nutriFORUM 2019 - Ponencia sobre Eficiencia de la presentación del pienso en dietas de porcino

Optimizing feed processing to improve the feed efficiency of nursery and finishing pigs.

J. C. Woodworth, C. B. Paulk, S. S. Dritz, R. D. Goodband, M. D. Tokach, J. M. DeRouchey, and C. R. Stark Kansas State University Applied Swine Nutrition Team & Grain Science

Outline §

Reducing particle size § § §

§

Pelleting § § § §

§

Procedures Impact on digestibility Impact on nursery and finisher Quality Nursery Finisher Pellet diameter

Summary and conclusions

K-State Extension Bulletin (MF3342) Recommenda)ons: • Sieve agitators • Dispersing/Flow agent • 10 minutes sieving )me

Types of Grinding Equipment Hammer Mill

Roller Mill

Characteristic

Hammer Mill

Roller Mill

Grinding Action

Impact

Shear

Versatility

Higher

Lower

Particle Size

Smaller

Larger

Variation in Particle Size

Higher

Lower

Initial Cost

Lower

Higher

Energy Cost

Higher

Lower

Maintenance Cost & Ease

Lower

Higher

Heat Generation/Moisture Loss

Higher

Lower

Fahrenholz, 2012

Particle size differences by mill type

Hammer Mill Geometric Mean: 502 µm Standard Deviation: 2.53 µm

Roller Mill Geometric Mean: 513 µm Standard Deviation: 1.98 µm

ATTD GE, % Impact of grinding method and particle size on corn ATTD of GE, % 90,0 ATTD GE, %

88,0 86,0 84,0 82,0 80,0 78,0

Grinding method x particle size, P < 0.001 b SEM = 0.6 87,5 300 500 700 a b a 84,2 83,0 83,3 83,3 a a a a 80,3 c

76,0 Hammermill

Roller mill Pa4ence et al., 2015

Effects of particle size and milling equipment on finishing pig F/G 3,6

3,52

Particle Size, P < .004

3,5

3,44

3,4 3,3

3,28

3,25

3,2 3,1

µm=

800

400

Hammermill

800

400

Roller Mill Wondra et al., 1995

Mill Type on Finishing Pig Performance

Impact of Mill Type on Finisher Pig Performance P < 0.534 SEM = 0.021

1,4

P < 0.254 SEM = 0.007

0,500

1,00

1,0 0,8

1,00

a

0,400 G:F

ADG, kg

1,2 0,365

0,374

Hammermill

Roller mill

a

0,300

0,6 0,4

Hammermill Roller mill

0,200

200 pigs, 75 d experiment, BW 55 To 130 kg, Diet particle size 500 µm Wecker et al., 2017

Particle size reduction for nursery pigs • Benefits in F/G are observed until grain fraction reaches 500-600 microns, but no further improvement as particle size is reduced • Similar response for corn and other grain sources • Feed preference data suggests pigs prefer not to consume feed made with fine particle size corn

Effect of grain source particle size on nursery pig F/G (6-18 kg BW) Quadratic, P < 0.05

Healy et al., 1994

Influence of wheat particle size on F/G of 6-20 kg pigs 1,40 1,35 1,30 1,25 1,20 1,15 1,10 1,05 1,00

Quadratic, P < 0.01

1,29

1300

1,18

1,19

600

400

Particle size, µm

Mavromichalis et al., 2000

Impact of roller mill configuration on F/G of 11-22 kg pigs 1,70 1,65 1,60 1,55 1,50 1,45 1,40 1,35 1,30 Rolls Par4cle Size Std. Dev.

P < 0.122

1,55

2 525 3.14

1,54

3 394 2.73

1,54

4-­‐Fine 267 2.57 Gebhardt et al., 2015

1,50

4-­‐Course 403 2.81

Effect of corn par4cle size and diet form on nursery pig F/G (BW 11-­‐20 kg) 1,8 1,7

Diet form × corn µ P < 0.38 Diet form P < 0.01 SEM = 0.01

Pellet

1,57

1,6 1,5

Meal

1,52

1,51 1,45

1,45

1,42

1,4 1,3 650 micron corn

320 micron corn

360 micron diet De Jong et al., 2013

Corn particle size affects feed preference of nursery pigs **Particle size (µm) of corn is noted above columns** 0,60

P = 0.01

ADFI, kg

P = 0.01

525

0,50

403

P = 0.01 P = 0.11 700 Pelleted Diets

403 525

0,40 0,30

P = 0.89

267

267

700 250

0,20

400

0,10 0,00

Trial 1

Trial 2

Trial 3

Trial 4

Trial 5

Gebhardt, 2015; Bokelman, 2015

Particle size reduction for finishing pigs •

Reducing particle size of grain through approximately 300 µm improves F/G in meal diets, but little benefit to reduce below 600 in quality pelleted diets

