DIVERGE MAGAZINE

D I V E R G E

EDITORIAL NOTE

Welcome to the first issue of Diverge

In our college career, we were inspired to create a magazine that outlines the history of architecture and where it is today. As we start our first year, we consider this issue a pathway into the history of architecture and its current trends. The editors’ team is ready to deliver the highest quality and unbias work in every issue.

In our debut magazine, we introduce the deconstructivism movement’s history Within this issue of Diverge, we will explain the history of prominent architects, interiors and architecture, furniture, art, and fashion created during this architectural period In addition, the magazine will feature a precedent study on the IAC Building located in New York City and its impact on the deconstructivism movement.

Therefore, with the utmost dedication and passion, we introduce Diverge. The editors’ team continues to work relentlessly to deliver the highest quality information and case studies to inspire creativity for the next generation of architects and designers.

CONTRIBUTERS

Editors in Chief

Emma Stephen | graphic design

Marissa Conroy | in-house editor

Haley Giroux | publication design

©Diverge

Deconstructivism

Deconstructivism is a postmodern style of architecture that emerged in the 1980s. It challenges traditional notions of order and symmetry by using fragmented, non-linear forms that may appear disordered. This movement prioritizes the user’s experience over the overall aesthetic effect and often employs unconventional materials and construction techniques (Britannica, 2023). Deconstruction philosophy influences this style, emphasizing the instability and ambiguity of language and meaning. Notable deconstructivist architects include Peter Eisenman, Frank Gehry, Zaha Hadid, and Bernard Tschumi.

CHALLENGING TRADITION

Deconstructivism takes the opposite approach, by not defining, by freeing architecture from its functional constraints and letting it fly.”

-

“Modernism was about space. What interests me is to make space articulate, to define it.

Frank Gehry

Torontoa-Dominion Centre

Ludwig Mies van der Rohe & John Parkin, Architects

Vitra Design Muserum

Frank Gehry, Architect

Deconstructivism deliberately juxtaposes elements that appear to contradict each other, challenging traditional ideas of harmony, continuity, and stability.

PROTEST OF MODERNISM OR VISUAL EXPRESSION?

Words from the Father

Some people see deconstructivism as an evolution of architecture that challenges traditional norms and conventions, reflecting the complexity of contemporary society. Others criticize it as a form of architectural elitism that prioritizes form over function and is disconnected from the needs of society (Kadva Corp, 2018).

Jacques Derrida was a French philosopher known for his development of deconstruction, a method of analyzing texts and cultural phenomena that reveals their inherent contradictions and assumptions.He argued that deconstruction aims to expose the contradictions and hierarchies in texts and systems of thought, undermining binary oppositions and revealing hidden assumptions (Kadva Corp, 2018). This approach challenges the dominant discourse and power structures in society.

By breaking down traditional forms and structures, deconstructivist architects aim to expose the limitations and biases of modernist architecture and to create a more diverse and inclusive built environment. However, critics argue that deconstructivism may be too esoteric and disconnected from the needs of society, prioritizing form over function and accessibility. Nevertheless, the connection to Jacques Derrida’s definition

“[...] That is what deconstruction is made of: not the mixture but the tension between memory, fidelity, the preservation of something that has been given to us, and, at the same time, heterogeneity, something absolutely new, and a break.”

(Derrida & Caputo, 1997) - Jacques Derrida

“Deconstruction is not Destruction.”

- Jacques Derrida of Deconstructivism

THE GROWTH OF DECONSTRUCTIVISM

FINE ART

Art in Deconstructivism

Deconstructionist artists often employ fragmentation, repetition, layering, and appropriation strategies to challenge traditional notions of aesthetics and meaning. In addition, they often seek to disrupt the viewer’s expectations and assumptions about art and social and political structures.

Examples of deconstructivist artists are Marcel Duchamp and Cindy Sherman. Marcel Duchamp was a French artist best known for his concept of the “readymade,” which involved taking everyday objects and transforming them into works of art by presenting them in a new context (Juliao, 2023). His most famous work is the “Fountain,” a porcelain urinal he signed with a pseudonym and submitted to an art exhibition.

Cindy Sherman is an American photographer known for her self-portraits that explore the construction of identity and the representation of women in media (Juliao, 2023). She often transforms herself into various characters, using costumes, makeup, and prosthetics to create elaborate scenes that challenge traditional notions of gender, beauty, and power.

