MACHINE OPERATION

WARNING

Never attempt to use machine or attachment except when seated in the operator's seat. Keep head, body, limbs, hands and feet inside operator's compartment to reduce exposure to hazards outside the operator's compartment.

Keep attachments low or in a position for maximum visibility and control of machine.

Never use the implements as a man lift.

Do not start suddenly at full speed against a tow chain or cable. Take up slack carefully.

Only designated towing or pulling attachment points are to be used for towing or pulling. Use care in making attachment. Be sure pins and locks, as provided, are secure before pulling.

Keep all people clear of attachments and tools while in raised position, to prevent possible injury.

Do not coast the machine at any time with transmission in neutral.

Always check work area for dangerous features. The following are examples of dangerous work areas: slopes, overhangs, timber, demolitions, fire, high walls dropoffs, back fills, rough terrain, ditches, ridges, excavations, heavy traffic, crowded parking, maintenance and closed areas. Use extreme care when in areas such as these.

Work on sloping ground is dangerous. Be particularly careful when working near overhanging banks or where cave - ins may occur. Use a signal person when visibility of the work area by the Operator is inadequate. The signal person must be in direct communication with the operator who must pay close attention to the signals.

Be on the lokout for caving edges, slides or falling objects. Beware of concealment by brush and undergrowth or other obstacles of these dangerous conditions.

When working in or nearby wells, trenches or in proximity of high banks, shore or brace as required to prevent cave-ins.

Before working in the vicinity of gas lines or other utility lines always contact the nearest utility office before beginning work. You and the utulity representative must jointly determine what specific precautions must be taken to insure safety.

Work in proximity of overhead or underground power lines involves serious body injuries and death hazards, thus special precautions must be taken according to national and local safety regulations.

For the purposes of this Manual you are considered to be working in the proximity of power lines when the attachment or the load raised by machine, in any position, can reach to within the minimum distances specified by local and national safety regulations.

Slow down the operating cycle. Reaction time may be too slow and distances may be misjudged.

PRACTICAL RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE OPERATION Generally when the operator first gets on the machine he must practice rainsing and lowering the implements. This will enable the operator to get the feel of the controls and learn how they respond to the control lever positions. Keep in mind that when the levers are in hold position the implements become a rigid unit with the machine: in other words, the implements will follow any up and down or sideway movement of the machine.

Study SAFETY RULES in the front of this manual thoroughly for the protection of machine and safety of personnel

A

Dozing When working on grades, it is best to move downhill for better traction. Gradually lower the blade at the beginning of each pass and accelerate the engine fully. The dozing depth should be such as to allow a load within a short distance (15-18 feet), the full load should then be pushed to the unloading area. When the ground is hard and getting a full load in a short distance is not possible, push the half-load for a short distance, stop and go back to doze for more. The next pass will add to the first and will result in more effective dozing. This approach may be applied when the unloading area is not near the initial dozing. When working in rough terrain, it is possible to catch large rocks under the blade and cause it to be lifted thus making uneven cuts. This humped effect can be avoided by backing up and then coming back with the blade at a lower depth and dislodge the rock. If necessary, operate with the moldboard at a tilt. When dozing in hard terrain and the blade is unable to cut the material, it is advisalbe to increase moldboard's draft. This angle is good for the initial cutting, but during continued dozing the moldboard will pick up more resistance as the load will not roll as well. In hard and rough terrains, dozing migth be easier if the blade is tilted; if the work to be done is over a considerable area, use the ripper to break up the terrain. Road and ditch cutting When having to cut steep slopes (for roads or ditches) the dozing should begin by cutting the depth of the ditch and then tilting the blade to cut the sides. Care must be taken when dozing not to cut slopes first as any correction would be most difficult, or in some case, even impossible.

Pushing loads When possible follow the same path on successive trips so material spilling from end of the blade will form a windrow on both sides. This practice increase the amount of material that stays ahead of the blade. When pushing loads on a level terrain, keep the blade just off the ground or at a depth deep enough to skim the surface. If the terrain is uneven, a slight cutting of the ground will replace the dirt which will fall out to the sides or in hollows.

B

Moldboard pitch A. Soft terrain. B. Hard terrain.

243

Pushing loads on turns

Study SAFETY RULES in the front of this manual thoroughly for the protection of machine and safety of personnel 254

Steering Dozer have difficulties turning while pushing heavy loads. Turning the dozer with a load is done by reducing the required power on the dozer by leaving part of the load when turning and retrievig it on the next pass; take the turn in two or more straight lines. Pile the load at the turning angles so that it can be pushed along its next line.

Spreading Hold the blade sligthly above ground when spreading the load as this method permits an even layer. If the layer to be spread is of a considerable height, let the blade rest at a height just above the desired layer. This method permits more material than required to be spread which will be compressed in time, especially if the material is loose.

