Economic activities and geographical AREAS

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Activities with different cognitive levels to check learning.

Glossary

We learn the relevant terms that are underlined in the units with a clear definition.

Glossary

A

Acid rain Precipitation that has a degree of acidity higher than normal. It occurs when certain substances, such as sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides, released by certain industries and energy facilities, mix with water vapour and fall to the Earth’s surface. It causes damage to vegetation, water, soil, and buildings.

Acidity or alkalinity With reference to soil, acidity is considered to predominate if the value of its potential hydrogen (pH) is less than 6.5 and alkalinity dominates if its pH is greater than 7. A value between 6.5 and 7 indicates neutral ground. Excessively acidic or alkaline soils are not suitable for cultivation.

Action Each of the proportional parts into which the capital of a corporation is divided.

Alluvial (plains) Areas of flat relief crossed by a river that can be flooded by its rising water.

Alpine arc Geographical area that includes southern Germany, eastern France, Switzerland, Austria and northern and central Italy.

Aquaculture The breeding in captivity or in a controlled environment molluscs, crustaceans and fish, such as sea bass, sea bream or sole. Extensive aquaculture only interferes in some stages of production or feeding. Intensive aquaculture is involved in the entire life process of the species.

B

Barter Direct exchange of goods and services, without the intervention of money. Barter was the exchange

242

BL00101401_10_glo_gh3_and_ing.indd 242-243 system used by humans from the Neolithic period until the second half of the 7th century CE when gold and silver coins began to be used as an element of exchange.

Biofuel Fuel obtained through the physical or chemical treatment of plant matter or organic waste.

C

Central Market An establishment that concentrates wholesale merchandise companies which supply retail stores. It is usually located on the outskirts of the city, given that it requires large spaces and good communication networks with both the production and consumption centres. The large central markets have specialised warehouses to concentrate the various types of products and variety of services for merchants, such as shopping centres, commercial premises, hotels, restaurants, parking lots, etc.

Charter flight Non-regular air service, which adapts its routes and prices to demand needs.

Collective labour agreement (CLA) Agreements that regulate labour conditions in a company or productive sector. They are signed by the employer and the workers’ representatives, or by the business associations and the workers’ unions.

Complex Set of facilities necessary for the operation of an activity or service. For example, an industrial complex, a hospital complex, etc.

D

Deposit Place where a certain natural resource is significantly concentrated, such as a rock, a mineral or an energy product.

Create

In this section we create a cross-curricular project that joins Geography and History with other subjects. Have you ever considered how Geography and History and Maths can help you improve your entrepreneurial skills?

7DOMESTIC TRADE

ã 7.1 Types of domestic trade

Domestic trade is trade that is undertaken within a country’s borders. There are two basic types: wholesale and retail. ➜ A wholesale trader buys large quantities of merchandise directly from manufacturers and then sells them to other traders or businesses.

With this type of trade the merchandise is usually sold from one location in centralised markets located in the outskirts of cities. ➜ A retail trader sells directly to consumers from a range of commercial establishments.

There are major differences between traditional businesses (specialised shops, municipal markets and street markets), which operate on a small scale with a limited rotation of products and a personalised service; and large retail stores (supermarkets, superstores, department stores, shopping centres), which operate on a large scale, offer a variety of products and operate on a selfservice basis.

ã 7.2 Retail spaces

➜ Cities are where the highest number and most specialised range of retail establishments are found. They are set up* in a range of retail spaces. • The urban centre is usually the place of traditional trade. It is provided by small shops located in specific streets or squares, which provide a space for social interaction. • These areas are threatened by competition from large retail stores, the decline of historic town centres, and traffic congestion.

To alleviate these issues, the traditional retail establishments are modernised; initiatives for commercially revitalising city centres are undertaken (pedestrianised streets, restoration of buildings and urban furniture); and commercial associations are encouraged (town centre management schemes, special deals, combined purchases, etc.). • The urban periphery is usually the site for large area retail stores.

Their presence generates a very important restructuring effect on the local area by ‘adding value’, which encourages housebuilding and other tertiary sector activities that are usually related to leisure, such as cinemas, cafés, hairdressers, etc. The result is the creation of major commercial and leisure zones integrated with new urban developments. ➜ In rural areas, shops are located on the ground floor of houses.