Nicholas Chistiakov

Also known as Nicholaas Chiao, Chistiakov is a contemporary Belarusian-American artist whose work emphasizes photo-based and deconstructivist painting. Chistiakov’s works display visual complexity, addressing modernity, morality, and existence issues. His figurative paintings are influenced by Neo-Expressionism, which led him to explore deconstructivism (Tzenkova, 2020). Christiakov’s influences are Francis Bacon, Gerhard Richter, Pablo Picasso, and Max Beckmann (Chistiakov, 2023).

FASHION

Deconstructivism in Fashion

In fashion, deconstructivism often involves taking apart and reassembling garments unexpectedly, such as cutting and stitching fabric to create new shapes or adding non-functional elements like zippers and straps. The resulting designs often have a raw, unfinished look that emphasizes the process of creation and deconstruction (Gaultier, 2021).

Designers associated with deconstructivism in fashion include Martin Margiela, Rei Kawakubo of Comme des Garçons, and Helmut Lang, among others.

While deconstructivism in fashion can be seen as a reaction against the norms of the fashion industry and a critique of consumer culture, it has also influenced mainstream fashion and become a recognizable style in its own right (Making the Unfinished, 2012).

Nicolas Ghesquière

Nicolas Ghesquière is a French fashion designer who served as the creative director for Louis Vuitton’s Cruise Collection 2020. The collection featured a mix of vintage-inspired and futuristic designs, blending different eras and styles. Ghesquière’s designs emphasized the importance of individuality and self-expression, with a focus on creating unique and memorable looks (Renault, 2020).

The collection was praised for its innovative use of fabrics and materials, as well as its bold and unconventional designs. Ghesquière’s Louis Vuitton

Cruise Collection 2020 represented a bold and forward-thinking approach to fashion, blending tradition with innovation that emulated concepts of deconstructivism (Renault, 2020).

6 Build on Body | Yuri Ahn

Royalty Undone | Rei Kawakubo

Imperfection Yohji Yamamoto

Deconstructed Denim | Xander Zhou

Credit Crunch Couture | Viktor Horsting

Deconstructivism Architecture Michaela

Disorder | Dexigner

FURNITURE

DC1514 Bookcase

The DC1514 bookcase is part of Vincenzo De Cotiis’s Progetto Domestico collection and is characterized by its asymmetrical form and use of unconventional materials. The bookcase comprises a series of glass shelves supported by thin metal rods that give the piece a sense of lightness and transparency (Giusti, 2021). The shelves are arranged in a dynamic, sculptural form, with some shelves angled upwards while others are tilted downwards. One of the distinctive features of the DC1514 bookcase is its use of reclaimed materials. The glass shelves are made from recycled glass, while the metal rods are salvaged from industrial sites and repurposed for use in the bookcase (Giusti, 2021).

Tuyomyo Bench

Frank Gehry designs the Tuyomyo Bench for the Tuyomyo building in Tokyo, Japan. The bench is part of a series of furniture designed by Gehry specifically for the building. The bench is made of layers of corrugated cardboard, a material that Gehry has worked with extensively throughout his career. The layers of cardboard are bonded together with glue and then shaped and molded into the desired form (Hogg, 2020). The Tuyomyo Bench is a functional piece of furniture that can be used as a seating or decorative object. Its unconventional form challenges traditional notions of furniture design, blurring the line between art and function.

Cozy Chair | Hannes Grebin

Blend Bench | Unknown

Wiggle | Frank Gehry

Tuyomyo Bench | Frank Gehry

OFT Interiors - Lobby of UA Cinema, Shanghai, China 2018

The OFT Interiors Lobby of UA Cinema in Shanghai, China, has deconstructivist elements in its design. Completed in 2018 by OFT Interiors, the lobby features bold geometric shapes, including a circular concession stand and angular seating areas (Myers, 2019). However, these shapes are only sometimes aligned with each other or the lobby layout, creating a fragmented and disrupted feeling. Contrasting materials and textures, such as glossy black surfaces and matte white flooring, add tension and highlight individual elements. The lighting fixtures, including a chandelier made of hundreds of bulbs, arranged irregularly, contribute to the fragmented and distorted look (Myers, 2019). This deconstructivist design creates a visually striking and unconventional space that challenges traditional cinema design ideas.

