Design Studio 3A- Emma Lee

the library of

SOCIAL HOUSING.

DS3A DESIGN RESEARCH PROPOSAL Emma Lee

CONTENTS.

01.

02.

03.

04.

INTRODUCTION The Brief Background Context

SPATIAL CONTEXT History of Ancoats

Annotated Floor Plan

Brownsfield Mill

Component Analysis

AV Roe & Co.

Structural Analysis

Conservation Area

Environmental Analysis

Urban Regeneration

Plans and Sections

RESEARCH CONTEXT Precedent #1

Literature Review

Precedent #2

Participatory Research

Precedent #3

Observational Research

Introduction to Research

Audience Identification

DESIGN CONTEXT Concept Modelling Reference List

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INTRODUCTION DS3A

01

THE BRIEF. The development of social house-building has seen a rapid decline in production through history since the beginning. The demand for housing has progressively oustripped the supply, which has generated mass homelessness and poverty for many. Those who are living in housing experience poor, covercrowded living conditions, at extortionate prices due to the rise of the private sector.

The government are not doing enough to solve this problem that will only continue getting worse.

The Library of Social Housing takes a new perspective on the definition of social housing, in a way that strives towards a new generation of self build housing. It is designed to move away from the private sector and take back control into the hands of the people to create happier living, stronger communities and a more self sustainable future. It will house innovative workshops, lectures spaces, gallery, library and a restaurant where both experts and non experts will work together on projects to play a social and active part in the future of house-building.

brief

Goals, missions, demographic

DS3A - INTRODUCTION

|

THE BRIEF

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INTRODUCTION DS3A

THE STORY OF SOCIAL HOUSING. 01

“Housing provided for people on low incomes or with particular needs by government or non-profit orgations. ” - Official definition of Social Housing, Oxford Dictonary

https://www.ft.com/content/eab48cd2-06a2-11e8-9650-9c0ad2d7c5b5

After the Second World War, the government embarked on a large-scale

ly

programme for the production of mass housing as a way of tackling grow-

Following this boom in housing development, Margaret Thatcher released

Since

ing social problems of slums, violence and crime, and the need to house

“The Right to Buy Act” in 1980, which created a major shift in housing pro-

er

returning soldiers due to the destruction of war (England Shelter, 2022a).

duction. This enabled tenants to buy their homes at significant discounts, and

The Housing Act 1988 was released in an attempt to address the housing short-

during the 5 years following this scheme, 512,876 council houses were sold

ages and encourage people to rent again. This act introduced long and short term

(Davis & Wigfield, 2010, p. 9). Soon enough, local government housebuilding began

tenancies, however due to the growing debt the local authorities were facing, this

rapidly declining because social homes were being sold off sooner than they were

act abandoned the fair-rent regime. Private housing associations therefore elevat-

being replaced. This demand outstripping supply left the government with growing

ed the cost of rent for tenants. (Reeves, 2005 & Homelet, 2022). This created

debt and limited power and resources to continue building (England Shelter, 2022a).

incremental social problems because the demand for housing outstripped supply,

More desirable homes such as detached and semi-detached housing sold

and when it was available it was unaffordable, which increased homelessness and

quicker,

poverty for ordinary people. The only housing that was available was the more

“In the 35 years following the Second World War, local authorities and housing associations built 4.4 million social homes”

Private Housing associations were also given a subsidy towards their developments to conform to the fair-rent regime which created low cost, affordable housing and long-term tenancies for the UK (Reeves, 2005, p. 10). until

the

1980s,

that

while

the

housing

crisis

had

been

largely

flats and high-rise blocks hardly shifted (Farall,

solved.

2015).

It was at this point that the development of housing began to face growing problems. then,

most

of

housing the

very

associations low

numbers

have of

been social

able homes

to

deliv-

being

built.

undesirable flats and high-rise blocks, and they were left with the “preserve of

- England Shelter, 2022a.

Up

considered

it

was

general-

“In 1980, 94,140 social homes were built.

society’s poorest citizens” for those that could not afford rising house costs.

But by 1983, supply had halved to just

conditions and worsened drug, violence and crime rates (Farall, 2015, para. 6).

This segregation of disadvantaged communities created inequality, poor living

44,240 new social homes” - England Shelter, 2022a.

DS3A - INTRODUCTION | BACKGROUND CONTEXT

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INTRODUCTION DS3A

01 https://www.gov.uk/government/statistical-data-sets/live-tables-on-house-building

Today we are facing the effects of a failure in housing policy spanning 40

change now (England Shelter, 2022a). Failure to build affordable social homes

years long. This housing crisis has seen a huge decline in social housing, and

inkeeping with the demand for housing has caused a mass housing crisis.

together with the rising cost of living crisis in 2022, those who are stuck in unaffordable private renting has increased homelessness and poverty excluding deprived communities. Drug, violence and crime rates are soaring due to lack of opportunites for people who cannot escape from the hole.

Private renters are forced to accept poor quality homes, and families are stuck in poor cramped living conditions, too scared of eviction to speak up, while home ownership is seen as an impossible dream (England Shelter, 2022a).This has detrimental effects on both the mental and physical wellbeing of people.

This will continue to affect future generations if

something does not

“Almost 2.5 million renters are either behind or constantly struggling to pay their rent- an increase of 45% since April 2022” - England Shelter, 2022b.

WE ARE FACING A PROBLEM. “17.5 million people are now affected by the housing emergency”- England Shelter, 2021.

https://england.shelter.org.uk/support_us/campaigns/story_ of_social_housing

“Our flat is in a terrible condition – lots of damp and it’s freezing in winter because there’s no insulation. In some ways, it’s probably a good thing for us to leave, but I know we won’t be able to afford anywhere else nearby.”

- Lola, Private Renter

“My rent is over half my monthly income, so that’s where most of my money goes. It’s hard to afford other things we need. I am cutting back and doing the best I can, but there are times we can’t live on the money we’ve got.”

- Nadine, private renter

https://england.shelter.org.uk/support_us/campaigns/story_of_ social_housing

DS3A - INTRODUCTION | BACKGROUND CONTEXT

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INTRODUCTION DS3A

01

SOCIAL HOUSING IS ...

‘A skills

The official definition of “Social Housing” is described as “Housing provided for people on low incomes or with particular needs by government agencies or non profit organisations” (OED, 2022). However, when picking apart the individual words and seeing them from a different pespective, they obtain completely new meanings By doing this, a new definition can be drawn;

community for

the

of

people

development

gaining of

knowledge

self-build

and

housing.’

Social noun & adjective

BRITISH

1. An informal social gathering, especially one organised by the members of a particular club or group.

2. Relating to interaction with other people. RITISH

3. Needing companionship and therefore being best suited in communities.

Housing noun & verb

B

BRITISH

1. Houses and flats considered effectively.

2. Provide shelter or accommodation.

3. Provide space for, contain or accommodate.

DS3A - INTRODUCTION | BACKGROUND CONTEXT

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SPATIAL CONTEXT DS3A

HISTORY OF ANCOATS.

02 In 1792, Manchester and Salford Police Act divided towns into 14 police dis-

by warehouses and mill buildings aswell as parcels of housing, and An-

tricts. Ancoats became the first and largest district, spanning 404 acres, “its

coats was labelled the “Worlds first industrial suburb” (Minerva, n.d.).

boundaries being Newton Lane to the north, the River Medlock to the south

However, a combination of both World War I & II led to the destruc-

and east, and Ancoats Lane to the west”. (Rose et al., 2011, p. 8). The in-

tion of buildings during Manchester City Centre, and the Cotton Mill

dustrial revolution began during the early 18th century and Manchester saw

production in Ancoats was no longer needed due to raw cotton tak-

rapid trade and population growth due to the development of new technologies.

ing up too much valuable shipping space, which therefore led to loss of

The Rochdale Canal was constructed during 1804 across “Manchester to Fair-

jobs and by the 1960s cotton mills had virtually ceased (Rose et al., 2011).

field, with branches to Ashton-under-Lyne and to New Mill, near Oldham” (Rose

The harsh economic climate as a result of the war led to unemployment

et al., 2011, p. 11). This accelerated the industrialisation of Manchester because

rising and people fell further into poverty while slum housing increased. By

it created an easy and cost-effective method of transporting goods from various

1959, “68,000 houses in Manchester were described as ‘grossly unfit’. Due

cities. The influx of these raw materials stimulated the development of sawmills,

to this, many houses were demolished and others were left to rot along

pin mills, (cotton mill), printing and dying works, iron and brass foundry and rub-

with other commercial premises. However the mill’s were recognised as

ber work within Ancoats (Minerva, n.d.). The development of the canals provided

significant to the historical interest of the industrial revolution whereby

a canal navigation system around England acting as transportation for the steam

many mills became listed, and “in June 1989 Manchester City Council des-

powered mills long before the railway system was introduced, which gave Ancoats

ignated a conservation area” (Rose et al., 2011, p. 69). Today Ancoats has

its significance as an area that generated intensive industrial and residential devel-

become a urban led regeneration area in which many of the Mills including

opment (Rose et al., 2011).Figure 1 & 2 show the textiles industry in the Beehive

Beehive Mill and Brownsfield Mill have been preserved for their historical

Mill in Ancoats during the industrialisation vs the restoration in the 21st century

significance, while private organisations are also undergoing regenerations to

The surrounding area during the industrial revolution was characterised

bring new life into the buildings and serve new purposes (Rose et al., 2011).

