PHD_L1_M1_PS_21_Updated 05.23

Survival

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Lesson 1

What did you observe below the surface?

Discuss Pond Environments

Key Term pond

a small area of water surrounded by land

What do you think you might observe below the surface of the water?

What do you think you might observe above the water in a pond environment?

How can we learn more about pond environments?

Make Observations through Reading

Pond Plant and Pond Animal Chart

Where in a pond environment do you think these plants and animals live?

Why do you think these two animals live in different areas of the pond environment?

What do you think is the same about the two animals?

How are pond plants similar to and different from pond animals?

Notice and Wonder

Do you think Fish Magic shows an environment found in nature?

Why or why not?

Lesson 2

Pond Plant and Pond Animal Chart

How

are plants different from animals?

How are plants similar to animals?

Why is it easier to notice the differences between plants and animals than to notice the similarities?

How are pond plants similar to and different from pond animals?

Sort Animal Body Part Cards

How did your group sort the animal body part cards?

How are the body parts in each category similar?

How are they different?

Sort Plant Body Part Cards

How did your group sort the plant body part cards?

How are the body parts in each category similar?

How are they different?

Describe Similarities and Differences between Body Parts

How are pond plants similar to and different from pond animals?

How are plants and animals similar?

How are plants and animals different?

Develop Anchor Chart

Develop Driving Question Board

How do pond plants and pond animals

survive in their environment?

a picture of your favorite plant or animal. Label its body parts and make a title.

Lesson 3

Notice and Wonder

Develop Initial Models

Develop Anchor Model

How do pond plants and pond animals survive in

environment?

their

Do you think pond plants and pond animals use their body parts to help them survive in a pond environment?

Lesson 4

Heron Video

Body Part Chart

Think about what the animal is doing. What body part does the animal use to do that?

Minnows Video

Body Part Chart

Think about what the animal is doing. What body part does the animal use to do that?

Porcupine Video

Body Part Chart

Think about what the animal is doing. What body part does the animal use to do that?

What is similar about how these pond animals use their body parts?

Observe classroom animal.

How do pond plants and pond animals survive in their environment?

Crayfish Observation Video

How do you think crayfish use their body parts?

What are some other ways animals might use their body parts?

How do pond animals use their body parts to survive?

Prepare to Visit Animal Body Part Stations

Which body part do you think this model is like?

Visit Animal Body Part Stations

What is similar about what the body parts at this station do?

Key Term function

what a body part does

Anchor Chart

Lesson 5

body

Which

part do you think protects the turtle?

Why do you think that body part is good at protecting the turtle?

How do pond animals use their body parts to survive?

Visit Protective Animal Body

Part Stations

Why are protective body parts important?

Animal Body Part Class Chart

Describe Protective Animal Body Parts

Why

are quills, a shell, and scales good for protection?

Animal Body Part Class Chart

Why do you think quills, a shell, and scales are

all hard?

Was it easier to pick up the pencil the first or the second time? Why?

What

makes your hand good at picking up objects like pencils?

Observe how pets or family members use their body parts. Identify the function of one body part. Describe the properties that make it good at that function.

Lesson 6

Porcupine Puzzle

Why

think porcupines

do you

have so many different body parts?

How do pond animals use their body parts to survive?

Observe Porcupine Body Parts

How does a porcupine use its body parts to survive in a pond environment?

Basic Needs of Animals Chart

Which other body parts do you think a porcupine uses to get food?

Basic Needs of Animals Chart

Why or why not?

Do you think a porcupine could survive without a mouth or a nose?

Do you think quills help a porcupine survive?

Why or why not?

Observe Crayfish Body Parts

How do you think a crayfish uses its body parts to survive in a pond environment?

How do pond animals use their body parts to survive?

Anchor Chart

Anchor Model

Lesson 7

How do the plants in Cup A look different from the plants in Cup B?

What do you wonder about these plants?

What might

have caused the plants in Cup B to look sick?

Which body parts do the plants in both cups have?

What do you notice?

Do you think plants also use their body parts to help them survive?

Why or why not?

Observe Plant Body Parts

Plant Body Part Function Chart

Which plant body part do you think takes in light?

Why do you think so?

Why do you think so?

Which plant body part do you think takes in water from the soil?

Model Leaf Function

Which plant body part do you think takes in light?

