Issuu

Ode to the wildland firefighter

O brave heart, whose boots tread flame, You go where others dare not the same. Among the ash, the smoke, the sear, You rise each dawn and fight what others fear.

The mountains call and sirens wail, Through tinder and brush and canyon trail, You shoulder tools, with grit and grace, And vanish from sight, toward the fire’s face.

No trumpet blare, no banners fly, Only ember-filled winds consume the sky. Still you march, with steady hand, Hold the line, and make a stand.

The sun beats down like furnace glare, Soot and sweat perfume the air. Every swing and breath you take, A forest’s fate, our town’s at stake.

You speak in code and weather signs, Read smoke like scripture in embattled pines. Chainsaw and Pulaski you carve hope, Across each ridge and fiery slope.

At night, beneath the embered stars, You rest with wounds and battle scars. Yet dawn will find you up once more, To meet, then brief, then settle score.

O sentinel of tree and land, With blistered feet and blackened hand, The earth and we remember where you stood— Guardians of flame and wood.

So let the winds in tribute cry, Let rivers chant and eagles fly, For those who fight the fire’s breath Who dance so near the edge of death.

We honour you, flame-tempered knight, Who turns the dark to dawning light. Every spark you quench and quell, You write a tale, only the brave would tell.

~ By the Brotherhood of Fire

7 Exciting news! Rural Metro Training Academy as IFSAC accredited!

Firefighting foams

10 Williams WNF33A: Leading the transition to fluorine-free firefighting foam

14 Navigating the transition to sustainable firefighting foams: Key factors for system compatibility

20 The green revolution in firefighting: A look at the latest Fluorine-free foams by Marinus Scott

24 Cobra Fire: New Induna Rural Fire Pumper delivered to Malawi

Toughest Firefighter Alive 2025 will be hosted by the Garden Route District Municipality in George

OceanAlpha’s Dolphin3 Remote Controlled Rescue Buoy: Revolutionising water rescue operations

Navigating chaos: The art and urgency of managing swift-water rescue incidents by Colin Deiner

Personal protective equipment (PPE)

Are we endangering the lives of our firefighters? By Lenny Naidoo and Jackie De Billot

The vital membrane: How NFPA 1970's requirement for flash hoods is enhancing firefighter protection and reducing cancer risks by Robin Charnaud

Biggin Hill Airport Rescue and Fire Fighting Service: The story so far by John Lord

Wildfires

52 Clear the path, stop the fire with accelerated speed powered by the Stihl BR700 and BR800 backpack blowers

56 The importance of investing in a weather station by Kelvin Price

58 Want to become an incident commander?

60 Bridging the fire gap: integrating IFM and CBFiM for equitable wildfire management in South Africa by Savage Breytenbach

64 Quick Reaction Force (QRF) introduced by Dale Nortje

67 Command Corner: Operational briefings by Chief Tim Murphy

People

68 After decades of service, then what? by Neville van Rensburg

Books

70 Preserving the legacy of the Alberton Fire Department: Honouring history through memories and a book by Paul Korb

Upcoming events

74 Annual Women in Emergency, Disaster Management and Fire Services Leadership Conference

Health and fitness

77 The effect of physical activity on coronary heart disease risk factors among firefighters: a scoping review protocol by Ghaleelullah Achmat, Charlene Erasmus, Jill Kanaley, Lloyd Leach

Major hazard installation regulations

84 Major Hazard Installation Regulations, 2022: Reminder of key dates for compliance by duty holders by Kate Collier, Mbali Nkosi and Mufaro Sambaza

Heritage

86 The history and evolution of ground ladders

Editor

Lee Raath-Brownie lee@fireandrescue.co

Cell 082 371 0190

Advertising advertising@fireandrescue.co

Design and layout

Marc Raath marc@fireandrescue.co

Digital newsletter

Pierre du Plessis pierre@fireandrescue.co

Accounts and circulation

Kelebogile Chimaliro accounts@fireandrescue.co subs@fireandrescue.co

Secretary Kelebogile Chimaliro pa@fireandrescue.co

Administration

Kelebogile Chimaliro

Contributions Africa

Colin Deiner

Marinus Scott

Lenny Naidoo

Jackie de Billot

Robin Charnaud

Kelvin Price

Johann Savage Breytenbach

Dale Nortje

Neville van Rensburg

Paul Korb

Ghaleelullah Achmat

Charlene Erasmus

Jill Kanaley

Lloyd Leach

Kate Collier

Mbali Nkosi

Mufaro Sambaza

John Lord

Paul Korb

USA

Tim Murphy

Publisher

Lee Raath-Brownie

FIRE AND RESCUE INTERNATIONAL

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Box 8299 Greenstone 1616 www.fireandrescue.co

Subscriptions

Free of charge

Contact: subs@fireandrescue.co

Comment by Lee Raath-Brownie Publisher

We are dedicated to provide the fire and rescue and EMS services with in-depth technical and research articles to ensure their safety as first responders. So in this 66th edition of the Fire and Rescue International (FRI) magazine, our contributors provided profound insight, sharing their hands-on and proactive experience, motivational leadership guidance, incident management strategies as well as guidance on creating a safer environment for our firefighters and rescuers. Enjoy the read!

Cover profile

Rural Metro Training Academy is now IFSAC accredited. Providing world-class training for the next generation of firefighting, rescue and emergency services professionals, they share their courses, guaranteeing that their students receive internationally accredited training that is respected and recognised worldwide.

Firefighting foam

In our focus on firefighting foam, Industrial Fire and Hazard Control shares insight from Williams on the WNF33A in the transition to Fluorine-free firefighting foam. DoseTech Fire shares the key factors for system compatibility when transitioning to Fluorine-free foams from FireDos and AECI Speciality Chemicals share the latest F3 foams available from Dr Sthamer.

New equipment

Cobra Fire shares information on their latest delivery of the Induna Rural Fire Pumper to Malawi, which was tailored for the unique landscapes of this African country.

Toughest Firefighter Alive 2025

We launch the internationally accredited Toughest Firefighter Alive Challenge 2025, which will be hosted by the Garden Route District Municipality at the Garden Route Mall in George in October 2025. Come join and support these dedicated firefighters!

Water rescue

Colin Deiner’s article in this edition focusses on swift-water rescue operations and management as it is among the most dynamic and dangerous challenges faced by emergency responders. Deiner discusses the setting up of a swift-water rescue system, key tactics when responding to the incident and commanding the incident, looking at initial size-up and scene assessment, situational awareness and intelligence gathering, pre-deployment risk assessment, rescue strategy and tactical planning, pre-deployment briefings, ongoing monitoring and post-deployment review. Also in water rescue, Ignis Armor launches the OceanAlpha’s Dolphin3 remotecontrolled rescue buoy, which is revolutionising water rescue operations.

Cancer prevention and PPE

In our feature on PPE, Vanguard Fire and Safety’s, Lenny Naidoo and Jackie De Billot share insight into international firefighter PPE standards ie NFPA 1971, which addresses PFAS-free firefighter PPE. Robin Charnaud of Charnaud and Co discusses the NFPA 1970's requirement for flash hoods, which is enhancing firefighter protection and reducing cancer risk. The Uk’s John Lord shares a very inspirational overview of the Biggin Hill Airport Rescue and Fire Fighting Service’s proactive cancer and risk reduction programme.

Wildfires

In our focus on wildfires, Stihl shares information on how to use the Stihl BR700 and BR800 backpack blowers in firefighting while Kelvin Price of CW Price provides insight into why you should invest in a weather station. Michelle Kleynhans of Dynamic Incident Management shares the details of the upcoming Initial Attack Incident Commander (IC-T4) Skills Development Training course in June 2025 while Savage Breytenbach discusses integrating IFM and CBFiM for equitable wildfire management in South Africa. Dale Nortje details the Quick Reaction Force (QRF) concept in wildfire firefighting, while Chief Tim Murphy’s Command Corner discusses operational briefings.

People

Now retired, Metro Rescue’s Neville (Kussie) van Rensburg, shares his journey of serving for 44 years in the emergency services.

Books

Paul Korb provides the journey in writing a book, preserving the legacy of the Alberton Fire Department and honouring Chief Anthony Davey, which was released at a recently held reunion in Alberton.

A very big thank you to all our local and international contributors, advertisers and readers for their continued support! Fire and Rescue International is your magazine. Read it, use it and share it!

Congratulations to

Yolande Pretorius for her photograph ‘De Kelders Fire’, taken with a Nikon D3000 with a Nikon VR 55-200mm lens. Camera settings: ISO: 100, F/6.3 and 1/160 sec lens.

Yolandé Pretorius wins this months prize money of R2000!

Photo description:

A fire broke out in the De Kelders on Thursday, 16 January 2025, Overstrand Fire and Rescue teams attended the fire. Fire fighters from as far as Kleinmond arrived to assist.

Fire and Rescue International’s (FRI) bi monthly photographic competition is open to all its readers and offers you the opportunity of submitting your digital images of fires, fire fighters, disasters, incidents, emergencies and rescues.

Rules

• All photographs submitted must be high resolution (minimum 1meg) in jpeg format

• Allowed: cropping, curves, levels, colour saturation, contrast, brightness, sharpening but the faithful representation of a natural form, behaviour or phenomenon must be maintained

• Not allowed: cloning, merging/photo stitching, layering of two photos into one final frame, special effects digital filters

Fire and Rescue International (FRI) reserves the right to publish (printed or digitally) submitted photographs with acknowledgement to the photographer

• Winners will be chosen on the merit of their photograph

• The judge’s decision is final and no correspondence will be entered into afterwards

Entries must include:

Name of photographer

Contact details (not for publishing)

Email (not for publishing)

Name of photograph

Brief description of photograph including type of incident

Camera, lens and settings used

All entries must be emailed to: lee@fireandrescue.co

Exciting news! Rural Metro Training Academy as IFSAC accredited!

At Rural Metro, we are dedicated to providing world-class training for the next generation of firefighting, rescue and emergency services professionals. That’s why we are incredibly proud to announce that the Rural Metro Training Academy is officially IFSAC accredited!

What does IFSAC accreditation mean for you?

The International Fire Service Accreditation Congress (IFSAC) is a globally recognised accreditation body that certifies fire service training programmes, ensuring they meet the highest international

standards. By achieving IFSAC accreditation. Rural Metro Training Academy guarantees that our students receive internationally accredited training that is respected and recognised worldwide.

This milestone is a testament of our commitment to excellence. It means you’re not just earning certification, you’re gaining credentials that open doors across the globe.

Why IFSAC certification?

• International recognition: Our IFSAC accredited courses give you an edge in a very

competitive job market, both locally and internationally. Employers around the world trust and prefer the IFSAC seal of approval.

• Enhanced career prospects: Whether you want to work in South Africa or take your career abroad, internationally accredited certification sets you apart.

• High-quality training: Our programmes meet rigorous global standards, ensuring you are trained to the highest levels of competence and safety.

Explore our internationally accredited training

Rural Metro Training Academy offers a comprehensive selection of fire, rescue and emergency services courses, certified by IFSAC based on the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) fire service professional qualifications and standards.

These include:

• Professional Firefighting

• Professional Fire Officer

• Fire Instructor

• Hazardous Materials/Weapons

• Other fire service specialty courses

Our courses are designed for both new recruits and experienced professionals looking to advance their qualifications.

Start your journey today! Enrolling in an IFSAC accredited

programme at Rural Metro means you are choosing a pathway to global opportunities in firefighting, rescue and emergency response.

Whether you’re starting your career or looking to elevate it,

our internationally accredited training gives you the skills, knowledge and recognition you need to succeed.

Or contact our Training Academy via email: training@ruralmetrosa. com or call: +27(0)33 413 4040.

Accredited courses

Our training academy offers a wide range of specialized and core courses, certified by IFSAC and aligned with NFPA standards:

Hazardous Materials/Weapons of Mass Destruction (NFPA 470 - 2022)

• Hazardous Materials

Awareness

• Hazardous Materials

Operations Core

• Hazardous Materials PPE

• Hazardous Materials Mass Decontamination

• Hazardous Materials

Technical Decontamination

• Hazardous Materials Evidence Preservation and Sampling

• Hazardous Materials Product Control

• Hazardous Materials

Detection, Monitoring and Sampling

• Hazardous Materials Victim Rescue and Recovery

• Hazardous Materials Response to Illicit Laboratory Incidents

• Hazardous Materials

Technician

Firefighter Training (NFPA 1001 - 2019)

• Firefighter I

• Firefighter II

Fire Apparatus Driver/Operator (NFPA 1002 - 2017)

• Fire Apparatus Driver/Operator

General Requirements

• Fire Apparatus Driver/Operator

Pumper

• Fire Apparatus Driver/Operator

Aerial Apparatus

• Fire Apparatus Driver/Operator Wildland Apparatus

• Fire Apparatus Driver/Operator Aircraft Rescue and Fire Fighting Apparatus

• Fire Apparatus Driver/ Operator Mobile Water Supply Apparatus

Specialised Firefighting (NFPA 1003/1005)

• Airport Firefighter (NFPA 1003 - 2019)

• Marine Firefighter (NFPA 1005 - 2019)

Technical Rescuer (NFPA 1006 - 2021)

• Rope Rescue Awareness, Operations, Technician

• Common Passenger Vehicle Rescue Awareness, Operations, Technician

Fire Officers Inspectors (NFPA 1021)

• Fire Officer I and II (NFPA 1021 - 2020)

Fire Inspectors/Fire Prevention Officers (NFPA 1031/1033)

• Fire Inspector I and II (NFPA 1031 - 2014)

• Fire Investigator (NFPA 1033 - 2022)

Fire and Life Safety Educator and Public Information (NFPA 1035/1041)

• Fire and Life Safety Educator I, II, III

• Public Information Officer

• Fire and Emergency Services Instructor I and II

• Live Fire Instructor and Live Fire Instructor in Charge

Facility Fire Brigade (NFPA 1081 - 2018)

• Incipient Facility Fire Brigade Member

• Advanced Exterior Facility Fire Brigade Member

Williams WNF33A: Leading the transition to fluorine-free firefighting foam

The global fire industry is undergoing a seismic shift as international regulations push for the transition away from fluorinated firefighting foams. As a signatory to the Stockholm Convention, the time is drawing near for the South African industry to accelerate the necessary transition. Following numerous large scale tests, it is now clear that not all Fluorine Free Foams are created equal. There remain substantial differences in expansion ratios, viscosities and application rates as well as overall performance of the various foams. To assist our clients in making a safe and commercially sound transition without encountering the multitude of pitfalls, Williams Fire and Hazard Control has introduced

WNF33A, a next-generation, non-fluorinated firefighting foam that delivers exceptional fire suppression capabilities while adhering to stringent environmental standards.

Why transition to fluorine-free foam?

Traditional aqueous film-forming foams (AFFFs) and alcohol resistant aqueous film-forming foams (AR-AFFF) containing perand polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have been widely used in petrochemical, oil and gas, aviation, and municipal fire protection industries. However, concerns over their environmental persistence, bio accumulative properties and potential health risks, including links to cancer, hormone disruption and water

contamination, have led to a global movement to faze them out.

Regulatory bodies, including the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) and various national governments, are implementing bans and restrictions on PFAS-containing foams.

PFAS are (or should we use the term “were” as all premium firefighting foam manufacturers have halted the manufacture of AFFF and AR-AFFF in favour of non-fluorinated foams) included in the production of firefighting foams because of their exceptional fire suppression properties, particularly their ability to reduce the surface tension of the water allowing

suppression for Class B, polar solvent and hy-

This synthetic foam concentrate is intendgentle firefighting applications at 3% solution and gentle firefighting applications at 3% solvent fuels.

solution utilizes three suppression mecharapid fire knockdown and superior burn-

extended drain times to help block oxysuppress fuel vapor

liquid drains from the foam blanket and membrane which protects the foam from polar fuel, suppresses vapors, and seals the

the foam solution produces a cooling efsuppression

the foam to spread quickly over the flammable liquid, forming the much required aqueous film which acts as a barrier between the fuel and oxygen. Further to this, the stability and durability of the PFAS compound made for effective firefighting in extreme fire scenarios.

As a leader in large-scale industrial firefighting solutions, Williams Fire and Hazard Control has developed WNF33A to provide fire departments, ports authorities, petrochemical facilities, and aviation operations with a sustainable, highperformance alternative.

Uncompromising performance

WNF33A has been rigorously tested against industry benchmarks, demonstrating:

• Rapid knockdown

Engineered for fast flame knockdown and vapor suppression, even in highchallenge flammable liquid fires.

• Superior burnback resistance Forms a robust foam blanket, preventing re-ignition and enhancing firefighter safety.

• Multi-fuel capability

Effective against hydrocarbon and polar solvent fires, making it versatile for diverse industrial applications.

• Exceptional drainage properties

Maintains a stable foam blanket for extended suppression effectiveness.

Environmental and regulatory compliance

WNF33A is 100 percent fluorinefree, ensuring compliance with and tested against:

• NFPA 11

• ICAO Level B

• UL 162

• LASTFIRE

• EN 1568:2018

• IMO

• GESIP

• European and US Environmental Standards

With a biodegradable formula, WNF33A significantly reduces environmental impact and facilitates easier cleanup and disposal compared to legacy fluorinated foams.

Real-world application: proven success in the field Fire departments and industrial response teams worldwide have already begun adopting WNF33A for critical applications. Its effectiveness has been demonstrated in live fire scenarios, where it has outperformed expectations in both rapid extinguishment and long-term vapor suppression.

The future of industrial firefighting

As regulatory pressures intensify, the adoption of fluorine-free firefighting solutions like WNF33A is not just a compliance measure; it’s a commitment to sustainability and firefighter safety. Williams Fire and Hazard Control remains at the forefront of innovation, ensuring that industries reliant on largescale fire protection have access to cutting-edge, environmentally responsible solutions.

Conclusion

The transition to fluorine-free foams is a defining moment in firefighting history. With Williams WNF33A, fire response teams no longer have to compromise performance for environmental responsibility. As more industries embrace this technology, WNF33A is set to become the new standard in large-scale industrial and municipal fire suppression.

Industrial Fire and Hazard Control, an authorised Williams Fire and Hazard Control dealer, welcomes the opportunity to visit your department for a comprehensive presentation on the transition from legacy foams to NFF as well as live demonstrations.

