14 nordic houses: their characteristics and their construction

1

80s Duplex

Nunavik, 1980

2 Single House Nunavik, 1987

3 Kikkaluk Cabin

4 2010s Duplex

5 Row Houses

6 Quonset Hut Alaska, 1944

7 Sisimiut Duplex

8 Arviat House

9 DublDom Shelter

10 Quaqtat Duplex

11 Nordic House

12 Small Community

13

14

Nunavik, 2017

Nunavik, 1990-2015

Greenland, 1960-1985

Nunavik, 2017

Nunavut, 2017

Russia, 2018

Tundra Camp Nunavik, 2018

Nunavik, 2019

Doing Things Differently : An atlas of best practices and opportunities for culturally acceptable and sustainable living environments in Nunavik • 2019-23 Funded by the Sentinel North program of Université Laval Canada First Research Excellence Fund

Container Cabin Nunavik, 2018

Nunavik, 2017

Nunavik, 2017

14 NORDIC HOUSES their characteristics and their construction

Understanding the 14 nordic houses Each one-pager file includes a series of information describing a house or group of houses.

While some are rather factual and explicit, others are more qualitative in nature, as they are inspired by Inuit values and ways of life. Here are some keys to understanding the qualities and characteristics of each house.

Investigators: Myriam Blais, Geneviève Vachon Research associates: Samuel Boudreault, Gilles Rocheleau Research assistants: Arianne Côté, Victor Demers, Flavie Martineau, Melaine Niget, Anthony Présumé, Maxime Vaillancourt-Cossette, Charlie Wenger

11 Nordic House Characteristics and qualities

Roof detail

- roofing (corrugated metal sheet) - weatherproofing (fully-adhered membrane) - underlay (plywood) 12 mm (1/2 in.)

- insulation (extruded polystyrene) 310 mm (12 1/4 in.) in 2 layers - vapor and air barrier (fully adhered membrane) - structural underlay (plywood)19 mm (3/4 in.)

- framing rafters (wood) 38x235, 610 mm oc (2x10, 24 in. oc) - interior lining (board) 19 mm (3/4 in.)

2017, Nunavik

Student project, U. Laval

by Alexandre Morin

Wall detail

- exterior cladding (wood) 19 mm (3/4 in.)

- horizontal nailing strips (wood) 19x64 (1x3 in.) fixed to vertical furring - vertical furring strips (wood) 19x64 mm (1x3 in.) fixed to framing studs - insulation (extruded polystyrene) 235 mm (9 1/4 in.)

- vapor and air barrier (fully adhered membrane) - interior lining (plywood or other) 19 mm (3/4 in.)

- exposed framing studs (wood) 38x140, 610 mm oc (2x6, 24 in. oc)

Floor detail

Status

- floor finish - subfloor (plywood) 19 mm (3/4 in.)

- vapor barrier (polyethylene sheet or aluminium foil) - insulation (extruded polystyrene) 75 mm (3 in.)

- underlying panel (plywood) 19 mm (3/4 in.)

- framing joists (wood) 38x140, 610 mm oc (2x6, 24 in. oc) - insulation between joists (extruded polystyrene) 140 mm (5 1/2 in.)

- weatherproofing (non-woven polyolefine house wrap) - exterior underside (plywood) 19 mm (3/4 in.)

- seam-cover (wood-battens) 19x75 mm (1x3 in.)

Unbuilt (student) project which includes innovative

- base structure (steel) W 170x128 beam - bearing piles (friction, to bedrock)

and emerging ideas.

Distinctive features

Prototype or built project whose promising ideas have

104m2

yet to be validated over a

58°N latitude

unit area room 10m2

2•7 floors•rooms

room 9m2

mezzanine 9m2

central

Type of project that has

attic storage 9m2 room 10m2

Second Floor

been built regularly for sevcommon

12.8m

3.7m

promising

emerging

long period of time.

semi-detached house

3.7m

emerging

Foundation Detail

Characteristics and qualities

eral years.

Organization of rooms

Culture

Space

Construction

family life

seasons

systems

bathroom 5.5m2 room 7.5m2

gattering space 9m2

living room 15.5m2 room 8.5m2

Some rooms are accessible

appropriation

transitions

comfort

first floor

through others.

kitchen 6m2

mecanics 5m2

temperate porch 5m2

balcony 28m2

linear

1m

relationships

sight

3m

5m

siting

Rooms are distributed

+6.38m

around a central core space. central

+3.00m

Doing Things Differently : An atlas of best practices and opportunities for culturally acceptable and sustainable living environments in Nunavik • 2019-23

+0.46m

Funded by the Sentinel North program of Université Laval Canada First Research Excellence Fund

+0.00m

natural soil (x) permafrost (active layer) (x) 0,5m

1m

2m

Distinctive features

Space

Culture

are simple to implement,

can take place in flexible

aspirations can be accomfamily life

Materials and techniques

Various seasonal activities

Families’ changing need and modated and met.

Construction

seasons

and adaptable spaces.

while being efficient and systems

Climatic and temperature vari-

appropriation

The house allows the inhab-

ations between inside and out-

itants to occupy it and live in

side are mitigated by a variety

it as they wish.

of thresholds and transition

transitions

tive and frugal bioclimatic strategies, as well as enercomfort

the ground and topography

contacts with landscapes sight

and neighborhoods.

gy-efficient systems

Careful relationships with

allows privileged and rich

offer gathering spaces and relationships

The house includes innova-

A variety of orientations

Rooms are configured as to quiet refuge, when needed.

spaces.

durable.

allows their qualities to be siting

preserved.

3m

Construction principles in Northern territory: about the building envelope The term “envelope” refers to the exterior walls, roof, and windows of a building. In Nunavik, raised ground floors are also part of the building envelope. The envelope is a boundary, as well as a filter, which aims to control the effects of the environment (the climatic conditions) as well as air, vapor, and heat flows, between inside and outside.

Contextual note: The one-pager files presented in this booklet describe construction methods dating from the 1950s and beyond: they thus account for knowledge, principles and processes that have significantly evolved over time. The perception of comfort with regard to climatic conditions also changed during this period. This can explain certain construction decisions illustrated in the files.