Why do you think that?

Model Root and Stem Functions

What happened to the water you added to the cup?

How do you know?

Which plant body parts seemed to take in the water?

Which plant body part do you think takes in water from the soil?

What happened after the roots took in water?

Why might a plant need water to travel through its body?

What do you think a stem does for a plant?

Plant Body Part Function Chart

What

happened to the plants when the roots were removed?

Do you think a radish plant could survive without leaves or a stem?

Why or why not?

How do

leaves, a stem, and roots work together to help a plant survive?

How do pond plants use their body parts to survive?

Do you think pond plant body parts have the same functions as radish plant body parts?

Why or why not?

Lesson 8

What do you wonder about these plant body parts?

Why do you think some plants have shells around their seeds?

Why do you think some

plants have bark around the stem?

Why do you think some plants have prickles?

How do pond plants use their body parts to survive?

Visit Protective Plant Body

Part Stations

Explain Plant Body Part Functions

Which of these animal body parts is hard like an acorn shell?

Which animal body part reminds you of tree bark?

Which animal body part reminds you of prickles?

How do you think an acorn shell, tree bark, and prickles help plants?

What makes you think so?

Why do you think plants need protection?

Moose Video

Why or why not?

Do you think the water lilies would be able to survive if the moose ate all their leaves?

think

What do you

would happen if a moose tried to eat a plant that has bark or prickles?

Anchor Chart

Anchor Model

In your neighborhood, look for protective plant body parts. Explain the functions of these body parts to a family member or friend.

Lesson 9

Driving Question Board

Prepare for Conceptual Checkpoint

What do you know about yellowjackets?

How does a yellowjacket use its body parts to survive?

Yellowjacket Video

Conceptual Checkpoint

What does this body part look like? What do you think it feels like?

What are some ways a body part can help an animal survive?

Which object is the best model of a stinger?

What is the function of a stinger?

Debrief Conceptual Checkpoint

How does a yellowjacket use its body parts to survive?

A yellowjacket lands on a pond plant.

A raccoon walks by and tries to eat the plant the yellowjacket is on.

How do you think the yellowjacket will use its body parts to survive?

Driving Question Board

What do you notice about our questions in the first column?

What have we learned about how pond plants and pond animals

use their body parts to survive?

Lesson 10

Notice and Wonder

How is the drawing like the picture of the red kite?

How is it different?

Which body part of a red kite do you think inspired da Vinci?

Why do you think a red kite’s wings inspired da Vinci to

draw his flying machine?

How can observing body parts help people solve problems?

Observe a Plant Body Part

About 80 years ago, a man named George de Mestral was hiking with his dog. He noticed that when his dog passed some plants, burrs stuck to the dog’s fur.

De Mestral looked closely at the burrs to find out why they stuck to the dog’s fur.

Let us take a closer look and see what he may have observed.

How did you describe the burrs?

Describe Different Fasteners

Why

burrs inspire

Mestral

did

George de

to create his hook and loop fastener?

What is the function of a burr’s hooks?

what

fastener used?

In

ways have you seen a hook and loop

Has it helped you?

Key Term mimic to copy

How can observing body parts help people solve problems?

Look for other examples of human-made objects that mimic the functions of plant and animal body parts. List or draw these objects and the body parts.

Lesson 11

Ask about an Engineering Problem

A group

of

scientists

is

making observations about

plants and animals in a pond. To get to the pond, the scientists must walk by plants that scratch their legs.

How can we help protect scientists at a pond?

What questions do you have about the problem?

How can we learn more about the scientists’ problem? How

can we answer our questions?

What do you remember about this plant?

What do you notice?

What do

think might happen

you

if you walked close to the plant?

What could we make to help protect the scientists from the prickles?

A group of scientists is making observations about the plants and animals in a pond. To get to the pond, the scientists must walk by plants that scratch their legs.

Problem and Solution Chart

What is the scientists’ problem?

How will we create a solution to the scientists’ problem?

How will we know if our protective covering works?

How can we test each protective covering to find out if it works?

What will the test show if the protective covering works?

Problem and Solution Chart

Revisit Protective Body Parts

How can we help protect scientists at a pond?

How did da Vinci and de Mestral get ideas about how to make the flying machine and hook and loop fastener?

Do you think we can mimic the functions of plant and animal body parts to help protect the scientists?