FIGURE 1: https://historicengland.org.uk/images-books/publications/ancoats/ancoats/

In 1792, Manchester and Salford Police Act divided towns into 14 police districts. Ancoats became the first and largest district, spanning 404 acres, “its boundaries being Newton Lane to the north, the River Medlock to the south and east, and Ancoats Lane to the west”. (Rose et al., 2011, p. 8). The industrial revolution began during the early 18th century and Manchester saw rapid trade and population growth due to the development of new technologies.

The Rochdale Canal was constructed during 1804 across “Manchester to Fairfield, with branches to Ashton-under-Lyne and to New Mill, near Oldham” (Rose et al., 2011, p. 11). This accelerated the industrialisation of Manchester because it created an easy and cost-effective method of transporting goods from various cities. The influx of these raw materials stimulated the development of sawmills, pin mills, (cotton mill), printing and dying works, iron and brass foundry and rubber work within Ancoats (Minerva, n.d.). The development of the canals provided a canal navigation system around England acting as transportation for the steam powered mills long before the railway system was introduced, which gave Ancoats its significance as an area that generated intensive industrial and residential development (Rose et al., 2011).Figure (_) shows the textiles industry in the Beehive Mill in Ancoats during the industrialisation vs the restoration in the 21st century.

DS3A - HISTORY OF ANCOATS | SPATIAL CONTEXT

FIGURE 2: https://historicengland.org.uk/images-books/publications/ancoats/ancoats/

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SPATIAL CONTEXT DS3A

02 https://historicengland.org.uk/images-books/publications/ancoats/ancoats/

https://historicengland.org.uk/images-books/publications/ancoats/ancoats/

From the 1870s, housing was rapidly constructed around “Great Ancoats Street

turing sites. This gave Ancoats the name of “The world’s first industrial suburb”

and Oldham Road, spreading north-eastwards towards German (now Radium)

and the steam-powered mills such as Brownsfield Mill and Jacksons Warehouse

Street and Union (now Redhill) Street” (Rose et al., 2011, p. 37). These small

became a defining feature of Ancoats (Minerva, n.d. & Rose et al., 2011).

parcels of housing were open to let and sub-let, where most were lost from

The rapid growth of industry made it a major attraction towards job seekers,

their original owners and owned by third parties of small businesses. These

and in 1901, the population of Ancoats was 11,000 however the development

houses were generally brick built and 2-storeys high with “small rooms and

of “The huge mills of the Murray brothers and of McConnel and Kennedy on

minimal facilities”as shown in the photograph to the left (Rose et al., 2011, p.

Union Street were employing some 1,500 workers each by 1830 (Rose et al.,

40). Tenants suffered from poor living conditions and overcrowding became a

2011, p.46). By 1861, it the population of Ancoats reached to 56,000. During

problem as families were sharing with lodgers, and privvies were often shared

this time the Manchester City Council was established in 1838, and by 1850,

by several families on the street. In 1885 The housing in Ancoats was declared

they recognised the need for municipal housing to deal with the increasing pop-

‘unhealthy’ by the “Unhealthy Dwellings Act” 1885. (Rose et al., 2011, p. 51). By

ulation and poor living conditions that existed in current back-to-back hous-

1886, Ancoats became a dense mixture of workers housing arranged in streets

ing. In 1904, much of Ancoats existing houses had been cleared or converted

and alleys of back-to-back terraced housing, within close proximity to manufac-

however there were still large portions of slum properties (Rose et al., 2011).

DS3A - HISTORY OF ANCOATS | SPATIAL CONTEXT

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SPATIAL CONTEXT DS3A

BROWNSFIELD MILL. Brownsfield Mill is a 7-storey building that was built during 1825 after rapid technolog-

ent functions and has undergone many refurbishments up to the late 1980s.

ical advances during the industrial revolution. Construction took place in two phases where it was extended with a 6-storey annex shortly after in 1831, to make 12 bays

After many successful years serving as a cotton spinning power mill, it was taken over by Hum-

forming an L shape. It is located on the Rochdale Canal in Ancoats, approximately

phry Verdon Roe serving as a textiles factory where he began building aeroplanes in 1901, in

one mile north-east of Manchester City Centre and adjacent to Northern Quarter.

which A.V Roe & Co was formed that was declared the world’s first aeroplane manufacturer.

It was regarded as “one of the Ancoats Mills” after forming part of the “mill wall” of

Due to the association with one of the most famous british aircraft manufacturers, it gained

historic industrial buildings during the 18th century (Stephenson Studio, 2017, p. 8).

its Grade II listing in 1988, declaring the building of national Importance. Therefore careful

The chimney is now also the oldest surviving mill chimney in Ancoats

(Ste-

considerations must be taken in line with legislative frameworks to preserve the build-

phenson Studio, 2017). Over the years it has served as a variety of differ-

ings existing fabric when undergoing any necessary resotration or regenerative projects.

0302

INSERT PHOTO OF BROWNSFIELD MILL HERE

FIGURE 3:

https://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/property/inside-converted-loft-apartments-once-18790372

A.V ROE & CO. THE WORLD’S FIRST AEROPLANE MANUFACTURER

Humphry Verdon Roe and his brother Alliott both founded A.V. Roe & Company on 1st January 1910 which was the first company in the world that registered as an aeroplane manufacturer. Initial constructions of the aeroplanes were built in the cellar of Brownsfield Mill by Alliott as shown in figure 3 (Waterbird, 2013). However, the cellar had proven to be difficult, whereby the aircraft was built in situ in the cellar however it had to be dismantled so that it could be moved outside. From there, it was delivered to the train station via horse and cart and then transported to the flying school in Brooklands. Avro built several aircrafts in the cellar of Brownsfield Mill, including the “Avro Type D, which became the first British plane to take off from water, and the world’s first aircraft with an enclosed cockpit, the Avro Type F” (Avro Heritage Museum, 2022, para. 3). Avro

FIGURE 4: https://maps.nls.uk/geo/explore/

then became a limited company in 1913 , and it the decision was made to relocate from Brownsfield Mill to Miles Platting in Manchester due to the businesses vast growth, whereby more space was needed to fulfil orders. The new works then opened in March 1913.

Due to Brownsfield Mill housing this construction of the world’s first aeroplane manufacture,, the conservation and preservation of it’s existing architecture is of high significance and therefore this cultural heritage is the reason for its listing (Stephenson Studio, 2017).

The map in figure 4 dating back between 1892-1914 shows an arm of the canal following around the south- west side of the building, immediately adjacent to the canal.

However, figure 5 displaying a map of 2022 shows the canal no longer running along the south-west side. as it was in fact infilled between 1935-1948. Due to this, here were no original entrances on this side of the building. However there is an arched opening on the lower ground annex of the building that was used as an entry point for boats to deliver raw materials into the mill when it was developed. (Stephenson Studio, 2017).

DS3A - BROWNSFIELD MILL | SPATIAL CONTEXT FIGURE 5: https://earth.google.com/web/ & Author

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SPATIAL CONTEXT DS3A

CONSERVATION AREA.

02 The Ancoats conservation area is located outside Manchester City Centre, to the

cations of nearby listed buildings within the area, along with general plots and nearby

north of Great Ancoats Street. Manchester City Council states that the character and

points of interest such as bars and restaurants, leisure activities and carparking plots.

appearance of the Ancoats Conservation area is of high significance to Manchester because it encompasses a collection of historic and civic buildings such as the principle

Due to the importance of this building in which it gained its grade II listing, and be-

mills and warehouses that run along the Rochdale Canal during the Industrial Revolution.

ing within the vicinity of the area which holds mill’s and warehouses of high signif-

These buildings are a symbol of the mass population and economy growth that Man-

icance to the 19th century, it is of upmost importance that legal frameworks such

chester experienced during the 19th century as a result of new technologies, where

as the National Planning Policy Framework (NPPF), Heritage England and other

Ancoats became known as “World’s first industrial suburb” (Minerva, n.d.). In particular

legal and regulatory frameworks to not “harm the appearance of the area” or “have

Brownsfield Mill became a heritage asset due the housing of A.V Roe & Co as the world’s

an adverse effect on the buildings architectural character” (MHCLG, 2012, p.50).

first aeroplane manufacturer. Although the mill does not lie within this conservation

Therefore, it is important to preserve their existing architectural and historic inter-

area, it is located within very close proximity to it, to the north of Brownsfield Mill

est when undergoing any regenerative or restorative projects on Brownsfield Mill.

across Great Ancoats Street (Manchester City Council. N.d.). FIigure 6 shows the lo-

3

4 2

5

1 6 9

2

5

1 1

7

4

8

3 2 10

4

5

3 11

THE SITE LISTED BUILDINGS GENERAL PLOTS

POINTS OF INTEREST Bars and Restaurants

Leisure activities

Car parking

1 Street Urchin

1 Greater Manchester Police Museum & Archives

1 NCP Car Park Manchester Port Street

2 Vietnamese Shack

2 Easy Hotel Manchester City Centre

2 Chili Carp Park

3 Rudy’s Pizza

3 Aldi

3 Good Parking

4 Bem Brasil Northern Quarter

4 Go Outdoors

4 Citipark 1 Port Street

5 Cookie Smash

5 Retail Park

5 Citipark 2

6 Pie and Ale 7 Fan Boy three 8 Ezra & Gill 9 Port Street Beer House 10 Feel Good Club 11 The Pen & Pencil

FIGURE 6:

Author

DS3A - CONSERVATION AREA | SPATIAL CONTEXT

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SPATIAL CONTEXT DS3A

02

URBAN REGENERATION. Due to Manchester facing growing economic decline and de-

has seen new repair and restoration works to perform a complete

population after the war, many of the mills along with Browns-

regeneration of the area and revitalise the area with the help from

field Mill fell into a state of decay and suffered from a lack of

heritage bodies such as Historic England (Historic England, 2022).

maintenance.