A review of current knowledge about building envelope •

•

•

•

•

•

An efficient building envelope has to meet five requirements: 1) control heat flow, 2) control air flow, 3) control water vapor (moisture) flow, 4) control rain penetration, and 5) be durable.

Air flow control is the most important because, due to temperature differences between indoor and outdoor environments, air flows will transport both water vapor and heat.

Water vapor generally seeks to escape either by diffusion (migration through contiguous materials) or air leakage (exfiltration through an opening or a hole or any discontinuity in materials) (see image on the right).

As water vapor passes through the envelope to the outside, it encounters colder and colder materials, eventually reaching a cold surface on which it will condense or even freeze, thus risking damage to water-sensitive materials like wood, gypsum, cardboard, or insulation batts.

Air leakage through an opening in the envelope (even a very small one) allows a much greater quantity of water vapor to escape than through diffusion: damage to watersensitive materials is therefore much greater.

This observation underpins the principle of the absolute necessity that the envelope forms an effective air barrier (one that is continuous, strong, and flexible at joints), in order to prevevvt warm water vapor from coming into contact with cold surfaces. This means achieving airtightness – without neglecting the fact that water vapor migration by diffusion must also be controlled, as well as heat flow.

diffusion

air leakage

Achieving airtightness and water vapor diffusion control There are generally two ways to install air and vapor barriers :

1. The most common practice Main characteristics • Air flow and water vapor flow controls are fulfilled by two distinct membranes: an air barrier (such as polyolefin) and a vapor barrier (such as polyethylene or aluminum film).

• These two membranes are located on different sides of the structural frame: the vapor barrier is always on its warmest side.

• Heat flow control is usually met by a combination of insulating materials (such as mineral wool batts and rigid foam-based panels), within and outside the structure.

Practical aspects • The vapor barrier is often not supported and thus subject to tearing and puncturing, even after construction is completed.

• Its continuity is not easy to ensure where horizontal and vertical framings meet, thus requiring multiple sheets.

• Multiple steps are required to ensure continuity, creating a possibility for a humidity traps.

• It is not fully visible, thus difficult to inspect and repair.

• The air barrier plan on the most exterior side of the wall makes it subject to wear by wind.

2. An emerging practice, known as the “perfect wall” Main characteristics • Air flow and water vapor flow controls are fulfilled by a single membrane: an air-vapor barrier (such as self-adhesive rubberized asphalt or polypropylene film).

• This membrane is located on the exterior side of the structural frame (sheeting); it has to always be on the warmest side.

• Heat flow control is usually met by a single insulating material (such as semi-rigid mineral wool panels), in one layer or more.

Practical aspects • The air-vapor barrier is fully supported, thus protected from wear during construction and after its completion.

• Its installation is easy, just like wrapping a gift box: the continuity and integrity of the membrane are ensured.

• It is fully visible, easy to inspect and repair.

• Since there is only one membrane, it is impossible for humidity traps to be created inside the wood structure.

• This emerging practice is more efficient and durable, although (possibly) more costly.

Roof Detail

1

- Roofing (asphalt shingles) - air barrier (black building paper) - structural underlay (plywood) 12 mm (1/2 in.)

- framing trusses (wood) dimensions to needs - insulation (mineral wool batts) 150 mm (6 in.)

- insulation (mineral wool batts) 180 mm (7 in.)

- insulation (polystyrene board) 12 mm (1/2 in.)

- vapor barrier (polyethylene sheet or aluminum foil) - furring strips (wood) 19x89 mm (1x4 in.)

- interior lining (cardboard or gypsiumboard) 300x300 mm (12x12 in.)

80s Duplex

1980, Nunavik model J2.4

Société d’habitation du Québec

by Bernard Sicotte architecte

Wall detail

- exterior cladding (horizontal pressed wood) - furring strips (wood) 19x65 mm (1x3 in.)

- air barrier (black building paper) - sheating (plywood) 9 mm (3/8 in.)

- external framing studs (wood) 38x89 406 mm oc (2x4 16 in. oc) - insulation between studs (mineral wool) 89 mm (3 1/2 in.)

- sheating (plywood) 12 mm (1/2 in.)

- internal framing studs staggered (wood) 38x89 406 mm oc (2x4 16 in. oc) - insulation in between studs (mineral wool) 89 mm (3 1/2 in.)

- lining (plywood) 9 mm (3/8 in.)

- vapor barrier (polyethylene sheet or aluminum foil) - interior lining (pressed wood sheet) 6 mm (1/4 in.)

Floor detail

- flooring (PVC) - subfloor (plywood) 19 mm (3/4 in.)

- joists (wood) 38x184 mm (2x8 in.)

- vapor barrier (aluminium foil) - underlying panel (plywood) 9 mm (3/8 in.)

- insulation (extruded polystyrene) 38 mm (1 1/2 in.)

- structural underlay (plywood) 9 mm (3/8 in.)

- framing joists (wood) 38x184 mm (2x8 in.)

- insulation in between joists (mineral wool) 184mm (7 1/4 in.)

- exterior underside (outdoor plywood) 9 mm (3/8 in.)

v- pressed gravel raft

- wheelbase from 8 pieces with treated wood 150x150 mm (6x6 in.)

- 19 outdoor plywood sheeting - treated wooden blocks 190x330x1280 mm

Distinctive features

road

road drainage

lot

setback

121m2 common

58°N latitude

semi-detached house

unit area

7.8m

2•7 floors•rooms

central

Space

Construction

9% openings

Culture

8.7m

Characteristics and qualities

seasons

porch 2.5m2

room 1 13m2

living room 15.5m2

room 2 10m2

storage total 4.5m2

circ. total 10.5m2

systems

entrance 8.5m2

mecanics 8m2

bathroom 7.5m2

7% openings

porch 5.5m2

8.7m

family life

kitchen 11.5m2

room 3 13m2

room 4 11m2

0% openings

appropriation

transitions

comfort

first floor

second floor

1m

relationships

sight

3m

5m

siting

+4.9m

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+0.0m granular pad (0,85x) permafrost (active layer) (x) .5m 1m

2m

3m

Roof detail

- roofing (asphalt shingles) - structural underlay (plywood) 13 mm (1/2 in.)

- framing trusses (wood) height and spacing to needs - insulation (mineral wool batts) 200 mm (8 in.)

- insulation (mineral wool batts) 89 mm (3 1/2 in.)