INTERIORS

CAC Cincinatti, Ohio, Zaha Hadid

Architect Zaha Hadid designed the Contemporary Arts Center (CAC) building. It opened in 2003 and has seven floors, with exhibition spaces on the first three levels and administrative and educational spaces on the upper levels. The building has a unique design with curved lines and sweeping forms and features the “Urban Carpet” outdoor plaza as a welcoming entrance (Fiederer, 2016). Inside, the CAC has flexible exhibition spaces for various art forms, including a black box theater and performance space (Fiederer, 2016). Hadid’s design has received numerous awards, such as the Pritzker Architecture Prize, and is considered a significant landmark in Cincinnati’s cultural district.

THE EVOLUTION OF DECONSTRUCTIVIST ARCHITECTURE

Iconic Deconstructivist Architects

Zaha Hadid was an Iraqi-British architect and designer, known for her innovative and avant-garde designs. She was the first woman to receive the Pritzker Architecture Prize and was awarded the Stirling Prize twice. Hadid’s style was characterized by fluid, organic shapes and the use of cutting-edge technology and materials. Her designs included a wide range of projects, from museums and concert halls to commercial buildings and bridges. Some of her notable works include the MAXXI Museum in Rome, the Guangzhou Opera House in China, and the London Aquatics Centre for the 2012 Summer Olympics. Hadid was a pioneer in her field and has had a lasting impact on contemporary architecture and design.

Mark Wigley helped make the deconstructivism movement popular. He organized an important exhibition called “Deconstructivist Architecture” in 1988 at the Museum of Modern Art in New York City, which featured the work of famous architects like Frank Gehry, Zaha Hadid, and Rem Koolhaas.

ARCHITECTS

21

Zaha Hadid | 1950-2016

Thom Mayne | 1944, Age 79

Jaques Derrida | 1930-2004

22 25

Frank Gehry | 1929, Age 94

Peter Eisenman | 1932, Age 90

Bernard Tschumi | 1944, Age 79

Wolf D. Prix | 1942, Age 80

Wigley

Rem Koolhaas - Vogue Magazine, Russia

Courtesy of Ralph Mecke

PRECEDENT STUDY

IAC BUILDING

New York City, NY30

FRANK GEHRY ARCHITECT

Biography

Frank Gehry is a famous architect from Canada and the USA, known for his unique and bold designs that use unusual materials and shapes. His designs are often sculptural and curvy, and he uses advanced technology and engineering to create them. He has received many awards for his work, including the Pritzker Architecture Prize and the Presidential Medal of Freedom (Britannica, 2023). Some of his most famous buildings include the Guggenheim Museum in Spain, the Walt Disney Concert Hall in Los Angeles, and the Fondation Louis Vuitton in Paris.

IAC Building

The IAC Building is a famous building designed by Frank Gehry in the Chelsea neighborhood of Manhattan, New York City. It serves as the headquarters for IAC, a media and internet company. The building’s exterior is unique with an undulating glass curtain wall that looks like waves, reflecting the evolving nature of technology. The interior is also innovative, with a central atrium and curved staircase (WikiArquitectura, 2023). It incorporates sustainable features like a green roof and rainwater collection system (WikiArquitectura, 2023). The building has received awards and is a well-known landmark in NYC.

Frank Gehry Conceptualization Sketch

IAC BUILDING NEW YORK CITY

Around the IAC Building

The IAC Building is in Manhattan’s Chelsea neighborhood, known for art galleries, shops, and restaurants. IAC chose to locate their building in Chelsea because of factors such as available land, convenient transportation and amenities, and the neighborhood’s artistic character. Chelsea’s redevelopment and new high-end buildings may have also made it a desirable location for IAC’s innovative approach to business. Nearby, you can find The High Line, a popular park; Chelsea Market, a food hall and shopping center; Whitney Museum of American Art, featuring American art; Hudson River Park, a waterfront park with great views; and The Meatpacking District, a trendy area with upscale boutiques and nightclubs.

IAC Building

Location

The IAC Building is located in the Chelsea neighborhood of Manhattan, New York City, USA. The exact address is 555 West 18th Street, New York, NY 10011.

STRUCTURE

Inspiration

The IAC Building’s design was inspired by a ship’s sail, specifically the billowing spinnaker sail of a racing yacht (WikiArquitectura, 2023). The building’s architect, Frank Gehry, was reportedly inspired by the idea of creating a building that looked like it was “in motion” and wanted to incorporate the sail-like shape to give the building a unique and dynamic appearance (WikiArquitectura, 2023). The glass curtain wall, which is curved and deformed, adds to the building’s sail-like appearance and creates a sense of movement, even when the building is still.