•

Current genetics result in approximately a 1% improvement in F/G for every 100 µm reduction

Effect of wheat par4cle size in meal diets on F/G (44-­‐120 kg) 2,86

F/G

2,82

Linear P = 0.001 Quadra)c P = 0.82 SEM = 0.02

2,83 2,77

2,78

2,73

2,74 2,70 2,66 728 µ

579 µ

326 µ De Jong et al., 2014

Effect of wheat par4cle size in pelleted diets on F/G (44-­‐127 kg) 2,82

No effect, P = 0.85 SEM = 0.01

F/G

2,74 2,66

2,60

2,58

2,58

2,59

400 µ

200 µ

2,50 2,42 600 µ

De Jong et al., 2014

Effect of par4cle size and diet form on finishing pig F/G (26-­‐130 kg) 2,9 2,8 2,7

2,69

Grind x form P < 0.005 linear Par)cle size P > 0.34 Diet form P < 0.001 SEM = 0.02

Pellet

2,67 2,62

2,6 2,5

Meal

2,51

2,55

2,56

2,4 Corn particle size:

650 microns

50:50 blend

325 microns Nemechek et al., 2013

Effect of par4cle size and diet form on finishing pig F/G (25-­‐130 kg) 3,0 2,9

2,82

300 vs 600 microns P < 0.001 Grind x form P = 0.37 Grind P = 0.52; Form P < 0.001 SEM = 0.03

2,8

2,60

2,6

Pellet

2,74

2,71

2,7

Meal

2,60

2,5 600 micron corn

300 micron corn

300 micron diet De Jong et al., 2012

Influence of roller mill configuration on F/G of 40-130 kg pigs 3,6

a

3,4

ab ab

b

3,2 3,0 2,8 2,6 2,4 d 0-­‐56 2-High; 572 µm

3-High; 484 µm

d 56-­‐97 4-High Fine; 295 µm

d 0-­‐97 4-High Course; 382 µm

Gebhardt et al., 2015

Effects of particle size on F/G of finishing pigs 3,5

1.2% per 100 microns

1.0% per 100 microns

3,5

Paulk, 2011 DeJong, 2012 Nemecheck, 2013 De Jong, 2014 Gebhardt, 2015

3,3 3,1

3,3 3,1 2,9

2,9

250

400

350

600

450

Particle size, microns: 800

550

Wondra, 1995

650

2,5

2,7

Cabrera, 1994b

750

2,7

Cabrera, 1994a

2,5

Predicting ME of Ground Corn

Bertol et al., 2017

Change in average U.S. nursery and finishing performance from 1990 to 2015

Nursery

Finishing

1990 2005 % 2015 %

Start wt, kg

5.90 5.53 -­‐6% 6.40 16% 22.7 22.7 0% 24.3 7%

End wt, kg ADG, kg ADFI, kg F/G

22.7 0.32 0.64 2.00

22.7 0.37 0.58 1.57

0% 16% -­‐9% -­‐22%

24.3 0.37 0.57 1.54

7% 0% -­‐2% -­‐2%

1990 2005 % 2015 % 113.4 117.7 4% 125.8 7% 0.67 0.73 9% 0.84 15% 2.31 2.06 -­‐11% 2.26 10% 3.47 2.82 -­‐19% 2.69 -­‐5%

1990 PigChamp Summary; U.S. Pork Industry Produc)vity Summary

Particle Size Conclusions •

Nursery Pigs •

•

Finishing Pigs •

•

Benefits in F/G observed as particle size is decreased until 500-600 µm, then little benefit Meal diets result in 1% improvement in F/G for every 100 µm reduction through 300 µm

Feed Preference •

It appears pigs prefer not to consume finely ground feed

Pelleting Swine Feeds Feeder

Condi)oner

Die & Rolls hdp://www.cpmroskamp.com/pelletmill/products/pelletmills/

Production vs. Pelleting, a Conundrum!

Maximizing Feed Mill Performance Throughput

Maximizing Animal Performance Nutrient Pellet Quality Quality Feed Safety

Effects of pellet quality on finisher F/G Linear, P < 0.01

2,85

F/G

2,80

2,78

2,82

2,78

2,77

20

40

2,75 2,70

2,65

2,65 2,60 2,55 Meal

Good Pellets

60

Percent Fines Stark et al., 1993

F/G

Effects of pellet quality on nursery F/G 1,62 1,60 1,58 1,56 1,54 1,52 1,50 1,48 1,46

Linear, P < 0.01

1,60

1,61 1,58

1,56 1,54 1,52

Meal

0

25

50

75

100

Percent Fines Fruge et al., 2013

$/pig

Effects of pellet quality on nursery return, $/pig 14,50 14,00 13,50 13,00 12,50 12,00 11,50 11,00