- insulation (extruded polystyrene) 38 mm (1 1/2 in.)

- vapor barrier (polyethylene sheet or aluminum foil) - furring strips (wood) 19x64 mm (1x4 in.)

- interior lining (gypsum board) 13 mm (1/2 in.)

2 Single House 1987, Nunavik

Wall detail

model U3

- exterior cladding (main : vertical wood planks, headband : corrugated steel sheet) - furring strips (wood) 16x64 mm (1x3 in.)

- air barrier (non-woven polyolefine house wrap) - sheating (plywood) 9 mm (3/8 in.)

- framing studs (wood) 38x140, 406 mm oc (2x6, 16 in. oc) - insulation between studs (fiberglass wool) 140mm (5 1/2 in.)

- insulation (rigid extruded polystyrene) 38 mm (1 1/2 in.)

- vapor barrier (polyethylene sheet or aluminum foil) - sheating (plywood) 9mm (3/8 in.)

- furring strips (wood) 38x64 mm (2x3 in.)

- interior lining (gypsum board) 13 mm (1/2 in.)

Société d’habitation du Québec

Floor detail

- flooring (PVC) - subfloor (plywood) 16 mm (5/8 in.)

- joists (wood) 38x184 mm (2 x 8 in.) spacing to needs, supported by short trusses (wood) 38x89 mm (2x4 in.)

- underlying panel (plywood) 9 mm (3/8 in.)

- vapor barrier (polyethylene sheet or aluminum foil) - insulation (extruded polystyrene) 38 mm (1 1/2 in.)

- structural underlay (plywood) 9 mm (3/8 in.)

- framing joists (wood) 38x184 mm (2 x 8 in.) spacing to needs - insulation between joists (mineral wool batts) 2x 89 mm (3 1/2 in.)

- air barrier (non-woven polyolefine house wrap) - exterior underside (plywood) 9 mm (3/8 in.)

- seams-cover (wood-battens) 19x64 mm (1x4 in.)

Foundation detail

- base structure (W 360x33 metallic beam) - adjustable metallic screwjack - base of screwjack (2 treated wooden parts) 200x200 mm (8x8 in.) bearing the efforts form the screwjack - wheelbase (8 treated wood pieces) 150x150 mm (6x6 in.)

Distinctive features 113m2 common

detached house

unit area 8.5m

floor•rooms

linear

Culture

family life

Space

seasons

Construction

13.5m

Characteristics and qualities lot

room 2 10.5m2

room 3 10.5m2

room 1 12m2

bathroom 4.5m2

5% openings

latitude

0.01% openings

6.20% openings

58°N

1•5

storage 14m2

warm porch 7.5m2

corridor 14m2

mecanics 10m2

living room 15.5m2

kitchen 14.5m2

10% openings

systems setback

appropriation

transitions

comfort road drainage

relationships

sight

siting

road

1m

3m

5m

+1.8m +1.1m +0.0m Doing Things Differently : An atlas of best practices and opportunities for culturally acceptable and sustainable living environments in Nunavik • 2019-23 Funded by the Sentinel North program of Université Laval Canada First Research Excellence Fund

granular pad (1,5x)

permafrost (active layer) (x) 0.5m 1m

2m

3m

3 Kikkaluk Cabin

Roof detail

- roofing (nailed asphalt sheets) - structural underlay (plywood) 16 mm (5/8 in.)

- (in some construction) insulation (mineral wool or recuperated solid insulation) - framing rafters (wood) height and spacing to needs

1990 to 2015, Nunavik designed and builded by Inuit community members of Salluit

Wall detail

- exterior cladding (exposed plywood ) 16 mm (5/8 in.)

- framing studs (wood) 38x89, 610 mm oc (2x4, 24 in. oc) - (in some/most construction) insulation between studs (mineral wool or recuperated solid insulation) - (in some construction) interior lining (plywood) 16 mm (5/8 in.)

Floor detail

- flooring (exposed plywood) 16 mm (5/8 in.)

- insulation (rigid insulation) - underlying panel (plywood) 16 mm (5/8 in.)

- joists (wood) 38x184, 610 mm oc (2x8, 24 in. oc)

Foundation detail

- wood pieces and concrete wheelbases manually adjusted on the ground

Distinctive features 50m2 emerging

62°N latitude

cabins

unit area

1•2 floor•rooms

linear m

3.5

3.8

k dec 2 4m

%o

s

6m

h porc 2 2m

3.8

%o

pen

ing

s

ing

ce

spa en 2 op 22m

de faca gs ance entr openin 26%

de faca gs fjord openin 27%

pen

Characteristics and qualities

ade s faç ning fjord ope % 2.8

Space

Construction k dec 2 13m

ope

ning

s

Culture

13%

hen kitc m2 16.5

ge stora 2 2m

2.8

%o

pen

ing

s

7.5m

ce

a n sp ope 2m2 3

0%

family life

seasons

s

ning

ope

systems 8m

appropriation

transitions

comfort

relationships

sight

siting

1m

3m

Doing Things Differently : An atlas of best practices and opportunities for culturally acceptable and sustainable living environments in Nunavik • 2019-23

5m

+0.6m

Funded by the Sentinel North program of Université Laval Canada First Research Excellence Fund

+0.0m

bedrock .5m

1m

1.5m

4 2010s Duplex

Roof detail

- roofing (asphalt shingles) - air barrier underlay sheet (black building paper) - structural underlay (plywood) 16 mm (5/8 in.)

- framing trusses (wood) dimensions to needs - insulation between trusses (blown-in cellulose) 280 mm (11 in.)

- vapor barrier (polyethylene sheet or aluminum foil) - furring strips (wood) 19x89 mm (1x4 in.)

- interior lining (gypsum board) 13 mm (1/2 in.)

2010, Nunavik model J2.2

Makivvik

by EVOQ architecture

Wall detail

- exterior cladding (horizontal wood planks) - furring strips (vertical wood) 19x64 mm (1x4 in.)

- air barrier (non-woven polyolefine house wrap) - insulation (extruded polystyrene) 38 mm (1 1/2 in.)

- sheating (oriented strand board) 11 mm (7/16 in.)

- framing studs (wood) 38x140, 406 mm oc (2x6, 16 in. oc) - insulation between studs (mineral wool) 140 mm (5 1/2 in.)