For more information on WNF33A and the JCI range of NFF and industry-leading fire protection solutions, please reach out to:

Zarto Williams: Mobile: 061 158 6941

Email: zarto@industrialfire.co.za

Lee Marques: Mobile: 061 225 2710

Email: lee@industrialfire.co.za

Trevor Fiford: Mobile: 082 651 2580

Email: trevor@industrialfire.co.za

Or visit www.industrialfire.co.za

Navigating the transition to sustainable firefighting foams: Key factors for system compatibility

All foam agent types, even ones of high viscosity, can be mixed with FireDos foam proportioners. A constant proportioning rate across a wide operating range guarantees automatic adaptation to variable ﬁreﬁghting scenarios. Another advantage: The cost-e ective and eco-friendly proportioning rate testing method works completely without producing foam or premix.

FIREDOS FOAM PROPORTIONERS FOR ALL FOAM AGENT TYPES LIKE

■ highly viscous,

■ alcohol-resistant

■ and ﬂuorine-free

The global firefighting industry is undergoing a significant transformation as regulatory and environmental pressures drive the transition from traditional aqueous film-forming foams (AFFF) to sustainable alternatives. For high-hazard industries reliant on Class B firefighting systems, this change represents a pivotal moment. It introduces the opportunity to adopt safer, environmentally friendly foams and the challenge of adapting existing systems to maintain performance and safety.

ECO-FRIENDLY

Mixing fluorine-free foam agents reliably, proportioning rate testing without foam

This shift away from fluorinated foams, including those containing Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), marks an important step in addressing environmental and health concerns.

EFFICIENT

Improved performance by a constant proportioning rate, reduced costs for foam agents, cleaning, and system downtime

Historically, firefighting foams contained long-chain PFAS compounds such as PerfluoroOctane Sulfonate (PFOS) and Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), widely recognised for their environmental persistence and toxicological risks. These compounds, known as C8

foams due to their eightcarbon chain structure, were commonly used until concerns over bioaccumulation and water contamination led to restrictions.

FUTURE-PROOF

In line with all upcoming regulations and requirements for limit values of fluorine constituents in foam agents.

www.ﬁredos.com/proportioner

In response, manufacturers transitioned to shorter-chain alternatives, such as PerfluoroHexanoic acid (PFHx) found in C6 foams. While these shorterchain compounds were marketed as safer options, they remain environmentally persistent and their potential long-term impacts continue to be studied. This has prompted a global shift toward

synthetic Fluorine-free foams (SFFF), certified by frameworks such as Greenscreen.

The following sections provide a comprehensive guide to understanding the critical factors affecting the performance and compatibility of these new foams in existing fire suppression systems.

These considerations include foam expansion characteristics, viscosity and flow dynamics and application rate requirements. By addressing these factors, end-users can ensure a smooth transition to sustainable foams without compromising fire safety standards.

1. Expansion characteristics: adapting system design and discharge devices

Foam expansion, the ratio of foam volume after expansion to its original liquid volume, after mixing and aerating, is a fundamental property that influences the foam's ability to cover and suppress fires. Historically, AFFF was designed to produce high expansion ratios, which made it particularly effective in forming a stable, durable foam blanket over flammable liquids.

Impact

on discharge devices

Discharge devices such as monitors, nozzles and pourers are designed to operate within specific expansion parameters. When transitioning to environmentally friendly foams, the expansion characteristics may differ significantly, necessitating adjustments to discharge equipment:

• Device compatibility: Many Fluorine-free foams, such as SFFF, tend to produce lower expansion ratios than traditional AFFF. Existing discharge devices optimised for high-expansion foams may fail to deliver adequate coverage or a sufficiently thick and stable foam blanket.

• Recalibration or replacement: To achieve optimal performance, discharge devices may require recalibration to match the properties of the new foam. In some cases, replacement with equipment specifically designed for low-expansion foams may be necessary, particularly in high-risk applications such as fuel storage facilities or chemical plants.

System-wide design adjustments

The expansion characteristics of

environmentally friendly foams influence not just discharge devices but the overall system design:

• Foam coverage: Systems designed for AFFF may deliver insufficient foam coverage with lower-expansion foams, potentially requiring increased foam volumes or reconfiguration of discharge layouts to maintain equivalent performance.

• Water supply demands:

Environmentally friendly foams may require more water to achieve similar expansion ratios, which can strain the system's water supply infrastructure. Upgrading water flow capacity, increasing storage tank sizes or installing booster pumps may be necessary to meet these higher demands.

• Matching approvals: Systems designed and approved according to standards such as FM, UL, VdS, etc, means the individual components of the foam concentrate, foam discharge devices and proportioning system must match. Otherwise, the approval is void.

Considering the complete system design, an increase in expansion ratio means

the complete system can potentially be addressed by changing to discharge devices providing better expansion rations, where possible, while ensuring any common standards are met, ie UL, FM etc. This potentially has the least impact on an overall system if addressed.

2. Viscosity and its influence on proportioning and flow dynamics

Viscosity or the thickness of a liquid plays a critical role in foam proportioning and system flow dynamics.

Fluorine-free foams often have higher viscosities than AFFF, presenting unique challenges for proportioning equipment and system efficiency.

Impact on proportioning equipment

Proportioning systems mix foam concentrate with water at a precise ratio to ensure consistent foam performance. The higher viscosity of environmentally friendly foams can affect this process:

• Pump performance: Many existing systems use pumps

designed for low-viscosity AFFF, which may struggle to handle thicker fluorinefree foams. This can lead to inconsistent proportioning, requiring pump upgrades or adjustments to maintain proper performance.

• Eductor compatibility: In-line eductors, commonly used for foam proportioning, may not function effectively with highviscosity foams. Larger or specifically calibrated eductors may be needed to achieve the correct foam-to-water ratio, necessitating consultation with system manufacturers.

System flow dynamics

The increased viscosity of fluorine-free foams affects how they flow through pipes and hoses:

• Pressure loss: High-viscosity foams create greater friction within pipes, leading to pressure drops and slower foam delivery. Systems originally designed for lowviscosity AFFF may require reconfiguration, such as increased pipe diameters

or the addition of booster pumps, to ensure efficient foam delivery.

• Testing and calibration: After transitioning to Fluorinefree foams, system testing is essential to identify flow inconsistencies, pressure variations or bottlenecks that could compromise firefighting effectiveness. Testing with a wide-range proportioner not affected by flow or pressure can provide both peace of mind and a cost-effective solution to increasing costs of foam concentrate.

The viscosity of foam concentrate affects the proportioning element of the system. This can be addressed using water-driven foam proportioners, such as those manufactured by FireDos, due to their adaptability to different foam types. Educted systems relying on a Venturi for accurate proportioning are sensitive to flow or pressure fluctuations, leading to inconsistent foam quality. Although historically effective, Venturi-based systems

AFFF vs SFFF viscosity

FireDos GENIII proportioner; the most critical element of a foam system

may present problems with correct proportioning rates.

Where a single foam system protects multiple hazards, this change in viscosity primarily affects the foam proportioning element of a foam system. FireDos waterdriven foam proportioners provide the advantage of a centralised foam system due to their inherent adaptability to multiple foam types with multiple viscosities, such as the non-Newtonian, shearthinning and pseudoplastic foam concentrates, sometimes typical properties of SFFF concentrates.

Additionally, as the system automatically proportions at the correct percentage across a broad flow rate range, commissioning and maintenance are inherently very simple, as no calibration is required.

3. Application rate: ensuring effective fire suppression

The application rate, measured in litres per minute per square metre (l/min.m2) or gallons per

minute per square foot (gpm/ sq.ft), defines the amount of foam concentrate needed to extinguish a fire effectively while maintaining coverage.

With environmentally friendly foams, application rates often differ from those of AFFF, requiring adjustments to meet performance standards. As AFFF and alcohol resistant-AFFF (ARAFFF) have been used to great effect on multiple petrochemicals and crude oil, the same cannot be said for SFFF as a ‘one size fits all’ solution. This means the onus is on the end user/foam manufacturer to provide test results for specific compounds.

Adjusting discharge systems

Environmentally friendly foams may require higher application rates to achieve the same level of fire suppression:

• Increased discharge capacity: Discharge devices, such as monitors and sprinklers, may need recalibration or replacement to meet the higher flow demands of sustainable foams. Additional

discharge points or devices with higher output capacities may also be required.

• Foam blanket stability:

Maintaining a stable foam blanket is critical for suppressing fires involving flammable liquids. Testing is essential to determine the correct application rate and ensure the foam type can sustain fire suppression over time.

Water supply and system automation

Higher application rates have broader implications for system infrastructure:

• Water supply enhancements: Increased water demands may necessitate larger storage tanks, higher-capacity pumps or backup water sources to sustain prolonged firefighting operations.

• Real-time monitoring:

Advanced control and monitoring systems can help manage application rates dynamically, ensuring optimal foam output during firefighting operations.

If using a new foam type and the application rate exceeds that of the existing foam type, a check of the complete system is required to ensure the system can meet overall demand, including the pump flows, pipework diameters and foam proportioner capabilities.

Conclusion: preparing for a sustainable future

The transition to environmentally friendly firefighting foams presents an opportunity to align fire safety systems with modern environmental and regulatory standards. However, this shift requires careful planning, system testing and potential upgrades to equipment and infrastructure.

A major advantage of FireDos water-driven foam proportioners

is the ability to test the foam proportioning rate at any time without discharging premix, thus saving on the replacement costs of foam concentrate. This is done by measuring the flow rates of the respective water flow rate vs the foam concentrate and dividing the foam concentrate into the overall flow rate.

Companies can ensure that their fire suppression systems maintain high performance while reducing environmental impact by addressing key factors such as foam expansion characteristics, viscosity and application rate. Engaging with system manufacturers and engineers is essential to identify necessary modifications and implement sustainable solutions.

Transitioning to fluorine-free foams is not merely a regulatory obligation but a forwardlooking step toward safer, more sustainable firefighting practices. FireDos is committed to assisting engineers, contractors and end users worldwide in achieving their fire protection goals.

For further information, visit www.firedos.com

FireDos is available through DoseTech Fire.

For more information, contact Michael Feldon at DoseTech Fire

Mobile: +27(0) 83 251 9346

Tel: +27(0)86 111 1544

Email: mgf@dosetech.co.za. Visit www.dosetech.co.za

The green revolution in firefighting: A look at the latest Fluorine-free foams

By Marinus Scott, senior technical sales representative firefighting foam products, Africa and Southern Africa, AECI Speciality Chemicals

For decades, firefighting efforts have relied heavily on aqueous film-forming foams (AFFF) to combat dangerous liquid fuel fires. While incredibly effective, these foams contain per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), often dubbed "forever chemicals" due to their persistence in the environment and documented links to adverse health effects. The tide is now turning, however, as stricter regulations and a growing environmental consciousness propel the

firefighting industry towards a greener, safer future: Fluorinefree firefighting foams (F3).

Why the shift?

The PFAS problem PFAS, including compounds like PFOA and PFOS, are highly stable and resist degradation, meaning they can contaminate soil, water, and even enter the food chain, posing long-term risks. Regulatory bodies worldwide,

including the European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) and the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), are implementing stringent controls and outright bans on PFAS in firefighting foams. For instance, a major shift is underway with the complete ban on PFOA-based firefighting foams expected by July 2025 in many regions in Europe and broader PFAS restrictions anticipated by 2030. This regulatory pressure, coupled with increasing awareness

 RLF 4 for Class AFires

 Super Hi-Ex for A&Bclass fires as well as foamparties

 Flame-Block as wetting agents

 Airmaster for aerial bombing

 Barricade Fire Blocking Gel

 Long termfire protection

 Local technical laboratories

 Local Manufacture

 AECI Specialty Chemicals manufactures all Dr. STHAMER Hamburg products under license in South Africa

 STHAMEX AFFF 1%, 3% & 6% for hydrocarbon fires

 STHAMEX MOUSSOL APS for alcohol fires in 1/2 ,3/3 and 3/6 with 1A/1A approvals

 New environmentally friendly Flu orine Free range

of their environmental and health impacts, is driving the rapid adoption of F3 (Fluorine Free) alternatives.

The rise of F3: innovation in action

The good news is that Fluorinefree foam technology has advanced significantly, offering effective solutions without the environmental baggage. Modern F3 formulations utilize innovative chemistries, often based on specialised hydrocarbons, silicones and sugars, to achieve fire suppression capabilities that rival and in some cases even surpass, traditional AFFF.

Key developments in the latest

F3 foams include:

Enhanced performance

New F3 products are engineered for rapid knockdown, superior cooling effects, and reduced flashover risk. For example, Dr Sthamer launched their vaPUREx® AR 3/3 F-5 recently and this foam appears to be one of the best performing foam agents. The fire-extinguishing

agent proved its efficiency through numerous fire tests in compliance with various international standards. During large-scale fire tests conducted by users around the LASTfire group, vaPUREx® AR 3/3 F-5 produced the fastest fire performance on the 300-squaremetre fire surface.

Diverse applications

From aviation fuels to everyday combustibles, F3 foams are being developed for a wide array of Class A and Class B fire scenarios. The US Navy and major airports under FAA jurisdiction have already approved F3 for use, demonstrating its efficacy in critical applications.

Environmental responsibility

The primary advantage of F3 foams is their lack of intentionally added PFAS chemicals, making them more biodegradable and significantly reducing their environmental persistence and toxicity. This translates to lower lifecycle costs due to easier disposal and improved corporate environmental, social and governance (ESG) scores.

Equipment

To change or not to change. In spring 2024, Dr Sthamer were given the opportunity by a large petrochemical company to apply vaPUREx® AR 3/3 F-5 using a large monitor of over 20 000l/ min capacity. In addition to determining the proportioning rate, they were able to check the foam expansion ratio in the landing zone of the foam. The Williams monitor tested contained a selfinducting hollow jet nozzle. This was fed by three jet pumps (large Venturi proportioners), which drew the foam concentrate from IBC's provided. The foam produced was collected in the collection chamber of a petrol storage tank and fed into the sewage treatment plant in a controlled manner. When entering the collection chamber, the excellent flowing characteristics of the foam was assessed by a team of experts present.

An important question that can only be answered in practice: How quickly and how well does the foam blanket spread across the surface?

Collecting chambers and process plants in particular are equipped various fittings that can act as obstacles. Strong flowing properties allow the foam to completely surround those obstacles. A stable connection between the foam blanket and the object helps to cool the walls down quickly and suppress rising vapours. During the fire tests in Vernon, vaPUREx® AR 3/3

F-5 already showed excellent connecting properties and complete vapour suppression in the area around the edge of the tank. These results can also be transferred to fittings.

Dr Sthamer produces one of the best performing foam agents

and with their focus on the new F3-foams, produced without PFAS (without fluorosurfactants) the foam were developed to replace predominantly AFFF foams. With more than a hundred years’ experience, Dr Sthamer is well placed to be part of this change.

Partnering with another industry leader, AECI, who has also been around for a century, supports Dr Sthamer vision for firefighting foam. Making use of AECI’s manufacturing facility to manufacture their foams to cover the African continent. AECI will continue to manufacture the AFFF firefighting foams until the whole market has shifted over to F3 foams. AECI is also busy upgrading their manufacturing facility to accommodate the latest F3 foam.

Challenges and the path forward

While the progress in F3 technology is impressive, the transition is not without its challenges. Firefighters may need to adapt their application

techniques slightly, as F3 foams, while effective, might behave differently than AFFF due to the absence of the aqueous film. Training programs are crucial to ensure firefighters are proficient in using these new agents to maximise their effectiveness. Furthermore, ensuring a robust global supply chain for F3 foams is an ongoing effort, with costs and regional availability varying.

The future of firefighting foam is undeniably Fluorine-free. With continuous research and development, combined with proactive regulatory measures and industry adoption, the shift to F3 foams represents a monumental step towards safer firefighting practices, protecting both our communities and our planet for generations to come.

Jan Knappert the international sales director will be visiting South Africa from 21 to 25 July 2025. We will be visiting Johannesburg, Durban, George and Cape Town

during the week to educate regarding the new legislation and promote the new Fluorine free foams. People can get in contact with me should they require any more information:

Marinus Scott

Tel: +27 11 922 1809

Mobile: +27 82 330 6250

Email: marinus.scott@ aeciworld.com.

About the product: Link

Cobra Fire: New Induna Rural Fire Pumper delivered to Malawi

Cobra Fire has crafted an Induna Rural Fire Pumper tailored for the unique landscapes of Malawi, ensuring it embodies both durability and agility, ready to tackle any rural fire challenge. At Cobra, our esteemed clients can take solace in our unwavering commitment to deliver excellence, backed by our rich history and reliability.

Cobra Projects, established in 1986, stands as a beacon among South African manufacturers of bespoke vehicles, specialising in fire engines, mining support

equipment and vehicles for specialised use. Renowned for our high-quality, resilient solutions, Cobra Projects proudly holds ISO 9001/2015 certification, designing vehicles that rise to meet the formidable demands of both African and Middle Eastern terrains.

Chassis cab Make and Model: crew cab 4x2

Engine: Diesel, 191kW at 2

500rpm, 794Nm torque at 1

500rpm

GVM: 16 000kg

‘ I n d u n a ’

Payload: 9 990kg

Transmission: Allison 3000P automatic

Suspension: Semi-elliptic leaf spring suspension

Fuel tank: 390-litres

Axle configuration: 4x2

Fire superstructure

Material: High-strength 6061T6 and 6063T6 aluminium

Design: Modular, allowing superstructure removal for upgrades

Compartments: Five locker compartments for equipment storage (hoses, SCBA, ladder)

Doors: Roll-up aluminium for durability

Water tank: 5 000-litre

polypropylene, low-profile for optimal centre of gravity

Foam tank: 1 000 litres

Pump and plumbing

Pump model: Godiva Prima P2A 3010 multi-stage PTO pump

Flow rate: Up to 4 200 litres per minute at 17 bar pressure

Discharge outlets: 50mm deck monitor, 25mm HP hose reel

Foam system: RTP foam proportioning system

Primer: Electric rotary vane oilless primer

Thermal relief: Valve for optimal performance

Warranty and training

Warranty: 24 months on Cobra workmanship, seven years on tanks, two years on fire pump

Training: Up to 15 operators for optimal use and maintenance

For more information on this or other Cobra Fire products...