More recently many of the historic warehouses

Brownsfield Mill, now named ‘AVRO’ by architects Stephenson Stu-

and mills have been converted into residential and commer-

dio is located within close proximity to the Northern Quarter, and

cial uses by private investors, such as office, retail and car

features apartments which span one, two and three bedrooms rang-

parking developments. Brownsfield Mill is now undergoing a

ing from 829-2,600 sq ft. Many of the original features of the build-

regeneration project by Urban Splash in collaboration with

ing have been left exposed as shown in figure 7 such as brickwork,

Stephenson Studio’s for the new development of 30 private

cast iron columns, and original ceilings and fittings which allows

apartments, in which is has been renamed “AVRO” from aero-

the old architecture to compliment the new (Urban Splash, 2022).

plane manufacturers, A.V Roe & Co (Stephenson Studio, 2017).

It is understood that this adaptive re-use project is already be-

FIGURE 7:

Ancoats has seen a complete turning point following its once ne-

ing utilised to provide housing for the community, and therefore

glected and abandoned mills and warehouses during it’s the state

it seems logical for the second annex phase of the building to

of decline after World War II. The designation of the conservation

remain as a housing development, while the first phase will

area together with the new grade listings of Ancoats former mills,

be the main scope of design for the Library of Social Housing.

https://www.business-live.co.uk/economic-development/urban-splash-completes-transformation-iconic-20230952

DS3A - URBAN REGENERATION | SPATIAL CONTEXT

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SPATIAL CONTEXT DS3A

ANNOTATED FLOOR PLAN.

02 First Floor Plan 1:200 @ A3

DS3A - ANNOTATED FLOOR PLAN | SPATIAL CONTEXT

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SPATIAL CONTEXT DS3A

COMPONENT ANALYSIS.

Industrial architecture emerged as a response to the advancement of new technologies and

and stability of the heavy machinery. Exposed brickwork, ductwork and pipes that would

raw materials such as concrete and metal, in which whereby mass production methods be-

otherwise be covered up in residential construction, and lack of ornamentation on the

gun taking place mainly in Britain from the 18th-19th century. Therefore, architecture was

building facades. Decorative elements were rarely included and when they were they

built around the needs of industries who aimed to transform materials into finished goods

were usually classic. In addition, large grid windows on the exterior created natural

as efficiently as possible. Architects had to consider the safety concerns and priority had

light which was for the purpose of increasing the production levels of the workers. Tall

shifted towards practicality of buildings in comparison with aesthetics (Hohenadel, 2022).

spherical and sometimes rectangular chimneys were also typical features used to eject

Typical features of industrial architecture involved large narrow open floor plans with

gases generated by producing goods (Hohenadel, 2022). It is evident that Brownsfield

high ceilings to ensure enough room for engineering machines and utilites. Strong raw

Mill has many of these features incorporated into it’s architecture due to the era it

materials were utilised in the design such as concrete, brick and metal to ensure strength

was built in and its function as a cotton spinning power mill during the 19th century.

02

FIGURE 8:

https://www.sketchup.com/plans-and-pricing/sketchup-free & Author

The Roof is likely to consist of a queen post roof truss, which is typical victorian architecture at the time of the industrial revolution. This consists of two parallel queen post trusses that meet at the apex of the tie beam and support the straning beam. The diagram shows a detail drawing of the roof structure in Brownsfield Mill, with labels referring to each of the components. Figure 8 shows the queen post style roof structure present in Brownsfiield Mill.

Brownsfield Mill’s cotton spinning chimney has been built 4 layers thick of red flemish bond brick. It is spherical shape and has been built at an angle of the two ranges and also houses a stair turret. Tall chimneys were created to catch the highest winds and therefore allow the smoke to disperse as high as possible so that they would avoid affecting the city and immediate surroundings. The chimney in Brownsfield Mill has been recorded as Manchesters oldest surviving mill chimney, so it is of upmost importance that any remedial works are undertaken to ensure logeveity as a feature of the building of historical interest.

Brownsfield mill shares similar features of victorian architecture which occured between mid to late 19th century.

Stepped brick foundations are a common foundation method during the victorian era and was utilised for the construction of Brownsfield Mill. The bricks serve as a footing for the ground which is then further supported by a concrete base.

DS3A - COMPONENT ANALYSIS | SPATIAL CONTEXT

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SPATIAL CONTEXT

STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS.

DS3A

02 First Floor Structural Grid 1:200 @ A3

FIGURE 9:

https://www.sketchup.com/plans-and-pricing/sketchup-free & Author

DS3A - STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS | SPATIAL CONTEXT

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SPATIAL CONTEXT DS3A

02 FIGURE 10:

https://www.sketchup.com/plans-and-pricing/sketchup-free & Author

The building was built in two phases, the first being situated towards the

ments of arched grid windows were also typical of industrial warehouses in

south east in 1825, and shortly after in 1831, phase 2 was built which is

order to maximise natural daylighting for the workforce in order to maximise

the shorter side on the south west. Therefore the building possesses two

work efficiency. Structurally, the interior is held up by cast iron columns sep-

separete structures throughout although they remain relatively similar.

arated at approximately 2 metre intervals, and supporting the load of timber beams at ceiling height. Each floor consists of timber floorboards separated

Due to the rise of industrialisation during the 19th century, architects took

perpendicular to timber beams on the ceiling to create added strength. Both

to the development of buildings and warehouses in a more practical way

phases of construction shared the same structural features. Architects of ware-

over traditional and ornamental victorian architecture. This was due to the

houses during the 19th century prioritised the stability of the building and this

safety concernes of workforces and need to transform materials into finished

was to ensure each floor could hold heavy machinery. However the structural

goods as efficiently as possible (Hohenadel, 2022). Therefore, as shown in

grid of both phases shows some indifferences to the layout of the structure.

figure 9 and 10 displaying architectural and structural features of Brownsfield Mill, the load bearing exteiror walls consist of brickwork. Frequent place-

DS3A - STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS | SPATIAL CONTEXT

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SPATIAL CONTEXT

ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS.

DS3A

02 FIGURE 11:

https://www.sketchup.com/plans-and-pricing/sketchup-free & Author

An environmental analysis of the building will help to discover the ex-

Advantages to Brownsfield Mill is that there are very frequent win-

isting conditions with regard to levels of sustainability. Due to recent

dows which are orientated on the facades where the sun path travels.

developments of modern methods of construction, net zero targets

Therefore architects have evidently took advantage of the sun path

are of upmost importance to the development of new buildings, and

in their design in order to encourage workforce productivity,

where Brownsfield Mill is an existing listed building, the new regener-

this orientation and frequent placement of windows in connection

ation must ensure to remain update the building with retrofit systems in

with sun path can help to retrofit the building through sustainable

line with legislative and regulatory frameworks. However in order to

systems such as triple glazing and photovoltaic solar panels. This

do so, an analysis of the buildings existing condition much be explored.

can therefore help to maximise the efficiency of the warehouse.

Figure 11 shows an analysis on the heating and cooling loads of the

Figure 12 shows greenspace, access and noise to Brownsfield Mill. It is

building. The cold air on the exterior is seeping into the interior while

evident that the most noise pollution is located from the main Great

the heating loads are escaping due to lack of airtightness. This is due to

Ancoats Street and nearby carparks. Therefore, sufficient acoustic

the absence of efficient systems such as damp proofing layers, insula-

systems must be installed to control the level of noise entering the

tion and presence of thermal bridging techniques, and due to this, cost

building. There is also an absence of greenspaces around Brownsfield

and energy on mechanical systems is utilised to regulate temperatures.