- vapor barrier (polyethylene sheet or aluminum foil) - furring strips (horizontal wood) 19x64 mm (1x4 in.)

- interior lining (gypsum board) 13 mm (1/2 in.)

Floor detail

- flooring (PVC sheets) - subfloor (plywood) 16 mm (5/8 in.)

- joists (wood) 38x140 mm (2x6 in.) spacing to needs - vapor barrier (polyethylene sheet or aluminum foil) - structural underlay (oriented strand board)16 mm (5/8 in.)

- framing web trusses (wood) 280mm (12 in.) spacing to needs - insulation between trusses (blown-in cellulose) 280 mm (11 in.)

- air barrier (non-woven polyolefine house wrap) - exterior underside (plywood) 13 mm (1/2 in.)

- seams-cover (wood-battens) 19x64 mm (1x4 in.)

Foundation Detail

- beam (metallic) W 310x39 or W 310x21 spacing to needs - metallic adjustable columns anchored in concrete - 250 mm (10 in.) thick Reinforced Concrete wheelbase

Distinctive features

road

road drainage

setback

lot

80m2 common

58°N latitude

semi-detached house

unit area

10m

1•3 floor•rooms

central 10m

Characteristics and qualities Culture

Space

Construction

mecanic 13m2

systems

room 2 8m2

living room 28m2

porch 4m2

total storage 9m2

10m

seasons

corridor 6m2

7% openings

family life

11% openings

bathroom 5m2

room 1 13m2

3% openings

appropriation

transitions

comfort

relationships

sight

siting

1m

3m

5m

+4.7m

+1.9m

Doing Things Differently : An atlas of best practices and opportunities for culturally acceptable and sustainable living environments in Nunavik 2019-2023 Funded by the Sentinel North program of Université Laval Canada First Research Excellence Fund

+0.0m

granular pad (1,5x) permafrost (active layer) (x) 0.5m 1m

2m

3m

5 Row Houses

Roof detail

- roofing (fully-adhered elastomeric membrane) - base panel (layered with elastomeric membrane) 16mm (5/8 in.)

- structural underlay (plywood) 16 mm (5/8 in.)

- framing joists (wood) 38 x 235 mm (2x10 in.) spacing to needs - insulation between joists (mineral wool batts) 235mm (9 1/4 in.)

- insulation (extruded polystyrene with sealed joints) 38 mm (1 1/2 in.)

- vapor barrier (polyethylene membrane) - furring strips (wood) 38x64, 400 mm oc (2x4, 16 in. oc) - interior lining (gypsum board) 13mm (1/2 in.)

2014, Nunavik

Kativik Ilisarniliriniq

by EVOQ architecture

Wall detail

- exterior cladding (corrugated galvanized steel) 22 mm (7/8 in.)

- furring strips (vertical wood) 19x64 mm (1x4 in.)

- insulation (extruded polystyrene insulation) 38 mm (1 1/2 in.)

- air barrier (non-woven polyolefine house wrap) - sheating (plywood)16mm (5/8 in.)

- framing studs 38x140 mm (2x6 in.) spacing to needs - insulation between studs (mineral wool batts) 140mm (5 1/5 in.)

- vapor barrier (polyethylene sheet or aluminum foil) - furring strips (horizontal wood) 19x64 mm (1x4 in.)

- interior lining (gypsum board) 13 mm (1/2 in.)

Floor detail

- flooring (PVC sheet) - subfloor (plywood) 16 mm (5/8 in.)

- vapor barrier (self-adhesive plastic sheet or aluminum foil) - underlying panel (plywood) 16 mm (5/8 in.)

- framing joists (wood) 38 x 235 mm (2x10 in.) svpacing to needs - insulation between joists (mineral wool batts) 235mm (9 1/4 in.)

- air barrier (non-woven polyolefine house wrap) - insulation (extruded polystyrene) 38 mm (1 1/2 in.)

- exterior underside (plywood)13 mm (1/2 in.)

- seam-cover (wood-battens) 19 mm (1 1/2 in.)

Foundation Detail

- beams (W 310 x 39 or W 310 x 21) spacing to needs - metallic adjustable columns - 250 mm thick reinforced concrete wheelbase

Distinctive features

site

set back

75-90m2 common

58°N latitude

row houses

unit area

2•4 floors•rooms

4.5m

linear room 12 13.6m

Characteristics and qualities Culture

Space

room 2 9m

living room

Construction

porch stairs 2 10.5m

porch2 4.7m

systems

ics mecan 2 15m n kitche2 14m

appropriation

transitions

comfort

relationships

sight

siting

total e storag2 5.8m

room 22 10m

12.1m

seasons

om bathro2 5m corrid2or 6m

om bathro2 6m

total e storag2 14m

family life

stairs2 3.5m

d floor

secon or

first flo

1m

3m

+4.7m

+1.9m

Doing Things Differently : An atlas of best practices and opportunities for culturally acceptable and sustainable living environments in Nunavik 2019-2023 Funded by the Sentinel North program of Université Laval Canada First Research Excellence Fund

+0.0m

granular pad (1,5x) permafrost (active layer) (x) .5m 1m

2m

3m

5m

6 Quonset Hut Roof and wall detail

- roofing (corrugated galvanized steel sheets) - framing curved ribs and purlins (steel) - insulation (corrugated paper) 25 mm (1 in.)

- interior lining (masonite) 32 mm (1/8 in.) or 64 mm (1/4 in.)

1944, Alaska

United States Navy

by Otto Brandenberger architect

Floor detail

- flooring (exposed plywood) - underlying strips (wood) staggered with ribs - framing crossbeams (steel) 62 mm (2 5/16 in.)

- framing beams (steel) 84 mm (3 5/16 in.)

