﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﺀ ﻋﻈﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﺎﺻﻞ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩ ﹸﺓ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﹶ‬ ‫ﹼ‬ ‫←‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻛﺒﺔ ﻋﻨﺪﹶ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﺻﻞ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺨـﺬ‪.‬‬ ‫ـﺎﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺳـﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﺎﺻـﻞ‬ ‫←‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﺀ ﻋﻈﻤﻲ ﹼ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﺼـﻞ ﹼ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺮ ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﺎ ﹺﻡ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺪﺙ ﻋﻨﺪﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻛﻦ ﺍ ﹼﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻛﺔ ﹶ‬ ‫ﹼ‬

‫‪  ‬‬

‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﹼ‬

‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻜﻮ ﹸﻥ‬ ‫ﻛﺒﻴﺮﺓ ﹶ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻠﻲ ﹾ‬ ‫ﹼ‬ ‫ﹼ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻼﺕ‪.‬‬

‫‪  ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬

‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﺤﺮ ﹸﻙ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺠﺴـﻢ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻈﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻬﻴﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻼﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﻜﺴـﻮ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹼ‬ ‫ﹼ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸ ﹶ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮ ﹶ‬ ‫ﺃﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﹸﻩ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﹸﺗ ﹺﻜﺴ ﹸﺒﻪ ﹼ‬ ‫ﻛﺾ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻜﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺮﻭﻧ ﹶﺔ‪ .‬ﻻ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﹼ‬

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ـﺮﺏ ﹶ‬ ‫ﺲ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺣ ﹼﺘﻰ ﹼ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﺴـﻤﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻼﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺩﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸ ﹶ‬ ‫ﹼ‬ ‫ﺃ ﹺﻭ ﺍﻟ ﹼﺘﻨ ﹼﻔ ﹶ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻬﻴﻜﻠﻴ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ـﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻀـﻼﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺗﺒﻄـﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻈـﺎ ﹺﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻀـﻼﺕ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹼ‬

‫ﻭﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺤﺮﻳﻚ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﺎ ﹺﻡ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺃﺯﻭﺍﺝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻼﺕ ﻋﺎﺩ ﹰﺓ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻳﺮﺳـﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﹼ ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻍ ﺭﺳـﺎﻟ ﹰﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﺮﻏـﺐ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣـﺎ‬ ‫ﹸ‬

‫‪  ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻬﻴﻜﻠﻴ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﺼﺒﺢ‬ ‫ﻓﺘﻨﻘﺒـﺾ ﺇﺣﺪﺍﻫـﺎ‬ ‫ـﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻀـﻼﺕ‬ ‫ﻣـﻦ‬ ‫ﺯﻭﺝ ﹶ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹼ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﺒﺴﻂ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻈﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻠﺪﹶ ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﺘﺴﺤﺐ ﻧﺤﻮﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺃﻗﺼﺮ‪،‬‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹶ‬

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺑﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﺎ ﹺﻡ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺴﻤﺢ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺧﺮ￯‪،‬‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ ﹼ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻼﺕ ﹶ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﻌﻤـﻞ ﹸ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﻥ ﹾ‬ ‫ﻋﻀﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻟﻘﻠﺐ‬ ‫ﻧﻔﻜ ﹶﺮ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺾ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﺋﻤﻮﻥ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻧﺤﻦ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻢ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺃﺟﺰﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﹶﺗ ﹸﻀ ﱡﺦ ﺍﻟﺪﹼ ﹶﻡ ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹺ‬

‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﺴـﺎ ﹶﺀ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻳﺴـﻤﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﹲ‬ ‫ﺁﺧﺮ ﹶ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻼﺕ ﹼ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﹸ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﺪﺓ ﻟﺘﺴـﺎﻋﺪﻧﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟ ﹼﺘﻨ ﹼﻔ ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮ ﹺ‬ ‫ﺲ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺋﺘﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﻭﻫـﻲ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﹲﺓ ﻓﻲ ﹼ‬ ‫ﻫﻀﻢ ﹼ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﻌﺎ ﹺﻡ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﹺ‬

‫‪‬‬

‫‪ ‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪  ‬‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺍﻧﻲ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﱡ‬

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷﻭﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻠﺐ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺍﻧﻲ ﻣﻦ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻜﻮ ﹸﻥ‬ ‫ﹼ‬ ‫ﱡ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺆﻭﻝ ﹾ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﹼ ﻣﻮ ﹼﻳ ﹺﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺪﹼ ﹺﻡ‪ .‬ﹶ‬

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﱢ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﻳﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻛﺴﺠﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺧﻠﻴ ﹴﺔ ﹾ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ ﱠ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺧﻼﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﹺ‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫‪‬‬

‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻠﺐ‪ ،‬ﹸ‬ ‫ﻳﻘﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻷﻛﺴﺠﻴﻦ ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻤ ﹸﻞ‬ ‫ﻳﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﹼ ﹸﻡ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﹸ‬ ‫ﹼ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻭﻋﻴـﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﹼ ﻣﻮ ﹼﻳ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺑﻀﺨ ﹺ‬ ‫ـﺔ‪ .‬ﹶ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻠـﺐ ﹼ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ‬ ‫ـﻪ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻋـﺎﻥ ﹶ‬ ‫ﹸ‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻭﻋﻴـﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﹼ ﻣﻮ ﹼﻳ ﹺﺔ ﺍ ﹼﻟﺘﻲ ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﹼ ﻣﻮ ﹼﻳ ﹸﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﹼ ﹶﻡ‪ ،‬ﻫﻤـﺎ‪:‬‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺴـﻢ ﻛﺎ ﹼﻓ ﹰﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺃﺟﺰﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻠﺐ ﺇﻟـﻰ‬ ‫ﻣـﻦ‬ ‫ﺍ ﹼﻟﺘـﻲ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻤـﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﹼ ﹶﻡ ﹶ‬

‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﹼ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻠﺐ‬ ‫ﻧﺤﻮ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺍ ﹼﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺮﺍﻳﻴﻦ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸ ﹶ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﹼ ﹶﻡ ﹶ‬ ‫ﹼ‬

‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺯﻣﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﹼ ﹺﻡ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻜﻮ ﹸﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﹼ ﹸﻡ ﹶ‬ ‫ﹼ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﺴـﻤﻰ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺩ ﹶﺓ‪ .‬ﹼ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻔﺎﺋـﺢ ﺍﻟﺪﹼ ﻣﻮ ﹼﻳ ﹺﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻤـﺮﺍﺀ‪ ،‬ﻭﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟـﺪﹼ ﹺﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺼ ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻀـﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﹼ‬

‫ﹲ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻳﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﺤﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍ ﹶﺀ ﻭﻣﻮﺍ ﹼﺩ ﺃﺧـﺮ￯‬ ‫ﺳـﺎﺋﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺯﻣـﺎ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻛﺴـﺠﻴﻦ ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻤﺮﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺴـﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟـﺪﹼ ﹺﻡ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻀﻼﺕ ﹰ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺯﻣﺎ ﻭﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﹼ ﹺﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﹺ‬ ‫ﺃﻳﻀﺎ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻞ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ‪ -‬ﺑﻌﻴﺪﹰ ﺍ ﹺ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺃﻛﺴﻴﺪ‬ ‫‪-‬ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺛﺎﻧﻲ‬

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻉ ﹺ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﹼ ﹺﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻢ ﺿﺪﹼ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻀﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﹼ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻨﻊ‬ ‫ﻔﺎﺋﺢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺠ ﹼﻠ ﹺﻂ ﺍﻟﺪﹼ ﹺﻡ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻣﺮﺍﺽ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﹼ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼ ﹸ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍ ﹺﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟ ﹼﻨ ﹺ‬ ‫ﺰﻳﻒ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺮﻭﺡ ﹶ‬ ‫ﹺ‬

‫‪  ‬‬

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‫‪  ‬‬ ‫‪  ‬‬

‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺴﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟ ﹼﺘﻨ ﹼﻔ ﱡ‬

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺴﻲ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍﺀ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺄﺧﺬ‬ ‫ﻳﻘﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻛﺴﺠﻴﻦ ﹶ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟ ﹼﺘﻨ ﹼﻔ ﱡ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺃﻛﺴﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻭﺇﺧﺮﺍﺝ ﺛﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ ﹶ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺣـﺪﻭﺙ ﹼ‬ ‫ﻋﻨـﺪﹶ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺠﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﻋﻀﻠـﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻘﺒﺾ‬ ‫ـﻬﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺪﺧـﻞ‬ ‫ـﺪﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺴـﻊ ﺍﻟ ﹼﺘ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼ ﹼ‬ ‫ﺠﻮﻳـﻒ ﹼ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺟـ ﹺﺰ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳ ﹼﺘ ﹸ‬

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮ ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻢ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻳـﻖ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻧـﻒ ﺃ ﹺﻭ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺋﺘﻴـﻦ ﹾ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻬـﻮﺍﺀ ﺇﻟـﻰ ﹼ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻬـﻮﺍﺀ ﺑﻌﺪﹶ ﹶ‬ ‫ﺣﻴـﺚ ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻨﺠﺮﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻋﺒـﺮ‬ ‫ﻳﻨﺘﻘﻞ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻚ ﹶ‬

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍﺋﻴ ﹺﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﹼ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﺪ ﹺﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍﺋﻴ ﹸﺔ ﻓـﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﺘﻔـﺮ ﹸﻉ‬ ‫ﺗﺠﻮﻳﻒ ﹼ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﹼ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﺷـﻌﺒﺘﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﺗ ﹼﺘ ﹸ‬ ‫ﺼﻞ ﹼ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺋﺘﻴﻦ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﺷﻌﺒﺔ ﻣﻨﻬﻤ ﹶﺎ ﺑﺈﺣﺪ￯ ﹼ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﺋﺔ ﺇﻟـﻰ ﹴ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻔـﺮ ﹸﻉ ﹼ‬ ‫ﻋﺪﺩ ﻛﺒﻴ ﹴﺮ‬ ‫ﺷـﻌﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﹼ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﹼ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﹼ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻛﻴﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﺑﻤﻼﻳﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍﺋﻴ ﹺﺔ ﺍ ﹼﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻨﺘﻬﻲ‬ ‫ﻌﺐ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﹼ‬

‫‪   ‬‬

‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬

‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪  ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪  ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪  ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍﺋﻴ ﹺﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﹼ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍﺋﻴ ﹺﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺤﻮﻳﺼﻼﺕ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻑ‬ ‫ﻗﻴﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﹼ‬ ‫ﹼ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍﺋﻴ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻟ ﹼﺘ ﹸ‬ ‫ﺒـﺎﺩﻝ‪ ،‬ﹸ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻮﻳﺼـﻼﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﻓﻲ‬ ‫ـﺔ ﹼ‬ ‫ﹼ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍﺀ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﹼ ﹺﻡ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻛﺴـﺠﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﻨﺘﻘﻞ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬

‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻨﻤـﺎ ﹸ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟـﺪﹼ ﹺﻡ ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺃﻛﺴـﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻳﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﺛﺎﻧـﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ ﹶ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍﺋﻴ ﹺﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻮﻳﺼـﻼﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻬـﻮﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﹼ‬

‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺋﺘﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺠﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺟـﺰ‬ ‫ﻋﻀﻠـﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﺒﺴـﻂ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺗﻘـﻮﻡ ﹼ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺃﻛﺴـﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﺈﺧـﺮﺍﺝ ﺛﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑـﻮﻥ ﹾ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺴـﻢ ﹶ‬

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻧﻒ‬ ‫ﹺ‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬

‫‪‬‬

‫‪ ‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪  ‬‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻬﻀﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﹼ‬

‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺆﻭﻝ ﹾ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻬﻀﻤﻲ‪ :‬ﹶ‬ ‫ﹼ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﹼ‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﹾ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ ﻳﺴـﺘﻔﻴﺪﹶ‬ ‫ﺑﺴـﻴﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﻌﺎﻡ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﻮﺍ ﹼﺩ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺴـﻢ‪ .‬ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻬﻀﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻬـﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﻳﺒﺪﺃ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹼ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﺑﻤﻀـﻎ ﹼ‬ ‫ﺻﻐﻴﺮﺓ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﺗﻔﺘﻴﺘﻪ ﺇﻟـﻰ ﻗﻄ ﹴﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﻌﺎ ﹺﻡ‪،‬‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﺮﻃﻴﺒﻪ ﺑﺎﻟ ﹼﻠ ﹺ‬ ‫ﺑﻠﻌﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻌﺎﺏ ﺣ ﹼﺘﻰ‬ ‫ﻳﺴﻬﻞ ﹸ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﻳﻨﺘﻘـﻞ ﹼ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻭﺑﻌـﺪﹶ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻳﻖ‬ ‫ﻋـﻦ‬ ‫ﺫﻟـﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄ ﹸ‬ ‫ﻌﺎﻡ ﹾ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﺨﺘﻠـﻂ ﻓـﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌـﺪﺓ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤـﺮﻱﺀ ﺇﻟـﻰ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻣﻀﻴ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ـﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌـﺪﺓ ﺑﻌﺼﺎﺭﺗﻬـ ﹶﺎ‬ ‫ﹼ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻠﻴـﻞ ﹼ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﻌـﺎ ﹺﻡ ﺇﻟـﻰ‬ ‫ﻳﺴـﺎﻋﺪﹸ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬

‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺴـﻬﻞ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬ ‫ﺻﻐﻴـﺮﺓ ﺟـﺪﱠ ﺍ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺃﺟـﺰﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﻳﻨﺘﻘـﻞ ﹼ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻌﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺛﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺴـﻢ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄ ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻣﺘﺼﺎﺻـﻪ‪ ،‬ﹼ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻣﻌـﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺪﹼ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻗﻴﻘﺔ‪ ،‬ﹸ‬ ‫ﻳﺘـﻢ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺇﻟـﻰ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﹼ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﻟﻴﻨﺘﻘـﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐـﺬﺍﺀ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻈـﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻣﺘﺼـﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺳـﺎﻃﺔ ﺍﻟـﺪﹼ ﹺﻡ ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻀـﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐـﺬﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺴـﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻨﺪﹶ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺃﺟﺰﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻣـﻦ ﹼ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﻠﻴﻈﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻣﻌﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﻌﺎﻡ ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺒ ﹼﻘﻰ ﹶ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻨـﻪ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺍﻣﺘﺼـﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﻳﺘـﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﹸ‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺨﺮﺝ ﹶ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﹼ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻓﻀﻼﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﹺ‬

‫‪  ‬‬

‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬

‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪       ‬‬ ‫‪     ‬‬ ‫‪       ‬‬ ‫‪      ‬‬

‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺧﺮﺍﺟﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﹼ‬

‫ﹲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻢ ﻟﻠﺘﺨ ﱡﻠ ﹺ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺧﺮﺍﺝ‬ ‫ﺺ ﹶ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺧﺮﺍﺝ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺪﹸ ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺟﻬﺎ ﹺﺯ‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻀﻼﺕ‪ .‬ﹾ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺋﺘﺎﻥ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻧﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻠﺪﹸ ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺘﺎﻥ‪،‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫← ‪ ‬‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﺤﻮ ﹸﻟﻬﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻀﻼﺕ ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﻨ ﹼﻘﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺪﹸ ﺍﻟﺪﹼ ﹶﻡ ﹶ‬ ‫ﱢ‬

‫‪‬‬

‫‪ ‬‬

‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺘﻴﻦ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﻳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻣﺎ ﹼﺩ ﹴﺓ‬ ‫ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴ ﹴﺔ ﹼ‬ ‫ﹼ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺘﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﹴ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﻟﻴﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﻝ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﺗﺤﻮ ﹸﻝ‬ ‫ﹼ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻝ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﺠﻤ ﹸﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻧﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﹼ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻧﺔ ﺣ ﹼﺘﻰ ﱠ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻪ ﺑﻌﺪﹶ ﹶ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻟﻴ ﹺﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻨﺎﺓ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺮ‬ ‫ﺺ ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟ ﱠﺘﺨ ﹼﻠ ﹸ‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻚ ﹶ‬ ‫ﹼ‬

‫← ‪ ‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮ ﹺﻕ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﺭ ﹸﻩ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻳﺆ ﱢﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﺠﻠﺪﹸ ﹶ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺧﺮﺍﺝ ﻋﻨﺪﹶ ﱡ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺮﻕ ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺮﻗﻴ ﹺﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﺪﺩ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﻨﺘﺞ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻢ‪ .‬ﹸ‬ ‫ﹼ‬

‫‪‬‬

‫‪  ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﺘﻜﻮ ﹸﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺧﻠﻴ ﹺﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻠﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﹼ ﹼ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻳﺤﺘﺎﺝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺪﻧﻴ ﹺﺔ ﺍ ﹼﻟﺘﻲ ﻻ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷﻣﻼﺡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹼ‬

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺟﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﻔﻆ‬ ‫ﻌﺮ ﹸﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪﹸ ﺍﻟ ﹼﺘ ﹼ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻢ ﺛﺎﺑﺘ ﹰﺔ ﻋﻨﺪﹶ ‪ ٣٧‬ﹾ ﺳﻴﻠﻴﺰ ﱠﻳ ﹴﺔ ﺗﻘﺮﻳ ﹰﺒﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﹺ‬

‫‪‬‬

‫‪ ‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﱡ‬

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺆﻭﻝ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻲ ﹶ‬ ‫ﹼ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻳﻨﻈ ﹸﻢ ﹶ‬ ‫ﻓﻬﻮ ﹼ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺍﺯﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﺤﻔﻆ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻼﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻟﻬﺎ؛ ﹶ‬