Contact Jaco Keet

Tel: +27 11 613 3046

Mobile: +27 66 059 1520. Email: jacok@cobraprojects.com www.cobrafire.co.za

The Induna Pumper is built on a 4x 2 Hino 1627 chassis with a crew cab

The Induna Pumper has five locker compartments for equipment storage such as hoses, SCBAs and ladders

The Induna Pumper has a 5 000-litre polypropylene water tank, low-profile for optimal centre of gravity

Toughest Firefighter Alive 2025 will be hosted by the Garden Route District Municipality in George

The 10th edition of the prestigious Toughest Firefighter Alive Southern Africa Open Championship 2025 will be hosted by the Garden Route District Municipality at the Garden Route Mall in George from Thursday, 9 to Saturday, 11 October 2025.

Executive Mayor Andrew Stroebel made the official announcement at a media briefing on Friday, 16 May 2025, at the Garden Route Mall venue, accompanied by Garden Route Mall manager Rion Olivier, CFO Deon Stoffels and seven-time

“The TFA-SA is a platform where the physical endurance and professional skill of firefighters are tested and where the public can see these firefighters in action.” Executive Mayor Stroebel.

champion, Emile Conrad. Mayor Stroebel said it is wonderful to take hands with an organisation of this magnitude. “The TFA-SA is a platform where the physical endurance and professional skill of firefighters are tested and where the public can see these firefighters in action,” said Executive Mayor Stroebel.

GRDM Fire Chief Deon Stoffels thanked the mall for their cooperation and said George is the perfect destination with its attractive beaches around the corner from the mall where the manager, Rion Olivier, has welcomed the competition with open arms. The go-ahead has been given for it to be held in a

Garden Route District Municipality Mayor Andrew Stroebel, Garden Route Mall Manager Rion Olivier, Toughest Firefighter Champion Emile Conrad and Garden Route Fire Chief Deon Stoffels. Photo: Alida de Beer

section of the parking area. "We are proud of the Garden Route fire team, the best in South Africa. No lives were lost over the last fire season. Our main mandate is to save lives and also as far as is possible, property."

Mark Smith, chairperson and founder of TFA-SA and of the Firefighters for Excellence Foundation, shared the following inspiration to all firefighters, “It is encouraging to see how the TFA Competition

has grown and the impact it has within the firefighting community. As it has been stated before, it takes a special person with a mind-set that is always willing to be challenged to do the gruelling TFA. As you prepare for the competition, it is a good time to reflect on one of basketball's most successful coaches, John Wooden's philosophy, as he valued personal development ahead of winning. Wooden recognises that “Personal excellence -

the foundation for success!” The TFA Competition and any competition can be a tool to develop positive character traits through hard work and perseverance: industriousness, friendship, loyalty, cooperation, enthusiasm, self-control, alertness, initiative, intentness, condition, skill, team spirit, poise and confidence.”

“As you prepare for the competition, enjoy the journey of success. There will be high and lows, victories and defeats but always persevere and seek to develop yourself, which will be the foundation of further success in whatever you do. Everything of the best and remember being consistent in preparation is key,” said Smith.

The Garden Route Mall is the heart of retail in the region. It is the largest shopping centre along the Garden Route. Set strategically next to the N2 and close to other attractions in George, spectators and

competitors will enjoy a safe space with the Outeniqua Mountains in the backdrop.

Beyond the main competition, a Mini Toughest Firefighter Challenge will also be hosted to ensure that youngsters are able to

also feel the rush and excitement of the TFA competition.

To sponsor and exhibit, contact Lee Raath-Brownie at Fire and Rescue International, official media partner for Toughest Firefighter Alive South Africa.

Registration now open.

Visit www.frimedia.org/tfa for more information or

Contact Mark Smith Mobile: 071 676 4272 Email: tfa@fireandrescue.co.

OceanAlpha’s Dolphin3 Remote Controlled Rescue Buoy: Revolutionising water rescue operations

Water rescue operations have long relied on lifeguards, boats and helicopters to save lives. However, harsh conditions, distance and response time often pose serious challenges. Enter the Dolphin3 Remote Controlled Rescue Buoy, a groundbreaking innovation that combines speed, safety and smart technology to transform the future of aquatic emergency response.

What is the Dolphin3?

The Dolphin3 is a remotecontrolled, motorised rescue buoy designed to rapidly reach and support drowning victims or

individuals in distress in aquatic environments. Compact, durable and highly visible, this device offers a quick and effective alternative to traditional rescue methods.

Key features

• Remote-controlled operation

With a user-friendly remote control, the Dolphin3 can be precisely guided through water, allowing rescuers to navigate around obstacles and reach victims quickly, even in rough seas or dangerous currents.

• High-speed performance

The Dolphin3 is equipped

with dual electric propellers, enabling it to travel at speeds up to 7m per second (25,2km/h). This speed is significantly faster than a swimmer or even some lifeboats in short-range situations.

• Buoyant and stable

Made of high-density polyethylene and marinegrade components, the buoy is designed for high buoyancy and stability. It can support multiple victims, keeping them afloat until further help arrives.

OceanAlpha’s Dolphin3 Remote Controlled Rescue Buoy is revolutionising water rescue operations around the world

The Dolphin3 is a remote-controlled, motorised rescue buoy designed to rapidly reach and support drowning victims

• Rechargeable battery system

Powered by a long-lasting lithium battery, the Dolphin3 offers up to 30 minutes of continuous operation on a single charge, sufficient for most rapid response needs.

• GPS and autonomous navigation (optional models

Advanced models come with GPS and autonomous return features, allowing the device to either follow pre-set coordinates or

return automatically if communication is lost.

• Rugged design

The Dolphin3 can be dropped from bridges up to a height of 30m that allows rescuers to get to victims coming down rivers or waterways without complicated rope systems or putting rescuers in to the water.

Applications

• Beach lifeguard support: Allows lifeguards to reach

Already adopted by emergency response teams in several countries, the Dolphin3 has proven effective in live rescue scenarios

swimmers in distress faster than by swimming out themselves.

• Flood rescue missions: In urban flooding or river emergencies, the Dolphin3 can manoeuvre through strong currents to deliver lifesaving flotation.

• Maritime and offshore use: Ideal for ports, offshore oil platforms and ships to quickly deploy a flotation device in a man-overboard situation.

• Search and rescue operations: Used by fire departments, coast guards and disaster response teams as a first-response tool.

Benefits

• Safety for rescuers: Minimises the need for rescuers to enter dangerous waters, reducing risk.

• Speed and efficiency: Enables faster rescues, critical in situations where every second counts.

• Ease of use: Simple training and intuitive controls mean rescuers can quickly become proficient operators.

Real-world impact

Already adopted by emergency response teams in several countries, the Dolphin3 has proven effective in live rescue scenarios. In one documented incident, the device reached a panicked swimmer in under 20 seconds, providing buoyancy and allowing the victim to be safely towed to shore, all without endangering the rescue team.

Conclusion

As climate change leads to more extreme weather and aquatic incidents, tools like the Dolphin3 Remote Controlled Rescue Buoy represent a major leap forward in emergency response technology. Compact yet powerful, the Dolphin3 empowers rescuers with a safer, smarter and faster way to save lives on the water.

Contact

Jacques Klassen of Ignis Armor Mobile: 071 819 3512

Email: sales@ignisarmor.co.za

For more details and information

Visit www.ignisarmor.co.za

A top view

Rear view

Elevated side view rear right of the OceanAlpha Dolphin3

Navigating chaos: The art and urgency of managing swift-water rescue incidents

By Colin Deiner, chief director, Disaster Management and Fire Brigade Services, Western Cape Government

Swift-water rescue incidents are among the most dynamic and dangerous challenges faced by emergency responders. Whether triggered by sudden flash floods, swollen rivers or urban water surges, these events evolve rapidly, turning familiar environments into treacherous landscapes within minutes.

For the incident commander, success depends not only on technical proficiency and calm decision-making under pressure but also on a deep understanding of water behaviour, risk management and multi-agency coordination.

The importance of having an effective swift-water rescue system has become more

critical now than ever before. It has for some time now become a skill required by more than just river guides and emergency services with fast flowing water in their jurisdictions. The higher incidence of urban flooding due to people building homes in flood prone areas requires almost every service to have a swift-water rescue capability of some description.

Swift-water rescue is required in a variety of highrisk water-related incidents where the speed, power and unpredictability of moving water pose significant dangers. The scenarios where the possibility of either a single person or multiple victims can be lost or trapped by rapidly flowing water include:

• Flash flooding: Sudden, intense rainstorms or dam failures can lead to rapidly rising water levels in rivers, creeks or urban areas, trapping people in vehicles, buildings or low-lying areas.

• River and stream incidents: People can become stranded on rocks, in trees or caught in strainers (obstructions that allow water to pass through but trap solid objects) while kayaking, rafting or tubing.

• Urban flooding: Heavy rain, storm surges or blocked drainage systems can flood city streets, underpasses and basements, creating dangerous fast-moving water in normally dry areas.

• Vehicle water rescues: Cars swept off roads or bridges by fast-moving water, often leading to occupants being trapped or carried downstream.

• Dam and weir accidents: Boaters, swimmers or anglers can be caught in the powerful currents and dangerous hydraulic effects at the base of low-head dams or weirs.

• Mudslides and debris flows: Floods can trigger mudslides or debris flows, mixing water,

mud, rocks and trees into a fast-moving, destructive force.

• Coastal and tidal surge rescues: Strong tidal currents, storm surges or tsunami waves can create rapidly changing water conditions, requiring specialised rescue approaches.

• Post-storm flooding: Largescale storms often cause widespread flooding, trapping residents in homes or on rooftops and cutting off evacuation routes.

• Swift-water overflows from dam releases: Emergency dam releases or failures can create

rapid downstream currents, endangering nearby residents and recreational users.

Setting up a swift-water rescue system

With already strained budgets it is always tough for emergency services to motivate for more funding, especially if they must introduce a new programme into the system. The fact that swift-water rescue is such a high-risk activity means that it can’t be an “add-on” for your current systems but that a clear planning and execution programme must be followed ensuring that the right people are identified to participate

and that correct training and equipment is provided to keep them safe in the extremely hazardous situations they may face.

The foundation of any specialised rescue capability lies in a clear operational need. The first thing that will have to be done will be to determine the local threat profile. This will include evaluating the area's flood history, river systems, dam infrastructure and potential for flash floods, storms and urban flooding. It will also be important to determine the frequency and severity of incidents. Are there recurring water-related emergencies that require specialised response?

Certain geographic and seasonal factors such as mountainous terrain, high-rainfall seasons or rapid snowmelt zones can increase the need for swiftwater capability.

Services must identify any current gaps in their ability to respond to water-related emergencies. These gaps may include limited access to trained personnel, inadequate equipment or delayed response times due to geographic constraints. Response time is particularly critical in swiftwater environments, where survivability windows are extremely short. You must evaluate whether existing resources can reliably reach and rescue victims within these critical timeframes.

Another crucial consideration is mutual aid dependence. If you rely heavily on neighbouring services for water rescue, this can lead to dangerous delays, inconsistent protocols and coordination issues. Establishing an in-house capability can greatly enhance local responsiveness and autonomy in time-sensitive incidents.

The effectiveness of a swiftwater rescue team depends heavily on the right personnel. Team members must possess strong physical fitness, excellent swimming ability and a proven aptitude for working in high-stress, unpredictable environments. Selection should prioritise those who demonstrate sound judgment and the ability to function effectively under pressure.

Once selected, team members must have access to accredited training programmes such as NFPA 1006 or the Swift-Water Module underwritten by the various universities across the country. These courses provide the foundational and advanced skills necessary for safe and effective operations in moving water. Ongoing proficiency must be maintained through frequent drills, scenario-based training and re-certification to ensure that the team always remains operationally ready.

A swift-water rescue team must be equipped with purposebuilt tools suited to a wide range of scenarios. Essential equipment includes inflatable or rigid rescue boats, throw bags, personal protective equipment such as helmets, Type V personal flotation devices and drysuits, as well as rope systems and waterproof communication devices.

Vehicles capable of transporting this equipment must be sourced and outfitted appropriately, rescue trucks or trailers designed for rapid deployment. Equally important is the provision of adequate space and funding for the ongoing maintenance, inspection, and secure storage of all assets. Without reliable equipment, even the best-trained team cannot perform effectively.

Of course safety is paramount in swift-water rescue, not only for victims but especially for the rescuers themselves. Agencies must develop comprehensive Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) covering every phase of the operation, from team activation to victim recovery and post-mission decontamination.

These SOPs should be supported by dynamic risk assessment protocols that can be adjusted in real-time as conditions change.

Rescuer safety measures, including the use of designated

safe zones, strict PPE standards and redundant communication systems, must be embedded into every operation. SOPs should also be aligned with the protocols of other agencies, such as EMS, fire services, disaster management

centres and environmental authorities, to ensure seamless inter-agency coordination.

No rescue operation can be achieved by the technical rescue team on its own and therefore cannot exist in a vacuum. Swift-water teams must be trained and prepared to work in conjunction with fire departments, police services, EMS, volunteers and military units where necessary. Joint drills and table-top exercises can help build mutual understanding and interoperability.

Furthermore, the team must be trained in a common Incident Command System (ICS) to function effectively during largescale or multi-agency operations. Clear deployment protocols, both local and regional, must

be defined to ensure consistent activation and support.

Responding to the swift-water rescue incident – key tactics Due to the dynamic nature of a swift-water incident, it’s very important that a strict approach be taken for all rescuers to follow. Always put safety first. Don’t try to be a hero. The Reach, Throw, Row, Go, Helo (RTRGH) approach is followed by most swift-water rescue teams. It translates to the following.

• Reach: Use poles, paddles, or other long objects to reach the victim without entering the water.

• Throw: Deploy throw bags or ropes to provide a lifeline to the person in the water.

• Row: Use boats or other flotation devices to reach the victim if the water conditions allow.

• Go: Enter the water as a last resort, using trained personnel with appropriate PPE.

• Helo: Use helicopters for air rescues when ground approaches are too dangerous or inaccessible.

Various victim contact methods can be utilised and can range from operations where rescuers may physically reach the victim using a tether and bring them to shore to the more advanced, highrisk technique where a rescuer enters the water tethered to a rope to reach the victim directly. Advanced rescue teams could make use of tensioned diagonal lines (high lines) which involves setting up rope systems across the water to create a lifeline or guide for rescuers and victims.

Ultimately the nature of the incident and terrain will dictate

the strategies to be decided upon. It is clear however that setting up and deploying your specialised rescue team will, almost always, must be done rapidly and this can only be achieved by thorough preparedness and continuous practice and improving skills and tactics.

Commanding the incident Swift-water rescue operations demand a disciplined, structured approach from the outset. Incident commanders and emergency responders must follow a systematic approach which should include the following:

Initial size-up and scene assessment

At the onset of a swift-water incident, the establishment of Incident Command is critical. A designated incident command post (ICP) must be set up promptly, with clear appointments of functional roles including operations, safety and logistics officers. One of the first tactical priorities is to secure the scene perimeter to prevent additional casualties and ensure a controlled operational environment.

Hazard identification should follow immediately. Factors such as water speed and volume, submerged debris, hydraulic dangers like strainers and low-head dams, chemical or sewage contamination and potential structural failures eg, eroded banks or compromised bridges, must be carefully evaluated. Environmental conditions such as water and air temperature, approaching weather systems and terrain accessibility for rescuers and

vehicles must also be assessed, as these can drastically influence the rescue approach.

In certain parts of the of country we have many informal settlements built on the banks of rivers who flow rapidly during their rainy seasons and, often due to the close proximity of informal dwellings to these rivers, leads to many people ending up in the water together with the structural elements used to build the shacks. Not only does this create a massive life

risk to the victims but also to rescuers if they might have to go into or close to the water. If this happens at night it increases the risk exponentially.

Situational awareness and intelligence gathering Real-time data is indispensable for making informed decisions. Commanders should obtain current readings from river gauges and meteorological sources while considering upstream risks, including dam releases and runoff from recently

melted snow. Victim intelligence is equally vital. Determining the number of individuals involved, their last known positions, time spent in the water and any pre-existing medical concerns can shape search priorities and resource allocation.

Geographic and terrain analysis enhances situational understanding. Utilisation of maps, aerial imagery or drones helps identify access routes, hazard zones and potential natural “pinch points” where victims may become trapped or collect.

Pre-deployment risk assessment

Before committing teams to action, a rapid risk assessment must be conducted and maintained throughout the incident. This includes defining safety zones and exclusion areas to shield responders from unnecessary exposure to danger. A frank evaluation of team capability is necessary: are

the rescuers trained, equipped and physically prepared for the current conditions?

All team members must be equipped with appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) and safe exit and evacuation routes must be identified early. If helicopter support is available, suitable landing zones should be pre-planned.

Rescue strategy and tactical planning

Rescue strategies must be tailored to the scene. The decision whether to use “reach, throw, row, go or helo” tactics should be based on flow conditions, victim location and team capacity. Reliable anchor points for rope systems must be identified, ensuring both strength and accessibility under pressure.

Communication systems must be waterproof, durable and tested prior to deployment. If necessary, hard-wired options

should be considered for more robust control. Establishing a clear timeline is important for accountability and resource management, especially given how quickly victim survivability declines in cold or fast-moving water.

Pre-deployment briefing

A well-structured briefing prior to deployment ensures that every member of the rescue team understands their role. This includes team leaders, swiftwater technicians, medics, safety officers and logistics personnel. The briefing should include a review of emergency protocols such as self-rescue techniques, signalling and established cut-off points for withdrawing teams from unsafe conditions.

Contingency planning is essential. Commanders must anticipate and prepare for complications like equipment failure, sudden changes in water levels or even rescuer entrapment.

Ongoing monitoring and postdeployment review

As the operation unfolds, regular situation reports (SitReps) should be relayed to the ICP to support timely decision-making and reallocation of resources. Once the rescue phase is complete, a post-operation debrief should be conducted to evaluate team performance, identify lessons learned and recommend improvements to procedures and training.

Conclusion

Swift-water rescue operations represent some of the most dangerous and technically demanding challenges faced by emergency services. Success in these missions hinges not only on individual bravery and technical skill but also on disciplined planning, inter-agency coordination and the relentless pursuit of safety and situational awareness.

By applying a structured command approach beginning

with a thorough size-up, followed by informed strategy, disciplined risk assessment and continuous reassessment, emergency services can mitigate hazards and improve outcomes for both rescuers and victims. Each phase of the operation, from pre-deployment briefings to post-incident reviews, contributes to an evolving culture of operational excellence and preparedness.