Foundation detail

- wood sills - metallic adjustable columns - 250 mm thick reinforced concrete blocks

Distinctive features 40-100 m2 promising

cabins

unit area 5.8m

60°N latitude

1•1-3 floor•rooms

room 19m2

central 4.5m

Culture

Space

Construction

porch 4m2

bathroom 5.5m2 room 14.5m2

living room 32m2

16.5m

Characteristics and qualities

room 9m2

bathroom 3m2

living room 46m2

11m

living room 18.5m2

family life

seasons

systems porch 4m2

appropriation

transitions

porch 4m2

comfort

1m

relationships

sight

3m

5m

siting

+4.3m

+1.2m

Doing Things Differently : An atlas of best practices and opportunities for culturally acceptable and sustainable living environments in Nunavik • 2019-23

+0.0m

Funded by the Sentinel North program of Université Laval Canada First Research Excellence Fund

granular pad (1,5x) permafrost (active layer) (x) .5m

1m

1.5m

7

Roof detail (retained existing elements in italic)

Sisimiut Duplex

- exterior lining (bitumen roofing felt) - air barrier (black building paper) - underlay (mineral wool cardboard) - structural underlay (wood planks) 25x125 mm (1x5 in.)

- frame rafters, 50x125 mm (2x5 in.) spacing to needs - insulation between rafters (rockwool) 100 mm (4 in.)

- furring strips (wood) 50x50 mm (2x2 in.)

- insulation (mineral wool batts) 50 mm (2 in.)

- vapor barrier (polyethylene sheet) - interior lining (wooden fiber board)12mm (1/2 in.)

1960, Greenland renov. 1985

Wall detail (retained existing elements in italic)

Greenlandic Technical Organization

- joint cover on seams (vertical wood-battens) 15x45 mm (5/8x 1 3/4 in.)

- exterior clading (water resistant boards) 12 mm (1/2 in.)

- air barrier (black bitumen felt) - studs (wood) 75x100, 550 oc mm (3x4, 23 in.)

- horizontal struts (wood) 50x100 mm (2x4 in.)

- insulation between studs (rockwool) 100 mm (4 in.)

- air cavity between existing and renovated enveloppe 25 mm (1 in.)

- furring strips (horizontal wood) 50x50 mm (2x2 in.)

- insulation (mineral wool batts) 50 mm (2 in.)

- vapor barrier (polyethylene sheet monarflex brand) - interior lining (wooden fiber board)12mm (1/2 in.)

Floor detail (retained existing elements in italic)

- flooring (mosaic tile) 50x50x5 mm (2x2x1/4 in.)

- subfloor (chipboard) 22 mm (7/8 in.)

- vapor barrier (aluminum foil) - floor joists (wood) 87.5x150 mm (3 1/2x6 in.)

- insulation (rockwool) 100mm (4 in.) and air cavity 37mm (1 1/2 in.)

- air barrier (bitumen felt) - air cavity between existing and renovated envelope 12mm (1/2 in.)

- exterior floor joists (wood) 50x125mm (2x5 in.)

- insulation (mineral wool batts) 100 mm (4 in.)

- exterior underside (planks) 25x100 mm (1x4 in.)

- seam-cover (wood-battens)

Foundation detail (retained existing elements in italic)

- concrete dwarf walls directly anchored in the bedrock (forming ventilated crawlspace)

Distinctive features 60m2 common

semi-detached house

1 om 2 ro .5m 11

unit area 2 om 2 ro .5m 11

56°N latitude

e as rc 2 ai st 3.5m

2•4 floors•rooms

linear d

n co

se

or

flo

r po m2 2

Characteristics and qualities

family life

seasons

systems

om

e as rc 2 ai st 3.5m

ro 2 g in 5m liv 12.

3m

Construction

8,

Space

om ro 2 th ba 2.5m

s

Culture

n he 2 tc ki .5m 13

e ag 2 or st .5m 2 g e fir ellin of ro n dw d an ee all etw ,w tb or an flo sist re

ch

9m

transitions

9,

appropriation

or

lo

tf

s fir

comfort

1m

relationships

sight

3m

5m

siting

+5.9m

+3.6m

+1.2m

Doing Things Differently : An atlas of best practices and opportunities for culturally acceptable and sustainable living environments in Nunavik • 2019-23 Funded by the Sentinel North program of Université Laval Canada First Research Excellence Fund

+0.0m

bedrock (x) 0.5m 1m

2m

3m

Roof detail

8 Arviat House

- roofing (corrugated metal sheets) - furring strips (wood) 19x89, 600 mm oc (1x4, 24 in. oc) - structural underlay (plywood)15 mm (5/8 in.) self-adhered bituminous membrane on seams, width 150 mm (6 in.)

- framing joists (wood/OSB I joists) height 457 mm (18 in.) spacing to needs - insulation between joists (mineral wool batts) 450 mm (18 in.)

3 layers of 150mm (6 in.)

- vapor barrier (polyethylene sheet or aluminum foil) - furring strips (wood) 19x89, 400 mm oc (1x4,16 in. oc) - interior lining (gypsum board) 13 mm (1/2 in.)

2017, Nunavut

Wall detail

Nunavut Housing Corporation

- exterior cladding (composite siding) - air barrier (non-woven polyolefine house wrap) - sheating (plywood) 9.5 mm (3/8 in.)

- external framing studs (wood) 38x140, 600 mm oc (2x6, 24 in. oc) - insulation between studs (mineral wool) 140mm (6in.)

- nailing strips (wood) forming air cavity 12 mm (1/2 in.)

- internal framing studs (wood) 38x89, 600 mm oc (2x4, 24 in. oc) (staggered to exterior studs) - insulation between studs (mineral wool) 89 mm (3 1/2 in.)

- sheating (plywood ) 9.5 mm (3/8 in.)

- vapor barrier (polyethylene sheet or aluminum foil) - insulation (rigid polystyrene) 38 mm (1 1/2 in.)

- furring strips (wood) 38x38, 600 mm oc (2x2, 24 in. oc) - interior lining (gypsum board) 13 mm (1/2 in.)

Floor detail

- flooring - subfloor (plywood glued and screwed) 19 mm (3/4 in.)

- framing joists (TJI beams) height 305 mm (12 in.), 600 mm (24 in.) oc - insulation between joists (mineral wool batt) 305 mm (12 in.)

- furring strips (wood) 38x38, 600 mm oc (2x2, 24 in. oc) - insulation (polystyrene semi-rigid) 38 mm (1 1⁄2 in.)

- air barrier (spun bonded polyolefin) - exterior underside (OSB) 11 mm (7/16 in.)

- seam-cover (wood-battens) 19x89 mm (1x4 in.)

