We get to know women from the past who have helped to build our history, linked to the modern world. Activities with different cognitive levels to check learning.
Review
1 Using this statistical data as a basis, list some of the general characteristics of Europe’s active population and comment on the variations you detect. Denmark
2017 % employment, primary sector
1.3
% GDP, primary sector
Glossary
A Acid rain Precipitation that has a degree of acidity higher than normal. It occurs when certain substances, such as sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides, released by certain industries and energy facilities, mix with water vapour and fall to the Earth’s surface. It causes damage to vegetation, water, soil, and buildings.
Glossary
Duty Free zones
system used by humans from the Neolithic period until the second half of the 7th century CE when gold and silver coins began to be used as an element of exchange.
We learn the relevant terms that are underlined in the units with a clear definition.
Action Each of the proportional parts into which the capital of a corporation is divided. Alluvial (plains) Areas of flat relief crossed by a river that can be flooded by its rising water. Alpine arc Geographical area that includes southern Germany, eastern France, Switzerland, Austria and northern and central Italy. Aquaculture The breeding in captivity or in a controlled environment molluscs, crustaceans and fish, such as sea bass, sea bream or sole. Extensive aquaculture only interferes in some stages of production or feeding. Intensive aquaculture is involved in the entire life process of the species.
Central Market
Non-regular air service, which adapts its routes and prices to demand needs. Collective labour agreement (CLA) Agreements that regulate labour conditions in a company or productive sector. They are signed by the employer and the workers’ representatives, or by the business associations and the workers’ unions.
39.8
71.7
49.2
% GDP tertiary sector
61.9
56.2
Place where a certain natural resource is significantly concentrated, such as a rock, a mineral or an energy product.
Destination
Value*
World
5 342 583
World
5 379 329
Europe
3 749 618
Europe
3 781 227
Asia
774 702
Asia
549 296
North America
326 743
North America
473 564
Russian Federation
145 284
Russian Federation
I
Economy
Unión Europea
10 639 409
84 975 40 529
Economy
Unión Europea
Place and year of birth: Italy, 1977
Tourist arrivals by (sub)regions World
Occupation: aviation pilot and astronaut for the European Space Agency (ESA)
2013
Advanced economies
726
Emerging economies
597
Monsoon (climate)
Northern Europe
78.0
Western Europe
192.7
3 In five lines, explain the current location of Europe’s A variety of tropical climate, characteristic of South Central/Eastern Europe
133.7
commercial establishments.
144
There are major differences between traditional businesses (specialised shops, municipal markets and street markets), which operate on a small scale with a limited rotation of products and a personalised service; and large retail stores (supermarkets, superstores, department stores, shopping centres), which operate on a large scale, offer a variety of products and operate on a selfservice basis.
stores, the decline of historic town centres, and traffic congestion. To alleviate these issues, the traditional retail establishments are modernised; initiatives for commercially revitalising city centres are undertaken (pedestrianised streets, restoration of buildings and urban furniture); and commercial associations are encouraged (town centre management schemes, special deals, combined purchases, etc.).
• The urban periphery is usually the site for large area retail stores. Their presence generates a very important restructuring effect on the local area by ‘adding value’, which encourages housebuilding and other tertiary sector activities that are usually related to leisure, such as cinemas, cafés, hairdressers, etc. The result is the creation of major commercial and leisure zones integrated with new urban developments.
➜ In rural areas, shops are located on the ground floor of houses. In general, they are traditional establishments selling everyday products. They are under constant threat from the competition of urban trade.
of Williamina Fleming and what sector they form part of.
2 Look for information about the “Harvard Computers” and prepare a brief review about one of them.
3 Who is organising the Artemis 3 mission? What’s its objective?
4 Look for information about aeronautics in Spain. Are there many women in this sector? Write a summary and explain your conclusions.
ship. NASA and ESA are working together in the preparation of this lunar expedition in which a woman will participate. Each space agency has its own candidate. A combination of European diplomacy and Cristoforetti’s merits may be enough for the Italian to be the first woman to step on the surface of the Moon.
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P Periodic table
SDG. Reflection on and analysis of SDGs, such as gender equality, climate action, reducing inequalities, etc.
Table that classifies chemical elements according to their characteristics and properties.
•p roblematic situations that have to be resolved via a series of tasks are put forward. • t hey are related to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG).