Mill, which is a disadvantage to the location. A proposal is recom-

Therefore, in order to alleviate these problems and increase the sus-

mended to be put forward to Manchester City Council for a new

tainability of the building, retroffiting of new systems is compulory.

masterplan of the area, to encourage more greenspaces along with

In addition to this, other ways to maximise the efficiency of

easier access to electric bikes and lime scooters in order to encourage

buildings is to take advantage of the sun and natural daylight-

walking and sustainable methods of transport over vehicular transport.

ing which is shown on images of the sun and shadows each month.

and

SECTION B-B 1:200 @ A3

FIGURE 12:

Author

JANUARY @ 12PM

FEBRUARY @ 12PM

MARCH @ 12PM

APRIL @ 12PM

MAY @ 12PM

JUNE @ 12PM

JULY @ 12PM

AUGUST @ 12PM

SEPTEMBER @ 12PM

OCTOBER @ 12PM

NOVEMBER @ 12PM

DECEMBER @ 12PM

FIGURE 12:

https://www.sketchup.com/plans-and-pricing/sketchup-free & Author

DS3A - ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS | SPATIAL CONTEXT

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SPATIAL CONTEXT

DS3A

02

Lower Ground Floor Plan 1:200 @ A3 DS3A - FLOOR PLANS | SPATIAL CONTEXT

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PRECEDENT #1 03

THE DESIGN MUSEUM. LONDON

Sir Tenance Conran set out on a journey to redevelop an 11-acre site named the Shad

grade II listing as a heritage asset to the nation. Their goal for the project was to create

Thames that consisted mainly of Victorian warehouses that were left in a state of de-

a world-class museum of design, featuring a series of galleries and both permanent and

cay. One of the buildings on the site was originally a warehouse that was built to ripen

temporary exhibition spaces along with educational spaces and a library. In which “its

bananas in the 1940s, where it later became a store for South Korean military supplies

collection, publishing, events, exhibitions, learning and digital programmes invite everyone

before its conversion. It was then converted by Conran as the new Design Museum,

to experience and reflect on the impact of design” (Design Museum, 2022b, para. 3).

where it opened to the public by Margaret Thatcher in 1989 (Design Museum, 2022).

The architectural vision was very much driven by the building being a grade II listThe Design Museum on opening was notable for its white walls, marble floors and glass

ed former Commonwealth Institute. The aim was to reclaim this iconic example of

walls that allowed a lot of light into the space. It became a statement of the future progress

post-war British modernism by preserving and enhancing its existing architectural

in contrast with the Victorian era and it’s decaying warehouses (Design Museum, 2022).

qualities while also introducing it as a contemporary cultural space, thus provid-

However, as much time has passed the building began to outgrow the museum’s

ing new functions for future generations to continue to enjoy (Etherington, 2012).

activities and was in desperate need of a larger space for expansion. In 2008, the de-

Originally built to evoke a tent pitched in the surroundings of Holland Park, this remarkable

sign Museum selected the former Commonwealth Institute that was built in the

architecture being one of the main focuses of the new design to retain the existing copper-

1960s, as it’s new home providing three times more space than the previous. The

covered hyperbolic roof as this was the most significant feature of the building. When

new move intended “the new Design Museum to become a word class centre for

constructing the new design, two basement levels were excavated to increase floor area,

design, nurturing British talent and its international influence on design of all kinds

whereby a new substructure was implemented and a new marble- lined atrium. Overall, the

in which it opened its doors to the public in 2014.

(Etherington, 2012, para. 8).

design remains very minimal, encompassing light wood and white walls, and stained-glass

The new building was designed by architects John Pawson and OMA, who worked to-

windows that were originally located in the Commonwealth Institutes entrance hall have

gether to design both the interior `and exterior of the site, while also protecting it’s

been utilised to create natural lighting and a striking multi-coloured effect (Archdaily, 2016).

DS3A - PRECEDENT STUDY #1 | RESEARCH CONTEXT https://designmuseum.org/ & https://www.archdaily.com/799642/the-design-museum-of-london-oma-plus-allies-and-morrison

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“After the ‘Colour Palace’ was disassembled, the timber lengths were distributed to local schools and community sites to be reused. School students followed flat-pack instructions created by the architects, alma-nac, to build their own planters of the colourful wood”

http://www.alma-nac.com/pavilion-planters

-Alma-nac with students of Dulwich Prep London.

THE PAVILLION PLANTERS. One of the exhibition spaces in the Design Museum was called the Pavillion Planters, which is an iconic structure designed by Pricegore and Yinka Llori, one of the main design influences of the museum at the time of the visit. The modular planter system was designed as an initiative to create 150 striking multicoloured timber planters across schools and communities to promote biodiversity. In doing this, the pupils are given an easy flat pack of timber that comes with an instruction manual on how to put the planters together. In addditon, the timber is free of charge and has been derived from 100% recyclable materials.

This has also been designed to encourage pupils to join the Built-Up Foundation which are “practical construction projects for young people aged 6-23 to build structures in their local communities” para 6.

This project is of particular interest to the design of the Library of Social Housing in which the concept of what they are trying to achieve is relatively similar. The project has been designed to brings pupils together to partake in a problem-solving exercise which encourages them to develop their construction skills, while also promoting sustainability of materials through a zero-waste approach. The Library of Social Housing aims to contribute towards the development of construction skills through a modular self-build approach in a way that teaches adults and children to build collaboratively and work towards a more sustainable future.

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PRECEDENT #2 03

BE-ST INNOVATION CENTRE. GLASGOW The Construction Scotland Innovation Centre, located in Glasgow in Scotland, is

To conclude, this factory offers a range of high-end equipment utilising innovative

a not-for-profit organ-isation that has now been renamed Built Environment – Smart

methods at any in stage of construction including development, manufacturing robot-

Technology (BE-ST) to reflect their mis-sion of “accelerat[ing] the built environments

ics and visualisation. This allows users to test and prototype software’s and equipment

transition to zero carbon emissions” (Innovation Cen-tres, 2016, para. 2). First launched

to encourage innovative methods of building and achieving sustainability standards

in 2012, costing £2.5 million with a total area of 35,000 sq ft, it has been funded by

in the built environment. This is particularly inspiring to the li-brary of social housing

the Scottish Funding Council and supported by Scottish Enterprise, Highlands and

because the concept is to create spaces where users can utilise experimental equip-

Is-lands Enterprise and Innovation Centre Programme. They recognise the need to

ment and explore self-build methods in a sustainable way. These machines being freely

decarbonise the built environment due to the rising effects of the climate crisis, and

accessi-ble to businesses, organisations and individuals shares a similar mission to the

their job is to connect with businesses, organisations, and individuals to work togeth-

library of social hous-ing, allowing ordinary people to gain skills and knowledge in an

er to help create net zero carbon in buildings by 2045. They support people through

efficient and cost-effective way while also saving the environment. The next section

enhancing knowledge and skills on sustainability in the built environ-ment, access

involves a more in depth look at the individual equip-ment’s on offer in the innova-

to the development of new products, business models and services, and access to

tion factory, which is beneficial to the library of social housing project (BE-ST, 2022a).

ad-vanced equipment in the innovation factory and funding schemes (BE-ST, 2022a).

DS3A - PRECEDENT STUDY #2 | RESEARCH CONTEXT https://www.be-st.build/innovation-factory/equipment/

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ENHANCE KNOWLEDGE AND SKILLS The Innovation factory features several learning spac-

staging, seating and audio and visual requirements.

es to enhance user knowledge and skills surrounding

The space is located within the innovation factory,

sustainability in the built environment. These include

adopting a very raw environment and can adapt to

events and exhibition spaces, seminar and executive

changing layout styles (BE-ST, 2022b). Virtual reality

suites and conference rooms. These rooms can ac-

headsets allow users to experience an environment

commodate up to 400 people and are able to integrate

which allows for immersive training, design idea cre-

ACCESS TO ROBOTICS STUDIO The Quantec Robotics arm cell can replicate real life factory

and unloading, packaging and more” (BE-ST, 2022e, para. 2).

conditions to scale which allows users to test new develop-

In addition, the smaller collaborative robots can move

ments to be directly deployed. Offering a range of opera-

into tight spaces where they can deal with intricate

tions, it provides precision and high performance, and is an

and delicate processes. They work together collabo-

easy method compared to traditional manual methods. With

ratively signalling each other and conduct operations

help from trained operatives, the robotics offer “assembly,

at complex multi stages. This is accessible to all levels

material handling, CNC machining, metal fabrication and

of knowledge as it is requires no programming knowl-

welding, moulding, packaging, test and inspection, loading

edge making it an effortless operation (BE-ST, 2022e).

OFFSITE MANUFACTURING The Innovation factory offers offsite manufacturing cells

cost to traditional methods and machinery. In addi-

which compromise of three components. This enables

tion, they also offer higher accuracy, quality and effi-

users to complete a range of timber operations using

ciency compared to manual methods (BE-ST, 2022d)..

one single machine, thus requiring less space, time and

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ACCESS TO 3D TECHNOLOGY Innovative 3D technology is accessible to businesses and

can be utilised in manufacturing, engineering and design

individuals within the factory such as handheld and tri-

and testing for future developments (BE-ST, 2022d).

pod mounted 3D scanners and printers which capture

ations and guided work instructions (BE-ST, 2022c).

real life materials which can create a base model which

ACCESS TO ROBOTICS STUDIO he pilot insulation line produces insulation from recycled

This machine gives users the opportunity to work with

natural and synthetic materials and wood fibre and tex-

equipment that is equivalent to production facilities cost-

tiles materials. Capable of converting fibres into nonwo-

ing millions of pounds. This is at a scale that is easy for

ven batts and quilts. Ability to develop wasted materials.

testings and prototyping’s. It can manufacture a range

A masonry casting press is a flexible and low-cost meth-

of products including “pavers, patio stones, tiles, siding

od of manufacturing masonry and concrete products.

& cladding, roof tiles and more” (BE-ST, 2022f, para. 2).

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PRECEDENT #3

03

METI SCHOOL. BANGLADESH CONTEXT

interests to school children, in effort to create a new generation of im-

Meti, Modern Education and Training Institute is a school designed by architects Anna

provements to the built environment. Part of this concept is that it “in-

Heringer and Eike Roswag in 2007, and is located in Rudrapur in Dinjapur, a district

stils in the children self-confidence and independence with the aim of

in Bangladesh. Lying to the north of the highest density population in the world,

strengthening their sense of identity” (Anna Heringer, 2010, para. 2).