Foundation Detail

- beam (laminated timber) 140x 394mm (5 ½ x15 ½ in.) spacing to needs, protected by structural skirt and wall siding - stakes HSS metallic, dimension to needs, reaching bedrock

Distinctive features

lot

road

124m2 promising

detached house

unit area 2m

latitude

1% openings

1•5 floor•rooms

linear

cold storage 7m2

Culture

Space

0% openings

Characteristics and qualities

appropriation

transitions

comfort

room 1 14.5m2

sewing room 10.5m2

living room 35m2

summer porch 4m2 wind breaker 3.5m2

1.5m

systems

room 2 10m2

room 3 8m2

11% openings south facade

seasons

sealift 3.5m2

warm proch 9m2

Construction

family life

bathroom 6m2

9.5m

wind breaker 3.5m2

mecanics 6m2

5% openings

61°N

14m

1m

relationships

sight

3m

5m

siting

+1.5m

+0.0m

pad 0.5m

Doing Things Differently : An atlas of best practices and opportunities for culturally acceptable and sustainable living environments in Nunavik • 2019-23 Funded by the Sentinel North program of Université Laval Canada First Research Excellence Fund

permafrost (active layer) 0.5m 1m

2m

3m

9 DublDom Shelter

Roof detail

- roofing (metal sheets) 1 mm (1/32 in.)

- furring strips (metallic z-bar) 95mm (3 3/4 in.) forming ventilated air cavity - waterproofing (breathable membrane) - framing rafters (wood) 38x184mm (2x8 in.) spacing to needs - insulation between rafters (mineral wool batt) 184 mm (7 3/4 in.)

- vapor barrier (polyethylene sheet or aluminum foil) - furring strips 20 mm (3/4 in.)

- interior lining (wood) 19 mm (3/4 in.)

2018, Russia

by BIO architects

Wall detail

- exterior cladding (metal sheets) 1 mm (1/32 in.)

- furring strips (metallic z-bar) 95mm (3 3/4 in.) forming ventilated air cavity - waterproofing breathable membrane - framing studs (wood) 38x184mm (2x8 in.) spacing to needs - insulation between studs (mineral wool batt) 184 mm (7 3/4 in.)

- vapor barrier (polyethylene sheet or aluminum foil) - furring strips 19x75 mm (1x3 in.)

- interior lining (wood) 19 mm (3/4 in.)

Floor detail

- flooring (wood planks) 35 mm - vapor barrier (polyethylene sheet or aluminum foil) - framing joists 38x184 mm (2x8 in.)

- insulation between joists (mineral wool) 184mm (7 3/4 in.)

- waterproofing breathable membrane - exterior underside (plywood) 16mm (5/8 in.)

- seams cover (wood) 19x75 mm (1x3 in.)

Foundation detail

- steel beams - metal pillars directly on the ground - on bedrock

Distinctive features 27-100m2

s ing %o

pen

m roo bed 1m2 2

8.7

ings

gs

nin

open

a and ver m2 11

ope

h porc2 6m om bedro 2 14.5m

gs

nin

ope

3%

ings

open

ings

central

2%

41.

25.

22.7%

1•1-5 floor•rooms

7.5m

open

latitude

unit area

40.6%

67°N

cabins

en

m roo bed 1m2 2

circ. 2 2.5m

5m

12m

livin

19,

kitch m+ g roo m2 30.5

11.6%

promising

m

7.5

ice off 2 6m

room bath 2 4m

Culture

Space

Construction

en

itch

ch por 2 6m

om bedro 2 5.5m

+k oom m2 31

gr

livin

12m

Characteristics and qualities

. circ 2 6m

. circ 2 2m nda vera 2 23.5m

m roo bath m2 4

s

ening

op 90.3%

m roo bed m2 6

10.7% openings

seasons

a and ver m2 23.5

systems

transitions

comfort

6,4m

appropriation

bathroom porch + storage 2.5m2 4.5m2

s

ing

pen

%o

3 90.

5.9% openings

5.9% openings

family life

living/bedroom 20m2

86.4% openings

5m

relationships

sight

1m

siting

+0.9m Doing Things Differently : An atlas of best practices and opportunities for culturally acceptable and sustainable living environments in Nunavik • 2019-23 Funded by the Sentinel North program of Université Laval Canada First Research Excellence Fund

+0.0m

rock (x) 0.5m 0.25m

1m

1.5m

3m

5m

Roof detail

- roofing (metal sheet ) - vapor and air barrier (fully adhered membrane) - structural underlay (plywood) 16 mm (5/8 in.)

- framing web joists (wood) height 420mm (16 in.) spacing to needs - insulation between joists (mineral wool batts) 420mm (16 in.) x2 layers of 210mm (8 in.)

- vapor barrier (polyethylene sheet or aluminum foil) - insulation (extruded polystyrene) 50 mm (3 in.)

- furring strips 19x64 mm (1x4 in.)

- interior lining (gypsum board)13 mm (1/2 in.)

10 Quaqtaq Duplex 2016, Nunavik

Wall detail

- exterior cladding (wood planks) - furring strips (vertical wood) 19x64 mm (1x4 in.)

- air barrier (non-woven polyolefine house wrap) - insulation (extruded polystyrene) 50 mm (2 in.)

- sheating (plywood) 13 mm (1/2 in.)

- external framing studs (wood) 38x140, 600 mm oc (2x6, 24 in. oc) - air cavity 50 mm (2 in.)

- internal framing studs staggered (wood) 38x89, 600 mm oc (2x4, 24 in. oc) - insulation (blown-in fiberglass wool) 280mm (11 in.) filling the wall cavities - vapor barrier (polyethylene sheet) - furring strips (horizontal wood) 19x64 mm (1x4 in.)

- interior lining (gypsum board) 13 mm (1/2 in.)

Société d’habitation du Québec

by EVOQ Architecture

Floor detail

- flooring (PVC) - subfloor (plywood) 16 mm (5/8 in.)

- floor joists (wood) 38x184 mm (2x8 in.) spacing to needs - vapor barrier (polyethylene sheet or aluminum foil) - underlying panel (plywood) 16 mm (5/8 in.)

- framing web joists (wood) height 312 mm (14 in.) spacing to needs - insulation between web joists (blown-in cellulose) 280mm (11 in.)

- insulation (extruded polystyrene) 50 mm (2 in.)