In general, they are traditional establishments selling everyday products. They are under constant threat from the competition of urban trade.

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04_u04_gh3_and_ing.indd 126-127 Geography and HIstory CREATE Different economic systems have a different point of view about the services that should be in the hands of the state and financed through taxes and those that should be handled by private companies and financed as needed. Take part in a debate between those who support a reinforcement of the public sector and those who are for a liberalisation of services. Present your ideas and back them up with examples.

Focus on English

set up: to start a new business.

Skills progress

Building vocabulary 1 Explain the difference between wholesale and retail trade; and between traditional shops and large retail stores.

Working with pictures 2 Describe the characteristics of the various retail establishments depicted in the pictures.

Taking decisions The mirror 3 Assess the advantages and disadvantages of a traditional shop compared to a superstore. Types of retail establishment

Unit 4

Shops

They provide small-scale, traditional commerce. They are located close to customers and offer a personalised service. Supermarkets

They often sell products at low prices, especially food and cleaning products, and use a self-service system.

Superstores

They offer a greater variety of products than supermarkets, and also operate on a self-service system. Department stores

They are located within cities and sell a large range of product types that are organised into different departments.

Shopping centres

They usually combine a superstore with a large variety of shops and leisure facilities, such as cinemas and restaurants. Retail parks

A number of shopping centres are grouped into one place and organised into independent areas; they also have an extensive parking area.

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Focus on English

Do you think Geography and History and English have anything in common? Discover how they are linked so you can learn both Geography and History and English together.

Review In the anayaeducacion.es resource bank “Portfolio”, you will find guidance on how to create your portfolio

1 Using this statistical data as a basis, list some of the general characteristics of Europe’s active population and comment on the variations you detect. 4 Using the data provided in the table, answer the following questions:

European Union trade in merchandise by country of origin and destintion (2016) 2017 Denmark Romania Imports Exports % employment, primary sector 1.3 22.3 Origin Value* Destination Value* % GDP, primary sector 1 4 World 5 342 583 World 5 379 329 % employment, secondary sector 27 28.5 Europe 3 749 618 Europe 3 781 227 % GDP, secondary sector 37.1 39.8 Asia 774 702 Asia 549 296 % employment, tertiary sector 71.7 49.2 North America 326 743 North America 473 564 % GDP tertiary sector Source: World Bank and ILO. Duty Free zones Delimited territory within a country where the 61.9 56.2 I Russian Federation Africa 145 284 127 083 Russian Federation Africa 79 401 155 929 2 Identify the following images of European agrarian landscapes, then give their approximate geographical location and state what specialised Central and South America 75 152 Middle East Middle East 80 274 Central and South America companies that are installed enjoy special benefits. Among them, the exemption of certain taxes or the payment of commercial tariffs. Its purpose is to International Court of Justice in The Hague Main judicial organ of the UN. It is in charge of 331 934 84 975 form of agriculture is used there.attract foreign investment. Australia and New Zealand 17 970 Australia and New Zealanddeciding legal disputes between states in accordance with international law. 40 529 1 2

Economy Economy Unión Europea 10 639 409 Unión Europea 10 876 184

E

Economic profit The difference between the sale price of a product and the cost price. It is calculated by subtracting from the sale price the cost of the resources used to produce it and the payment of taxes. To increase 3 profits, companies can increase production, raise prices, or reduce costs (lowering the price paid for resources or wages).

*Data in millions of dollars. a) Which data reveal the impact of the European Source: OMC L Union’s customs union? Lease b) Which countries or geographic areas does the European Union trade with? Contract by which the owner of a property transfers c) Is the EU’s balance of trade a trade surplus or a its use to another person in exchange for a payment of money. trade deficit?

5 Europe is a major generator of and host region for tourism. Answer the following questions.

M

Tourist arrivals by (sub)regions

World 2013

F

Advanced economiesMediterranean Technological Arc 726 Emerging economies 597 By regions of the World Tourism OrganisationIncludes the area between northern Italy, southern Europe France and the east of the Iberian Peninsula. 670.6

Monsoon (climate) Northern Europe 78.0 3 In five lines, explain the current location of Europe’s sources of raw materials and energy. Western Europe Central/Eastern Europe Southern/Mediterranean Europe Factory boat Large vessels in which fish undergo certain industrial A variety of tropical climate, characteristic of South and Southeast Asia and determined by the influence 192.7 133.7 266.2 practices, such as sorting, cleaning, freezing and packaging. – of which EU–28 *Data in millions of people. of monsoon winds. In summer these winds blow from South to North, between the ocean and the 537.6 Source: World Tourism Organisation. continent, which is why they are warm and humid Function a) What causes explain this fact?and cause a lot of precipitation. Work carried out by an institution or entity, or its b) Calculate Europe’s share of world tourism. Give organs or people. your answers as percentages.