Supermarkets They often sell products at low prices, especially food and cleaning products, and use a self-service system.
applying skills Small businesses at risk
retail establishments are found. They are set up* in a range of retail spaces.
• These areas are threatened by competition from large retail
1 Indicate the professions
• t hey are given context in real situations.
➜ Cities are where the highest number and most specialised range of
provided by small shops located in specific streets or squares, which provide a space for social interaction.
In 1899, I was appointed Curator of Astronomical Photographs at Harvard College Observatory and thus I became the first woman with an institutional position at Harvard. My research was also recognised in the United Kingdom and in 1906 I received an honorary position at the Royal Astronomical Society in London and an honorary prize from Wellesley College. I think I have come far and I am happy because through effort and dedication my work life is very satisfactory.
Skills are a reference in modern education:
ã 7.2 Retail spaces
• The urban centre is usually the place of traditional trade. It is
its spectrum. I catalogued more than 10 000 celestial bodies and discovered 59 gas nebulae, 310 variable stars and 10 supernovae.
anayaeducacion.es Go to the SDG 5.c resources.
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C
They provide small-scale, traditional commerce. They are located close to customers and offer a personalised service.
She may realise her dream in 2024 as she is participating in the Artemis 3 mission, whose goal is to reach the Moon in the Orion
c) Which countries have become the main European tourism destinations? In which European region are these countries located?
243
economic REATE Different systems have a different point of view about the services that should be in the hands of the state and financed through taxes and those that should be handled by private companies and financed as needed. Shops
In November 2014, she made her first space trip aboard the Soyuz spacecraft. She became the holder of the record for the longest mission for a woman in the International Space Station, since she was there for almost 200 days. During her stay in space, Samantha wanted to share the daily life of astronauts with the people, so she posted videos, photos and comments on the web that showed the daily life of a space trip. Her informative work continues from Earth until the time comes to return to space and feel the sensation of living without gravity. Her dream is to do a spacewalk.
Current form of colonialism that consists of exercising economic dominance over a politically independent country, usually a former colony.
A cooperation 05_u05_gh3_and_ing.indd and consultation 144-145forum that aims to maintain global economic stability. It is made up of the G7 (Germany, Canada, the United States, France, Italy, Japan and the United Kingdom); twelve emerging countries (Russia, Saudi Arabia, Argentina, Australia, Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Mexico, the Republic of Korea, South Africa and Turkey); and the European Union.
Types of retail establishment
Take part in a debate between those who support a reinforcement of the public sector and those who are for a liberalisation of services. Present your ideas and back them up with examples.
She was one of the first women to become a combat lieutenant pilot in the Italian Air Force and has clocked up more than 500 flight hours. She was the first
N
Neo-colonialism
G
Geography and HIstory
With this type of trade the merchandise is usually sold from one location in centralised markets located in the outskirts of cities.
Samantha graduated from the Technical University of Munich with a degree in Mechanical Engineering and graduated in Aeronautical Sciences from the Italian Aeronautical Academy of Pozzuoli.
sources of raw materials and energy.and Southeast Asia and determined by the influence Large vessels in which fish undergo certain industrial Southern/Mediterranean Europe 266.2 practices, such as sorting, cleaning, freezing and of monsoon winds. In summer these winds blow – of which EU–28 537.6 packaging. from South to North, *Data between the ocean and the in millions of people. continent, which is why they areTourism warm and humid Source: World Organisation. and cause a lot of precipitation. Function a) What causes explain this fact? Work carried out by an institution or entity, or its b) Calculate Europe’s share of world tourism. Give organs or people. your answers as percentages.
Unit 4
➜ A retail trader sells directly to consumers from a range of
Name: Samantha Cristoforetti
tourism. Answer the following questions.
Mediterranean Technological Arc
Among my contributions to the scientific world, is my contribution to the development of a star allocation system, based on lettering each star in according with the amount of hydrogen in
Italian woman to be chosen by the European Space Agency (ESA) to be part of their astronaut team and is the third European woman to hold that honour, after the British woman Helen Sharman and the French woman Claudie Haigneré.
Basic information
Includes the area between northern By regionsItaly, of thesouthern World Tourism Organisation France and the east of the Iberian Peninsula. Europe 670.6
F
Have you ever considered how Geography and History and Maths can help you improve your entrepreneurial skills?
from manufacturers and then sells them to other traders or businesses.