- air barrier (non-woven polyolefine house wrap) - exterior underside (plywood) 16 mm (1/2 in.)

- seam-cover (wood-battens)

Foundation detail

- base structure (W steel beams) height 160mm (6 1/3 in.) spacing to needs - adjustable metallic screwjack in between welded steel plates - concrete filled metallic HSS posts 144 mm (5 2/3 in.) dia. reaching bedrock through permafrost (2 meters deep min.)

Distinctive features 10m 5% openings

88m2 promising

semi-detached house

porch 7m2

unit area total storage 9m2

balcony 6.5m2

floor•rooms

7% openings

latitude

living room 50m2

central

22% openings

61°N

1•3

room 1 12m2

room 1 10.5m2

Culture

Space

Construction

family life

seasons

systems

appropriation

transitions

comfort

cad-block.com

21m

Characteristics and qualities

bathroom 8.5m2

mecanic 12.5m2

cad-block.com

1m

relationships

sight

3m

5m

siting

+3.0m

Doing Things Differently : An atlas of best practices and opportunities for culturally acceptable and sustainable living environments in Nunavik • 2019-23

+1.0m

Funded by the Sentinel North program of Université Laval Canada First Research Excellence Fund

+0.0m Permarfrost (active layer) (x) 0.5m 1m

2m

3m

11 Nordic House

Roof detail

- roofing (corrugated metal sheet) - weatherproofing (fully-adhered membrane) - underlay (plywood) 12 mm (1/2 in.)

- insulation (extruded polystyrene) 310 mm (12 1/4 in.) in 2 layers - vapor and air barrier (fully adhered membrane) - structural underlay (plywood)19 mm (3/4 in.)

- framing rafters (wood) 38x235, 610 mm oc (2x10, 24 in. oc) - interior lining (board) 19 mm (3/4 in.)

2017, Nunavik

Student project, U. Laval

by Alexandre Morin

Wall detail

- exterior cladding (wood) 19 mm (3/4 in.)

- horizontal nailing strips (wood) 19x64 (1x3 in.) fixed to vertical furring - vertical furring strips (wood) 19x64 mm (1x3 in.) fixed to framing studs - insulation (extruded polystyrene) 235 mm (9 1/4 in.)

- vapor and air barrier (fully adhered membrane) - interior lining (plywood or other) 19 mm (3/4 in.)

- exposed framing studs (wood) 38x140, 610 mm oc (2x6, 24 in. oc)

Floor detail

- floor finish - subfloor (plywood) 19 mm (3/4 in.)

- vapor barrier (polyethylene sheet or aluminium foil) - insulation (extruded polystyrene) 75 mm (3 in.)

- underlying panel (plywood) 19 mm (3/4 in.)

- framing joists (wood) 38x140, 610 mm oc (2x6, 24 in. oc) - insulation between joists (extruded polystyrene) 140 mm (5 1/2 in.)

- weatherproofing (non-woven polyolefine house wrap) - exterior underside (plywood) 19 mm (3/4 in.)

- seam-cover (wood-battens) 19x75 mm (1x3 in.)

Foundation Detail

- base structure (steel) W 170x128 beam - bearing piles (friction, to bedrock)

Distinctive features 104m2 semi-detached house

unit area 3.7m

emerging

12.8m

latitude

2•7 floors•rooms

room 9m2

mezzanine 9m2

central

3.7m

58°N

room 10m2

attic storage 9m2 room 10m2

Second Floor

Characteristics and qualities Culture

Space

Construction

bathroom 5.5m2

family life

seasons

room 7.5m2

systems

gattering space 9m2

living room 15.5m2 room 8.5m2

appropriation

transitions

comfort

first floor

kitchen 6m2

mecanics 5m2

temperate porch 5m2

balcony 28m2

1m

relationships

sight

3m

5m

siting

+6.38m

+3.00m

Doing Things Differently : An atlas of best practices and opportunities for culturally acceptable and sustainable living environments in Nunavik • 2019-23

+0.46m

Funded by the Sentinel North program of Université Laval Canada First Research Excellence Fund

+0.00m

natural soil (x) permafrost (active layer) (x) 0,5m

1m

2m

3m

12 Small Community

Roof detail

- roofing (metal sheet) - weatherproofing (fully-adhered membrane) - underlay (plywood) 19 mm (3/4 in.)

- insulation (extruded polystyrene) 310 mm (12 1/4 in.) in two layers - vapor and air barrier (fully adhered membrane) - structural underlay (plywood)19 mm (3/4 in.)

- framing rafters (wood) 36x235 (2x10, 24 in.) spacing to needs - sheating (plywood) 19 mm (3/4 in.)

- interior lining (as wanted)

2017, Nunavik

Student project, U. Laval

by Marie-Jeanne Allaire-Côté

Wall detail

- exterior siding (wood) 25 mm (1 in.)

- furring strips (horizontal wood) 19x64 mm (1x3 in.)

- insulation (extruded polystyrene) 235 mm (9 1/4 in.) in two layers - vapor and air barrier (fully adhered membrane) - sheating (plywood ) 19 mm (3/4 in.)

- studs (wood) 38x140, 600 mm oc (2x6, 24 oc in.)

- sheating (plywood ) 19 mm (3/4 in.)

Floor detail

- flooring (concrete or other) - subfloor (plywood) 19mm (3/4 in.)

- vapor barrier (polyethylene sheet or aluminum foil) - insulation (extruded polystyrene) 76 mm (3 in.)

- underlaying panel (plywood) 19 mm (3/4 in.)

- joists (wood) 38x235 (2x10 in.) spacing to needs - insulation between joists (mineral wool batt) 235mm (9 1/4 in.)

- weatherproofing (non-woven polyolefine housewrap) - exterior underside (plywood) 19 mm (3/4 in.)

- seam-cover (wood-battens) 19x75 mm (1x3 in.)