Ultimately, effective swift-water rescue management is not simply about responding to crises as they happen, it’s about building a proactive capability that is ready, resilient and refined through training, experience and reflection. In a world where extreme weather events are becoming more frequent and severe, the ability to mount a safe and coordinated swift-water rescue response is no longer optional; it is essential.

Are we endangering the lives of our firefighters?

By Lenny Naidoo; contributor: Jackie De Billot

Firefighters consistently face life-threatening situations that put their health and safety at risk. In many industries, personal protective equipment (PPE) serves as the last line of defence against hazards.

While PPE is often considered the least effective method for controlling workplace risks according to the Hierarchy of Controls, for firefighters, eliminating or substituting hazards is typically not feasible. This makes PPE the most critical form of protection in an environment that is unpredictable and often chaotic.

The importance of firefighter PPE Firefighter PPE is not as straightforward as it might seem. Several factors must be considered

to ensure the safety and effectiveness of this gear, including:

• What are the relevant international standards for firefighter PPE?

• What training is necessary?

• Is there an appropriate standard operating procedure (SOP) for the use of PPE?

• Is there an SOP for the care and maintenance of PPE?

• Are all stakeholders aware of the above, including the procurement team?

• Is there a requirement for continuous physical and medical fitness for operational firefighters who are expected to use full firefighter PPE?

This article will focus on the first item: International firefighter PPE standards. Future articles will address items 2 to 6.

International standards for firefighter PPE

When it comes to firefighter PPE, there are two primary standards that govern the protective gear used in the field: NFPA 1971 (US) and EN 469 (Europe). These standards are designed to ensure the safety of firefighters by specifying rigorous testing protocols for the PPE they rely on. While both standards are meant to protect firefighters, they differ in certain areas.

NFPA 1971 - US Standard for Structural Firefighting PPE

The NFPA 1971 standard is recognised as one of the most comprehensive for firefighter PPE. It covers a broad range of protective measures, requiring rigorous testing in various areas, including:

• Thermal Protective Performance (TPP) and Total Heat Loss (THL): These tests are essential for evaluating a garment's ability to protect against extreme heat. TPP measures how long it takes for heat to penetrate the fabric, while THL evaluates how well the PPE allows the body to release heat and moisture.

• Protection against flames and heat: The standard includes tests for flame resistance, heat resistance and garment durability.

• Contamination resistance: Recent updates to NFPA 1970 (part of the NFPA 1971 suite)

include stronger mandates for contamination resistance and the inclusion of particulateblocking hoods.

A significant shift in NFPA 1971 is its focus on reducing PFAS (per-

Criteria

Thermal Protection (TPP)

Heat Loss (THL)

Contamination Resistance

Chemical Protection

and polyfluoroalkyl substances) in firefighter gear. Manufacturers have been given until September 2024 to comply with these new regulations, though this timeline may be extended as testing protocols are finalised.

NFPA 1971 (US)

Stringent requirements for heat resistance, including TPP and THL tests

Emphasised, crucial for firefighter comfort and safety

Includes resistance to harmful substances like PFAS

Includes protection against chemicals and liquids

Key features of NFPA 1971

• Thermal protective performance (TPP) and total heat loss (THL) ratings

• Protection against heat, flame and liquids

• Resistance to viral penetration

• Contamination control measures in line with PFAS testing updates (NFPA 1970)

• Advanced testing for durability, including seam strength and tear resistance

EN 469 - European Standard for Structural Firefighting PPE

The EN 469 standard, which is followed in Europe, also ensures firefighter safety but with notable differences:

• Thermal protection: EN 469 has guidelines for heat resistance but does not mandate the same TPP or THL testing as the NFPA 1971, meaning it may not address firefighter heat stress as thoroughly.

• Protection against chemicals: EN 469 covers protection against hazardous materials like chemicals but it lacks the detailed PFAS-specific tests found in NFPA 1971.

• Focus on comfort and mobility: EN 469 places greater emphasis on comfort and ease of movement, which is crucial during prolonged operations, though this may

EN 469 (EU)

Thermal protection guidelines but less emphasis on heat stress reduction

No direct equivalent in EN 469

No specific requirements for PFAS reduction or contamination control

Includes tests for chemical protection but lacks focus on modern contaminants like PFAS

slightly compromise some of the heat protection standards found in NFPA 1971.

Key features of EN 469

• Guidelines for heat protection and resistance to flame

• Tests for liquid penetration and chemical resistance

• Focus on comfort and ergonomics for better mobility

• No standardised PFAS testing or contamination control

The PFAS dilemma in firefighter PPE

A growing concern in recent years has been the presence of PFAS chemicals in firefighter PPE. These substances are used for their water- and stain-resistant properties but have been linked to serious health issues, including cancer and liver damage.

While NFPA 1971 has taken steps to address PFAS

reduction, EN 469 does not yet have specific provisions for managing PFAS in PPE. This raises concerns for firefighters in European jurisdictions, who may be exposed to the risks of PFAS contamination without sufficient regulatory oversight.

As the NFPA 1971 standard continues to evolve, the NFPA 1970 (2025 edition) will place a greater emphasis on contamination resistance, especially regarding harmful chemicals like PFAS. However, because developing testing methods for PFAS reduction remains a challenge, the full compliance deadline could be extended until early 2026.

Conclusion: Firefighter safety first

Given the lack of PFAS-specific regulations which is surprising in EN 469, firefighters in regions following this standard may not

be fully protected from the health risks posed by these chemicals. However, NFPA 1971 is actively addressing the issue and pushing for PFAS-free firefighter PPE. Until more comprehensive standards are in place, fire departments should continue to rely on NFPA 1971-certified gear.

Fire departments must also ensure that their PPE meets or exceeds NFPA 1971 or NFPA 1970 standards. The safety of our firefighters is paramount and adherence to these standards should be a top priority for procurement teams and decision-makers.

Stay tuned for the next article, where we will explore the changes from NFPA 1971 to NFPA 1970, focusing on the gear adjustments manufacturers are making to comply with these evolving standards.

The vital membrane: How NFPA 1970's requirement for flash hoods is enhancing firefighter protection and reducing cancer risks

By Robin Charnaud, Charnaud and Co (Pty) Ltd

The flash hood, seemingly a simple piece of protective gear, plays a critical role in safeguarding firefighters from the intense heat and hazardous particulates they encounter. While its primary function is thermal protection for the vulnerable head and neck area, advancements in standards, particularly NFPA 1971 (now NFPA 1970), have introduced crucial features that go beyond immediate burn

prevention. A key requirement within this standard is the inclusion of a particulate-blocking membrane in the flash hood, a seemingly small addition with profound benefits for firefighter health, including a potential reduction in cancer risks.

The unseen threat: particulate exposure in firefighting Beyond the immediate dangers of flames and heat, firefighters

face a significant threat from the inhalation and absorption of toxic smoke and combustion byproducts. This smoke is a complex cocktail of gases, aerosols and microscopic solid particles, many of which are known carcinogens. These harmful substances can be absorbed through the skin, particularly in areas like the neck and jawline, which are often exposed even with full turnout gear.

NFPA 1970 and the membrane mandate: a paradigm shift in protection

Recognising the long-term health risks associated with particulate exposure, the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) has made significant strides in its standards for firefighter protective clothing. NFPA 1971: Standard on Protective Ensemble for Structural Fire Fighting and Proximity Fire Fighting has now been superseded by NFPA 1970: Standard on Protective Ensemble for Structural and Proximity Fire Fighting. This updated standard continues and reinforces the requirement for a particulate-blocking layer within the flash hood.

This membrane, typically a nonwoven material integrated into the hood's construction, acts as a critical barrier against the infiltration of harmful airborne particles. It's designed with a tight weave or microporous structure that allows air permeability for breathability while significantly restricting the passage of soot, ash, and other combustion byproducts.

The profound benefits of the particulate-blocking membrane

The inclusion of a particulateblocking membrane in firefighter flash hoods offers a multitude of benefits:

• Reduced respiratory exposure: By filtering out a significant portion of airborne particulates, the membrane helps protect the delicate respiratory system from immediate irritation and long-term damage. This can lead to a reduction in respiratory illnesses commonly seen in firefighters.

• Minimised skin absorption: The membrane acts as a barrier against the deposition of harmful particles on the skin of the neck and jawline, areas where absorption is more likely due to thinner skin and increased sweating. This is crucial in limiting the body's exposure to carcinogenic substances.

• Potential reduction in cancer risk: Studies have consistently shown a higher incidence of certain cancers among firefighters compared to the general population. While the causes are multifactorial, exposure to carcinogenic combustion byproducts is a significant contributing factor. By reducing the inhalation and skin absorption of these substances, the particulateblocking membrane is a vital step in mitigating long-term cancer risks.

• Enhanced overall health and well-being: Reducing exposure to harmful particulates can contribute to the overall health and well-being of firefighters, potentially decreasing the prevalence of other health issues associated with chronic exposure to toxins.

Beyond thermal protection: a holistic approach to firefighter safety

The NFPA 1970 requirement for a particulate-blocking membrane in flash hoods signifies a crucial shift towards a more holistic approach to firefighter safety. It acknowledges that protection extends beyond immediate thermal threats to encompass the long-term health consequences of exposure to hazardous environments.

The Ongoing pursuit of firefighter safety

The evolution of standards like NFPA 1970, with its emphasis on particulate protection, reflects a continuous commitment to improving firefighter safety and well-being. Ongoing research and development in materials and design will undoubtedly lead to even more advanced flash hoods in the future, further enhancing the protection afforded to these brave men and women.

In conclusion, the seemingly simple addition of a particulateblocking membrane to firefighter flash hoods, as mandated by NFPA 1970, represents a significant advancement in firefighter safety. By creating a crucial barrier against the inhalation and absorption of harmful combustion byproducts, this requirement offers immediate respiratory protection and holds the potential to significantly reduce long-term health risks, including the devastating threat of cancer. This vital membrane underscores the unwavering commitment to protecting those who dedicate their lives to protecting us.

Biggin Hill Airport Rescue and Fire Fighting Service: The story so far

By John Lord, managing director, SimTrainer UK and founder of the Invisible Risk Foundation

It has been a pleasure for me to work with Biggin Hill Airport Rescue and Fire Fighting Service (RFFS) for a few years now and as with many other airports the passion for learning and change there is inspiring.

I have no financial affiliation with anyone mentioned in the article. The article is intended only to inform and let others make their own enquiry and judgements, I

do not endorse products but do mention many; however, unless I clearly state it’s not me saying buy these, you must do your research, explore standards and make your own choice but do it with eyes fully open.

Meet the good guys

Mick O’Brien, Head of Fire and Station Manager Chris Thornton at Biggin Hill Airport Rescue and Fire Fighting Service have led the charge at the airport, changing procedures and work methods to keep the staff safer.

The whole station can take pride and credit for the enthusiasm and commitment to change, staff embracing with a true passion the efforts being made.

What is great with Mick and his team is that they are taking the

message and sharing it to the wider airport family at Biggin Hill, securing understanding with senior managers and other departments.

In addition, Biggin Hill have to date played host to two very good seminars with Andy Slater of PGI Safety and Simon Hunter of Hunter Apparel, spending their money facilitating great days and with pride seeing many fire and rescue and airport fire and rescue services attend for very informative, networking days, each time growing from the last, with no agenda but to inform and increase awareness.

Part of the change management at Biggin Hill Airport is working with Andy Slater of PGI Safety. Andy also takes great interest in other products in safety for firefighters as his son is one at Biggin Hill and West Sussex Fire Rescue Service; a caring dad at heart, wanting his lad safe.

Together Mick and Chris are trailing a system made by toxic suppression that ionises particles in the cab and breathing apparatus servicing room, a cleaner atmosphere as a concept.

My opinion is that it is a solid step in the right direction; air filtration and monitoring must be part of any contaminants strategy and can have great benefits.

The importance of these end user events is to garner feedback to assist in further developments.

The team from Toxic Suppression, working with Andy Slater and doing the testing of equipment at Biggin Hill, were delighted with the honest feedback, it will pave the way for further development, refinement and tweaking.

What was clear at Biggin Hill is that there are many keen people who will I am sure develop the products and procedures that will save firefighter lives.

Thanks to Toxic Suppression for getting the ball rolling and seeking honest feedback.

So, what else is Biggin Hill Airport RFFS doing?

Other great work at Biggin Hill Airport Rescue and Fire Fighting Service is the siting of air monitoring around the station

measuring volatile organic compounds, through an app they can see real time the effects of example an aircraft taxiing past the station.

This in turn can allow management to redesign work routine and methods to reduce exposure in daily working routines, protecting staff.

Pellet capsules made by TFT that react with volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are also in place around the station, supplied for trial by Alisdair Couper Terberg DTS. These change colour when exposed to those compounds that may be harmful and allow a visual indication of unsafe levels being reached.

These can be placed in any vehicle or anywhere in the station and are a quick visual indicator.

Only time will tell on the effectiveness of all these products but we must start somewhere.

Station Manager Chris Thornton has worked tirelessly to introduce changes having attended many of my workshops and others to implement changes such as no work routine are undertaken, no

equipment tested or cleaned without nitrile gloves being work and mask where appropriate, the whole station provisioned with gloves everywhere, so it stays in the mind’s eye.

Chris and Dave through their enthusiasm and passion for the safety of staff at Biggin Hill, Airport RFFS have worked so hard to bring in so many other key changes, supported by the whole station. Mick O Brien giving his considerable support and working tirelessly with directors encouraging and informing them of the need to care for his staff, right behind them at every step.

One issue was the design of the showers at the fire station.

Now they have modernised showers, with De Wipe products on station to encourage early showering a key factor in stopping absorption, reducing the risk, looking much improved to address

highlighted staff concerns and now ready to do a great job.

Chris is a sound professional who thinks with his head and heart on the subject and I would encourage anyone to reach out to Chris to chat on what’s being done. You will not find a better person anywhere to network with.

My own huge favourite, after battling prostate cancer, is seeing Biggin Hill join five other airports I work with, get PSA testing stationwide for over 40s or anyone who wants to have the test. Chris, Mick and the management team are very proud to have got this across the line.

Whilst the NHS currently do not recognise the need, in the USA it is clearly recognised that early and routine testing saves lives and knowing a baseline to start from is a key element of that.

Coupled with this must be clear understanding of what the testing does, what PSA doubling time means and its expected range.

Indeed, research from the USA shows that 29.8 percent of cancers are found through routine screening; so why not for

what is costs? Missing it will cost much more for organisations in the long run.

You can also carry out the 30 second risk checker at Prostate Cancer UK (PCUK ) website but be aware that PCUK are aligned to the NHS and therefore don’t recognise testing at 40 but to the current UK guidelines, which you can find on the NHS website or PCUK website.

However, to be clear, understanding is key, so do not sleepwalk into this.

Pros and cons of the PSA test

Pros

• It may reassure you if the test result is normal

• It can find early signs of cancer, meaning you can get treated early

• PSA testing may reduce your risk of dying if you do have cancer

Cons

• It can miss cancer and provide false reassurance

• It may lead to unnecessary worry and medical tests when there's no cancer

• It cannot tell the difference between slow-growing and

fast-growing cancers

• It may make you worry by finding a slow-growing cancer that may never cause any problems.

It is no perfect by any means but it does a key job early on and should not be dismissed.

Indeed, as we are making GPS aware of the SNOWMED codes that inform them of exposures by fire fighters, my view is that they will consider hopefully to test sooner in line with the international viewpoint. Firefighters are not like members

of the public that current guidelines are based on. We know by science and medical fact the risk is elevated considerably, why gamble for the sake of doctrine.

This short article is just a snapshot of the passion on show by Mick and his team. They will happily share information and discuss anything, please reach out.

We will only tackle firefighter and responder cancer effectively by breaking silo working and recognising a joined-up approach is the only way forward. We can save lives through awareness but we need to drop agendas and egos.

If we talk of asbestos exposure, we jump through hoops to be safe on incidents. This is so much more. Why is this fight so hard?

To achieve this, we must be open and transparent on what we are doing, what works but equally what does not work. Lives are at stake so let’s not gamble but work at it.

I am happy to discuss any part of this and talk to anyone.

Well done Biggin Hill; brilliant, keep it up!

Clear the path, stop the fire with accelerated speed powered by the Stihl BR700 and BR800 backpack blowers

As cosy nights and warm drinks become the norm this South African winter, we face a critical, less welcome seasonal threat: wildfires. Dry air, dormant vegetation, and fierce winds turn harmless debris into explosive fuel, making proactive fire management vital. For swift, efficient firebreak creation and clearing, the Stihl BR 700 and BR 800 petrol backpack blowers aren't merely tools; they offer a critical lifeline in fire prevention.

Why the Stihl BR 700 backpack blower for fire management? You might be thinking, “A blower

for firefighting? Isn’t that what water is for?” And you’d be right, to a degree. Water remains the primary weapon against active flames. However, effective fire management isn’t just about putting out fires; it’s about preventing them, containing them and managing their spread. And that’s precisely where the BR 700 and the BR 800 truly shine.

Imagine a massive area of dry veld littered with fallen leaves, twigs and dried grass, often the perfect condition for a wildfire. Manually clearing a firebreak in such conditions is an immense

task. It’s labour-intensive, slow and incredibly tiring; every minute counts when fire is a threat. The Stihl BR 700 and BR 800 are where a high-performance backpack blower’s sheer power and efficiency come into effect, with a four-Mix engine that combines speed, energy and increased fuel efficiency. Unlike the two-stroke, it offers benefits without compromises, such as noise reduction through the antivibration system.

Although both impressive, the BR 800 has 20 percent more performing power than the BR

The Stihl BR 700 and BR 800 petrol backpack blowers aren't merely tools; they offer a critical lifeline in fire prevention

700, with an air velocity average of 320km/h and a maximum air velocity of 385km/h. It is essentially the ‘big brother’ of the BR 700, with the same capabilities but offering more: more powerful performance, practicality and convenience!

The BR 700, on the other hand, is a robust, reliable blower for tackling challenging environments. Its impressive blowing force quickly clears firebreaks, pushing aside potentially flammable dry material and debris with remarkable speed. It can also extinguish very low-intensity fires or smouldering sparks along the edge of the burn area. Directing a strong blast of air can separate burning material from unburnt fuel or restrain small flames by removing oxygen.

The BR 700's multi-function control handle also offers effortless, one-handed operation. All crucial functions, from throttle to stop, are integrated into your grip, freeing your other hand for tasks, improving balance and reducing fatigue during long shifts. This leading engineering, combined with generously wide, adjustable shoulder straps and a supportive hip belt, ensures comfort and precise control for diverse body types.