13,98

Linear, P < 0.01

13,47 12,97

12,95

12,48 12,00

Meal

0

25

50

75

100

Percent Fines Fruge et al., 2013

Effects of feeder adjustment and pellet quality on nursery F/G 1,70

F/G

1,65 1,60

Narrow

Wide

1,59 1,59

1,55

Meal or poor quality vs screened, P < 0.01 Narrow vs wide, P = 0.70 SEM = 0.01

1,56 1,57 1,51 1,51

1,50 1,45 1,40 Meal

Pellets

Pellets with 30% fines Nemechek et al. 2012

F/G

Effects of feeder adjustment and pellet quality on finisher F/G 3,20 3,10 3,00 2,90 2,80 2,70 2,60 2,50 2,40

Narrow

Wide

2,98

Diet form P < 0.001; Feeder adjust. P < 0.03

2,87

2,83 2,68 2,55 2,58

Meal

Pellets

Pellets with 50% fines Nemechek et al. 2012

Pan Coverage

Meal Diets

Narrow adjustment: 31% coverage

Wide Adjustment 95% coverage

Pellet Diets Narrow adjustment: 44% coverage

Wide Adjustment 96% coverage

Effect of fiber level and diet form on finishing pig performance (50-­‐130 kg) 3,30

F/G

3,10

Interac)on P = 0.19 Pellet P = 0.001 Diet P = 0.001 SEM = 0.037

2,90 2,70 2,50

d 0 to 64: d 64 to 81:

2,71 2,61 Corn-­‐soy Corn-­‐soy Corn-­‐soy

Meal

2,86 2,71

High DfiDGS ber 30% Corn-­‐soy

Pellet 2,94 2,70

High DfiDGS ber 30% High fiber

Nemechek et al., 2012

Influence of feed processing method on F/G of 52-135 kg pigs fed high fiber diets 3,20 3,10 3,00 2,90 2,80 2,70 2,60 2,50

a,b=P< 0.05

a

2,93

Mash

b

b

2,76

2,76

2,73

45 s pellet

90 s pellet

Extruded

b

Bokelman et al., 2015

Effects of pelleting regime on G:F (30-136 kg) abc P < 0.05

0,46

SEM = 0.002 a 0,43

G:F

0,44 0,42

c 0,41

b 0,42

b 0,42

b 0,42

b 0,42

0,40 0,38 Meal

Pellet

Meal/Pellet Pellet/Meal Rotated

Rotated

De Jong et al., 2016

G:F after meal/pellet rotation

Effects of pelleting regime on pig removals per pen (30-136 kg) Removals/pen

3,0 a

2,5

1,0 0,5

SEM = 0.265

1,9

2,0 1,5

ab P < 0.05

b 1,1

b 0,5

b 0,9

b 0,9

b 0,9

Rotated

Rotated

0,0 Meal

Pellet

Meal/Pellet Pellet/Meal

De Jong et al., 2016

Effect of pellet diameter in creep and nursery feed on d 0-10 post wean F/G 1,50 1,40

Creep, P < 0.03 Nursery, P < 0.31

1,40 1,31

1,30

1,24

1,23

2

12

1,20 1,10 1,00 Nursery pellet, mm=

2

12

2 mm Creep pellet

12 mm Creep pellet Van den Brand et al., 2014

Effect of pellet diameter in creep and nursery feed on d 0-21 post wean F/G 1,50

Creep, P < 0.009 Nursery, P < 0.019

1,40 1,30

1,27 1,21

1,20

1,17

1,16

3

12

1,10 1,00 Nursery pellet, mm=

3

12

3 mm Creep pellet

12 mm Creep pellet Clark et al., 2016

Tools for nutri4on and management decisions

Available at: www.KSUswine.org

Feed Efficiency Tool Demonstrates impact of changes in:

www.KSUswine.org

Net energy Ractopamine use Temperature in the barn Pelle)ng and par)cle size Floor space Produc)on management changes Mortality

Changes in Particle Size

Pelleting vs Meal Diets

Conclusions – Particle size • Reducing particle size of grain improves F/G • For grow-finish pigs • Benefit is linear to at least 300 microns in meal diets (1% per 100 µ) • Does not appear to be as beneficial to grind below 600 microns in high quality pellets

• For nursery pigs: • No benefit in F/G to grind corn below 600 microns

• Feed intake and gain are reduced when corn is ground to 300 microns in meal diets for nursery or finisher pigs

Conclusions - Pelleting • Improves F/G ~ 5% • Response depends on particle size • Greater F/G response at higher particle sizes

• Response depends on diet formulation • Greater response in higher byproduct diets

• Response depends on pellet quality • Linear response to improving pellet quality

• Economic analysis must include the potential increase in mortality with pellets

Thank you!

WWW.KSUswine.org