Which body parts can we mimic?

Protective Body Parts Chart

Problem and Solution Chart

Lesson 12

Problem and Solution Chart

What is the problem we want to solve?

What will our solution be?

How will you know if your protective covering works?

Imagine a Protective Covering

Mestral

What do you think de

did to mimic the little hooks on a burr?

What could you do to these materials to help them protect better?

How can you use the materials to make something that will protect the scientists’ legs like your chosen body part protects the plant or animal?

Plan a Protective Covering

Lesson 13

Create a Protective Covering

Test a Protective Covering

Lesson 14

Brainstorm Improvements

Is your group’s covering good at protecting? Why or why not?

How can your group improve your protective covering?

How do you think these improvements will help your protective covering work better?

Improve a Protective Covering

What did you keep the same?

What did you change?

Did your protective covering work better after the changes? How do you know?

Choose a human-made object you use every day, such as a lunchbox or a shoe. Draw two versions you have observed of the same object. Compare and label details such as material, color, or shape.

Lesson 15

Prepare for a Presentation

Share a Protective Covering

Which plant or animal body part did the group mimic?

How did the properties of the protective covering mimic the properties of the body part?

How are the protective coverings different?

How are the protective coverings similar?

How can we help protect scientists at a pond?

How did you use your knowledge of body parts and their functions to solve the scientists’ problem?

Lesson 16

Hide-and-Seek Activity

How

did you know where I was?

How

know where

did you

I was this time?

Key Term senses

a way an animal takes in details about its environment

Key Term sense

to notice details about an environment

Do you think other animals sense their environment?

Why do you think that?

What do you wonder about animals’ senses?

Driving Question Board

Do animals sense their environment?

Observe Heron Response

Heron Video

Do you think the heron senses something?

If so, what do you think it senses?

Key Term information a detail about something

What makes you think that the heron senses the fish?

Key Term response

an action that results from getting information

Develop Information and Response Chart

Observe Animal Responses

Do you think the monkey senses something?

Why do you think that?

Do you think the dog senses something?

Why do you think that?

Do you think the hippopotamuses sense something?

Why do you think that?

Information and Response Chart

Do animals sense their environment?

Anchor Chart

Information and Response Chart

How do these responses help animals survive?

With adult supervision, observe your environment. Write or draw an example of an animal responding to something it senses.

Lesson 17

Which body parts do you think other animals use to sense information?

Observe Sensing in Videos

Monkey Video

Dog Video

Hippopotamus Video

out about

What did we find

how animals use their body parts to sense information?

Explain Crayfish Senses

What did you learn about how crayfish use their body parts to sense information?

Which body parts did the crayfish use to sense information?

Why do you think that?

How do you think sensing and responding to information helps crayfish survive?

Anchor Model

Lesson 18

Crossing Guard Video

How do the people driving the cars

know they should stop?

How do you think the family knows when

to cross the street?

Do you

think other animals communicate with each other?

Why do you think that?

Why do you think animals communicate with each other?

Why do animals communicate?

Prepare for Modeling Activity

What do you think the lookout monkey will do next?

Model Vervet Monkey Responses

Vervet Monkey Response Chart

Vervet Monkey Activity

Why do

think vervet monkeys respond

you

to eagles by looking up and hiding?

Why do you think vervet monkeys respond to snakes by standing tall and looking down?

Why do you think vervet monkeys respond to leopards by

running up into trees and making loud noises?

How does communication help vervet monkeys?

“Vervet Monkey’s Escape Plans” Video

How was our modeling activity different from what happens in nature?

Beaver Video

How does the beaver use its tail to communicate?

What information do you think the beaver is trying to communicate?

Anchor Model

Why do animals communicate?

How does it help them?

Anchor Chart

Observe and record one example of a way a family member, teacher, or friend communicates to help someone else.

Lesson 19

What do you notice about the body parts of these plants?

Do you think the plants are getting what they need to survive?

What evidence supports your answer?

What do you wonder about the body parts of these plants?

Why do the leaves and stems grow this way?

Do you think plants respond to light in their environment?

Do plants respond to light in their environment?

Plan and Conduct Light Investigation

What do we need to add

to our box so it looks like the room in the picture?

Which way should we turn the box to make it look like the room in the picture?

Why do you think so?