Fire management teams can establish or expand firelines more rapidly than manual methods. Consider a team of individuals with rakes and hoes vs. a single operator with a powerful blower effortlessly directing a stream of air to clear a wide path. The difference in speed and efficiency is impressive.

Beyond just clearing firebreaks, the BR 700 proves invaluable in those hard-to-reach places, such as steep inclines, dense undergrowth, or areas with uneven terrain that often pose significant challenges for traditional clearing methods. The backpack design of the BR 700 allows operators to navigate these difficult areas with relative ease, directing the powerful air blast precisely where it’s needed. This easy-to-use design also significantly reduces user fatigue, a crucial factor when operators work physically for extended periods in demanding conditions. Compared to the strain of swinging hand tools, the comfortable fit and excellent power-to-weight ratio of the BR 700 make a real difference to operator endurance and effectiveness.

Blowers offer significant, often overlooked, benefits in fire management. They reduce reliance on scarce water by efficiently clearing fuel, minimising the need for wet lines and conserving water for direct suppression. Beyond debris clearing, high-powered blowers can also cool and dilute flammable gases during active fires, disrupting propagation and slowing spread. While not a standalone tool, their role in mitigating gas spread and cooling hotspots makes them an asset for trained professionals.

Standout features of the BR700 blower

Often overlooked yet incredibly vital for anyone spending hours with a backpack blower, the tool-free handle position adjustment on the Stihl BR 700 is essential. This clever design lets you quickly and easily adapts the blower tube’s handle to your height and preference. This personalised fit means significantly less strain on your back and arms, allowing for more comfortable operation and considerably reducing tiredness over extended working periods. This thoughtful engineering transforms demanding tasks into more pleasant, sustainable work, ensuring you can perform at your best for longer.

Additional worth knowing benefits

The Stihl BR 700 features an adjustable blower tube, a thoughtful design element that significantly enhances user comfort and versatility. With the push of a button, operators can quickly and easily extend or retract the tube, adapting it perfectly to their height or the specific demands of

the task, clearing wide, open spaces or manoeuvring in more confined areas. This tool-free adjustability ensures optimal ergonomics and efficiency for every user.

Maximise your blowers’ capabilities with our accessories

Got a large area to clear?

Increase the efficiency of the Stihl BR 700 or BR 800 backpack blower with the curved Stihl flat nozzle. This innovative accessory easily attaches to your blower tube, transforming its powerful airstream into a wide,

fanned blast perfect for tackling expansive, flat surfaces.

Stay safe this winter wildfire season

The threat of fire looms larger in winter, making the Stihl BR 700 or 800 petrol backpack blowers must-have tools. By embracing control tools like the BR 700, fire management professionals can work faster, safer and more effectively. It’s about proactive prevention, rapid response and intelligent management, all made significantly easier with the reliable power of Stihl.

The importance of investing in a weather station

By Kelvin Price, managing director, CW Price and Co

Weather station installations play a critical role in wildfire prevention, detection and management. Their localised and real-time data can significantly improve response strategies and reduce the risk and impact of wildfires. A weather station can assist individuals, businesses and researchers track real-time weather conditions.

Localised monitoring of temperature, humidity, wind speed and precipitation helps identify high-risk conditions, such as low humidity and high winds that can lead to or exacerbate wildfires.

Vitalfireweather/Vitalweather stations help understand microclimates, especially in mountainous, forested or remote regions and enable more accurate fire behaviour modelling and forecasting.

Personal preparedness

Knowing the temperature, humidity, rainfall and wind speed can assist in planning your day and in the case of forestry having on the fly FDI fire danger index readings.

With our Vitalfireweather/Vitalweather stations, users can now have a three, five or 15 day forecast to make plans for harvesting, planting, plantation cleaning, fuelload reduction, firebreak burning and much more.

Agriculture

Farmers and foresters rely on weather data to monitor conditions like rainfall and soil moisture, which affect crop growth and irrigation planning.

Safety and disaster prevention

It provides early warning systems for extreme heat and extreme cold and the Fire danger Index and wind can assist in protecting lives and property. Fast and accurate weather updates support firefighting strategies, such as deciding where to deploy resources or how a fire might spread.

Aviation

Pilots of water bombers, spotter planes and helicopters use weather data to ensure safe travel and avoid dangerous working conditions.

Scientific research and climate studies

Long term data trends help scientists study climate

trends and assist in prediction of weather patterns. What would you do without predictions?

Insurance

Often insurance companies will require a weather station on your farm or plantation to access preparedness and verify actual conditions after for example a runaway fire. Weather data now becomes extremely crucial in any fire investigation, often ending up in court with cases being several years old. For example, recent cases were between five to eight years old, makes one think!

Sustainable farming

Data-driven decisions lead to responsible use of natural resources, reducing environmental impact. Weather stations are powerful tools for modern agriculture/forestry combining science and technology to improve farming efficiency.

Installing Vitalfireweather/Vitalweather stations is a smart, proactive investment in wildfire preparedness. They empower scientists, firefighters and communities with the detailed, real-time data needed to make informed decisions, ultimately saving lives, property and ecosystems.

Want to become an incident commander?

Dynamic Incident Management is presenting Initial Attack Incident Commander (IC-T4) Skills Development Training in June 2025.

Incident response protocol requires that every incident must have an incident commander (IC). Incident command can be a rewarding job but it takes skills that you probably have not exercised before, skills that you may have and not even recognised as skills!

You do not need to be a senior or high-ranking officer to become an incident commander; anyone can do it providing you have the requisite knowledge, skills and training.

The incident commander is the person responsible and accountable for all aspects of an incident; developing incident objectives, managing span of control, activate required functional and tactical positions as incident escalates, managing all incident operations, functional members and resources.

It is important to understand that this person has overall accountability during the incident or until transfer of command to another incoming incident commander or incident management team (IMT).

The incident commander is the leader not the doer

An incident commander should meet at least the following criteria. Do not worry if you do not meet them all yet; continue training and remember practice makes perfect and never be afraid to ask for assistance as an IC.

• Excellent verbal and written communication skills

• Understand interagency resource management

• Ability to size-up a situation, assess the effectiveness of various tactics/strategies, set smart objectives and make rapid and sound decisions for tactical implementation.

The incident commander is the person responsible and accountable for all aspects of an incident

• Be flexible, able to listen to feedback and modifying plans, as and when needed.

• Provide command presence, takes full command, control and accountability and willing to “kick people off” the scene to remove distractions.

Modules include:

• Understand and assume position responsibilities

• Lead assigned personnel

• Communicate effectively

• Ensure completion of assigned actions to meet identified objectives

• Understand the importance of documentation for record keeping and/or transfer of command

Initial Attack Incident Commander (IC-T4) Skills Development Training

Dates: 23 to 26 June 2025

Place and venue: Bela-Bela, Klein Kariba

Cost: R2 850 pp

Contact Dynamic Incident Management

Email: michelle@ dynamicincident.co.za

Mobile: 060 345 5362

Bridging the fire gap: integrating IFM and CBFiM for equitable wildfire management in South Africa

By Savage Breytenbach, general manager, Free State Umbrella Fire Protection Association

Mangaung Metro Fire Brigade and Working on Fire teams supporting local farmers during a veldfire in the Mangaung Fire Protection Association area (MAFPA), demonstrating the intersection of integrated fire management (IFM) strategy and Community-Based Fire Management (CBFiM) action in the field

At the Wildland Urban Interface Conference held in Kansas City in March this year, Kate Dargan, policy adviser to the Moore Foundation and Bob Roper, CEO of the Western Fire Chiefs Association, presented a thought-provoking session titled, ‘The Future of Wildfires’. Their data-driven insights offered not only a sobering look at the escalating intensity of wildfires worldwide but also a way forward through technologybased solutions.

Notably, the presentation proposed two important shifts in how we understand success and purpose in fire management to support the implementation of solutions.

First, we need to move beyond using “area burned” as the primary measure of effectiveness. Instead, we should assess impacts ie on lives, ecosystems and livelihoods. Second, any fire strategy must be driven by well-defined, practical objectives that hold fire adapted

or fire resilient communities as the outcome.

These observations resonate strongly with the challenges and opportunities currently shaping wildfire management in South Africa. Fire is, and always has been, a natural force in the landscape. Trying to eliminate it entirely can be ecologically harmful and socially disruptive. Instead, it is generally accepted that fire should be managed, not avoided. This involves retaining and applying good fire eg

ecological or prescribed burns, while reducing the occurrence and impact of bad fire (destructive, unplanned wildfire).

However, this approach is not yet widely supported or understood by the general populace. This highlights a critical disparity: while ecological and disaster risk experts advocate for the use of fire as a necessary tool, much of the public continues to view all fire as inherently destructive. Bridging this gap between best practice and public perception is essential if South Africa is to realise the full benefits of its fire management policy.

South Africa’s policy approach embraces this idea through the adoption of integrated fire management (IFM). However, the implementation of IFM on the ground often intersects with community-based fire management (CBFiM), a concept that emphasises local leadership and traditional practices.

Understanding how these two approaches complement each other and where current governance structures fall short, is essential if we are to move toward more equitable and effective wildfire resilience.

Defining IFM and CBFiM: integrated vs. communitycentred approaches

One of the most fundamental distinctions between IFM and CBFiM lies in the source of their decision-making frameworks. Integrated fire management is data-driven, guided by formal risk assessments, satellite monitoring, fuelload mapping and institutional forecasts. It relies on metrics, models and national policy instruments to

inform where and when fire should be used or suppressed.

In contrast, Community-Based Fire Management is primarily perception-driven. It is shaped by local understanding of fire, cultural norms, land-use history, and community priorities. What constitutes 'good' or 'bad' fire in a CBFiM context often depends on direct lived experience, rather than on remote sensing or scientific analysis.

While this can be a strength in fostering local ownership and relevance, it also creates potential misalignments, especially where local perceptions diverge significantly from ecological or risk-based assessments. A key challenge, therefore, is building mutual understanding between datainformed governance and community-grounded realities.

Integrated Fire Management (IFM) refers to a coordinated approach that encompasses all elements of the fire management cycle: prevention, early warning, suppression, ecological fire use and recovery. It is typically driven by government or multi-stakeholder institutions and is intended to work across landscapes and jurisdictions. IFM is supported by scientific analysis, formal planning and regulatory oversight.

Community-based fire management (CBFiM), meanwhile, empowers local communities to shape how fire is used and controlled in their environment. It is built on participatory planning, traditional knowledge and the capacity of local groups to act. CBFiM is especially relevant in areas with limited formal fire services and where cultural or economic reliance on fire or the exclusion thereof is strong.

FPA comparison radar chart

Strengths and weaknesses of each approach

An additional consideration in evaluating CBFiM is the influence of internal community dynamics. In some cases, pre-existing stresses or unresolved conflicts within a community can undermine fire management initiatives. Instead of serving as a unifying platform, CBFiM efforts may become flashpoints for tension, stalling progress or escalating disputes. This risk highlights the need for careful facilitation, social cohesion and transparent processes when implementing CBFiM at the local level.

Conversely, IFM, while comprehensive and datadriven, also presents several implementation challenges. It can become overly technocratic and detached from the on-the-ground realities faced by communities. The complexity of IFM frameworks sometimes hinders timely decision-making, particularly where multiple agencies with overlapping mandates must coordinate. Additionally, the resource demands of IFM, from satellite monitoring to institutional coordination, can render it inaccessible or ineffective in under-resourced districts.

These limitations underscore the importance of designing IFM systems that remain agile, contextaware and adequately supported at all administrative levels.

Integrated fire management (IFM)

Strengths

• Coordinates across regions and land uses

• Aligns with formal disaster risk governance

• Enables prescribed burning at scale

• Incorporates science, technology and inter-agency support.

Weaknesses

• Can be top-down and disconnected from local realities

• May overlook or undervalue traditional practices

• Requires high levels of institutional capacity.

Community-based fire management (CBFiM) Strengths

• Grounded in local context and knowledge

• Encourages grassroots participation and ownership

• Can be cost-effective and quickly mobilised.

Weaknesses

• Relies on volunteer energy and

informal structures

• Risk of exclusion or domination by specific groups

• Hard to scale or sustain without external support.

Observing the challenge: FPA structure and governance tensions

South Africa’s fire protection associations (FPAs), established under the National Veld and Forest Fire Act, are meant to deliver IFM at the local level.

However, in practice, many FPAs function more like CBFiM platforms, often covering small, fragmented areas and dominated by one stakeholder group.

This has led to concerning dynamics:

• Inequity: Some FPAs are dominated by commercial interests, leaving communal farmers, municipalities or conservation bodies sidelined.

• Protectionism: Instead of facilitating cooperative planning, FPAs can become inward-looking, focusing on self-preservation over shared risk reduction.

• Capacity strain: Small FPAs often lack the institutional capacity to fulfil both IFM and CBFiM roles, especially over time.

This situation is particularly problematic in a country grappling with persistent inequality. When fire governance reinforces exclusion rather than bridging divides, it risks undermining both ecological and social resilience.

A path forward: nested governance for integrated resilience

An emerging model offers

a practical response to this dilemma. The Integrated Fire Management Handbook recommends that FPAs be aligned at district municipality level, where they can be supported through disaster management centres, planning integration and dedicated coordination. Aligning FPAs with district boundaries also mirrors the existing structure of most other public institutions and agencies, enabling easier multi-stakeholder participation.

At this level, district advisory forums can be established that include broad and representative participation, reducing the risk of dominance by any one group and creating an enabling environment for inclusive decision-making. Within these district-scale FPAs, smaller management areas, formally recognised and contextually defined, can deliver CBFiM in practice.

This model also supports more adaptive planning processes, allowing local and districtlevel feedback to be integrated into formal fire management strategies. This ensures that plans remain responsive to changing risk profiles, land use dynamics and social realities over time.

This would allow for:

• Context-sensitive implementation of prescribed burning and early warning systems

• Improved inclusivity and accountability

• Integration of traditional knowledge with scientific planning.

In this structure, IFM and CBFiM work together, each playing to their strengths. IFM provides the strategic framework, institutional support and cross-boundary coordination. CBFiM brings in local capacity, legitimacy and rapid action.

Toward fire-adapted communities

The way forward is not to choose between IFM or CBFiM but to align them under a governance model that is scalable, inclusive and responsive. By creating a clear distinction between coordination (at district FPA level) and implementation, within recognised sub-areas, South Africa can build a wildfire management system that reflects both global best practices and local realities.

Such a system lays the foundation for true fire-adapted communities, communities that can harness the value of fire as a tool while being better protected against its threats.

Ultimately, this is not just a technical adjustment. It is a governance evolution that recognises that equity, scale and flexibility are as important to fire management as weather forecasts or firefighting equipment.

Quick Reaction Force (QRF) introduced

By Dale Nortje, manager, Winelands Fire Protection Association

The problem statement: The slow deployment of adequate resources when a wildfire incident is detected and/or reported.

Examples of this in the Western Cape are the devastating Knysna fires of June 2017 and more recently, the Table Mountain Fire of Sunday,

18 April 2021, that caused damages to the University of Cape Town (UCT) and other neighbouring properties.

This how the concept of the ‘Quick Reaction Force’ came about.

The manager of the Winelands Fire Protection Association (WFPA) together with one of the aircraft service providers, Leading Edge Aviation, approached one of the shortterm insurance companies’ CEO with the idea of implementing an independent, rapid deployment, helicopter attack force, to mitigate potential losses to life and property. In the light of the problem statement above, he

was in full support and engaged with another group of insurers to form a consortium, to support the initiative.

A proof of concept for one fire season was finally agreed upon with six insurers proportionately making financial contributions for the initial period. An agreement was signed in October 2021 for the period 1 December 2021 to 30 April 2022.

The operations were managed by the WFPA as the implementing agent and were based at Stellenbosch Airfield. Two Bell UH1 helicopters were contracted for the season to cover an area within 50km of the Stellenbosch Airfield. The reason for this range is very simple; the aim is to provide a rapid aerial response as an initial attack, to either extinguish or contain the fire, as soon as possible until additional ground and aerial resources arrive on scene. The 50km means that the aircraft can be on scene within a maximum of 30

minutes, spend one hour on the fire and then 30 minutes back to base. This means a ‘sortie’ of

two hours per deployment, which fills the gap until other resources arrive, to continue with their

operations. On each deployment a qualified or experienced, ‘airboss’ accompanies the aircraft to control the aircraft during the initial attack. This simple recipe has proved immensely successful.

It is important to note that the QRF is not there to take over any existing operations but rather to supplement whatever exists. It is also there to independently protect the interests of the insurance industry, namely life and property, nothing else.

The proof of concept was a major success resulting in a potential saving of R84 600 000 to the insurance industry in the first season. This figure was based on an independent report compiled using fire spread models to establish the potential spread of a fire if no intervention happened in first few hours. The property values were based on figures obtained through Lightstone.

A further two-year agreement was subsequently signed in 2022.

Since its inception, in the Western Cape, until April 2024, the total estimated saving is approximately R495 600 000, a substantial figure in any financial report. Below are some operational statistics:

Total deployments: 59

Total hours flown: 106,94

Total loads dropped: 1 535

Total litres dropped: 1 493 100

The ongoing success of this initiative has resulted in an expansion to Mpumalanga, being based at Mbombela (Nelspruit) and implemented by Lowveld and Escarpment Fire Protection Association (LEFPA), as from last year.

Command Corner: Operational briefings

By Chief Tim Murphy, US Forest Service Africa Disaster Management Technical Advisor

Operational briefings are critical to safe fire operations. To ensure a consistent and effective briefing, a standardised briefing checklist should always be used.

The following checklist is printed on the inside of the back cover of the Incident Response and Fireline Safety Pocket Guide:

Situation

Fire name, location, map orientation, other incidents in the area

Terrain influences

Fuel type and conditions

Fire weather (previous, current and expected)

Fire behaviour (previous, current and expected)

Mission/execution

Command (incident commander/ immediate supervisor)

Leader’s intent (task, purpose, goal)

Specific tactical assignments

Contingency plans

Communications

Communication plan (tactical, command, air/ground frequencies, cell phone numbers, etc.)

Medevac plan service/support

Other resources that may be working adjacent to you and those available to order

Aviation

Logistics eg, transportation, supplies, equipment

Risk management

Identify known hazards and risks

Identify control measures to eliminate hazards and reduce risk

Identify trigger points for disengagement or re-evaluation of operational plan.