Foundation detail

- base structure (W steel beams) - bearing piles (steel posts) to bedrock

Distinctive features 84136m2

latitude

0% openings

6.3m

2•5-7 floors•rooms

10m

unit area

central

living room 28m2

Characteristics and qualities Culture

Space

room 1 9m2

mecanics 3m2

Construction

porch 5.5m2

entrance 6.5m2

bathroom 6m2

room 2 10m2

mezzanine 22.5m2

9.5m

58°N

row houses

courtyard facade

emerging

bathroom 9m2

room 3 10.5m2 dining room 15m2

seasons

systems

mecanics 3m2 porch 5.5m2

entrance 6.5m2

bathroom 6m2

mezzanine 19.5m2

6.3m

family life

kitchen 14m2

living room 13m2

appropriation

transitions

comfort

relationships

sight

siting

first floor

room 1 8m2

room 2 10.5m2

kitchen 15m2

second floor

1m

3m

5m

+5.50m +4.90m

Doing Things Differently : An atlas of best practices and opportunities for culturally acceptable and sustainable living environments in Nunavik • 2019-23 Funded by the Sentinel North program of Université Laval Canada First Research Excellence Fund

+1.60m

+0.00m

rock (x) 0.5m 1m

2m

3m

Roof detail

- roofing (sheet metal) reclaimed from discarded shipping containers - weatherproofing (fully adhered membrane) - underlay (plywood) 16 mm (5/8 in.)

- insulation (fibrewood) 300mm (12 in.) in two layers - vapor and air barrier (fully adhered membrane) - structural roof (CLT wood) depth as needed - structural composite beams (wood) 3 38x286 mm (3 2x12 in.) at 3m o.c. (9ft 10in.)

13 Tundra Camp

Wall detail

2022, Nunavik

- exterior cladding (vertical wood planks) 19mm (3/4 in.) reclaimed and charred - horizontal furring strips (wood) 19x64 mm (1x3 in.)

- insulation (fibrewood) 150mm (6 in.) in two layers - vapor and air barrier (fully adhered membrane) - sheating (plywood) 16 mm (5/8 in.)

- structural composite columns (wood) 4 38x286mm (4 2x12 in.) at 3m o.c. (9ft 10in.)

- wall studs (wood) 38x184mm (2x8 in.)

- insulation between studs (goose feather mats) 204 mm (8' in.)

- interior lining (plywood or canvas) 19 mm (3/4 in.)

based on student project

by Pierre-Olivier Demeule (2018)

Floor detail

- flooring (to wants) - subfloor (plywood) 16 mm (5/8 in.)

- insulation (polystyrene) 50mm (2 in.)

- vapor barrier (polyethylene or aluminium sheet) - structural underlay (plywood) 16 mm (5/8 in.)

- joists (wood) 38x286 mm (2x12 in.) spacing to needs - structural composite beams (wood) 4 38x286mm (4 2x12 in.) at 3m o.c. (9ft 10in.)

- insulation between joists (fiberwool batts) 286 mm (11 1/2 in.)

- structural underlay (plywood) 9mm (3/8 in.)

- weatherproof membrane (polyolefine sheet) - exterior underside (plywood) 9 mm (3/8 in.)

- seam-cover (wood battens) 19x64mm (1x3 in.)

Foundation detail

- continuous still-beam (treated wood) made of 186x186mm (8x8 in.)

- screw-jacks or bearing piles, hidden in dry stone gabion baskets

Distinctive features 75m2 emerging

detached house

unit area 4m

latitude

floor•rooms

3.7m

62°N

1•4 linear

Characteristics and qualities Space

deck 40m2

living room 34m2

Construction

thermal mass

warm porch 10m2

15m

Culture

6m

room 1 7.5m2

attic 20m2

cold porch 24m2 bathroom 6m2

family life

seasons

systems mezzanine deck 12.5m2

kitchen 10m2

mecanic 7.5m2

first floor

appropriation

transitions

comfort

1m

relationships

sight

5m

siting

Doing Things Differently : An atlas of best practices and opportunities for culturally acceptable and sustainable living environments in Nunavik • 2019-23 Funded by the Sentinel North program of Université Laval Canada First Research Excellence Fund

3m

+1.80m

+0.00m

bedrock 0,5m

1m

2m

3m

Roof detail

14 Container Cabin

- roofing (asphalt shingles) - underlay (plywood) 16mm (5/8 in.)

- furring 19x64mm (1x3 in.) (embedded in insulation) - insulation (extruded polystyrene) 80mm (3 1/2 in.)

- structural underlay (plywood) 19mm (3/4 in.)

- structural rafters (wood) 38x184mm (2x8 in.) spacing at need - insulation (mineral wool batts) 184mm (7 ¼ in.) between rafters - vapor barrier (polyethylene sheet or aluminum foil) - interior lining (wood planks) 13mm (1/2 in.)

2018, Nunavik

Student project, U. Laval

by Vincent Foster

Wall detail

- exterior cladding (wood planks) 19mm (3/4 in.)

- vertical furring (wood) 19x64mm (1x3 in.)

- horizontal furring 19x64mm (1x3 in.) (embedded in insulation) - insulation (extruded polystyrene) 80mm (3 1/2 in.)

- vapor and air barrier (fully adhered membrane) - sheating (plywood) 16mm (5/8 in.)

- container sidewall (Corten steel) - interior lining (wood planks) 13mm (1/2 in.)

Floor detail

- flooring - subfloor (plywood) 19 mm (3/4 in.)

- insulation (extruded polystyrene) 80mm (3 ½ in.)

- structural underlay (plywood) 19mm (3/4 in.)

- joists (wood) 38x140mm (2x6 in.)

- insulation (mineral wool batts) 140mm (5 1/2 in.) between joists - structural underlay (plywood) 19mm (3/4 in.)

- container flooring structure C-bars (Corten steel) - exterior underside (plywood) 9 mm (3/8 in.)

- seam-cover (wood-battens) 19x64mm (1x3 in.)

Foundation detail

- continous sill-beam (treated wood) made of 38x184 and 38x89mm (2x8 and 2x4 in.)

- deck blocks (concrete)

Distinctive features 16.5m2 emerging

cabins

unit area 16.5m2

latitude

floor•room

central

Characteristics and qualities Culture

Space

6.26m

16.5m2

2.65m

62°N

1•1

Construction

16.5m2

family life

seasons

systems

appropriation

transitions

comfort

1m

relationships

sight

5m

siting

Doing Things Differently : An atlas of best practices and opportunities for culturally acceptable and sustainable living environments in Nunavik • 2019-23 Funded by the Sentinel North program of Université Laval Canada First Research Excellence Fund

3m

+1.00m +0.00m

natural soil (x)