Structural Componets

The IAC Building has a unique structure that features the world’s first deformed cold glass curtain resulting in a curved wall. It has only two vertical columns, and the reinforced concrete columns are inclined up to 25° from vertical (Chicchi & Boothby, 2008). The building’s thick walls serve as a core weight to offset the twisting effect of the structural columns and hold the fire escape. During construction, a two-day cycle was used to pour the concrete slabs, reducing construction time by 50% (Chicchi & Boothby, 2008). The building rises 47.24 meters above street level and has numerous windows on the floor slabs, with some corners featuring glass that twists 150 degrees from floor to ceiling (WikiArquitectura, 2023). The mixed concrete “in situ” offers excellent acoustic and fire-resistant features. The building received the Pinnacle Award from the Association of Building Owners and Managers (BOMA) of New York in 2009.

Floor Plan

The IAC Building boasts a 120 feet wide and 11 feet tall LED screen on its western facade, consisting of over 1.5 million LED bulbs (Chicchi & Boothby, 2008). The screen displays high-resolution images and videos, featuring art installations, advertisements, and other digital media curated by the building’s owner, IAC. The modern office spaces have open floor plans, glass partitions, and large windows that allow for natural light. The offices also have advanced technology and infrastructure, including high-speed internet and state-of-the-art audio-visual systems (Chicchi & Boothby, 2008). The building offers a fitness center, café, and rooftop garden with stunning views of the city skyline and the Hudson River, creating a comfortable and enjoyable working environment for employees.

Column Support

The structural floor plans of the IAC building differ slightly due to the building’s gradual setback and more noticeable setback at the sixth floor. To accommodate this, most of the building’s superstructure columns are sloped, causing significant torsional rotation that had to be taken into consideration during the initial design process (Chicchi & Boothby, 2008). Three-dimensional computer simulations were used to design the lateral system and predict curtain wall displacements. The column strength for the building is 5950 psi, and the column diameters range from 20” to 38”, with most being spaced 25 to 30 feet apart. The columns in the basement are primarily 28” in diameter for perimeter columns and 34” to 38” in diameter for interior columns (Chicchi & Boothby, 2008).

Natural Light

The IAC Building is designed to use natural sunlight to the fullest. Its unique curtain wall facade, made up of over 1,700 glass panels, floods the interior with light. The angled glass panels control the amount of sunlight and reduce glare and heat gain (Chicchi & Boothby, 2008). The building’s interior has open office spaces, glass partitions, and light-colored materials to enhance natural light. The use of natural light not only creates a better working environment but also lowers energy consumption and operating costs (Chicchi & Boothby, 2008).

PROGRAMMING

Programming Features

The IAC Building’s circulation is designed to encourage collaboration with a large atrium and curved staircase connecting all floors. The building has an open and flexible layout with many glass partitions allowing for natural light. There are meeting rooms and breakout spaces throughout the floors for impromptu meetings (Chicchi & Boothby, 2008). The building also has several outdoor spaces, including a rooftop garden and terrace, for employees to relax and collaborate (Chicchi & Boothby, 2008).

About the Glass

The IAC director changed the facade material from titanium plates to smooth wrinkled glass, making it the first building with a complete glass facade. The glass was tested in a laboratory to ensure durability, with hurricane-force winds generated to test it (WikiArquitectura, 2023). The glass panels were made in Italy, with 1,437 panels of different shapes and twists, and some were molded or curved during placement (WikiArquitectura, 2023). The glass is white with ceramic dotted patterns that reflect light and reduce glare, giving the building its “sugar coating” appearance. The porous glass also acts as an integrated sunscreen, improving the building’s environmental performance (WikiArquitectura, 2023). Gehry used a similar pattern for the Foundation Louis Vuitton facade in Paris.

EXTERIOR MATERIALS

“The white color of the glass is given by the set including ceramic dotted patterns thus reflect light, reduce glare and give the building its aspect of ‘sugar coating.’ ”

- Arquitectura

IAC INTERIOR

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Deconstructivism is a paradigm shift in the modernist architecture movement. Architects and designers deconstructed forms that broke away from symmetrical, clean forms. The deconstruction of the form allows designers to push the boundaries of form to create something extraordinary.

It emphasizes the characteristics of the form, bringing character and revival to the cities they embody. It is considered a visual expression that unleashes infinite possibilities.

Diverge Magazine believes deconstructivism allows us to challenge ourselves and the possibilities of form in architecture.

A sketch by Zaha Hadid that led to the design of the Contemporary Arts Center in Cincinnati. ContemporaryArtsCenter.org

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