Bengal has on average 1000 people every square kilometre and over 80% of those live in rural countryside areas. Rudrapur is one of the cities faced with high levels of poverty and lack of infastructure that drive many people away from the countryside and into cities. Their built environment consists mostly of earth and bamboo

CONCEPT & DESIGN The school enables young people ranging up to the age of 14 within the

materials, however construction techniques are poor and buildings only last on av-

region of Dinjapur to take classes and workshops for trade-orientated ed-

erage around 10 years because they lack robust foundations damp proof coursing.

ucation and professions. They are encouraged to “develop into responsible, motivated and creative personalities and to use their skills to improve and

PROJECT AIMS

develop their immediate rural environment” (Archdaily, 2010, para. 15).

Meti school follows a new development programme for the creation

METI School takes into consideration the different learning speeds of school

of buildings in rural areas and improve the populations quality of life

children, in which it offers a different approach to typical frontal learning.

in an attempt to counteract overpopulated cities. Their primary driv-

The architecture of the building reflects this, offering varied spacies account-

ing force for developing these buildings is that rural areas offer low cost

ing for the different learning types. The ground floor features three class-

labour and highly accessible local mateirals such as earth and bamboo.

rooms, each with access to their own sysem of “caves” which are created

The project aims to promote individual abilities by transferring skills

for children to have a sensory experience to reatreat for concentration

and knowledge to the local population and passed down to local trades-

and exploration. The upper floor is then contrasted with a light and open

man to transform the process and building techniques of Bangladesh.

space for movement, providing views of the surroundings. The spaces fea-

The primary school has been developed to promote these abilities and

ture colourful materials throughout to stimulate emotion and development.

DS3A - PRECEDENT STUDY #3 | RESEARCH CONTEXT https://www.archdaily.com/51664/handmade-school-anna-heringer-eike-roswag

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FIGURE 13: https://www.architectural-review.com/buildings/walters-way-self-build-schemes-lewisham-london-by-the-segal-method

03 https://www.archdaily.com/51664/handmade-school-anna-heringer-eike-roswag

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION & TECHNIQUES

the upper and lower to provide structural integrity, while the roof is further sup-

As stated in the background context of Meti School, the construction techniques

ported by bamboo canes and an iron panels, all of which are shown in figure 13.

used are very poor and only last on average around 10 years due to improper foundation techniques and lack of damp proof coursing. Therefore in their development, they improved these conditions. Fortunately, bricks are one of the most common materials used in the building industry of Bangladesh, and so the school building sits on a 50cm deep brick masonry foundation and is rendered with a cement plaster.

A damp proof course of locally sourced Polyethylene film has also been added to the lower areas of the walls in effort to restrict movement of moisture rising up and affecting the load bearing walls. Their technique of cob walling was utilised to develop the walls which was materialised of straw and earth. The first floor con-

PRECEDENT INSPIRATION This project shares a similar concept to the library of social housing. Meti School is an example of sustainable architecture which aims to develop knowledge and skills in young people and transfer to the community of Bengal so that they can make best possible use of their materials and design new techniques for building a better future.

The library of social housing adheres to these principles in an attempt to teach communities through a range of workshops and varied learning environments about the importance of sustainable self-building techniques for the UK. Meti school is designed

sists of a triple layer of bamboo with the central layer arranged perpendicular to

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https://doi-org.salford.idm.oclc.org/10.1111/1471-0528.15197

https://doi-org.salford.idm.oclc.org/10.1111/1471-0528.15197

03

INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH. Research influences all aspects of the design, and according to Lane (2018,

only from a customer perspective but also from the perspective of staff.

para. 1) “The purpose of the research design is to reduce ambiguities, in-

This type of research is guaranteed to be relevant and up to date with the

cluding bias, and provide strong evidence to support or reject a particular

project to reveal accurate ideologies regarding the spatial design of the

hypothesis”. The ultimate question in connection for this project in terms of

cafe, and this research will be taken into consideration for this project.

research is what does the design of the Library of Social Housing involve? It is noted that this project takes a politcal approach towards the housing sector,

Another form of primary research being undertaken is the investiga-

and strives towards a new generation of self build housing. Therefore, aim-

tion of a robotics deparment in the University of Salford, from a per-

ing t house innovative concepts of workshops, lectures spaces, gallery, library

sonal perspective. A diary will be created to understand how it feels

and a cafe. The research aims to assess not only the design components, but

moving around the space,

an assessment of the values and interests of the users of the space, and how

able to inform its function. This type of research is also of high signifi-

the building will function as a space to accommodate user needs and desires.

cance to the project because it allows a first hand experience of the space.

and the components of the design are

Therefore, it is understood that the purpose of the research is to enable the researcher to carry out a detailed analysis of buildings similar to this function.

The final research methadology will be secondary research in the form of a literature review. This review will demonstrate knowledge and under-

Once the research question has been acknowledged, it is important to un-

standing both in quantitative and qualitative forms to explore spatial de-

derstand the various research methadologies that will help to answer the

signs and user needs in connection to the proposed design objectives, to

question. In which there are three types of methodologies being researched.

discover what elements were successful and which were unsuccessful and why. Although this form of knowledge is less reliable than primary research,

The first two methods are both primary research, which referrs to data

it

obtained first hand. An observational investigation into a cafe “Ezra &

spectives

Gil” will explore the relationship between the user and the space, not

will

be

useful from

in

understanding

theorists

on

different the

projects

topic

of

and

per-

self-build.

LITERATURE REVIEW Literature review are important to collect a series of secondary credible sources in

The next chapter on modern methods of construction (MMC) in housing,

order to create an analyse and present knowledge which aims to bring clarity and

will feature a section on the brief background and history of housing con-

focus to the project concept. Therefore, two areas will be discussed including social

struction and the political, environmental and social pressures in tradition-

methods of teaching and learning and modern methods of housing construction.

al housing that created the development of new modernised construction methods. The next section will cover the types of MMC used and advan-

Social methods of teaching and learning will firstly introduce the definition of

tages and disadvantages of using such methods from the opinion of theo-

learning in terms of psychologica, biological and social conditions explained

rists such as Pan et al. (2007) on their book ‘Construction Management and

by theorist Illeris (2018) in his book of ‘Contemporary Theories of Learning:

Economics’ and Lawcett et al. (2005) in a section from the ‘National Audit

Learning Theorists.. in their own words’. The next section will cover the factors

Office’. Factual data and statistics from a survey taken will help to under-

affecting the development of learning including internal and external barriers

stand user opinions and responses in comparison to traditional methods.

based on credible heorists such as Olson & Hergenhahn (2012) and (Hiemstra,

Furthermore, a case study on Walter Segal’s project named ‘Walter’s Way’

1991). These barriers will then help to understand factors which contribute to-

will be used as an example of a project which uses mmc to help under-

wards a successful learning space, including a case study example of a real life

stand how these methods were used and how successful they are towards

educational space called Leeds College of Building and to what extent these

alleviating environmental, social and political pressures. This secondary

theories have been applied to the building. This will help to understand the

knowledge in this topic will further help with the designing the space in

ways in which individuals learn and how to best design a space to maximise l

both the construction and learning spaces of the library of social housing.

learning efficiency, which will be useful in the library of social housing.

PARTICIPATORY RESEARCH According to philosopher John Dewy, “people learn best through a hands-on

of the process that the robotics machine performs when completing a task. This

approach”. In his theory believes that to be educated one must adapt to their

will help to understand how the space is formed in connection with its function

environment in order to learn. This supports the participatory research in that

and to capture a sense of how an individual feels when moving around the space.

one of the most reliable sources of data analysis because it allows the user to have a first-hand approach to the experience (Toolshero, 2022, para. 3).

In addition, a collage of photographs will record individual components to understand what is necessary in a space of robotics and how a similar process could be utilised

The participatory research that is being undertaken is on a robotics space in the Uni-

to create components of a house in the Library of Social Housing. This will help to

versity of Salford. A diary entry from a personal perspective will be conducted to doc-

understand the sequence of events when a robotics machine is completing a task.

ument individual thoughts and feelings on the space and generate an understanding

OBSERVATIONAL RESEARCH As mentioned in the introduction, observational research of a cafe “Ezra & Gil” will

efficiency of staff and customers to create the best customer experience. The

be conducted because it will help to understand the general layout of a cafe, and how

overall aesthetic of the cafe will also help to discover the ambience the designers

users, both customers and staff maximise the space to make it fit for it’s function.

were trying to create, and if this will work well in the Library of Social Housing.

Therefore, an action diagram will be conducted of the kitchen and coffee station zone to understand where the facilities are situated to be most efficient for the user.

This will help to understand where components have been positioned and why, to take these layouts into consideration for the cafe in the Library of Social Housing.

“Interior decoration doesn’t limits to the decoration. It includes crockery, food presentation, table setting, and

Furthermore, an analysis of the overall interior layout will provide an understanding

even the costumes of the staff. Everything has a different

of the different zoning to discover how the space has been mapped out for the

effect on the customer’s mind” - Sachdeva, 2018.

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LITERATURE REVIEW.