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺭﺋﻴﺴﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻫﻤﺎ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺟﺰﺃﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﺘﻜﻮ ﹸﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻲ ﹾ‬ ‫ﹼ‬ ‫ﹼ‬

‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﻱ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﹼ ﹺ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﺘﻜﻮ ﹸﻥ ﹶ‬ ‫ﹼ‬ ‫ﹼ‬ ‫ﹼ‬ ‫ﺨﺎﻉ ﹼ‬ ‫ﺍﻵﺧﺮ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻋﺼﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺠﺰ ﹶﺀ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﻜﻮ ﹸﻥ‬ ‫ﻮﻛﻲ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟ ﹼﻨ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﱢ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸ ﹼ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻲ ﹼ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﺮﻓﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﺴﻤﻰ‬ ‫ﹼ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄ ﱠ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻋﺼﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺴ ﹼﻴ ﹶﺔ ﹾ‬ ‫ﹼ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺤﺒﻞ ﹼ‬ ‫ﻮﻛﻲ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺭ ﹰﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺴ ﹺﻢ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﺗﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﹼ ﹺ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻍ ﹼ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸ ﹼ‬

‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬

‫ﻭﻳﺮﺳﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﹼ ﹸ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺒﻞ ﹼ‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫ﻮﻛﻲ ﺇﻟﻰ ‪‬‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻳﻖ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻍ‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫ﺃﻭﺍﻣﺮ ﹸﻩ ﹾ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸ ﱢ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻻﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻋﺼﺎﺏ‪،‬‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺪﹼ ﹸ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻍ‬

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻜـﻮ ﹸﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﹼ ﹸ‬ ‫ﻫـﻲ‪ :‬ﹼ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺦ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺃﺟﺰﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﺛﻼﺛﺔ‬ ‫ﻣـﻦ‬ ‫ﻣـﺎﻍ ﹾ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﺭﺋﻴﺴـﺔ‪ ،‬ﹶ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﱡ‬ ‫ﺃﺟﺰﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﺃﻛﺒـﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤـﺦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴـﺘﻄﻴﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺨـﺎﻉ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺨﻴـﺦ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟ ﱡﻨ ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺬ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻛـﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﹼ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺍﻛﺰ ﹼ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ‬ ‫ـﻢ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﻀـﻢ‬ ‫ﻣـﺎﻍ‪،‬‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﹼ ﹺ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﻨﻈ ﹸ‬ ‫ﱡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻮﺍﺱ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍ ﹼﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﺘﻘﺒ ﹸﻠﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﱡ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﻮﺟ ﹸﻪ ﹶ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻼﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻢ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺍﺯﻥ‬ ‫ﻳﺤﻔﻆ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺨﻴﺦ‬ ‫ﹼ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻄﻴﻞ ﻓﻴ ﹼﺘ ﹸ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺤﺒﻞ ﹼ‬ ‫ﻮﻛﻲ‬ ‫ﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﺨﺎﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻬﻴﻜﻠﻴ ﹺﺔ‪ .‬ﺃ ﹼﻣﺎ ﺍﻟ ﱡﻨ ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹼ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸ ﱢ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹼ‬ ‫ـﺎﺕ ﺍﻟ ﹼﺘ ﱡﻨﻔ ﹺ‬ ‫ﻭﺿﺮﺑـﺎﺕ‬ ‫ـﺲ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺎﺷـﺮ ﹰﺓ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﻳﺘﺤﻜ ﹸ‬ ‫ـﻢ ﻓـﻲ ﹼ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻭﺿﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﺪﹼ ﹺﻡ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻠﺐ‪،‬‬

‫‪  ‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺨﻤﺲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻮﺍﺱ‬ ‫ﱡ‬ ‫ﹸ‬

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻄﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻋﺼﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﹶ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺸ ﱢﻢ‪ ،‬ﱠ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺬ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹲ‬ ‫ﻭﻕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟ ﹼﻠ ﹺ‬ ‫ﻤﻊ‪ ،‬ﹼ‬ ‫ﻤﺲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻋﺼﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺴ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺆﻭﻟﺔ ﹾ‬ ‫ﱢ‬ ‫ﺣﻮﺍﺱ ﺍﻟﺒﺼ ﹺﺮ‪ ،‬ﹼ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﺳ ﹸ‬ ‫ﻮﺀ ﹺ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﺪﺧـﻞ ﹼ‬ ‫ﻳﻨﻌﻜﺲ ﹼ‬ ‫ﻮﺀ‬ ‫ﻣـﻦ ﺣﻮﻟﹺﻨﺎ‪،‬‬ ‫ـﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺼـ ﹺﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻀ ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻀ ﹸ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ ﺍﻷﺟﺴـﺎ ﹺﻡ ﹾ‬ ‫ﹼ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺰﺣﻴ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﺘﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺆﺑ ﹺﺆ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻌﻜـﺲ ﺇﻟـﻰ‬ ‫ـﺔ‪ .‬ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻦ ﹾ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹼ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻀ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﻛﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴ ﹴﺔ‪ ،‬ﹸ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺑﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞﹺ ﹼ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻍ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺐ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺮ‬ ‫ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻮﺀ ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺮﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﹼ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹼ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﹶ‬ ‫ﹼ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﺼﻞ ﺇﻟﻰ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺫﻥ‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺫﻥ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻮﺗﻴ ﹸﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺪﺧﻞ‬ ‫ﻤﻊ‪.‬‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴ ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﹼ‬ ‫ﹼ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﺳ ﹸﺔ ﹼ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼ ﹼ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺫﻥ ﺑﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞﹺ‬ ‫ﻮﺗﻴ ﹺﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﺴﺒ ﹸﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﻫﺘﺰﺍﺯﻫﺎ‪ .‬ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﹼ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼ ﹼ‬ ‫ﹼ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻍ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺮ‬ ‫ﻛﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴ ﹴﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻤﻌﻲ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﹼ ﹺ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﹶ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺐ ﹼ‬ ‫ﹼ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴ ﱢ‬

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴ ﹸ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﺳ ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺎﻃﻲ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻐﺸـﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍﺀ‬ ‫ـﺔ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺗﺨﺘﻠﻂ‬ ‫ـﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫ﱡ‬ ‫ﹼ‬ ‫ـﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﹼ ﱢ‬ ‫ﹼ‬ ‫ﱢ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺲ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻨﺪﹶ ﻣﺎ ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴ ﹸﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍ ﹼﺩ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺰﺀ‬ ‫ﱢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻱ ﹶ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻧﻒ ﻋﻨﺪﹶ ﻣﺎ ﻧﺘﻨ ﱠﻔ ﹸ‬ ‫ﹼ‬

‫ﻣﻌﻴ ﹴ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻧﻒ‪ ،‬ﹸ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻍ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻳﻨﻘ ﹸﻠﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺳـﻞ‬ ‫ﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﺼﺐ ﺍﻟﺸﹼ ﱢـﻢ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﹼ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﹼ‬

‫ﻭﻕ‪ .‬ﻳﻮﺟﺪﹸ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟ ﹼﻠ ﹺ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﺳ ﹸﺔ ﹼ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺬ ﹺ‬ ‫ﺫﻭﻗﻲ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮﻋﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ‪١٠٠٫٠٠٠‬‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﹾ‬ ‫ﹼ‬ ‫ﺴﺎﻥ ﹸ‬ ‫ﱟ‬

‫ﻳﺘﺬﻭ ﹸﻕ ﹼ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﱞ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻋﻢ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﺮﺳﻞ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺮ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺎﻣﺾ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻠﻮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻟﺢ‬ ‫ﻌﻢ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﻭﻛﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﹼ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄ ﹶ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﹼ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺬ ﹺ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻍ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺗﻨﻘ ﹸﻠﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻋﺼﺎﺏ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﹼ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹲ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﺳ ﹸﺔ ﺍﻟ ﹼﻠ ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻠﺪ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴ ﹺﺔ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ‬ ‫ﻤﺲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻨﺘﺸﺮ ﹲ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﹶ‬ ‫ﹼ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹼ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻷﺷﻴﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﹾ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪﹸ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ ﺑﺎﺭﺩ ﹲﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺣﺴﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻫﻞ ﹶ‬

‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹲ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺧﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﺟﺎ ﹼﻓ ﹲﺔ ﹾﺃﻡ ﹲ‬ ‫ﹲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴ ﹸﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﺮﺳﻞ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺻﻠﺒﺔ ﹾﺃﻡ ﻃﺮ ﹼﻳ ﹲﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺭﻃﺒﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﹾﺃﻡ‬ ‫ﹼ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻮﻛﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﹼ ﹺ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻍ ﹼ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺭ ﹰﺓ ﺑﺎﻟﺤﺒﻞﹺ ﺍﻟﺸﹼ ﱢ‬

‫‪‬‬

‫‪ ‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪  ‬‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺟﻬﺎﺯ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴـﺒ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺮﺍﺛﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﻳﺤﻤﻲ ﻫﺬﺍ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺴـﻢ ﹶ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﹼ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺟﻬﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﻳﺴـﺘﻄﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺣﻴـﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻈﻢ‬ ‫ﻟﻸﻣـﺮﺍﺽ‪ .‬ﻭﻓـﻲ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺮﺍﺛﻴﻢ ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺩﺧـﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺴـﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻌﺪﱡ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻋـﺔ ﹶ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻋﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺎ ﹺﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻠﺪﹸ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﹼ ﹸ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻉ ﻭﺍﻟ ﹼﻠ ﹸ‬ ‫ﻌﺎﺏ ﺃﺟﺰﺍ ﹰﺀ ﹾ‬

‫ﻭﻋﻨﺪﻣـﺎ ﺗﺠﺪﹸ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺮﺍﺛﻴﻢ ﻃﺮﻳ ﹶﻘﻬﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺴـﻢ ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻀﺎﺀ ﺑﺎﻟ ﹼﺘﺼﺪﱢ ﻱ ﻟﻬﺎ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﹼ ﹺﻡ‬

‫‪ ‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﻗﺒـﻞ ﹾ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻀﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤـﺮﺽ‪ .‬ﻭﺧﻼﻳـﺎ ﺍﻟـﺪﹼ ﹺﻡ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ ﺗﺴـ ﱢﺒ ﹶﺐ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻭﻋﻴـﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﹼ ﻣﻮ ﹼﻳ ﹺﺔ‬ ‫ﺧـﻼﻝ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﻨﺘﻘﻞ‬ ‫ﻣـﻦ ﺍﻟـﺪﹼ ﹺﻡ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺟﺰﺀ ﹶ‬ ‫ﹲ‬

‫ﻭﺍﻟ ﹼﻠﻤﻔﺎﻭ ﹼﻳ ﹺ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻘـﻞ ﺳـﺎﺋ ﹰ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷﻭﻋﻴـﺔ ﺍﻟ ﹼﻠﻤﻔﺎﻭ ﹼﻳ ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻼ‬ ‫ـﺔ‬ ‫ـﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻤﻒ ﺑﺪ ﹰ‬ ‫ﻳﺴـﻤﻰ ﺍﻟ ﹼﻠ ﹶ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻻ ﹶ‬ ‫ﻣـﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﹼ ﹺﻡ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳـﺪﹸ ﹾ‬ ‫ﹼ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺪ ﺍﻟ ﹼﻠﻤﻔﺎﻭ ﹼﻳ ﹺﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﺗﻌﻴﺶ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻜﻮ ﹸﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟـﺪﹼ ﹺﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻀﺎﺀ ﱠ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍ ﹼﺩ ﹼ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺠﺴﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺎﺭ ﹺﺓ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺺ ﹶ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻟ ﹼﺘﺨ ﹼﻠ ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻀ ﹼ‬ ‫ﻭﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﹼ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻀﺎﺀ ﹶ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺮﺍﺛﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻗﺘﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﺴـﺘﻄﻊ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﹼ ﹺﻡ‬ ‫ﻟﻢ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹾ‬ ‫ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﹾ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺮﺍﺛﻴﻢ ﹸ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺽ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺒﺒ ﹰﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﺈﻥ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﺗﺄﺧﺬ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﺛ ﹺﺮ ﹼ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺟﻬـﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﻳﺴـﺘﻤﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺽ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟـﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺣ ﹼﺘـﻰ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﱡ‬

‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺮﺍﺛﻴﻢ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻗﺘـﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺴـﻢ ﻓـﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺧـﻞ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟ ﹼﺘﺨ ﹼﻠ ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤـﺮﺽ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻌـﻮ ﹶﺩ‬ ‫ﻳـﺰﻭﻝ‬ ‫ـﺺ ﻣﻨﻬـﺎ ﺣ ﹼﺘـﻰ‬

‫ﺟﻴ ﹴ‬ ‫ﺪﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻢ ﹼ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺑﺼﺤ ﹴﺔ ﹼ‬ ‫‪  ‬‬

‫‪←    ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬

‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺮﻭﺳﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﻴﺮﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﹸ‬

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺠﺮﺍﺛﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺋﻴﺴـﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺮﻭﺳـﺎﺕ ﹶ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﹼ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴـﺒ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻟﻸﻣـﺮﺍﺽ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻊ ﹼ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺮﻭﺳـﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﹼ‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜـﻦ ﺭﺅﻳﺘﻬـﺎ ﺇﻻ ﺑﻤﺠﻬ ﹴﺮ‬ ‫ﺻﻐﻴـﺮ ﹲﺓ ﺟـﺪﹰﹼ ﺍ ﻻ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﺇﻻ ﺃﻧﹼﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻬﺮ‬ ‫ﻳﺴﻤﻰ‬ ‫ﱟ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺹ ﱠ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﱠ‬

‫ﹰ‬ ‫ﺷـﺢ ﻭﺍﻷﻧﻔﻠﻮﻧﺰﺍ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺴـﺒ ﹸﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮ ﹸ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹼ‬ ‫ﺃﻣﺮﺍﺿﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﹼ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﻭﻋﻨـﺪﹶ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺧـﻞ ﺧﻼﻳـﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺮﻭﺳـﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺩﺧـﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺴـﻢ‪ ،‬ﹸ‬ ‫ﺗﺒﺪﺃ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻟ ﹼﺘﻜﺎﺛ ﹺﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺴـﺘﻤﺪﱡ ﹼ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗ ﹶﺔ‬ ‫ﹺ‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫↑ ‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪  ‬‬

‫ﻭﺗﻨﺘﺞ ﺳـﻤﻮ ﹰﻣﺎ ﻭﻣﻮﺍ ﹼﺩ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻐـﺬﺍ ﹶﺀ ﹶ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺟﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻟﻢ‪،‬‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﹼ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺒ ﹸﺐ ﹶ‬ ‫ﺿﺎﺭ ﹰﺓ ﹼ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴـﺒ ﹺﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺠﺮﺍﺛﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻵﺧـﺮ‬ ‫ﺋﻴﺲ‬ ‫ﺃ ﹼﻣـﺎ ﺍﻟ ﹼﻨ ﹸ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮ ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹼ‬ ‫ـﻮﻉ ﹼ‬

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﻠﻮﻗﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻓﻬﻮ ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﻴﺮﻳﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﻴﺮﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﹲ‬ ‫ﻟﻸﻣﺮﺍﺽ ﹶ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﺧﻠﻴ ﹴ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺣـﺪﺓ‪،‬‬ ‫ـﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻜـﻮ ﹸﻥ‬ ‫ﺣﻴ ﹲـﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﺟﺴـﺎﻣﻬﺎ ﹾ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹼ‬ ‫ﻣـﻦ ﹼ‬ ‫ﹼ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﺧـﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳـﺎ‬ ‫ﻜﺎﺛـﺮ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﺴـﺘﻄﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻴـﺶ ﻭﺍﻟ ﹼﺘ ﹶ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴ ﹺﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﹼ‬

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‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ﹰ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺃﻣﺮﺍﺿـﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺴـﺒ ﹸﺐ‬ ‫ﺃﻧـﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﻴﺮﻳـﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻌـﺾ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹼ‬ ‫ﺣﻴـﻦ ﹼ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺠﺴـﻢ‪ ،‬ﻓـﻲ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ ﹰ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻋـﺎ ﺃﺧـﺮ￯ ﹶ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻭﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﻳﺴـﺎﻋﺪﹸ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺠﺴـﻢ؛‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﻴﺮﻳـﺎ ﻣﻔﻴﺪ ﹲﺓ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻫﻀﻢ ﹼ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﻌﺎ ﹺﻡ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺮﺍﺛﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺧﻄ ﹺﺮ‬ ‫ﻭﺣ ﹼﺘﻰ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺃﺣﻤﻲ ﺟﺴﻤﻲ ﹾ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺒ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹼﺒﻊ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻸﻣﺮﺍﺽ‪ ،‬ﺃﺗ ﹸ‬ ‫ﹼ‬

‫‪‬‬

‫‪ ‬‬

‫‪‬‬

‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼ ﹼﺤ ﱠﻲ‬ ‫ﺃﺗﻨﺎﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍ ﹶﺀ ﹼ‬ ‫←‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺍﺯﻥ‪.‬‬

‫←‬

‫←‬

‫ﺍﻟﺮ ﹺ‬ ‫ﺁﺧﺬ ﹰ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻓﻨﺤﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﺣﺔ؛‬ ‫ﻗﺴﻄﺎ ﹶ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﹼ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﺑﺤﺎﺟﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟ ﹼﻨﻮ ﹺﻡ ﺣﻮﺍﻟﻲ ‪١٠‬‬