Nc) Which countries have become the main European tourism destinations? In which European region G are these countries located?Neo-colonialism Current form of colonialism that consists of exercising 144 economic dominance over a politically independent G20 country, usually a former colony. 05_u05_gh3_and_ing.indd 144-145 A cooperation and consultation forum that aims to maintain global economic stability. It is made up of the G7 (Germany, Canada, the United States, France, Italy, Japan and the United Kingdom); twelve P emerging countries (Russia, Saudi Arabia, Argentina, Australia, Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Mexico, the Periodic table Republic of Korea, South Africa and Turkey); and the Table that classifies chemical elements according to European Union. their characteristics and properties.

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PROTAGONISTS

IN THE PAST Williamina Fleming

Basic information

Name: Williamina Fleming Period: 1857-1911 Nationality: Scottish and American Occupation: astronomer I was born in Dundee, Scotland, where I worked as a teacher. When I was twenty, I travelled to Boston and found a job with Professor Edward Charles Pickering, Director of the Harvard University Observatory. He was a very innovative man who tried to modernise astronomy. I was his assistant in administrative and calculation tasks at the Observatory of his University. Gradually, I demonstrated that women could also successfully dedicate themselves to astronomy. Pickering hired nine more women to analyse the photographs of the stars and classify the spectra on the photographic plates. I coordinated and directed their work, everyone called us the “Harvard computers”. Among my contributions to the scientific world, is my contribution to the development of a star allocation system, based on lettering each star in according with the amount of hydrogen in its spectrum. I catalogued more than 10 000 celestial bodies and discovered 59 gas nebulae, 310 variable stars and 10 supernovae. In 1899, I was appointed Curator of Astronomical Photographs at Harvard College Observatory and thus I became the first woman with an institutional position at Harvard. My research was also recognised in the United Kingdom and in 1906 I received an honorary position at the Royal Astronomical Society in London and an honorary prize from Wellesley College. I think I have come far and I am happy because through effort and dedication my work life is very satisfactory.

NOW Samantha Cristoforetti

Basic information

Name: Samantha Cristoforetti Place and year of birth: Italy, 1977 Occupation: aviation pilot and astronaut for the European Space Agency (ESA) Samantha graduated from the Technical University of Munich with a degree in Mechanical Engineering and graduated in Aeronautical Sciences from the Italian Aeronautical Academy of Pozzuoli. She was one of the first women to become a combat lieutenant pilot in the Italian Air Force and has clocked up more than 500 flight hours. She was the first Italian woman to be chosen by the European Space Agency (ESA) to be part of their astronaut team and is the third European woman to hold that honour, after the British woman Helen Sharman and the French woman Claudie Haigneré. In November 2014, she made her first space trip aboard the Soyuz spacecraft. She became the holder of the record for the longest mission for a woman in the International Space Station, since she was there for almost 200 days. During her stay in space, Samantha wanted to share the daily life of astronauts with the people, so she posted videos, photos and comments on the web that showed the daily life of a space trip. Her informative work continues from Earth until the time comes to return to space and feel the sensation of living without gravity. Her dream is to do a spacewalk. She may realise her dream in 2024 as she is participating in the Artemis 3 mission, whose goal is to reach the Moon in the Orion

QUESTIONS

1 Indicate the professions of Williamina Fleming and what sector they form part of. 2 Look for information about the “Harvard Computers” and prepare a brief review about one of them. 3 Who is organising the

Artemis 3 mission? What’s its objective? 4 Look for information about aeronautics in Spain.