DS3A

The library of social housing recognises the effects of a failure in housing policy spanning 40

build and sustainable housing. This will involve access to high-end equipment at any stage of con-

years long, and this failure to address the housing shortage and build affordable social housing in

struction including development, manufacturing, robotics and visualisation. This is with the aim of

keeping with the demand has caused a mass housing crisis. Those who were not given the op-

building happier living, stronger communities and a more self-sustainable future (BE-ST, 2022a).

portunity to live in social housing are forced by the private sector to accept poor quality homes, while families are stuck in cramped living conditions, and scared of eviction (England Shelter,

The following literature review will analyse and present knowledge gained by multiple

2022a). This will continue to cause social challenges which have detrimental effects on both the

sources to help demonstrate two areas of interest including social methods of teaching and

mental and physical wellbeing of society. The government and housing associations are not do-

learning, and modern methods of housing construction. This scope of works aims to bring

ing enough to address these housing shortages, so the Library of Social Housing has been built

clarity and focus to the two areas of interest through the utilisation of credible sourc-

with a new perspective on the definition of social housing and the creation of a new self-build

es. This will help to understand existing research and debates on the topics while drawing

housing policy driven by the community. This not-for-profit organisation aims to tackle political

comparisons with real life case studies. Therefore, helping to identify new interpretations

issues by supporting people with opportunities to enhance their skills and knowledge on self-

to the topics and ideas while gaining a thorough understanding of the projects concept.

SOCIAL METHODS AND THEORIES OF LEARNING

finally, the practice must be repeated to learn efficiently (Olson & Hergenhahn, 2012, p. 1).

In the last decades of the 19th century, a large portion of theories and understandings of

CHARACTERISTICS OF POSITIVE LEARNING ENVIRONMENTS.

learning have launched. Learning can be defined as “comprehension, knowledge or understand-

03

ing gained through practice or experience”. Figure 14 shows areas of understanding about

Now that the factors affecting learning environments can be understood, it is important to un-

learning, in terms of psychological, biological and social conditions. The role of learning is to

derstand what factors contribute towards a successful learning space. Although optimal learning

construct meaning to deal with existing practical challenges in life through the development

spaces differ based on the stakeholder, it has been noted that there are five main character-

of their own personal justification. Therefore, learning involves the integration of two pro-

istics in a effective learning environment. Easy accessibility of resources to the users of the

cesses, including “an external interaction process between the learner and his or her social,

space, and the creation of large open spaces with high ceilings, natural lighting and indoor and

cultural or material environment and an internal psychological process” (Illeris, 2018, p. 2).

outdoor green spaces create a positive and an inspiring atmosphere, and therefore encourage more efficient learning. The level of flexibility of a space such as addition of partition walls also

Now that it is clearly understood the meaning of learning, it is important to understand the

allows the space to adapt to changes and differing ages (International School of Beijing, 2022).

factors affecting the development of learning. There can be many barriers to learning which

In addition, philosopher John Dewy believes that interactive spaces and physical experiences

can occur in schools, education, and workplaces in a number of ways. For example, a stu-

are significant to learning development, as “people learn best through a hands-on approach”

dent is learning from a teacher who is communicating a thought, while there is a level of

as opposed to a sit down learning environment. Furthermore, these characteristics will be ex-

interaction through the student asking questions. However, the level of understanding is

plored in a real life case study called The Leeds College of Building (Toolshero, 2022, para. 3).

dependent on a number of factors such as the user attitudes towards the information given, and how well the teacher is explaining the information for it to be understood by the

The Leeds College of Building is an example of an educational organisation encompassing themes

student (Illeris, 2018). Furthermore, other matters involve “mislearning, which can be due to

of construction within the built environment, which strives towards delivering high quality educa-

misunderstandings, lack of concentration, [and] insufficient prior learning” (Ileris, 2018, p. 8).

tion. They aim to educate various age ranges, from students to adults focusing on a career in the

Internal and external learning factors can greatly influence the learning process. For example,

construction industry, in which the building is said to compromise of a “welcoming, friendly and

internal learning can be dependent on level of intelligence of the learner, different learning styles

supportive learning environment, delivering excellent customer care, both internally and exter-

and their varying effects on different individuals, and gender and age can affect learning possibili-

nally.” (Leeds College of Building, 2022a, para. 2). As part of their 6 strategic aims towards deliv-

ties. Regarding external, this can be dependent on cultural or societal conditions, involving the

ering quality education, they offer access to flexible learning throughout student lives, along with

time and place of a learning experience, as well as accessibility of education dependent on varying

large open multifunctional spaces, as “the building offers a range of classrooms, libraries and work-

countries and cultures. External factors are also heavily involved with the physical environment,

shops with the latest tech” (Leeds College of Building, 2022b, para. 5). The creation of workshop

including “light, temperature, noise, décor and furniture arrangement” (Hiemstra, 1991, p. 7).

spaces adheres to philosopher John Dewy’s theory that people learn best through performing

Furthermore, according to Olson & Hergenhahn (2012), learning is closely related to

physical tasks. In addition, psychological environment of users has been taken into consideration

psychology in that “learning must always be translated into measurable behaviour”.

through a light and open atrium space (figure 13 & 15) , as “our central atrium is even designed

Therefore, there are 5 factors involving a change in behaviour. Firstly, change of behav-

as a social space to help you relax and have fun between class” (Leeds College of Building, 2022b,

iour results from a learned experience or practice. This behaviour can be overt, which is

para. 5). Thus, contributing towards Hiemstra (1991)’s theory that high ceilings, natural lighting,

observable behaviour such as correcting one’s speech, or it can be convert which is not

and green spaces significantly impact user learning development. It is evident that the Leeds

observable to others such as a change in heart rate. This change in behaviour can be rela-

College of Building features all the correct characteristics required to create an effective learning

tively permanent and may or may not occur immediately after a learning experience. And

and positive educational environment for its users, and these factors affecting the development

FIGURE 13:

https://cpcprojectservices.com/new-facility-at-leeds-college-building/

DS3A - LITERATURE REVIEW | RESEARCH CONTEXT FIGURE 14:

Illeris (2018) & Author

FIGURE 15:

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https://cpcprojectservices.com/new-facility-at-leeds-college-building/ https://www.metaltechnology.com/projects/leeds-college-of-building/

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RESEARCH CONTEXT DS3A FIGURE 15:

(Pan et al., 2007)

FIGURE 16:

(Pan et al., 2007)

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RESEARCH CONTEXT

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DS3A https://www.dezeen.com/2020/09/27/walters-way-houses-can-be-easily-adapted-to-their-owners-needs/ & https://www.archdaily.com/780083/walters-way-the-self-build-revolution

LITERATURE REVIEW. HOUSING

BRIEF BACKGROUND AND HISTORY OF HOUSING CONSTRUCTION

ther MMC or traditional methods (Pan et al., 2007, p. 187). Furthermore, figure 15 shows the satisfaction rates of housebuilders utilising offsite MMC and traditional methods of construc-

It is recognised that materials and techniques used in housing construction have changed con-

tion. These results show overall a generally high satisfaction rate with traditional construction

siderably over time and this evolution is due to several factors, not only the rapid growth

methods within their own organisation. However, there are mostly unsatisfactory and neutral

in technology but “environmental, political and social pressures have all played their part in

responses to utilising MMC methods both within their own organisation and within the indus-

affecting the quality of our built environment” (Marshall & Worthing, 2008, p. vii). For example,

try. These are unexpected results considering the wide range of advantages offered in MMC

the rapid population growth during 1830 and 1900 led to an increase in building activity, and

construction (Pan et al., 2007, p. 186). However, as shown in figure 16 both cost and time

Victorian houses were generally built quickly on shallow foundations with solid brick load

are the most important drivers to businesses utilising a construction method, while Pan et

bearing walls with cavities. Roofs were built with wooden rafters and slate coverings, while sus-

al. (2007) believes this unsatisfactory response to MMC is down to “perceived higher capital

pended floors and sash frame windows were materialised of timber. Dwellings were relatively

cost” and “slow[er] process of obtaining planning permission and changing building regulations

environmentally efficient due to high thermal mass of solid brick walls, high ceilings providing

[which] are inhibiting the use of offsite MMC” (Pan et al., 2007, p. 188). Overall, it is evident

adequate ventilation and the size and orientation of windows allowing for natural lighting. How-

that although MMC attach a wide range of advantages, it shows that businesses and organisa-

ever, recent environmental concerns in such dwellings with the presence of gas lighting and

tions are rather sceptical about these modern methods due to fears of high-cost rates and

stoves and fireplaces, and lack of sustainable systems meant for the most part they were not ef-

delayed timescales. For businesses, these downfalls are evidently valued more over sustainability

ficient enough to tackle the high levels of embodied and operational carbon building up in such

advantages, and therefore such organisations require further education on MMC to contribute

dwellings (Makrodimitri, 2010). Society began to acknowledge these increasing environmental

further towards sustainable efforts and net zero carbon in comparison to traditional methods.

problems, whereby climate change was labelled “the most serious threat to human society” (Monahan & Powell, 2011, p. 179). It was recognised that the built environment consumed a

An example of a case study project which used modern methods of construction is the Walter

substantial amount of energy consumption with “almost a quarter of total global CO2 emis-