Levelling After the ground has been dozed, the surface might be rough caused by extraction of large rocks and track runs. These terrain irregularities must be smoothed over by operating the dozer in reverse and leaving the blade in float allowing it to drag the top surface and finish the operation. In this manner the blade is able to top off the high spots and fill the extra dirt into the low area. Levelling is a difficult task and at first seemingly impossible because of the large boulders which have to be removed. Moving large rocks and boulders When a boulder is obstructing the working are and must be removed, this job may be carried out in several ways. A fully loaded blade may be used to directly push the boulder or maneuver it by forward or reserve tractor action. The choice of procedures used depends on various factors; the boulder's size, shape, available space for maneuvering and type of work to be performed. With the tractor in forward and fully loaded, the boulder can be moved by glancing it off the load. In this manner the rock will roll off to one side of the tractor. Repeating this type of maneuver will eventually edge the boulder from the working area. The same results can be had by maneuvering in reverse. Turn the tractor so the side of the blade will come into contact with the boulder. The operator must disengage the steering clutch on the tractor's opposite side and lock that side's brake; the dozer will steer pulling the rock backward and laterally with the moldboard's side.

Pulling To carry out piling procedures, two well-accepted methods are recommended: -form a pile of material on the first pass, then with successive passes push material onto the established pile; -after forming the pile on the first pass, push material on successive passes to the top of established pile and allow material to fall over opposite side.

Moving boulders with full blade.

Study SAFETY RULES in the front of this manual thoroughly for the protection of machine and safety of personnel 250

Moving boulders with side of blade. 249

When dozing over the edge to fill a ravine, doze up a single load, then push it over the edge with the second load. It is possible to raise the blade as the load nears the edge, this allows a safety border to be made and prevent the weight of the front end from coming into the ditch's cliff or wall.

Pile levelling If the pile's composition is not too bulky or hard, the pile can be levelled by dozing the blade into it. If the pile is too big or too hard to be smoothed over in one pass, or if it is to be spread in more than one direction, the first pass may be made on the side in order to cut part of the pile to grade and then make repeated cuts from different angles. If the dozing leaves high sides which could fall on the dozer, turn the blade toward wall and with it raised, push the mound back. If the dozer is unable to cut a pile because of its steep sides, a ramp can be built by pushing into the side with the blade raised and then backblading with down pressure. When working on an excessively high pile and ramping is not possible, the most advisable method is to doze a center slot and continually cut away the top. This system is the only one possible when there is no access to pile sides.

A Levelling

B

Levelling by means of lateral cuts

251

Study SAFETY RULES in the front of this manual thoroughly for the protection of machine and safety of personnel 253

Making a ramp 248

The center slot width must be greater than the blade's thus allowing a protective border to be built preventing the dozer from tipping over. Also, a narrow cut does not allow the tractor to properly maneuver and dispose of rock or roots encountered while dozing.

Going over obstacles Any obstacle (trunks, logs, ridges, etc.) encountered while dozing should be removed or avoided. When the dozer must travel over an obstacle, it should be done slowly and at an angle so that one track will reach the top and start to descend on the other side while the other track is still climbing. This method of operation permits tractor to come over the obstacle more smoothly. Hard contact with the ground can be harmful to the operator and machine. If the obstacle is made up of soft material, it is a good practice to sharply turn the tractor while crossing so that the track edges will help cut the material down. When the dozer is operating at its capacity, the tracks often spin, then grip and then spin again. This action with the grousers acting as cutters, causes dirt to build up behind the machine. Should this occur, it will be necessary to back up and smooth over the loose material. A ditch may be crossed without danger only if its width is not greater than 1/3 the track length and if the track movement will not collapse the banks. To prevent the latter from occuring, move the tractor over wooden planks.

Hill work Dozers working on side slopes can tip over if particular care is not used. Even when the dozer appears to have sufficient margin of safety, the sudden running over an unseen obstacle, a lower track moving into a hollow or both, can cause the tractor to tip over. Chances of this occuring are greatly lessened when the tractor is dozing as it is moving along using the load as an added stabilizer. The tractor is also stabilized by the dozing windrows. Dozing on frozen slopes is hazardous as the grousers act as skates causing the tractor to slide uncontrollably downhill. There is a danger of tipping over rocky slopes, especially shale, with beds parallel to the surface and on soft fills where the lower track sinks deeper than the upper one. If the machine starts to slowly roll over, try to quickly turn it downhill and lower the blade. A slope which is too steep to be safety worked sideways may sometimes be dozer by operating the dozer along it diagonally. Steering is apt to be tricky on steep slopes, whether up or down, because when one steering clutch is released the track on that side slips and turns faster, the

Center slot dozing high pile

247

Study SAFETY RULES in the front of this manual thoroughly for the protection of machine and safety of personnel

machine pulls to the side and might place itself transversally of the grade with consequent danger of tipping over. Digging and pushing should be done downhill as productivity is greater. Particularly so when the ground is very tough, even if the soil must then be pushed up the same hill for disposal. When the digging is limited to a given area of the slope, and the material must then be pushed down to the bottom of the hill, it is good technique to drop two or three loads at the end of the cut, then pushing most of the pile down is a single pass.