Are there many women in this sector? Write a summary and explain your conclusions.

ship. NASA and ESA are working together in the preparation of this lunar expedition in which a woman will participate. Each space agency has its own candidate. A combination of European diplomacy and Cristoforetti’s merits may be enough for the Italian to be the first woman to step on the surface of the Moon.

anayaeducacion.es Go to the SDG 5.c resources. 145

SDG. Reflection on and analysis of SDGs, such as gender equality, climate action, reducing inequalities, etc.

Skills are a reference in modern education: • they are given context in real situations. • problematic situations that have to be resolved via a series of tasks are put forward. • they are related to the Sustainable Development

Goals (SDG).

applying skills

Small businesses at risk

An article by the CIAE (Confederación Intersectorial de Autónomos del Estado Español) reveals trade difficulties, especially amongst retailers and local shops. According to them, traditional trade in Spain has seen a loss of 27 000 million since the beginning of the economic crisis. The causes, according to the Confederation, are competition from large stores, laws that promote unlimited opening hours and the emergence of online commerce. All of these facts mean that since 2008 small local commerce hasn’t finished recovering. Traditional neighbourhood shops in villages and town high streets are in danger. The Spanish commerce sector accounts for the most self-employed people, it represents almost 25% of the total of self-employed workers. However, this is the sector that has been the most affected by the crisis and has not finished recovering since 2008. 2017 also wasn’t a good year for retail. A total of 10 738 establishments had to close. However, this data is in contrast to household spending. While Spanish families begin to spend more money, retailers’ income continues to decline. Consumption patterns are changing, online trade continues to grow as do the profits of large stores.

Adapted from an article by Patricia Malagón, Cinco Días, 19/12/2017.

04_u04_gh3_and_ing.indd 132-133 1 Why are long opening-hours a problem for small businesses compared to large stores?

2 According to the information in the article, in what year did the crisis begin?

3 What does it mean to be self-employed?

4 A street without shops or other services runs the risk of becoming a bedroom community with no social life for commuters.

Think about it and write a consumer rule that could favour small businesses.

5 Indicate a specific example of a company that you know of from each of the sectors represented in the chart below.

The different service sectors. 2016

0 10 20

Transport and storage

Profesional scienti c and technical activities

Information and communications

Administrative activities and auxiliary services 30

Catering

Artistic, leisure and entertainment activities

Estate agent services

Other services Business turnover Employed people

Source: INE.

6 According to the chart, which two branches of the services sector generate the highest turnover per employee?

7 Which two branches generate the lowest turnover per employee?

(%) 14

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6

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2

Contribution of tourism to GDP and employment

10.2% 11.6% 11.6 % 12.8 %

0

Source: INE. 2010 2017

Contribution to GDP Contribution to employment

8 The bar chart above shows data on the contribution of the tourism sector to the gross domestic product (the wealth of a country) and employment in recent years. People who work in the economic and business field analyse further details, for example, they study the wealth generated in relation to those who produce it, to improve profitability.

According to the data, between 2010 and 2017, has the profitability for each person employed in the tourism sector increased or decreased? 9 As noted in the article on the previous page, online commerce is one of the causes of the decline of small businesses. However, some activities in the sector have no competition in this area. Point out four local businesses that do not have online competition.

10 Abundance attracts customers. Imagine that you set up as self-employed with two friends in a specific neighbourhood, each of you offering a different commercial service that complements the others. Which would you choose? Why?

11 The photographs represent two small grocery stores. They still have some prices in pesetas in the warehouse. A box of salted fish cost “200 duros” (one “duro” was 5 pesetas).

Calculate: how much does this product cost in euros if 100 pesetas are equal to 60 cents?

12 Some Spanish grocery stores are known as

“ultramarinos” and also on occasions as “almacenes de coloniales”. What could be the explanation of these two names?

FOTO

anayaeducacion.es Go to the SDG 12.1 resources.

Enterprising culture

Trust in your skills and knowledge, develop creativity, adapt to changing situations and have a proactive and responsible attitude.

ICT

Learn how to obtain information, select it and apply it; to plan, manage and work on projects; to collaborate online in an ethical and safe manner.

Academic and professional orientation

Evaluate your personal skills, discover and awaken your calling, train yourself to make decisions and learn to choose between different options.

Evaluation

Discover different strategies to analyse what you have learnt and how you learnt it; train yourself to take responsibility or overcome difficulties.

Linguistic Plan

Use your communication skills in the different types of text that you will see. Language is always present, communicate!