Radish Plant Activity

Make Predictions

Think about the plants in the boxes with a side opening. Then think about the plants in the box with the top opening. Will they look different?

Do plants respond to light in their environment?

Lesson 20

Radish Plant Activity

Do plants respond to light in their environment?

Collect Radish Plant Data

What did you notice about the plants you observed?

Analyze Investigation Data

Was your prediction correct? Why or why not?

How do

and

you think the leaves

stems of the radish plants will respond?

Analyze Plant Photographs

What is this plant’s response to light?

What evidence makes you think that?

Look at the plant’s leaves and stem. What is their response to light?

Look at the plant’s leaves and stem. What is their response to light?

Look at the plant’s leaves and stem. What is their response to light?

Do plants respond to light in their environment?

Why do you think so?

Anchor Model

Observe plants near your home. Share examples of their responses to light with a family member. If you have indoor plants near windows, ask for permission to turn the plants. Watch for responses over the next few days.

Lesson 21

Driving Question Board

Prepare for Conceptual Checkpoint

Mimosa Plant Video 1

Notice and Wonder

What do you think the plant is responding to?

What causes the leaves of a mimosa plant to close?

Conceptual Checkpoint

Card Sort Activity

What is similar about the pictures?

Debrief Conceptual Checkpoint

Mimosa Plant Video 2

Do you think all plants respond to touch this way?

Why or why not?

What are some ways you have seen plants respond to their environment?

How might closing its leaves help a mimosa plant survive?

Anchor Chart

Driving Question Board

Share one example of a plant or animal responding to its environment.

Lesson 22

What differences do you notice between radish plants and mimosa plants?

you

Do

think the world also has many different kinds of animals?

Do you think plants or animals of the same kind look the same?

How do the same kind of plants or animals compare with each other?

Observe Similarities between Plants or Animals of the Same Kind

Similarities and Differences Chart

How are the raccoons alike?

Key Term feature

an important part of someone or something

Observe Differences between Plants or Animals of the Same Kind

Are both raccoons exactly alike?

How can you tell?

Similarities and Differences Chart

How do the same kind of plants or animals compare with each other?

How did you decide what kind of animal

is in the mystery animal picture?

Do you think we saw this beaver earlier in the lesson?

With an adult, observe plants or animals of the same kind in your environment.

Choose two plants or two animals of the same kind. Describe the features that are similar and different.

Lesson 23

Do you think these two animals are

the same kind of animal?

Why or why not?

Key Term offspring

the babies of a plant or animal

Do you think other offspring look similar to their parents?

How do the same kind of plants or animals compare

with each other?

Identify Similarities between Animal Parents and Offspring

How are the parents and offspring similar?

Are the parents and offspring exactly alike? How do you know?

Match a Plant Parent and Offspring

Do you think plant offspring look similar to their parents?

Plant Parent and Offspring Activity

Why do you think the young radish plants belong to the plant parent you chose?

What made you decide that the young radish plants did not belong to the other plant parents?

Anchor Chart

How do the same kind of plants or animals compare

with each other?

Lesson 24

What do animals need to survive?

How do you think baby robins get what they need to survive?

What do you wonder about how robin offspring survive?

How do offspring survive?

Analyze Storyboards

What is happening in the robin storyboard?

What is happening in the dragonfly storyboard?

What is similar about the storyboards?

What is different about the storyboards?

Why do you think the robin storyboard shows a parent robin but the dragonfly storyboard does not show a parent dragonfly?

Storyboard Chart

Sort Storyboards

Do you think other animal offspring get help from their parents?

Why or why not?

Storyboard Chart

How do the parents in each storyboard help their offspring?

Why do you think the parents help their offspring in these ways?

Key Term behavior

the way an animal acts or the way it responds to its environment

How do offspring survive?

Lesson 25

Robin Video

What does the robin parent do to help its offspring survive?

How

do you think the robin parent knows to behave this way?

Analyze Storyboards

Act Out Parent and Offspring Behaviors

Parent Sense and Response Chart

How do the behaviors of the parents and offspring help the offspring survive?

What is similar about what the parents sense?

What is different about what the parents sense?

Anchor Chart

Anchor Model

Choose an animal and research its early life.

Create a storyboard that shows an example of how that animal survives at a young age, either with or without a parent’s help.

Lesson 26

Driving Question Board

Prepare for Conceptual Checkpoint

Which parent do you think Offspring A belongs to?