Segal Project named ‘Walters Way’, located in the south London borough of Lewisham. Walter

sions attributable to energy use in buildings” (Monahan & Powell, 2011, p. 179). Along with

Segal devised an innovative council housing scheme which begun during the 1960s and enabled

these environmental issues, political issues also surfaced where the government were unable

“ordinary people to design and build their own houses quickly and cheaply using readily available

to keep up with the demand for housing which led to a mass housing crisis. This combination

materials in standard sizes” (Archdaily, 2016, para. 2). No previous experience was needed to

of environmental, political and social challenges meant that the housing industry began “seek-

construct these houses and his method of construction was prepared on site using simple, light-

ing alternative ways to deliver housing in productivity and quality” (Pan et al., 2007, p. 183).

weight, and affordable timber frames in a kit of parts arrangement. There is no need to perform extensive groundwork because the structural frame could extend below ground while stilts sup-

MODERN METHODS OF CONSTRUCTION (MMC)

ported on concrete pads were cast in situ in the ground. Formed as a modular self-build method, each house began with drawings on squared paper displaying the frame and grid, whereby the

As a result of this, Modern methods of construction (MMC) was set in motion which has

“module corresponding to standard material sizes avoid[s] cutting and wastage” and each house

been collectively described as “both offsite-based construction technologies and innovative

is fully adaptable to reach net zero carbon efforts (Ellis, 1987, para. 8). In addition, one resident

onsite technologies in the United Kingdom” (Nawi et al., 2014), p. 527). While the Office of

with little to no experience in housebuilding explained how it was not as challenging as he ex-

the Deputy Prime Minister defines MMC as “as a process to produce more, better quality

pected, “[when] you sit down and think about the drawings, you will understand what to do - I

homes in less time” (Fawcett et al., 2005, p. 3). Offsite construction tends to relate to the

thought that was nonsense until I started to lay my joists and saw them line up.” (Ellis, 1987, para.

prefabrication and manufacturing of technologies such as volumetric construction (modular

10). Furthermore, theorist Gierszon (2014, p. 54) praised the design as a “mature model of a

building), panellised units such as cross-laminated timber (CLT), and structurally insulated

modern, strong trend of construction based on the principles of participation and sustainability”.

panels (SIPs) etc. While onsite construction refers to innovative building techniques such as glulam and timber frame buildings (Nawi et al., 2014, p. 528; Fawcett et al., 2005). These

Overall, this modern method of construction by architect Walter Segal has proven to encour-

modern methods offer a range of advantages compared to traditional construction methods,

age community participation, fully adapt to suit changing family circumstances, and contributes

such as “improv[ing] business efficiency, quality, customer satisfaction, environmental perfor-

towards innovative low carbon schemes to contribute towards the climate crisis. Although

mance, sustainability and the predictability of delivery timescales” (Fawcett et al., 2005, p. 4).

this project has presented both advantages and disadvantages to this form of construction, the social, environmental, and economic impacts of society grossly outweigh the negatives.

Figure 16 shows a graph of the most important drivers for using offsite MMC which evidently

Therefore, this project and utilisation of modern methods of construction would evidently

shows that time, cost and quality are the main factors influencing organisations choosing ei-

be an ideal inspiration towards the design and development of the library of social housing.

DS3A - LITERATURE REVIEW | RESEARCH CONTEXT

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RESEARCH CONTEXT DS3A

PARTICIPATORY RESEARCH. For participatory research, an online short course was undertaken called ‘Zero Carbon

action plan is created to help influence members of the course on steps they should be taking.

Britain: Carbon Literacy for the Housing Sector’. This course was organised by an educa-

Sustainable systems in the built environment evidently contribute towards net zero car-

tional charity called The Centre for Alternative Technology (CAT), in which their mission

bon targets and the development of a greater future for society. Therefore, sustainability

is to “inspire, inform, and enable humanity to respond to the climate and biodiversity

of housebuilding very much goes hand in hand with the library of social housing, act-

emergency”. They recognise the urgency to act now to reach net zero carbon, and based

ing as a learning facility to create change for both the housing crisis and climate crisis.

on their Zero Carbon Britain research, they believe that we have the technology necessary

The short course will gather first hand data on what sustainable initiatives are and

to achieve net zero carbon by 2050. Therefore, CAT depend on individuals, communities,

how they are utilised within the housing sector, while also developing an understand-

and businesses to take action, whereby they offer events and courses to provide people

ing into how tutors teach and communicate their ideas to users. This data will help

with the necessary skills, training and knowledge to create a more sustainable future.

generate a deeper understanding into how the Library of Social Housing would oper-

The online short course involved two morning sessions that were undertaken on Tuesday

ate to maximise teaching and learning, and how spaces can be arranged to teach us-

1st and Wednesday 2nd November 2022. It was designed for users involved in the social

ers about sustainable systems. Overall, this course would support the function of

housing sector to develop skills and knowledge on the science of climate change and how

the library of social housing to create a better understanding of the users’ needs

the climate emergency effects the work and duties of housing providers. In addition, their

and what the space would need to entail, therefore creating a more efficient design.

Zero Carbon Britain research also looks at carbon objectives in the housing sector and an

DIARY 1 1st November 2022 9:03am

to contribute towards net zero carbon, but I feel like further research may be necessary for affordable methods. Tutors were very clear and made students reflect on the presentation to come to their own conclusions which I found was an effective learning method.

Today is the first day of my e-learning short course. It began with an introduction to the two lecturers who are going to be running the course, John Anderson who holds

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multiple degrees in international relations, law and international security, and has now become a team member of CAT researching climate adaptation, and Amanda Smith who is a qualified teacher and a training manager for Zero Carbon Britain team. For the first half an hour, the tutors spoke about what the short course would involve, and that on completion of the course, students will receive a certificate of carbon literacy, which was described as an awareness of the carbon costs and impacts of everyday activities and ability and motivation to reduce emissions. This is really interesting to note that every student will receive this on completion of the course. Then, Amanda begun a presentation on the history of climate change and the science behind it. I feel like it is good to understand the motives that drive sustainability and where it begun. It was during the 1970s that people begun to experiment more with ways of living and concerns of resource depletion and pollution where people started experimenting with living that made better use of resources.

The lecture then moved onto the science of climate change and climatology, where they presented visual facts to explain the deterioration of the climate and how greenhouse gases are increasing the earth’s temperature to dangerous levels. These facts and statistics were a good start to the lecture because I felt really worried about the way our planet is going, which is an even bigger driver towards helping make a difference. This is a good method of capturing people’s attention, and the Library of Social Housing should feature this. Tutors then announced a break to reflect on the discussion. After the break, a case study on RIBA award winning house by Max Fordham labelled the UK’s first net zero carbon house, achieving net zero for both operational and construction carbon. The building achieved this through systems such as carefully designed triple glazed windows positioned so that electric lighting was not necessary, and photovoltaic panels that meet around 25% of the homes energy demand. However, my thoughts during this case study involved the costs of these systems, and for the library of social housing, the aim is providing affordable social housing for the community therefore further research into affordable sustainable housing methods may be necessary. However Max Fordham’s building was mostly utilised with natural locally sourced material such as timber for the roof structure, window frames and façade, and internal insulation is made of wood fibre and floors made of cork. Overall, this e-learning session was really helpful to understand the science behind the climate crisis and useful methods and materials which architects use in net zero carbon houses

DIARY 2 2nd November 2022 9:11am The second day of the e learning course begun with another case study of a passivhaus housing scheme, this time it was a series of council housing by architect Mikhail Riches. I felt this case study would really come in use for the design of the Library of Social Housing in that it is closely related to my projects context. The scheme is being developed in the city of York with the aim of delivering 600 homes, being the largest passivhaus and net zero carbon housing scheme in the country. The aim of the project is to provide affordable homes with low-energy bills to encourage residents of area to live low carbon lifestyles.

They have achieved this through promoting sustainable transport methods for the community to discourage vehicular transport and promote bikes and aesthetic landscape surroundings. I found this idea useful for the library of social housing to promote sustainable choices in your everyday lifestyle and not just in dwellings, to maximise zero carbon efforts.

They also want to introduce passive solar schemes to maximise the suns orientation, and other sustainable systems such as ground source heat pumps and photovoltaic roof panels.

The discussion then moved onto sustainable building materials for home construction and the importance of recycling materials to reduce embodied carbon levels. I was surprised at some of the materials which came up, like rammed earth to make up walls and floors, straw bales, and bamboo. Timber buildings were mentioned frequently throughout as being one of the most sustainable building materials to use. SIP panels were highly regarded by the tutors and some students gave their personal experiences towards using such materials. They offered many links to sustainable housebuilding websites to help us with future housebuilding, and one that I took particular interest to was ILKE homes in which they build affordable modular social housing and apartments in a sustainable and customisable way. They are driven by robotics, and AI design processes, and residents are only expected to pay nothing for energy (Ilke homes, 2022). Overall I found this to be really helpful in discovering the types of sustainable initiatives and further research I can explore to discover how businesses have contributed towards both the climate and housing emergency. Having a first hand experience of this e-learning course also allowed me to ask questions throughout to get a better understanding of how my design can educate others on these issues.