Chief Tim Murphy

After decades of service, then what?

By Neville van Rensburg

After serving in emergency services for 44 years, I retired with a deep sense of pride but also with a gnawing realisation: there are no proper exit programmes for people like me.

My journey began in 1979, answering fire calls, floodwaters, extricate patients from crushed vehicles and responding to disasters both at home and abroad. I wore many hats:

firefighter, ILS, urban search and rescue technician, trainer and eventually, a manager responsible for overseeing rescue operations across a province. I spent my life running toward danger while others fled. And then one day, I wasn’t needed anymore, at least not in the formal system.

Retirement wasn’t the celebration I imagined. There was no structured debrief, no psychological support, no

guidance on how to transition from adrenaline-filled days to quiet ones. For decades, we build our identities around service. And then? We're left to figure out the next chapter on our own.

Emergency service veterans carry a heavy load, emotionally, mentally, physically. We’ve seen things that can’t be unseen. Yet many retire without access to trauma support, financial planning or career transition programmes. The system prepares us for the battlefield but not the aftermath.

I now run a small disaster and rescue consulting business, sharing knowledge built over a lifetime. But not everyone finds that path. Many colleagues fade away into isolation, some struggling with mental health, unsure of their purpose post-uniform.

We need to talk about this. Governments, departments and professional bodies must create proper exit and reintegration programmes, not just to thank us but to preserve our knowledge, protect our mental health and help us contribute in new ways. Our service shouldn't end in silence.

To those still in the trenches: start planning early. To those in leadership: don’t let the people who gave everything walk away with nothing.

We may retire from the job but the job never leaves us.

Preserving the legacy of the Alberton Fire Department: Honouring history through memories and a book

By Paul Korb

Iserved at Alberton Fire Department from the beginning of 1989 to 1995. My tenure at Alberton allowed me to create a bond with the fireman, the fire station and the town, that is still etched in my heart today. I met one of my mentors, Sedric Prinsloo, who is not only my best friend but whom I can call a brother still today. My experiences at Alberton allowed me to be the person I am today and fulfil the career that I am in. It also allowed me to write the series of books for all who served.

Every fire department has a rich history and that history deserves to be documented and honoured in meaningful ways. Some departments establish museums, while others dedicate space within their stations to display historical artefacts, from old equipment and turnout gear to photographs, bells and memorials. This book serves as another form of tribute, capturing the stories, experiences and evolution of the Alberton Fire Department.

The intent of this book is to showcase the department’s origins and how it has evolved to maintain its legacy for the community, future firefighters and their families. When starting the book, I chose a unique approach, moving beyond conventional historical documentation to bring the memories of those who served to the forefront.

In the past, the department displayed black-and-white photographs and memorabilia

Firemen and staff from Alberton Fire Department at the reunion

in the administration area. While these images held historical significance, they did not always resonate with the firefighters themselves. Firefighters want to see photographs of themselves, reflecting their dedication, camaraderie and service. My books’ intend is to provide that opportunity; it allows them to see their own contributions and for their families to witness the bond that was formed within the department.

It’s just instinct. I think it’s just in your blood. Once you become a fireman, you’re always a fireman. Ninety-five percent of people in the fire service are like that, period. It was part of who we are and what we did. Just like a salesman who’s going to hit the deal of a century, he’s going to do everything he can to achieve that.

We, as firemen, strive to give all that we have in what we do. We’ve got the biggest hearts of anyone you’ll ever meet in your lives. We have to accept the fact that we’ll

go beyond whatever it may be to even put our lives on the line for somebody we don’t even know.

A legacy of service

The Alberton Fire Department’s history is a testament to the town’s resilience and dedication to protecting its people. From its humble beginnings to its modernday operations, the department continues to uphold its mission of safeguarding Alberton. As the town grows, so too does the commitment of its firefighters, ensuring that Alberton remains a safe and thriving community.

The importance of the book Memorials hold deep meaning for both active and past firefighters. They serve as tangible reminders of appreciation for those who risk their lives to protect others. Within the fire station, memorials are not just symbols of remembrance; they are daily affirmations that the community will never forget those who sacrificed everything in the line of duty.

This book encapsulates the spirit of preserving history, ensuring that the Alberton Fire Department’s legacy remains alive and honoured. It is a tribute to the bravery, dedication and unwavering commitment of those who have served and continue to serve.

A leader beyond compare Chief Anthony Davey is and always will be, one of the finest gentlemen and officers to have ever served the Alberton Fire Department. His leadership was defined by discipline, fairness and unwavering dedication to the service. Those who had the privilege to serve under him knew that he ran a tight ship but he always treated his firefighters with respect and integrity.

Fulfilling promises:

A tribute to Chief Anthony Davey

A commitment to honour Three promises were made to the late Chief Anthony Davey,

a man whose leadership and dedication shaped the Alberton Fire Department. These promises were not just words; they were commitments to preserve his legacy and honour by the firefighters who served under him.

The first promise was to write a book that would celebrate the fire service and the men and women who dedicated their lives to it. This book would not only document the department’s history but also bring to life the memories, camaraderie and sacrifices of those who served. The second promise was that every firefighter who had served at Alberton and wanted a copy of the book would receive one. This was a way to ensure that those who had given their time and energy

to the department could see their own reflections in its pages, a tangible reminder of their service and the bonds they formed.

The third promise was perhaps the most personal: to travel to the Greek islands and deliver Chief Davey his book in person. Sadly, Chief Davey passed away near the completion of the book, making this final promise impossible to fulfil.

Chief Davey was more than just a leader; he embodied the Alberton Fire Department. His commitment, drive and passion ensured that the department remained one of the finest in the region. Under his command, the department modernised its equipment, improved training programmes and strengthened

its emergency response capabilities. His vision was clear: Alberton Fire Department would always be prepared, professional and dedicated to protecting the community. As such, the book was named ‘Semper Paratus’.

Even after his tenure, Chief Davey’s influence continues to shape the department. His values, leadership style and commitment to excellence have been passed down through generations of firefighters. His legacy is not just in the policies he implemented or the fires he helped extinguish, it is in the spirit of service that every firefighter carries forward.

Chief Anthony Davey was and always will be, the heart and soul of Alberton Fire Department. His

My best friend and mentor, giving a speech at the reunion, Sedric Prinsloo

Paul Korb giving a speech at the reunion

Official Alberton Fire Department flag

Alberton Fire Department 2025 Reunion Banner

name is etched in the history of the service and his impact will never be forgotten.

Despite this heartbreaking loss, with the help of Sedric Prinsloo, a close friend and mentor within the Alberton Fire Department, two of the three promises were honoured. The book was completed and it now stands as a testament to Chief Davey’s leadership and the firefighters who served under him.

Though Chief Davey never got to hold his book, his spirit lives on in its pages. His dedication, fairness and unwavering commitment to the fire service remain etched in the hearts of those who knew him.

This book is more than just a collection of stories; it is a memorial, a tribute and a promise kept to a man who gave everything to his department.

Writing the legacy: The journey of documenting Alberton Fire Department

A race against time

The Alberton Fire Department’s history was written in just nine months but the process was far from easy. Like many authors, the journey was filled with challenges, gathering materials such as photographs, first-hand accounts and validating historical information proved to be an immense task.

Memories fade and as time passes, facts become obscured. To ensure accuracy, Sedric Prinsloo and I meticulously re-checked every detail, crossreferencing sources and verifying accounts. In doing so, we uncovered hidden stories, unknown facts about the department’s history, its vehicles and even the

lives of Chief Geoffrey Davey and Chief Anthony Davey.

Unearthing forgotten history

Through our research, we discovered the only known copy of the original fire station in Alberton, a rare and invaluable piece of history. We also documented the only firefighter to die in the line of duty, a solemn reminder of the risks and sacrifices made by those in the service.

Additionally, we traced the design and construction of one of the largest fire engines in Southern Africa, a remarkable engineering feat that showcased the department’s commitment to innovation. Perhaps most intriguing was the historical connection between Alberton and Salisbury in Rhodesia, a link that had remained largely unknown until now.

A historic gathering

Not only was the book completed in record time but its launch event was a momentous occasion. Held at Meyers Plaas, the birthplace of Alberton, the event brought together 120 ex-firefighters and

their families. Among them were two sole surviving firefighters from the original fire station, Transvaal Huis, a living testament to the department’s enduring legacy.

The book is more than just a collection of stories; it is a tribute, a memorial and a bridge between past and present. It ensures that the history, sacrifices and achievements of the Alberton Fire Department will never be forgotten. It is a written legacy for the firemen to pass on to their families so that the Alberton legacy is kept alive.

Not the end of the journey

Since completing the book, I have committed to write a further three books in the series relating to the Alberton Fire Department. There is so much more to the story of the Alberton Fire Department that needs to be told. The second book is near completion and will soon be available. Details will be made public on the Alberton Fire Department Facebook page

Visit this link to order your copy of this special edition.

Annual Women in Emergency, Disaster Management and Fire Services Leadership Conference

7 and 8 August 2025, Southern Sun Hotel, Sandton

"Strong women don't wait for the storm to pass; they lead through it, turning crisis into opportunity and adversity into strength"

The fourth Annual Women in Emergency, Disaster Management and Fire Services Leadership Conference will be held on 7 and 8 August 2025 at the Southern Sun Hotel, Rivonia Road in Sandton, Johannesburg and is a premier platform dedicated to celebrating, inspiring and empowering women leaders in high-pressure sectors. As more women break barriers and step

into pivotal leadership roles, this year's theme, ‘Empowering women leaders for a resilient tomorrow’, places a strong focus on resilience, innovation, collaboration and transformative leadership in an increasingly complex world.

Spanning two impactful days, the 2025 edition brings together a powerful mix of keynote presentations, expertled sessions, interactive workshops and live simulations. These elements are carefully curated to equip attendees with practical tools and insights in areas such as crisis decision-making, leadership development, Al-driven disaster response, climate resilience and mental wellness.

This year, the conference also places a spotlight on the experiences of women with disabilities in EMS, disaster and fire service championing inclusive leadership and addressing the unique challenges they face in the field. Through thoughtful dialogue and representation, the event reinforces its commitment to ensuring all women, regardless of physical ability, are empowered to lead with confidence and impact.

Key sessions

Beyond the content, the conference serves as a dynamic networking hub, fostering meaningful connections, peer learning and collaborative opportunities that drive positive change in emergency and disaster leadership.

Upcoming

Package

R7 999 per delegate, which includes:

• Conference drinks - evening

• Reception networking event

• Delegate pass for two-day conference

• All refreshments and snacks during conference breaks including buffet lunches

• Discounted accommodation rates at venue hotel subject to availability

Benefits of attending Leadership development: Enhance your leadership and crisis management skills with expert insights and strategies.

Networking opportunities: Connect with a global network of women professionals and industry leaders.

Expert insights: Gain knowledge from seasoned executives, first responders and disaster relief professionals.

Innovation and strategy: Explore emerging technologies and strategies shaping emergency and disaster management.

Gender inclusivity: Learn about initiatives promoting gender diversity and empowering women in leadership roles. Mental resilience: Develop tools

to manage stress and well-being in high-pressure environments.

Personal growth: Overcome industry-specific challenges with confidence and strategic leadership techniques.

Featured speakers Include:

• Nomantu Nkomo-Ralehoko, MEC for Health, Gauteng

• Tash Lachenicht, managing director: Epic Emergency Medicine

• Nomathemba Mtshali, director: Strategic Support EMS, City of Johannesburg

• Sanky Mahlangu, head of safety, Transnet Rail infrastructure manager

• Dr Christine Peta, Global Disability and Disaster Management expert

• Shakira Cassim, general manager: ER24 contact centre

• Melony Shimane, chief fire and disaster manager, Lekwa Local Municipality

• Debbie Bester, owner, Parys Medix and chairperson: Fezile Dabi RIMS

• Charlotte Pillay, clinical coordinator, COO Health Tech

Leader

• Bridgette Zungu, director: EMS, KwaZulu-Natal Provincial Government

• Jabulephiwe Mpitso, manager: Fire and Rescue, OR Tambo International Airport

• Natasha Chetty, director, Cross Fire Management

• Madelyne van Emmenis, safety manager, Exxaro Resources

• Tshidi Lemeko, assistant director: Disaster Management, Fezile Dabi Municipality

• Lebogang Mosotho , director: Disaster Management, Limpopo COGSTA

• Dr Tlou Raphela-Masuku, senior lecturer, DiMTEC –University of the Free State

Download programme

Please note that spaces are limited and are reserved on a first-come, first-served basis; early registration is strongly advised. Contact Eminence Corporation Solutions (Pty) Ltd on Tel: +27 10 023 3985 or email: info@ec-s.co.za.

The effect of physical activity on coronary heart disease risk factors among firefighters: a scoping review protocol

By Ghaleelullah Achmat, Charlene Erasmus, Jill Kanaley, Lloyd Leach

Physical activity interventions have been used for various health conditions, including cardiovascular disease. However, the literature is still limited regarding the effect of physical activity on coronary heart disease among firefighters.

This is the first of a series of articles on the research done by Ghaleelullah Achmat and Lloyd Leach, Department of Sport, Recreation and Exercise Science, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa: Charlene Erasmus, Centre for Interdisciplinary Studies of Children, Families and Society, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa and Jill Kanaley, Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA, first published by BMJ.

Methods and analysis

The review will be conducted according to recommendations from the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) and PRISMA Protocol guidelines. This scoping review will provide a synthesis of current evidence on the effects of physical activity on coronary heart disease among firefighters.

Search strategies will be performed in the following databases: Cochrane database, PubMed, Medline, (EbscoHost), Web of Science, Academic Search Complete, CINAHL (EBSCO), SAGE journals, ScienceDirect and Scopus. We will include literature in the English language that are full-text peer-reviewed articles from inception to November 2021. Screening of (titles, abstracts and full text of potential articles) will be done by two independent authors using EndNote V.9 software tool. A standardised data extraction form will be designed for the extraction. Two authors will independently extract the data from the selected articles and all differences will be discussed by an invited third reviewer if a consensus cannot be reached. The primary outcomes will be the impact of physical fitness on firefighters experiencing coronary artery disease.

This information can assist policy-makers in decisionmaking related to the use of physical activity in firefighters experiencing coronary heart disease.

Ethics and dissemination Ethical clearance has been obtained from the University ethics committee and the City of Cape Town. The findings will be disseminated through publications and the physical activity guidelines will be submitted to the Fire Departments within the City of Cape Town. Data analysis started on 1 April 2023.

Introduction

Sudden cardiac events such as heart attacks are expected to be a leading cause of death and disability for active-duty firefighters in developed countries. Therefore, health promotion through physical activity (PA) and the prevention of coronary heart disease risk factors (CHDRF) are paramount.

Myocardial infarction due to atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD) significantly impairs function and is associated with a history of hypertension, dyslipidaemia, type 2 diabetes mellitus, peripheral artery disease, an increase in age, a family history of CVD, cigarette smoking, a higher body mass index (BMI) and low levels of PA. Indeed, firefighters with increased incidence of CHDRF have significant personal and occupational functioning impairments and are at risk of cardiac disease.

Given the high prevalence, interventions that promote PA as well as targeting early detection threshold levels of CHDRF are essential. Access to interventions that promote PA and effective early detection signs of CVD has the potential to impact CHDRF, occupational demands of firefighters, prevent the impact of morbidity, mortality and economic burden of illness in countries.

Smith et al reported physicians lack an understanding of the physiological and psychological strain of the firefighters’ job so they can perform their duties in the

interest of the public good. Physicians are reluctant to take firefighters off duty despite the detection of early signs of CVDs such as high blood pressure. Thus, leaving treatment in the hands of firefighters and placing them at greater risk of sudden cardiac death. Therefore, interventions need to be firefighterspecific and feasible to conduct appropriate medical evaluations in order to address risk factors and provide fire departments with a comprehensive wellness and fitness programme.

Rationale

Evolving evidence shows that PA or exercise is effective in reducing CVD symptoms among firefighters; few studies have examined PA or exercise as a physical health promotion strategy for other CHDRF. One single meta-analysis has proved the benefits of PA on health and fitness in firefighters.

Previous reviews on CVD in firefighters focused on the risk of on-duty death and disability among firefighters with coronary heart disease (CHD). The review highlighted that firefighters should be restricted from participating in strenuous emergency duties, such as being placed on light duty work until health concerns are suitably addressed. Therefore, more active and effective approaches in addressing CHD are needed. A preliminary search of PROSPERO and MEDLINE found no existing or ongoing scoping or systematic reviews focusing on this research study, highlighting the need to conduct a scoping review on PA/exercise for firefighters’ with CHDRF.

Review question

What are the effects of physical activity on CHDRF among firefighters?

Aim

The aim of this scoping review will be to explore the effect of PA on CHDRF among firefighters.

Objectives

To conduct a scoping review and narrative analysis exploring the effect of PA on CHDRF among firefighters.

Methods and analysis

Patient and public involvement No patient involved.

The review will be conducted according to recommendations from the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic

Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR) and the six-stage framework outlined in Arksey and O’Malley. The start date of this study was 1 January 2021 and completed by 31 December 2023.

The following steps will be used to conduct the scoping review as recommended by Arksey and O’Malley’s six stage framework:

1. Identifying the research question.

2. Identifying relevant studies.

3. Study selection.

4. Charting the data.

5. Collating, summarising and reporting the results.

6. Consultation exercise.

Stage 1: Identification of the research question and objectives

The main purpose of undertaking this scoping review was to identify, collate and synthesise the results reported in the studies impacting coronary artery disease and health risk behaviours among firefighters.

The principal research question guiding this scoping review is as follows:

► What is the effect of PA on coronary artery disease among firefighters?

The secondary research questions are the following:

► What are the strengths and limitations of these exercise and intervention programmes?

The study will use the Population, Exposure and Outcome (PEO) a framework recommended for aetiology and/or risk and lending itself more to qualitative research. The PEO framework to determine our research questions and the search strategy is illustrated below.

Participants

Sedentary firefighters (aged 18 years or older) defined as firefighters not participating in at least 30 minutes of moderate-intensity PA on at least three days/week for at least three months. Chronic diseases of lifestyle will be defined as those firefighters with serious injury, long-term physical incapacity, suffering or rehabilitating from chronic conditions and various risk factors that require medication.

These studies will be included in the scoping review and classified as inactive firefighters experiencing chronic diseases.