NOW Samantha Cristoforetti
5 Europe is a major generator of and host region for
M
Gradually, I demonstrated that women could also successfully dedicate themselves to astronomy. Pickering hired nine more women to analyse the photographs of the stars and classify the spectra on the photographic plates. I coordinated and directed their work, everyone called us the “Harvard computers”.
10 876 184
L
In this section we create a cross-curricular project that joins Geography and History with other subjects.
Domestic trade is trade that is undertaken within a country’s borders. There are two basic types: wholesale and retail.
I was born in Dundee, Scotland, where I worked as a teacher. When I was twenty, I travelled to Boston and found a job with Professor Edward Charles Pickering, Director of the Harvard University Observatory. He was a very innovative man who tried to modernise astronomy. I was
79 401 155 929 331 934
Create
➜ A wholesale trader buys large quantities of merchandise directly
Occupation: astronomer
a) Which data reveal the impact of the European Union’s customs union?
BL00101401_10_glo_gh3_and_ing.indd 242-243
ã 7.1 Types of domestic trade
Period: 1857-1911 Nationality: Scottish and American
b) Which countries or geographic areas does the European Union trade with? Contract by which the owner of a property transfers its use to another person for a payment c) in Is exchange the EU’s balance of trade a trade surplus or a of money. trade deficit?
242
7 DOMESTIC TRADE
Name: Williamina Fleming
*Data in millions of dollars. Source: OMC
G20
D
28.5
2
The difference between the sale price of a product and the cost price. It is calculated by subtracting from the sale price the cost of the resources used to produce it and the payment of taxes. To increase profits, companies can increase production, raise 3 prices, or reduce costs (lowering the price paid for resources or wages).
Set of facilities necessary for the operation of an activity or service. For example, an industrial complex, a hospital complex, etc.
Deposit Direct exchange of goods and services, without the intervention of money. Barter was the exchange
37.1
his assistant in administrative and calculation tasks at the Observatory of his University.
Basic information
Exports
Value*
Lease
Complex
B Barter
27
% employment, tertiary sector
Economic profit
Factory boat
Charter flight
Imports
4
% employment, secondary sector
1
An establishment that concentrates wholesale merchandise companies which supply retail stores. It is usually located on the outskirts of the city, given that it requires large spaces and good communication networks with both the production and consumption centres. The large central markets have specialised warehouses to concentrate the various types of products and variety of services for merchants, such as shopping centres, commercial premises, hotels, restaurants, parking lots, etc.
European Union trade in merchandise by country of origin and destintion (2016)
Origin
E
Fuel obtained through the physical or chemical treatment of plant matter or organic waste.
Acidity or alkalinity With reference to soil, acidity is considered to predominate if the value of its potential hydrogen (pH) is less than 6.5 and alkalinity dominates if its pH is greater than 7. A value between 6.5 and 7 indicates neutral ground. Excessively acidic or alkaline soils are not suitable for cultivation.
1
following questions:
22.3
% GDP, secondary sector
IN THE PAST Williamina Fleming
4 Using the data provided in the table, answer the
Romania
Source: World Bank and ILO. Delimited territory within a country where the Africa 127 083 Africa companies that are installed enjoy special benefits. Central and South 2 Identify the following images of European 75 152 Middle East America in The Hague International Court of Justice Among them, the exemption of certain taxes or agrarian landscapes, then give their approximate Central and South Middle East 80 274 the payment of commercial tariffs. Its purpose is to Mainspecialised judicial organ of the UN. It is in charge America of geographical location and state what attract foreign investment. Australia and New in accordance Australia and New deciding legal disputes between states 17 970 form of agriculture is used there. Zealand Zealand with international law.
Biofuel
C
PROTAGONISTS
“Portfolio”, resource bank ucacion.es your portfolio In the anayaed how to create guidance on you will find
QUESTIONS
NEW SECTIONS
F ocus on English
Superstores
set up: to start a new business.