Grading on side slopes If a slope must be notched (e.g. road cuts in hillsides), it will be necessary to first build a shelf. Set the blade in tilt position opposite to the slope so the dirt moved will side downhill and help in building up the selft. If the slope is too steep to work effectively with the tilted blade, proceed in one of the following ways: Push the material downhill to form a selft as in (A), so the dozer can start level side cuttings, as in (B). Start the cut transversally to the slope, then turn to unload downhill. This will provide a more level shelf which can then be enlarged or graded off as required. Dig a strip transversally to the slope, then proceed with a series of parallel cuts, always operating the higher track in the previous strip. In each case the best possible advantage should be taken with soil configuration. When natural aids are not available, the machine can be moved onto boards or other lifts to start the cut at the desired slope.

A 252

Notching a shelf on side slopes, travelling across the slope, steering and unloading downhill.

B

245

Notching a shelf on side slopes, travelling and unloading downhill. Dozing a shelf on side slopes by successive cuts across the slope.

Study SAFETY RULES in the front of this manual thoroughly for the protection of machine and safety of personnel

Clearing In land clearing of brush and small trees, clearing can be accomplished in one pass, with the blade cutting slightly below the ground. This will allow the blade to shear the roots. It may be necessary to back up occasionally to clear the roots from the cutting edge. Roots under the edge cause the blade to ride up and waste machine power. When removing small trees make gradual contact with blade. Keep the blade raised high to gain the maximum leverage to push over the tree. Doze the roots and stump clear of the ground. Felled trees can be pushed more easily lengthwise from the stump end. Larger trees may require a few passes to cut some of the outlying root structure. This should be done around entire circumference of the three as close to the trunk as possible. Build up an earth ramp opposite the direction the tree is to be felled. This, with the blade raised high, will increase the leverage and make pushing easier (avoid ramming the tree).Remember when the tree begins to fall, back up rapidly so that the uplifting roots will not catch under and tilt over the machine.

OPERATIVE NOTES

To get the best machine performance it is necessary to adjust the tilt and pitch of the blade and to run machine at the speed suitable for the job to be done. To obtain a smooth cut with a regular surface, the operator must observe the slopes to meet and everytime the front part of the machine tends to lift or lower, he must immediately compensate the gradient by lowering or lifting.

The raising and lowering must be done with quick movements of the lever; if not, hydraulic system valves open partly and oil overheats.

Note – The blade cutting edges must be efficient.

Before transferring the machine on asphalt, put street plates on track shoes. RIPPER - Optional

To raise or lower the ripper, move the control lever backwards or forwards. To stop movement, release the lever which will automatically return to neutral. The ripper is provided with shanks which can be removed from frame according to the needs. So, it is possible to use all shanks or only the central one for the most difficult jobs.

To better use the ripper some factors must be considered.

Study SAFETY RULES in the front of this manual thoroughly for the protection of machine and safety of personnel

BREAKAGE The soil can be broken in fine or coarse pieces depending on work depth, number and shape of shanks and pass spacing. Breakage must be established on the basis of the subsequent use of the ripper material. For instance, if the broken material must be spread and back bladed, material needs to be finer than when it must be dozer away.

WORK DEPTH It is good practice to work to the maximum depth permitted by the available power and traction taking into account the breakage desired. Note that: - with strongly cohesive materials, such as clay, tuff, marl, gypsum, sandstone, calcite and other compact soils, the greater the depth the coarser the breakage; - with stratified materials, such as limestone, schist, gneiss, travertine, etc., the greater the depth the finer the breakage.

NUMBER AND SHAPE OF TEETH The number of teeth depends on the power required of the machine in relation to the desired breakage. Generally, the greater the number of teeth the finer the breakege. Exceptions are the stratified materials where large slabs are lifted when working with more than one tooth. As regards tooth shape, the partially curved type can be considered the universal standard. The curved teeth facilitate the lifting and to some extent also the turning over of the material.

SPACING BETWEEN PASSES It must be such as to complete the breaking of the previous pass, always in relation to the desired fineness. Generally, spacing must be less than work depth. In plastic soils, e.g. gypsun (in which the implement makes just a cut) or in hard soil (in which the working depth must be reduced) criss-cross passes may be required.

SPEED AND DIRECTION It is good practice not the exceed 1.5-2 km/h to prevent harmful shocks to the implement and excessive wear. When working on soft materials, it is preferable to increase the depth rather than speed. In the case of stratified materails, work crosswise and against the vein; on the contrary, in the material is landslipping, work in the direction of the landslide. MATERIAL HEAPING Generally it is convenient to heap material crosswise to the ripping direction in order to keep the transport distance to a minimum and to smooth out any irregularity.

Important – Sharp turns while the teeth are in the ground are apt to break the shanks. Only wide turns or small directional corrections are permissible when ripper is sunk in.

WARNING

When not in use always carry ripper in full raise position during operation and lowered to ground when parked.

The ripper should be kept in raised position operating as follows: -raise the ripper so that the holes F will mach; -drive pivot P into holes F; -block the pin by installing pin S into hol T.

Study SAFETY RULES in the front of this manual thoroughly for the protection of machine and safety of personnel