Exposure

Studies involving active firefighters across the globe who have CHD risk and were exposed to PA will be included in the scoping review.

Outcomes

Primary outcomes will be measured in terms of PA and/ or sedentary behaviour assessed at baseline and/or post-intervention (defined as directly after intervention completion). The primary outcomes will be the impact of physical fitness on firefighters experiencing coronary artery disease. All settings will be included such as leisure centre, primary care and delivery formats of either individual or group settings. Secondary outcomes, such as physiological, psychological, biological and occupational where available, will be recorded.

Stage 2: Identifying relevant studies

Study eligibility criteria

Table 1 Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria

Inclusion criteria Exclusion criteria

Full text studies

Studies using secondary data

English peer reviewed studiesStudies not published in the English language

Qualitative, quantitative and mixed-method studies

In order to be included in this study, literature must report data relating to the effect of PA on CAD risk factors among firefighters. The criteria will be English full-text peer-reviewed articles from any time to November 2021, inclusive of qualitative, quantitative and mixed-method studies. Studies using secondary data, not peer reviewed, not published in the English language and data from other professionals eg, police officers, will form part of the exclusion criteria. Studies reporting on intervention will also be included. The inclusion and exclusion criteria are identified in table 1.

Studies not peer reviewed

CHD articles with firefightersEmployees other than those employed in a fire and rescue setting

Articles about physical activity with firefighters

Leisure Studies

Table 1 Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria

Inclusion criteria

Exclusion criteria

Inception until November 2021Studies not conducted in humans

Full text studies

CHD, coronary heart disease.

Studies using secondary data

English peer reviewed studiesStudies not published in the English language

Qualitative, quantitative and mixed-method studies

Studies not peer reviewed

other professionals (eg, police officers), will form part of the exclusion criteria. Studies reporting on intervention will also be included. The inclusion and exclusion criteria are identified in table 1

CHD articles with firefightersEmployees other than those employed in a fire and rescue setting

Articles about physical activity with firefighters Leisure Studies

Inception until November 2021Studies not conducted in humans

CHD, coronary heart disease.

PA interventions on firefighters with one or more of the eight CADs will be included into the scoping review. The American College of Sport Medicine stratification; age, a family history of heart disease, cigarette smoking, a sedentary lifestyle, obesity, dyslipidaemia and pre-diabetes will be used as the guideline recommendations.15 CAD often referred to as atherosclerotic heart disease caused by the build-up of plaque.15–17 This causes coronary arteries to narrow, limiting blood flow to the heart and damaging the heart’s major blood vessels. Risk factors for coronary artery disease fall into two categories.18–20 Modifiable risk factors one can modify and control include smoking, nutrition, alcohol and PA.21–23 Non-modifiable risk factors one cannot control include a person’s age and gender.21–24

stratification; age, a family history of heart disease, cigarette smoking, a sedentary lifestyle, obesity, dyslipidaemia and pre-diabetes will be used as the guideline recommendations. CAD often referred to as atherosclerotic heart disease caused by the build-up of plaque. This causes coronary arteries to narrow, limiting blood flow to the heart and damaging the heart’s major blood vessels.

Risk factors for coronary artery disease fall into two categories. Modifiable risk factors one can modify and control include smoking, nutrition, alcohol and PA. Non-modifiable risk factors one cannot control include a person’s age and gender.

Furthermore, these lifestyle risk factors are related to non-communicable diseases (NCDs) such as CVDs, cancer or chronic respiratory diseases. Health outcomes must report data from studies focusing on the effects of PA on any of the eight coronary artery disease risk factors.

The risk stratification with norms is listed in table 2. (Description of abbreviations on page 83)

Open access

Table 2 ACSM 8 positive risk factors that are associated with coronary artery disease

Risk factorDefining criteria

Age Men ≥45 years; women ≥55 years

Family historyHeart attack, bypass surgery or sudden death before the age of 55 years for father/brother; or before 65 years for mother/sister

Cigarette smoking

Sedentary lifestyle

Current smoker, or have quit <6 months, or exposure to environmental smoke

Not participating in at least 30 min of moderate intensity physical activity (40%–<60% VO₂R) on at least 3 days/week for 3 months

Table 2 ACSM 8 positive risk factors that are associated with coronary artery disease

ObesityBody mass index ≥30 kg/m2 index or waist girth >102 cm (40in) for men and 88 cm (35in) for women

Risk factorDefining criteria

Age Men ≥45 years; women ≥55 years

HypertensionSystolic blood pressure ≥140 mm Hg and or diastolic ≥90 mm Hg, or taking medication

Family historyHeart attack, bypass surgery or sudden death before the age of 55 years for father/brother; or before 65 years for mother/sister

DyslipidaemiaLDL ≥130 mg/dL, or HDL <40 mg/dL, or taking medication. Or TC >200 mg/dL

Cigarette smoking Current smoker, or have quit <6 months, or exposure to environmental smoke

Pre-diabetes IFG ≥100 mg/dL or OGTT ≥140 and ≤199 mg/dL confirmed by two different measurements.

Negative risk factor

Sedentary lifestyle Not participating in at least 30 min of moderate intensity physical activity (40%–<60% VO₂R) on at least 3 days/week for 3 months

HDL ≥60 mg/dL

*ACSM’s Guidelines for Exercise Testing and Prescription Lippincott Williams Wilkins, 2014 (p.27).

ObesityBody mass index ≥30 kg/m2 index or waist girth >102 cm (40in) for men and 88 cm (35in) for women

HypertensionSystolic blood pressure ≥140 mm Hg and or diastolic ≥90 mm Hg, or taking medication

PA interventions on firefighters with one or more of the eight CADs will be included into the scoping review. The American College of Sport Medicine

PA interventions on firefighters with one or more of the eight CADs will be included into the scoping review. The American College of Sport Medicine stratification; age, a

Awareness of risk factors for coronary artery disease CVDs, commonly referred to as heart disease or stroke, are the number one cause of death around the world. NCDs are medical conditions or disease that is non-infectious and

ACSM, American College of Sport Medicine; HDL, HDL (highdensity lipoprotein) cholesterol, sometimes called “good” cholesterol, absorbs cholesterol in the blood and carries it back to the liver. The liver then flushes it from the body. High levels of HDL cholesterol can lower your risk for heart disease and stroke.15–17; IFG, Impaired fasting glycaemia (IFG) is sometimes called pre-diabetes. This is when blood glucose levels in the body are raised, but are not high enough to mean that the person has diabetes. IFG means that the body isn't able to use glucose as efficiently as it should.18–20; LDL, LDL (low-density lipoprotein) cholesterol, sometimes called “bad” cholesterol,

DyslipidaemiaLDL ≥130 mg/dL, or HDL <40 mg/dL, or taking medication. Or TC >200 mg/dL

Pre-diabetes IFG ≥100 mg/dL or OGTT ≥140 and ≤199 mg/dL confirmed by two different measurements.

Negative risk factor

HDL ≥60 mg/dL

cannot be passed from person to person. These NCDs may be chronic diseases of long duration and slow progression, which may result in more rapid death such as a sudden stroke.

The four main NCDs are:

1. CVDs, predominantly heart attacks and stroke.

2. Cancers.

3. Respiratory diseases (particularly chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases and asthma. 4. Diabetes.

These atherosclerotic plaques in coronary arteries are associated with unhealthy eating habits and poor lifestyle behaviour. The interplay between lifestyle habits, medical risk factors and physical fitness indicates that firefighters are subjected to severe physical exertion.

Such sympathetic drive increases shear stress on coronary arteries making firefighters more susceptible to acute cardiac events because the cardiovascular system is stressed. Hazardous tactical operations as such, in the presence of endothelial dysfunction and plaque build-up can cause myocardial ischaemia, infarction and mortality. Therefore, a number of CAD risk factors a firefighter possesses combined with their physical fitness level provide a comprehensive look into the overall health of firefighters tasked with protecting the lives and property of the public.

Study search strategy and selection

The following electronic databases will be searched: Cochrane database, PubMed, Medline, (EbscoHost), Web of Science, Academic Search Complete, CINAHL (EBSCO) Science Direct and Scopus. Searches will include a combination of terms from medical subject headings (MeSH) and keywords in the title, abstract and text. The search shall include multiple terms for population (eg, firefighter), intervention (eg, health promotion, PA), comparator (eg, interventions without PA) and outcome themes (eg, exercise, sedentary behaviour).

All terms within each theme will be combined with ‘or’ and then the themes will be combined with ‘and.’ Databases will be searched for studies reporting data on firefighters’ exercise, fitness and PA using the following search terms: (physical activity or exercise or fitness or physical exercise and coronary artery disease or cad or coronary heart

disease or chd and firefighters or fire fighters or fire service or firefighting).

All studies published until 2021 will be searched. Searches will only be limited and inclusive of peer-reviewed journals. Grey literature such as government reports, institutional documents, dissertations (excepting sections published as peer-reviewed articles), books, book chapters, conference abstracts or proceedings, blogs, newsletters or any opinion-based publications and commentaries will be excluded. The scoping review will consider all studies using quantitative, qualitative, mixed-methods studies as well as nonobservational studies. The scoping review process is described in figure 1.

Identification of studies in the registered databases

Stage 3: Study selection

The studies retrieved from above-mentioned databases will be combined and all the duplicates will be removed. A two-step process will be adopted for identifying the relevant studies. In the first step, two reviewers (GA and LL) will screen the titles and abstracts of the studies. Studies not meeting the eligibility criteria will be excluded. After screening of approximately 50 articles, the results will be compared with ensure consistency and resolve any incongruity. During this step, the detected protocols and reviews will also be screened for further potentially relevant articles. First, the abstracts will be screened. Then the reference lists of the remaining reviews will be checked for further articles. Similarly, potential studies that may result from relevant protocols will also be searched.

During the second step, the two authors (GA and LL) will be reading the full-text of the selected articles to check for the eligibility criteria. The reason for exclusion will be recorded. The articles meeting all the eligibility criteria will be used for data extraction. For each of the two steps, if there are disagreements between the reviewers, they will discuss the differences and a third reviewer (CE or JK) will be invited if GA and LL cannot reach a consensus.

Risk of bias

Critical appraisal of articles is a two-step process that will be performed using the checklist to

assess the methodological quality of each article based on its proposed definition. Moreover, the full texts will be appraised by two researchers (GA and LL) separately.

Stage 4: data extraction and charting the data

In order to describe the different methods and outputs, their meaning, strengths and limitations as well as their association with different PA outcomes, the data from selected CHD articles will be extracted by two reviewers (GA and LL) independently by means of a data extraction form. A literature search will be conducted by one

Figure 1: PRISMA flow diagram for the scoping review process. PRISMA: Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses

reviewer (GA), results will be saved in a reference manager and duplicates will be eliminated using the Covidence provided software tools. Remaining files will be shared with a second reviewer (LL). The two reviewers (GA and LL) will undertake an extensive and comprehensive search to find applicable studies irrespective of publication status or language and assist in the quality checking of the studies. The reviewers (GA and LL) will independently double-check the eligibility of the included studies and extract data by entering details into a predefined data acquisition form.

Four main domains: (1) citation information (title, author list, source of publication, year of publication, first author’s name and affiliation, country, sponsor), (2) design (design, participants, trial methods, duration, intervention details), (3) results (outcome measures, adverse events) and (4) conclusion will be included in the acquisition form.

Any discrepancy noticed in the process of data cross-checking will be resolved through discussion between the two reviewers. If they cannot reach consensus, the suggestion of a third reviewer (CE or JK) will be approached to resolve the issue. Investigators will not be blind to the journal titles, institutions or study authors. The data extraction form will be tested on three different studies to ensure the functionality of the form. Any disagreement will be resolved through discussion and, if required, discussion with a third reviewer (CE or JK). During the data extraction process, the researchers will regularly compare the extracted data to ensure consistency. The data extraction form may be refined/adapted on the basis of this experience.

Quality assessment

Depending on the quality of the data included in the studies, critical appraisal tools will independently be adapted to assess the different study designs of qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods. The Critical Appraisal Skill Programme (2014) and the Evaluative Tool for Mixed Method Studies will be adapted for the appraisal of qualitative, quantitative and mixed-methods research along the guidelines proposed by Law et al.

These adapted appraisal tools aim to evaluate holistically potential studies according to six domains:

1. Study purpose

2. Study design

3. Sampling techniques

4. Data collection methods

5. Methods of analysis

6. Ethical considerations.

Such evaluation ensures both the overall quality and the methodological quality of each subsection. Rating scales of appraisal tools will be adjusted to produce a composite score indicating the quality of studies from weak (0–30), moderate (31–65), strong (66–80) and excellent (81–100). The predetermined threshold score set for this study will be studies within the categories of

strong and above. Appraisal tools will be piloted to ascertain the validity and reliability of individual items, resulting in the addition of missing items and the deletion of extraneous items for an improved reviewing process.

Stage 5: Collating, summarising and reporting the data

The data will be presented in the form of two tables. The first table will present the study designs, methodology and PA summary variables, while the second table will describe the association of the variables with the studied health outcomes.

A synthesis of the results will describe the key characteristics of these studies and how these studies profiled PA and risk factors of CHDs. Further, the tables may be refined or the results may be presented in a graphical format based on the data extracted in order to present the results in a lucid and comprehensible manner.

Stage 6: Consulting with stakeholders

The findings of the study provide opportunities for stakeholders to suggest additional recommendations to the PA guidelines, beyond what was discovered in the literature.

Data analysis

A narrative synthesis approach to the scoping review from multiple studies and different methodologies will be applied. This allows for the inclusion of statistical data, distinguishing the characteristics of a textual approach to summarise and describe findings to form a story from the included studies. Data will narratively be synthesised and the results will be reported according to the objects and aligned with the PRISMA flow chart. The date to start analysing data for this study is 1 April 2023.

Current study status

At the time of writing this manuscript, prescreening was completed independently by one investigator and data extraction has not started.

Ethics and dissemination

This study involves analysis of data from published literature and does not involve individual-level identifiable data. Given this, there will be no privacy concerns that require ethical approval. Results from this study will be presented at conferences and through publication in a peer-reviewed journal.

Strength and limitation of this study

• The study proposes the use of multiple sources for data collection towards developing a guideline to inform policy on coronary heart disease.

• It also proposes a proven methodology, the Delphi technique, to develop the guideline.

• This study will be conducted in only one province out of nine provinces of South Africa.

• Since the data on this particular topic is novel and unclear, researchers chose a scoping review over a systematic review.

• The study will give an in-depth understanding of the current state of coronary artery disease of firefighters.

To cite: Achmat G, Erasmus C, Kanaley J, et al. Effect of physical activity on coronary heart disease risk factors among firefighters: a scoping review protocol. BMJ Open 2023;13:e068353. doi:10.1136/ bmjopen-2022-068353

► Prepublication history for this paper is available online.

To view these files, please visit the journal online (http://dx.doi. org/10.1136/bmjopen-2022068353).

Received 15 September 2022

Accepted 02 May 2023

Effect of physical activity on coronary heart disease risk factors among firefighters: a scoping review protocol

Ghaleelullah Achmat , 1 Charlene Erasmus,2 Jill Kanaley,3 Lloyd Leach1

1Department of Sport, Recreation and Exercise Science, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa

2Centre for Interdisciplinary Studies of Children, Families and Society, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa

3Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA

Correspondence to Ghaleelullah Achmat; gachmat@uwc.ac.za

ABSTRACT Introduction Physical activity interventions have been used for various health conditions, including cardiovascular disease. However, the literature is still limited regarding the effect of physical activity on coronary heart disease among firefighters. Methods and analysis The review will be conducted according to recommendations from the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and MetaAnalyses Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) and PRISMA Protocol guidelines. This scoping review will provide a synthesis of current evidence on the effects of physical activity on coronary heart disease among firefighters. Search strategies will be performed in the following databases: Cochrane database, PubMed, Medline, (EbscoHost), Web of Science, Academic Search Complete, CINAHL (EBSCO), SAGE journals, ScienceDirect and Scopus. We will include literature in the English language that are full-text peer-reviewed articles from inception to November 2021. Screening of (titles, abstracts and full text of potential articles) will be done by two independent authors using EndNote V.9 software tool. A standardised data extraction form will be designed for the extraction. Two authors will independently extract the data from the selected articles and all differences will be discussed by an invited third reviewer if a consensus cannot be reached. The primary outcomes will be the impact of physical fitness on firefighters experiencing coronary artery disease. This information can assist policymakers in decision-making related to the use of physical activity in firefighters experiencing coronary heart disease. Ethics and dissemination Ethical clearance has been obtained from the University ethics committee and the City of Cape Town. The findings will be disseminated through publications and the physical activity guidelines will be submitted to the Fire Departments within the City of Cape Town. Data analysis will start on 1 April 2023.

INTRODUCTION

Sudden cardiac events such as heart attacks are expected to be a leading cause of death and disability for active-duty firefighters in developed countries.1 Therefore, health promotion through physical activity (PA) and the prevention of coronary heart disease risk factors (CHDRF) are paramount. Myocardial infarction due to atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD) significantly

STRENGTHS AND LIMITATIONS OF THIS STUDY

⇒ The study proposes the use of multiple sources for data collection towards developing a guideline to inform policy on coronary heart disease.

⇒ It also proposes a proven methodology, the Delphi technique, to develop the guideline.

⇒ This study will be conducted in only one province out of nine provinces of South Africa.

⇒ Since the data on this particular topic is novel and unclear, researchers chose a scoping review over a systematic review. ⇒

impairs function and is associated with a history of hypertension, dyslipidaemia, type 2 diabetes mellitus, peripheral artery disease, an increase in age, a family history of CVD, cigarette smoking, a higher body mass index (BMI) and low levels of PA.2 3 Indeed, firefighters with increased incidence of CHDRF have significant personal and occupational functioning impairments and are at risk of cardiac disease.3 4 Given the high prevalence, interventions that promote PA as well as targeting early detection threshold levels of CHDRF are essential.4 5 Access to interventions that promote PA and effective early detection signs of CVD has the potential to impact CHDRF, occupational demands of firefighters, prevent the impact of morbidity, mortality and economic burden of illness in countries.5–7 Smith et al8 reported physicians lack an understanding of the physiological and psychological strain of the firefighters’ job so they can perform their duties in the interest of the public good.8 Physicians are reluctant to take firefighters off duty despite the detection of early signs of CVDs such as high blood pressure. Thus, leaving treatment in the hands of firefighters and placing them at greater risk of sudden cardiac death.7 8 Therefore, interventions need to be firefighter-specific and feasible to conduct

1 Achmat G, et al BMJ Open 2023;13:e068353. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2022-068353

This is the first of a series of articles on the research done by Ghaleelullah Achmat, Lloyd Leach, Charlene Erasmus and Jill Kanaley, first published by BMJ.