An article by the CIAE (Confederación Intersectorial de Autónomos del Estado Español) reveals trade difficulties, especially amongst retailers and local shops. According to them, traditional trade in Spain has seen a loss of 27 000 million since the beginning of the economic crisis. The causes, according to the Confederation, are competition from large stores, laws that promote unlimited opening hours and the emergence of online commerce. All of these facts mean that since 2008 small local commerce hasn’t finished recovering. Traditional neighbourhood shops in villages and town high streets are in danger. The Spanish commerce sector accounts for the most self-employed people, it represents almost 25% of the total of self-employed workers. However, this is the sector that has been the most affected by the crisis and has not finished recovering since 2008. 2017 also wasn’t a good year for retail. A total of 10 738 establishments had to close. However, this data is in contrast to household spending. While Spanish families begin to spend more money, retailers’ income continues to decline. Consumption patterns are changing, online trade continues to grow as do the profits of large stores.
Department stores
They offer a greater variety of products than supermarkets, and also operate on a self-service system.
They are located within cities and sell a large range of product types that are organised into different departments.
Skills progress Building vocabulary
1 Explain the difference between wholesale and retail trade; and between traditional shops and large retail stores. Working with pictures
2 Describe the characteristics of the various retail establishments depicted in the pictures. Taking decisions
3 Assess
The mirror
the advantages and disadvantages of a traditional shop compared to a superstore.
Shopping centres
Retail parks
They usually combine a superstore with a large variety of shops and leisure facilities, such as cinemas and restaurants.
A number of shopping centres are grouped into one place and organised into independent areas; they also have an extensive parking area.
126
Adapted from an article by Patricia Malagón, Cinco Días, 19/12/2017.
14
year did the crisis begin?
10
4 A street without shops or other services runs the risk of becoming a bedroom community with no social life for commuters. Think about it and write a consumer rule that could favour small businesses.
5 Indicate a specific example of a company that you know of from each of the sectors represented in the chart below. The different service sectors. 2016 10
20
11.6 %
10.2 %
commerce is one of the causes of the decline of small businesses. However, some activities in the sector have no competition in this area. Point out four local businesses that do not have online competition.
12.8 %
11.6 %
8
3 What does it mean to be self-employed?
0
12
9 As noted in the article on the previous page, online
Contribution of tourism to GDP and employment
(%)
businesses compared to large stores?
2 According to the information in the article, in what
30
(%)
6
10 Abundance attracts customers. Imagine that
4
you set up as self-employed with two friends in a specific neighbourhood, each of you offering a different commercial service that complements the others. Which would you choose? Why?
2 0
Source: INE.
2010
2017 Contribution to GDP Contribution to employment
8 The bar chart above shows data on the contribution of the tourism sector to the gross domestic product (the wealth of a country) and employment in recent years. People who work in the economic and business field analyse further details, for example, they study the wealth generated in relation to those who produce it, to improve profitability.
11 The photographs represent two small grocery stores. They still have some prices in pesetas in the warehouse. A box of salted fish cost “200 duros” (one “duro” was 5 pesetas). Calculate: how much does this product cost in euros if 100 pesetas are equal to 60 cents?
12 Some Spanish grocery stores are known as
According to the data, between 2010 and 2017, has the profitability for each person employed in the tourism sector increased or decreased?
Transport and storage Profesional scientific and technical activities
“ultramarinos” and also on occasions as “almacenes de coloniales”. What could be the explanation of these two names?
Information and communications
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04_u04_gh3_and_ing.indd 126-127
1 Why are long opening-hours a problem for small
Administrative activities and auxiliary services
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Catering
Focus on English
Artistic, leisure and entertainment activities Estate agent services
Do you think Geography and History and English have anything in common? Discover how they are linked so you can learn both Geography and History and English together.
Other services
Business turnover Employed people
FOTO Source: INE.
6 According to the chart, which two branches of the services sector generate the highest turnover per employee?
7 Which two branches generate the lowest turnover per employee? anayaeducacion.es Go to the SDG 12.1 resources.
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Enterprising culture Trust in your skills and knowledge, develop creativity, adapt to changing situations and have a proactive and responsible attitude.
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Academic and professional
ICT
orientation
Evaluation
Linguistic Plan
Learn how to obtain information, select it and apply it; to plan, manage and work on projects; to collaborate online in an ethical and safe manner.
Evaluate your personal skills, discover and awaken your calling, train yourself to make decisions and learn to choose between different options.
Discover different strategies to analyse what you have learnt and how you learnt it; train yourself to take responsibility or overcome difficulties.
Use your communication skills in the different types of text that you will see. Language is always present, communicate!
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