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‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻵﺧﺮﻳـﻦ ﻓـﻲ ﺃﻭﺍﻧـﻲ‬ ‫ﺃﺷـﺎﺭﻙ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ـﺮﺏ ﺃ ﹺﻭ ﹼ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸ ﹺ‬ ‫ﱡ‬ ‫ﻳﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﻌﺎ ﹺﻡ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﺃﻏﺴـﻞ ﹼ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﺎﻭﻝ ﹼ‬ ‫ﺟﻴﺪﹰ ﺍ ﹶ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﻌﺎ ﹺﻡ ﻭﺑﻌﺪﹶ ﹸﻩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻞ‬ ‫ﹼ‬

‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﻳﻮﻣﻴﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﹰﹼ‬

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‫‪  ‬‬

‫ﻭﺍﻷﻟﻌـﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺃﻣـﺎﺭﺱ ﺍﻷﻧﺸـﻄ ﹶﺔ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﻷﺣﺎﻓﻆ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﻴﺎﻗﺘﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻳﺎﺿﻴ ﹶﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮ ﹼ‬ ‫ﹼ‬

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻄﻌﻴﻤـﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣ ﹶﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺃﺗﻨـﺎﻭﻝ ﺍﻟ ﹼﺘ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻤـﺎﺕ ﹼ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄ ﹺ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﺐ ﻋﻨﺪﹶ‬ ‫ﹼﺒﻊ‬ ‫ﻭﺃﺗ ﹸ‬

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻓﺤﺼﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺩﻭﻳﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺗﻨﺎﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﻭﺃﻋﻤﻞ ﹰ‬ ‫ﺷﺎﻣ ﹰ‬ ‫ﻼ ﻟﺠﺴﻤﻲ ﺳﻨﻮ ﹰﹼﻳﺎ‪.‬‬

‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺼ ﹼﺤ ﹸﺔ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍﺀ ﹼ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍﺋﻴ ﹸﺔ ﻓﻲ ﹼ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﻌﺎ ﹺﻡ ﺍ ﹼﻟﺬﻱ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﺪﹸ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍ ﹼﺩ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹼ‬ ‫ﺃﺗﻨﺎﻭﻟﻪ‪ ،‬ﹶ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻄ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﺰﻭﻳﺪ ﹺﻩ ﹼ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺎﻗﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻢ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻟﻨﻤﻮ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺿﺮﻭﺭ ﹼﻳ ﹲﺔ ﹼ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﺭﺋﻴﺴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻫﻲ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍﺀ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺳ ﹼﺘ ﹺﺔ ﺃﻧﻮﺍ ﹴﻉ‬ ‫ﺳﻠﻴﻤﺎ‪ .‬ﻳﺼ ﱠﻨ ﹸﻒ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺪﻧﻴ ﹸﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷﻣﻼﺡ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻨﺎﺕ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻫﻴﺪﺭﺍﺕ‪،‬‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹼ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺪﹼ ﹸ‬ ‫ﻫﻮﻥ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﺎﺕ‪،‬‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻫﻴﺪﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﹸ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻫﻴﺪﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﹸ‬

‫ﻼ ﹺ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻄ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺋﻴﺲ ﹼ‬ ‫ﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟ ﹼ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻫﻴﺪﺭﺍﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻋﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺯﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺴ ﹼﻜﺮ ﹼﻳ ﹸ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺠﺴﻢ‪ .‬ﺍﻟ ﹼﻨﺸﻮ ﹼﻳ ﹸ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮ ﹸ‬ ‫ﺎﺕ ﹼ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ ﹼ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻄ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺴـﻢ ﹼ‬ ‫ﺎﻗﺔ ﻣﺪﹼ ﹰﺓ‬ ‫ﻋﺪﻳﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺃﻃﻌﻤـﺔ‬ ‫ﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺒـﺰ ﻭﺍﻷﺭﺯﱡ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻄﺎﻃـﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻤﺪﹼ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟـﺪﹸ ﺍﻟ ﹼﻨﺸـﻮ ﹼﻳ ﹸ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻄ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴ ﹼﻜﺮ ﹼﻳ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻢ ﹼ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻳﺴﺘﻬﻠﻜﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺎﻗﺔ ﺍ ﹼﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﻳﻠ ﹰﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻨﹶﻤﺎ ﺗﺤﺘﻮﻱ‬ ‫ﺎﺕ ﺍ ﹼﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻤﺪﹼ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺍﻛﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﹼ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻨﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﹸ‬

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﺒﻴ ﹸﻦ‬ ‫ﻭﺑﻨﺎﺀ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻢ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺻﺤ ﹺﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﹼ‬ ‫ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ‪ .‬ﹼ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﺍﻟ ﹼﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﹶ‬ ‫ﻭﻓﻮﺍﺋﺪﻫﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺑﻌﺾ ﻣﺼﺎﺩ ﹺﺭﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻨﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺾ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻦ ﺃ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻦ ﺟـ‬ ‫ﹸ‬

‫ﻓﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻦ ﺩ‬ ‫ﹸ‬

‫ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﹸﻩ‬ ‫ﹸ‬

‫ﻓﻮﺍﺋﺪﹸ ﹸﻩ‬

‫ﻭﺍﻟﺨﻀﺮﺍﻭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺰﺭ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻴﺐ‪،‬‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻮﺍﻛﻪ‪ ،‬ﹶ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺠ ﹸ‬ ‫ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟ ﹼﻠ ﹺ‬ ‫ﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﺧﻀ ﹺﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫ﹸ‬

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷﺳﻨﺎﻥ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﻴﻦ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺳﻼﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟ ﹼﻠ ﹺ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻠﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺸﹼ ﻌ ﹺﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺜﺔ‪،‬‬

‫ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺮﺍﻭﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﹼ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻤﺎﻃﻢ‬ ‫ﺎﺕ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻤﻀﻴ ﹸ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻄ ﹸ‬ ‫ﹼ‬

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻠﺐ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺳﻼﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻀﻼﺕ‪.‬‬

‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺾ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷﺳﻤﺎﻙ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻴﺐ‪،‬‬ ‫ﹸ‬

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺳﻨﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻈﺎ ﹺﻡ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺻﺤ ﹺﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﹼ‬

‫‪‬‬

‫‪ ‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺪﻧﻴ ﹸﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻣﻼﺡ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹼ‬

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪﹸ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪﹸ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻼﺕ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﺎ ﹺﻡ ﻭﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﱠ ﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺪﻧﻴ ﹸﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻣﻼﺡ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹼ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺪﻧﻴ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟ ﱠﺘﺎﻟـﻲ ﹶ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻭﺑﻌﺾ‬ ‫ـﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻣـﻼﺡ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺾ‬ ‫ـﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﺸـﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒـﻲ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﺒﻴ ﹸ‬ ‫ﹼ‬ ‫ﺳـﻠﻴﻢ‪ .‬ﹼ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻭﻓﻮﺍﺋﺪﻫﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺼﺎﺩ ﹺﺭﻫﺎ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺪﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻠﺢ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﻢ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹼ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻟﺴﻴﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪﹸ‬ ‫)ﺍﻟﺰ ﹸ‬ ‫ﻧﻚ(‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺻﻴﻦ ﹼ‬ ‫ﹸ‬

‫ﻓﻮﺍﺋﺪﹸ ﹸﻩ‬

‫ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﹸﻩ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺨﻀﺮﺍﻭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷﺟﺒﺎﻥ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻴﺐ‪،‬‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟ ﹼﻠ ﹺ‬ ‫ﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﺧﻀ ﹺﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫ﹸ‬

‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷﺳﻤﺎﻙ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺎﺻﻮﻟﻴﺎﺀ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺤﻮﻡ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟ ﹼﻠ ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺒﻮﺏ‪.‬‬ ‫ﹸ‬

‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺾ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷﺳﻤﺎﻙ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺤﻮﻡ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟ ﹼﻠ ﹸ‬

‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﻳﹴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺃﺳﻨﺎﻥ ﻭﻋﻈﺎ ﹴﻡ ﹼ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﹸﺓ ﻛﺮ ﹼﻳ ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻤﺮﺍﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎ ﹺﻡ‬ ‫ﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﹼ ﹺﻡ‬

‫ﺑﻮﻇﻴﻔﺘﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺠﺮﻭﺡ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻤﻮ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺌﺎ ﹺﻡ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﹸﺓ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟ ﹼﻨ ﹼ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺪﹼ ﻫﻮﻥﹸ‬

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪﹸ ﺍﻟﺪﹼ ﹸ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻨﺎﺕ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﺗﺨﺰﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻫﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﹶ‬ ‫ﹶ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺪﹼ ﻫﻮﻥﹸ‬

‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺻﺤﻴﺢ‪ .‬ﺗﻮﺟﺪﹸ‬ ‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﻤﻨﺤﻪ ﺍﻟﺪﹼ ﻑ ﹶﺀ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪﹸ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﹼ ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺰﺑﺪﹸ ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺾ‬ ‫ﺤﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﺃﻃﻌﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﻮﻥ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻠﻴﺐ ﹼ‬ ‫ﻋﺪﻳﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟ ﹼﻠ ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺰ ﹺ‬ ‫ﻳﻮﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺮﺍﺕ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻜﺴ ﹸ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﹼ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﹶ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹼ‬

‫ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺪﹼ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺻﺤ ﹼﻴ ﹰﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺒ ﹸﺐ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺗﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻫﻮﻥ ﻣﻔﻴﺪ ﹲﺓ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺾ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﹼ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺠﺴﻢ‪ ،‬ﹶﻭ ﹼ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹼ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟ ﹼﺘﺨ ﹼﻠ ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻀﻼﺕ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺟﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﺛﻠﺜﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺺ ﹶ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻳﺸﻜ ﹸﻞ ﹸ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﺣﻮﺍﻟﻲ ﹾ‬ ‫ﹾ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻢ ﺛﺎﺑﺘ ﹰﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺟﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﺤﺎﻓﻆ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﺻﻞ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺣﻤﺎﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﹺ‬

‫‪  ‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﱢ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻮ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﺎ ﹺﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺪﺧﻞ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴ ﹺﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪﹸ ﻋﻠﻰ ﹼ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﹼ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻣﺮﺍﺽ‪ .‬ﺗﻮﺟﺪﹸ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻀﻼﺕ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻧﹼﻬﺎ ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪﹸ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺟﻬﺎﺯ‬

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻜﺴ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺮﺍﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷﺳﻤﺎﻙ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺾ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟ ﹼﻠﺤﻮ ﹺﻡ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎﺗﻪ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻴﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹼ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﹸ‬

‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﻟﺼﺤﺘﻲ؟‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﺃﻫﻤ ﹼﻴ ﹸﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺍﺯﻥ ﹼ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ ﹼ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻃﻌﻤﺔ ﱠ‬ ‫ﹼ‬ ‫ﻭﻧﻤﻮ ﹺﻩ‬ ‫ﺻﺤ ﹺﺔ ﺟﺴﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ ﻳﻮ ﹴﻡ ﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪﹸ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻤ ﹼﻴ ﹺﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﹶ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ ﹼ‬ ‫ﱢ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﺎﻭﻝ ﹼ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺸ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹼ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﺟﺒﺔ ﻣﺘﻮﺍﺯﻧ ﹰﺔ ﻋﻨﺪﹶ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺤﺘ ﹺﻮﻱ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪﺋﺬ ﻏﺬﺍ ﹰﺀ ﻣﺘﻮﺍﺯ ﹰﻧﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﺴﻤﻰ‬ ‫ﻠﻴﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﻜﻞ ﹼ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﻭﺑﻜﻤ ﹼﻴ ﹴ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﻳﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﻋ ﹶﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹼ‬

‫‪‬‬

‫‪ ‬‬

                               

                                                                                                       

                                                                                                 

                                          



                              

                                                          

                                                      

     

                                                                              

                                                      



                                                                                                                                           

  