Table 2 Descriptions of abbreviations

*ACSM’s Guidelines for Exercise Testing and PrescriptionLippincott Williams Wilkins, 2014.

ACSM, American College of Sport Medicine; HDL, HDL (high-density lipoprotein) cholesterol, sometimes called “good” cholesterol, absorbs cholesterol in the blood and carries it back to the liver. The liver then flushes it from the body. High levels of HDL cholesterol can lower your risk for heart disease and stroke. IFG, Impaired fasting glycaemia (IFG) is sometimes called pre-diabetes. This is when blood glucose levels in the body are raised, but are not high enough to mean that the person has diabetes. IFG means that the body isn't able to use glucose as efficiently as it should. LDL, LDL (low-density lipoprotein) cholesterol, sometimes called “bad” cholesterol, makes up most of your body's cholesterol. High levels of LDL cholesterol raise your risk for heart disease and stroke. OGTT, Oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTT) are used to measure how well the body can process a larger amount of sugar. If the blood sugar measured in the test is above a certain level, this could be a sign that sugar is not being absorbed enough by the body's cells.

Major Hazard Installation Regulations, 2022: Reminder of key dates for compliance by duty holders

By Kate Collier, Partner, Mbali Nkosi, Senior Associate and Mufaro Sambaza, Candidate Attorney at Webber Wentzel

The Major Hazard Installation (MHI) Regulations were published in January 2023, repealing the 2001 MHI Regulations. Webber Wentzel previously published an article outlining key timelines for compliance with the amended MHI Regulations. The MHI Regulations should be read together with the published Explanatory Note, which provides guidance to duty holders on interpreting the MHI Regulations and ensuring compliance.

The implementation of the MHI Regulations follows a staged approach over 36 months, with duty holders expected to have already complied with several obligations while others take effect by January 2026. Duty holders should be carefully tracking their progress to ensure that any actions requiring time for implementation are properly planned.

Obligations already in force and which duty holders can be assessed against By now, the following steps should have been completed by duty holders and embedded into safety management systems:

Designation of a competent, responsible person or persons (with the appropriate qualifications in high hazard establishments) in full-time capacity to monitor compliance with the OHSA and MHI Regulations.

Reviewing and updating emergency plans for existing establishments to ensure alignment with SANS 1514.

Training on the MHI Regulations and general good practice for employees involved in the processing, handling and storage of hazardous substances. There are three types of training provided

Regulation Deadline Compliance requirement

for in the explanatory note (i) general awareness/familiarisation training (ii) induction training and (iii) function-specific training. The training must be periodically reviewed and supplemented with refresher training being carried out periodically and at least every 12 months. Training must also be provided when there is a change in the establishment or when the MHI risk assessment has been revised.

Submission of the updated notifications of existing establishments to the relevant chief director and local government by 31 January 2025. This submission should have included the various required documents such as the permission on land use, letter of appointment of the competent person, inventory lists, most recent risk assessment, site maps and information regarding neighbours within the impact

Regulation 11 31 January 2026 Major incident prevention policies for High Hazard Establishments must be finalised and recorded in the format prescribed in Regulation 11 and Annexure C of the MHI Regulations. (After 31 January 2026, this requirement will apply to all establishments.)

Regulation 12 31 January 2026 Comprehensive safety reports for High Hazard Establishments, including the contents of Annexure D of the MHI Regulations, must be submitted to the Chief Inspector.

Regulation 13 31 January 2026 Existing High Hazard Establishments must apply for a licence to operate with the Chief Inspector.

zone. Once registered, the duty holder must conspicuously display the certificate of registration.

The MHI Regulations prescribe that failure by a duty holder to comply with the MHI Regulations, including obligations that were required to be met by the end of January 2025, constitutes an offence. Upon conviction, penalties may include fines ranging from ZAR 500 000 to ZAR 5 000 000 or imprisonment for a period not exceeding 24 months.

Future compliance obligations

Looking ahead, the MHI Regulations require High Hazard Establishments to meet certain obligations by 31 January 2026. The following compliance obligations should remain a priority for High Hazard Establishments:

Scope of application and exemptions

Establishments that were previously classified as MHIs under the repealed 2001 MHI Regulations but no longer meet the definition under the amended MHI Regulations must take steps for reclassification, as outlined in the Transition Strategy detailed in the Explanatory Note. The Transition Strategy, a new concept introduced

in the Explanatory Note, is not referenced in the MHI Regulations themselves. It seeks to address specific transitional arrangements for establishments that require re-evaluation in light of the amendments.

For de-classification and deregistration, duty holders must submit an exit report generated by an approved inspection authority (AIA), the prescribed Form A, various additional documents as specified in the Transition Strategy and local government support documentation. These must be submitted to the Provincial Operations for approval.

The Explanatory Note specifies that certain establishments may fall outside of the scope of the MHI Regulations, including those excluded under Regulation 2(6), which precludes nuclear installations governed by the Nuclear Energy Act 131 of 1993. These are characterised by hazards created by ionising radiation or where ionising radiation is present in a nuclear establishment.

However, the enforceability of these exclusions is in question, as the Explanatory Note is not legally binding. Other establishments that fall outside the scope of application

of the MHI Regulations are offshore establishments; mining establishments; transport of dangerous substances in transit and outside establishments (governed by separate legislation); and establishments operated within military, civil and aviation sectors.

While the MHI Regulations generally apply to all MHIs, low and medium-hazard establishments are not required to prepare safety reports or apply for a licence to operate. Additionally, low-hazard establishments are exempt from developing a major hazard prevention policy.

Duty holders must track key compliance deadlines and ensure ongoing compliance, as contravention of the MHI Regulations may result in fines or imprisonment. Furthermore, an inspector may determine that a duty holder’s noncompliance exposes employees to a health or safety risk and may prohibit the use of the plant, workplace, or machinery until compliance is achieved.

There are significant operational and legal risks associated with non-compliance with the MHI Regulations.

Kate Collier

Mbali Nkosi Mufaro Sambaza

The history and evolution of ground ladders

Medieval depiction of ladders used to rescue lives from a fire, Museum of Fire Collection

Ladders have existed for thousands of years, with archaeological findings such as a 10 000-year-old ladder found in a Neolithic settlement in Spain. However, their adaptation for firefighting is much more recent. In early urban environments, ladders were used to access upper storeys during rescues or firefighting efforts but there was no formal design or standard.

Ladders have been a fundamental firefighting tool for centuries, evolving from simple wooden ladders to sophisticated aerial devices. Initially used for accessing roofs and saving lives, they have become indispensable for rescue, access, ventilation and fire stream operations.

Pre-industrial use

Firefighting in ancient Rome under the Cohortes Vigilum, established circa 6AD, may have included wooden ladders for access and rescue. These ladders were heavy, hand-carried and lacked any standardisation or fire-specific features.

The 18th and 19th Centuries: Birth of organised fire services

As organised fire brigades emerged in the 18th Century, especially in Europe and North America, the need for standardised equipment grew. Ground ladders became an essential part of the firefighter’s toolkit.

The earliest use of ladders for firefighting appears to have been for the accessing and removing

of thatched roofs of buildings, with suggestions the practice dates back to the Roman Empire. As buildings grew taller, their use for saving life became apparent and following the invention of fire hoses the opportunities for gaining access to upper stories for firefighting also increased.

The hook ladder

The hook ladder, also known as a pompier ladder, from the French pompier meaning firefighter, is a type of ladder that can be attached to a window sill or similar ledge by the use of a hooked extending bill with serrations on the underside. The hooked ladder then hangs suspended vertically down the face of the building.

The ladder was developed to access buildings via enclosed alleys, lightwells and yards to which other types of ladder could not be taken. A pair of men and two ladders could be used to scale a building to considerable heights, by climbing from floor to floor and taking the ladders up behind and pitching to the next floor.

Historical French design

The original French design was a single beam ladder with pairs of rungs projected outward on both sides of the beam. The British version was a conventional two-string ash ladder around four metres long and 25 centimetres wide.

Hook ladders can be used to scale from floor to floor on multi-storey buildings by way of exterior windows. The ladders hook onto the window ledge by a "gooseneck" projecting from the top. Lengths vary from three to five metres.

Early pumping engines

The early pumping engines were too small to carry ladders on board, so they were carried by the responding firefighters. The need for longer and disproportionally heavier, ladders and the later use of extendable ladders of even greater weight soon led to the development of means of transporting them.

In the United States, Hook and Ladder Trucks had appeared by the start of the 19th Century. These were usually a four-wheel wagon, either hand or (later) horse drawn, with racks and brackets by which a number of long ladders, hooks, buckets, axes, etc could be transported to the fireground.

Conversely in the early 19th Century, the United Kingdom began to develop its version of ladders utilised for rescue. Taking

a slightly different approach then the USA, England saw the formation of a group known as ‘The Royal Society for the Protection of Life from Fire’. The organisation began in 1836 and their main focus was on the deployment of escape ladders and portable ladder units to assist in the rescuing people from fire.

The early versions of escape ladders comprised of a single ladder length of about six to seven metres, with a canvas ‘chute’ to assist in evacuation of victims. Additional heights could be achieved by adding a portable ladder. Large versions evolved from this, using one or two addition sliding lengths within the ladder allowing height up to 20m. These were transported on vehicles, initially hand drawn and horse drawn carriages.

By 1865, the Metropolitan Fire Brigade Act in the UK placed the responsibility of providing an efficient fire brigade onto the Metropolitan Board of Works and the equipment and staff of the Royal Society for the Protection of Life from Fire were absorbed into the new organisation.

Escape ladders would be introduced to Australia in 1854/55 by T Bown, the superintendent at the time for the Insurance Fire Brigade Company in Sydney. Bown would acquire a single Wivell Fire Escape Ladder unit which would be used by his company for the next decade. Whilst Bown went about acquiring the Escape Ladder, Andrew Torning, the “father of volunteer firefighting”, who had a vested interest in rescue techniques formerly complained in 1877 that the insurance brigades were more concerned

Historical French design hook scaling ladder, Pearson Scott Foresman

A typical small hand or horse drawn Hook and Ladder Truck of the 1890s Museum of Fire Collection

with saving property than with saving life and hence the Escape Ladder was falling into disrepair from neglect. As a result, Torning would commission the manufacturing of his own ladder truck, which was made in 1877 by Mr William Halley, being inspired by the Hook and Ladder Companies, which could be found in the USA.

Interestingly, by the late 1880s, escape ladders would continue to be uncommon with few brigades actually possessing their own escape ladder unit. Superintendent Bear, the first

chief officer of the Metropolitan Fire Brigade (MFB; now known as Fire and Rescue NSW, FRNSW) would go on to state in 1888 how their use in Sydney was hindered by overhead tram and telephone wires as well as the operation of such Escape Ladders and appropriate crew being too costly a service to ever ask the average taxpayer to support. Ultimately this led to escape ladders not being more widely adopted in Sydney until the turn of the century once issues like telephone wires had been resolved by being installed underground.

During the 1910s, some of the wheeled escape and curricle ladders of the horse drawn era were transferred onto motor appliances in the fleet but by the 1920s they were removed and no longer utilised by the brigade.

Whilst wheeled escape ladders fell out of use in Sydney in the 1920s, other states and territories would continue to utilise them for much longer. The one on display at the Museum of Fire was manufactured by Merryweather for the Darwin Fire Brigade in the 1950s. Other states would continue using them until the 1980s and Melbourne would possess a wheeled escape ladder which they use up until 2006.

Key milestones

Joseph Winters, inventor of an improved fire escape ladder with a sizer lift in 1878, making it easier for firefighters to handle ladders.

Ahrens-Fox Fire Engine Company introduced a double-banked ladder rack in 1923, allowing ladders to be stored efficiently. The air hoist ladder mechanism, refined by Ahrens-Fox, was a significant advancement, improving efficiency and replacing spring mechanisms.

In the 1930s, Sam Carbis revolutionised ground ladders with the invention of the aluminium ground extension ladder. This new design gained popularity quickly, becoming the standard in many fire departments worldwide. Aluminium ladders were lighter, taller, offered better grip for wet

Escape ladders in use at a fire in Kent Street, UK, October 1902, Museum of Fire Collection

gloves and boots and supported heavier load capacities.

Materials and construction:

Traditional materials

Wood: Early ladders were constructed from hardwoods like oak and ash, offering strength but resulting in heavy, cumbersome equipment. For a long time, wood was the primary material for firefighting ladders, prized for its ability to resist electricity and heat, as well as its strength. Frederick Seagrave's wooden ladders became a mainstay.

Steel

Introduced for its strength, steel ladders were heavier and more prone to heat-related deformations.

Shift to aluminium

Aluminium alloys: By the mid20th Century, aluminium alloys became the material of choice. They offered a balance between strength and weight, improving manoeuvrability and reducing fatigue for firefighters.

Fibreglass

Non-conductive and resistant to corrosion, fibreglass ladders became popular for scenarios involving electrical hazards. However, they are generally heavier than aluminium alternatives.

Trussed beams

Trussed beam ladders offer a lighter alternative to solid beam ladders, while maintaining strength.

Aerial devices

Modern aerial ladder trucks,

mounted on fire trucks, are designed for maximising vertical reach and are crucial for rescue, ventilation and fire extinguishment operations.

Mid to late 20th Century: Technological refinement

Modern ladder designs: Beam types: Box beam, I-beam, truss beam constructions emerged. Extension ladders became standard for reaching multi-story buildings. Ladders ranged in length from 10ft (attic ladders) to 50ft (Bangor ladders).

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Heat sensitivity

Heat sensors were introduced to indicate if a ladder had been exposed to temperatures that might compromise integrity, typically 149 degrees Celsius.

Specialisation

• Ground ladders were tailored for various purposes:

• Roof ladders with hooks for pitched roof access.

• Attic ladders for tight quarters.

• Fresno ladders for narrow alleyways or internal stairwells.

21st Century: safety, ergonomics and materials science

Composite materials: Introduction of fibreglass composite ladders, especially for applications near electrical hazards. These offer non-

conductive properties but are generally heavier than aluminium.

Ergonomic improvements

Design optimisations reduced weight while improving grip and stability. Anti-slip rungs, improved

foot pads and better balance points were incorporated.

Integration with modern firefighting tactics

• Ground ladders continue to be essential despite the rise of aerial apparatus:

• Used in vent-enter-search (VES) operations.

• Provide redundant access or egress points.

• Used in areas where aerial apparatus can't reach due to terrain or congestion.

While many departments have transitioned to aluminium, a few still use wooden ladders, with the San Francisco Fire Department being the most notable. They remain the only department that uses custom-built, handcrafted wooden ladders.

Conclusion

From primitive wooden tools to precision-engineered lifesaving devices, the ground ladder remains an iconic and essential piece of firefighting equipment. Its evolution reflects broader trends in materials science, safety engineering and operational tactics. As firefighting continues to face new challenges, the ground ladder will undoubtedly continue to adapt, preserving its place as one of the most trusted tools in the firefighter's arsenal.

Sources: Museum of Fire Heritage Team, Essentials of Fire Fighting and Fire Department Operations 5th Edition 2008, International Fire Service Training Association, NFPA, London Fire Brigade, San Francisco Fire Department

Fire and Rescue International Vol 8 No 1

Ode to the wildland firefighter

Wildfires

Cover profile

Firefighting foam

New equipment

Toughest Firefighter Alive 2025

Water rescue

Cancer prevention and PPE

Wildfires

People

Exciting news! Rural Metro Training Academy as IFSAC accredited!

Accredited courses

Williams WNF33A: Leading the transition to fluorine-free firefighting foam

The future of industrial firefighting

Conclusion

Navigating the transition to sustainable firefighting foams: Key factors for system compatibility

Impact

System-wide design adjustments

Impact on proportioning equipment

System flow dynamics

Adjusting discharge systems

The green revolution in firefighting: A look at the latest Fluorine-free foams

Why the shift?

Key developments in the latest

Diverse applications

Environmental responsibility

Equipment

Challenges and the path forward

Cobra Fire: New Induna Rural Fire Pumper delivered to Malawi

Toughest Firefighter Alive 2025 will be hosted by the Garden Route District Municipality in George

OceanAlpha’s Dolphin3 Remote Controlled Rescue Buoy: Revolutionising water rescue operations

Applications

Benefits

Navigating chaos: The art and urgency of managing swift-water rescue incidents

Setting up a swift-water rescue system

Pre-deployment risk assessment

Pre-deployment briefing

Ongoing monitoring and postdeployment review

Are we endangering the lives of our firefighters?

Criteria

Heat Loss (THL)

NFPA 1971 (US)

EN 469 - European Standard for Structural Firefighting PPE

EN 469 (EU)

Conclusion: Firefighter safety first

The vital membrane: How NFPA 1970's requirement for flash hoods is enhancing firefighter protection and reducing cancer risks

The Ongoing pursuit of firefighter safety

Biggin Hill Airport Rescue and Fire Fighting Service: The story so far

Clear the path, stop the fire with accelerated speed powered by the Stihl BR700 and BR800 backpack blowers

The importance of investing in a weather station

Want to become an incident commander?

Bridging the fire gap: integrating IFM and CBFiM for equitable wildfire management in South Africa

Toward fire-adapted communities

Quick Reaction Force (QRF) introduced

Command Corner: Operational briefings

After decades of service, then what?

Preserving the legacy of the Alberton Fire Department: Honouring history through memories and a book

A legacy of service

Fulfilling promises:

Unearthing forgotten history

A historic gathering

Not the end of the journey

Annual Women in Emergency, Disaster Management and Fire Services Leadership Conference

7 and 8 August 2025, Southern Sun Hotel, Sandton

Key sessions

Upcoming

The effect of physical activity on coronary heart disease risk factors among firefighters: a scoping review protocol

Stage 1: Identification of the research question and objectives

Outcomes

Stage 2: Identifying relevant studies

Identification of studies in the registered databases

Stage 3: Study selection

Risk of bias

Quality assessment

Strength and limitation of this study

Table 2 Descriptions of abbreviations

Major Hazard Installation Regulations, 2022: Reminder of key dates for compliance by duty holders

Regulation Deadline Compliance requirement

The history and evolution of ground ladders