DS3A - PARTICIPATORY RESEARCH | RESEARCH CONTEXT

https://www.houseandgarden.co.uk/gallery/romantic-sustainable-italian-garden

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RESEARCH CONTEXT DS3A

OBSERVATIONAL RESEARCH. EZRA & GIL

For observational research, a visit to an innovative cafe in Manchester called Ezra & Gril was undertaken to explore the relationship between the user and the space, not only from a customer perspective but also from the perspective of staff, and how they are able to connect to the surroundings, architecture and overall layout to execute jobs in the most efficient way. This research is an important aspect for the development of the project because it helps to understand the reasons for the placement and overall inner workings of the cafe, to utilise this knowledge through to the next stages when designing a cafe space.

ACTION DIAGRAM For the first section of the research, an action diagram was created to show the de-

velopment and progression of employees fulfilling given tasks in the kitchen and coffee station. It was evident through observations that kitchen staff and barista staff do not mix or move away from their stations, and they evidently have eveything they need in their area to fulfil tasks. In addition, it is evident that each member of staff

03

is co-ordinated a role and therefore a station to perform tasks because as shown in the action diagram, the kitchen staff and barista staff rarely move out of their area.

Instead they repeat by moving from one small space to another within their zones.

THOUGHTS ON THIS LAYOUT

It seems that after watching for a couple of hours that the coffee making zone is devised of three members of staff, one working on the till and two creating the coffee’s. Within the kitchen, there are two members of staff, one who begins initial prep of the food and the other that plates it to which it is then placed underneath the heated lamp then ready to be picked up by a waiter and delivered to the table. Overall this is a good system of working as everything that is needed to perform the task is accessible enough for staff to not divert from their allocated roles.

1

4

1

3 2

ANALYSIS OF LAYOUT

2

The space begins through the entrance, to which a member of staff directs customers to their table which is a mixture of seating arrangements such as stool seating facing windows, booth seating and generic 4 seater tables. Once sat all orders are made at the counter including any food or drinks. From the seating area there are decorative shelves filled with merchandise items which are available for customers to purchase. There is a lift and stairs however they are both currently not in use for customers because other floors are being occupied for other uses and along the same wall there is one accessible toilet. Fresh fruit and veg is on display by the counter which is potentially for aesthetic purposes however it is easily accessible to kitchen staff. There is a separate exit which is separated by a small space which is available for delivery drivers to pick up any orders, and this space is also important to avoid any cold weather from entering into the main space. This addition of an exit aswell as a separate entrance creates good circulation and avoids any congestion at the entrance. There is an overall rustic aesthetic that is being achieved through the dark wood and exposed brick. The area has a dark atmosphere, with dotted warm lighting across the main space and background music playing which creates a comforting space and overall an effective setting for a cafe.

The coffee station area features a transaction area for customers to purchase food and

3

drinks, along with a separate station to the left for employees to deliver drinks to tables aswell as an area with sugards and stirrers for customers to prepare their drinks for take out.

The kitchen features a coffee machine, along with drinkware, brewing equipment, a cake stand, a mini fridge and sink for easy accessibility rather than to visit the sink in the storage room. The barista staff stay within this allocated zone because they have everything they need. Within the kitchen area, staff use the storage room where dishwasher and food is stored along with a fruit and vegetable shelf on the front counter for aesthetic purposes.

The storage room is within close proximity to the kitchen and barista zone which creates good accessibility for staff. The kitchen features a food prep counter, ovens and grills and a station for applying condiments to which it is then served under the heated lamp ready to be picked up by a waiter and served to the table. Overall, the space has been organised in a way that necessary features have been accommodate to staff members based on the tasts that must be carried out, provides optimal efficiency for a better customer experience.

DS3A - OBSERVATIONAL RESEARCH | RESEARCH CONTEXT

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RESEARCH CONTEXT

AUDIENCE IDENTIFICATION.

DS3A

03

Audience persona #1

Audience persona #2

NAME: Liam

NAME: Robert

NAME: Jane

GENDER: Male

GENDER: Male

GENDER: Female

AGE: 9

AGE: 41

AGE: 36

OCCUPATION: Primary school student

OCCUPATION: Works in Real Estate

OCCUPATION: Stay at home

FAMILY STATUS: Lives with parents and two brothers

FAMILY STATUS: Single

FAMILY STATUS: Single pare

INTERESTS: Watching TV, playing football with friends, playing drums,

INTERESTS: Playing golf, rock climbing, writing books and travelling.

INTERESTS: Watching TV so

drawing and visiting the zoo.

and painting

.

Liam is currently in primary school and teachers have took him and his

Robert really enjoys his job providing guidance and assisting people with find-

Jane, a stay at home mother

class to the library of social housing. Liam likes to be very silly in class

ing their dream homes. Due to the recent rise in cost of living, he is finding it

council housing block which

and loves making his friends laugh. A guided tour around the library offers

hard to sell houses due to people being too scared to invest at this time. He,

electrical repairs needed and

liam and his friends with both a fun and interactive learning environment.

too currently living in apartment which is facing rising bills, is also suffering from

Her landlord is failing to so

With large open spaces created to watch robotics building and fun design

the effects of the housing crisis. He also enjoys being out in nature and rock

that she cannot afford anythin

exercises for the children, this is a great way for Liam to experiment with

climbing on his weekend, and he notices the increasing importance of looking

daughters health. Having had

drawing while learning about building. Experimenting with a kit of parts

after our environment. Keen to start up his own business of producing afforda-

bills, she is still suffering wit

and allowing them to follow instructions as playful competition encour-

ble and sustainable living he also recently spoke to his friend about the new de-

babysitter and get a part tim

ages brain development and allows liam to communicate with friends to

velopments of modular self build communities. After doing some research into

After having a chat with a fri

solve problems. Liam can also enjoy food at the restaurant of the library

this, the library of social housing came up on google search which may help him

conditions, her friend sugges

where he will sit and talk about the interactive activities with friends.

learn and gain knowledge and skills on the best way to start up his business.

where she can get private he

affordable self sustainable m

bills and allow her to fully cu

Audience persona #4

Audience persona #3

Audience Persona #5

NAME: Rebecca

NAME: Jarred

GENDER: Female

GENDER: Male

AGE: 19

AGE: 28

e mother

OCCUPATION: Full time student studying architecture

OCCUPATION: Construction worker

ent looking after her two daughters

FAMILY STATUS: Living at home with parents and brother

FAMILY STATUS: Living with his girlfriend

oaps, playing with her daughters, going shopping

INTERESTS: Reading books, cinema with friends, walking her dog and visiting

INTERESTS: Drinking with friends, watching football, cooking and fixing cars.

museums

Jarred

r to her two daughters, is currently living in a

Rebecca is a full time student studying architecture at univeristy. She is passionate

Jarred is currently working in the construction of housing and has developed a lot

is facing extremely poor living conditions, with

about the environment, and regularly partakes in a university social group called

of knowledge over the years in his job of different methods of housebuilding. How-

d problems of growing mould in some rooms.

the climate movement which is focused on pressuring governments and industry

ever, his contractors are not the most environmentally conscious, and aim to get

olve these problems, and she is already in fear

to take action on the impacts of climate change. She is keen to understand more

the building up as quickly and cost effective as possible. Jarred does not believe

ng nearby, but this is at the cost of her and her

about what initiatives the government can take towards creating more sustainable

this is the right way of undertaking build houses, and recognises the need to help

d some help from the government to pay her

buildings. Her degree is requiring her to complete an assignment is on the housing

contribute towards the climate crisis and improve the lives of future generations.

th rising house costs and feels she must find a

sector. She wants to play a social and active part of social housebuilding and visiting

Currently paying rent in a house with his girlfriend, they are both looking to start

me job to make sure she can support her girls.

the library of social housing will allow her to gain necessary skills and knowledge

a family soon and relocate. He is keen on the idea of modular self building, because

iend in a nearby supermarket about her current

to take into her next movements and her assignment, and encourage businesses

he finds it as an simple and effective method of housebuilding, in that it is a sustain-

sted she check out the library of social housing,

and industries to take action on the climate crisis. The library of social housing of-

able method and modular building blocks allows him and his girlfriend to customise

elp on how to get started with building her own

fers events and exhibition spaces aswell as learning, development and library areas

their house based on the varying changes that occur in their life. The library of

modular self build house. This will reduce her

so that Rebecca can gain the necessary knowledge needed to achieve her goals.

social housing would be a great start for Jarred because he can learn more about

ustomise her own house for her and her girls.

sustainable building methods in hope to convince his managers that this is the way forward, while also fulfilling his personal aims to build a house and start a family.

DS3A - AUDIENCE IDENTIFICATION | RESEARCH CONTEXT

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DESIGN CONTEXT

CONCEPT MODELLING. For the design concept, an exploration into the relationship between open and closed spaces was undertaken.

DS3A

Initial ideas for this project are surrounding atrium spaces, as stated in the literature review on the importance of large open spaces with high ceilings, natural lighting and indoor and outdoor spaces on the impact of a positive and inspiring learning environment (International School of Beijing, 2022). Therefore the main focal point for this project is to achieve this, and the sketches and concept models show ways in which the design has opened up the space whilst also creating mezzanine floors to provide for varying functional education spaces.

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- CONCEPT MODELLING | DESIGN CONTEXT 2022 2022 DS3A -DS3A CONCEPT MODELLING | DESIGN CONTEXT

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DESIGN CONTEXT

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DS3A - REFERENCE LIST | DESIGN CONTEXT

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