Why do you think that?

How do parents and offspring compare with each other?

Conceptual Checkpoint Part A

Parent and Offspring Chart

Conceptual Checkpoint Part B

Swan Video

What do you think is happening in the video?

Debrief Conceptual Checkpoint

How do parents and offspring compare with each other?

Driving Question Board

How do parents help their offspring survive?

Share one example of an animal parent helping its offspring survive.

How do pond plants and pond animals survive in their environment?

Lesson 27

Link Up Activity

How do these words relate?

Prepare for Socratic Seminar

How do pond plants and pond animals survive in their environment?

Engage in Socratic Seminar

What did you do to build your knowledge?

You have learned a lot about how pond plants and pond animals survive in their environment.

What

did you do in this work?

What is the same about what you did?

What is different?

Lesson 28

Koala Observations

What kind of food do koalas eat?

What do eucalyptus leaves smell like?

Notice and Wonder

Koala Video

What is the koala in the video doing?

Why do you think the koala smells the leaves before eating them?

How does a koala use its body parts to find and take in food?

Complete End-of-Module Assessment

Lesson 29

Koala Video

Debrief End-of-Module Assessment

I notice . That makes me wonder ____.

I notice . That makes me think ____.

I used to think ____. Now I think ____.

Reflect on Crosscutting Concepts in Module Learning

What are some plant and animal body parts with properties that make them good at their functions?

How did the lens of Structure and Function

help you understand this phenomenon?

Driving Question Board

Draw a picture of a plant or animal that lives in the environment around your home.

Share your drawing with your family or classmates. Describe how you think the plant or animal survives in its environment.

British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC). 2014. “Vervet Monkey’s Escape Plans,” episode 2, Talk to the Animals.

Featuring Lucy Cooke. BBC One. Video 1:03, posted July 13, 2014. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q8ZG8Dpc8mM.

Messner, Kate, and Christopher Silas Neal (illustrator). 2017. Over and Under the Pond. San Francisco: Chronicle Books.

National Association of Biology Teachers (NABT). 2019. “NABT Position Statement: The Use of Animals in Biology Education.” Accessed February 5, 2021.

https://nabt.org/Position-Statements-The-Use-of-Animals-in-Biology-Education.

National Governors Association Center for Best Practices, Council of Chief State School Officers (NGA Center, CCSSO). 2010a. Common Core State Standards for English Language Arts & Literacy in History/Social Studies, Science, and Technical Subjects. Washington, DC: NGA Center, CCSSO.

National Governors Association Center for Best Practices, Council of Chief State School Officers (NGA Center, CCSSO). 2010b. Common Core State Standards for Mathematics. Washington, DC: NGA Center, CCSSO.

NGSS Lead States. 2013. Next Generation Science Standards: For States, By States (NGSS). Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.

Pijnacker01. 2016. “Sheep vs Swans.” YouTube video, 5:50, posted April 28, 2016. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xpH0opMSk9M.

Credits (slide 1 of 3)

Great Minds® has made every effort to obtain permission for the reprinting of all copyrighted material. If any owner of copyrighted material is not acknowledged herein, please contact Great Minds for proper acknowledgment in all future editions and reprints of this presentation.

Slides 1, 14, Paul Klee, Fish Magic, 1925. Courtesy Philadelphia Museum of Art, The Louise and Walter Arensberg Collection, 1950; slides 5, 435, Rusya007/Shutterstock.com; slide 10 (center), Bill Roque/Shutterstock.com, (right), Joe Regan/Moment/Getty Images; slide 33, Courtesy Walden Woods Project; slide 39, Heron video by John and Janet Foster/Getty Images; slide 41, Minnows video by Chatchai Somwat/Shutterstock.com; slide 43, Porcupine video by mlharing/Getty Images; slide 56, Enn Li Photography/Getty Images; slides 51, 61 (from top, left), 115–118 (from left), wrangel/Getty Images, USFWS/SCIENCE SOURCE, Ted Kinsman/SCIENCE SOURCE; slide 51 (from top, center), Jim Zuckerman/Getty Images, Tze-hsin Woo/Getty Images, Arthur Morris/Getty Images; slide 51 (from top, right), Arco Images GmbH/Alamy Stock Photo, Ben Neumann/Getty Images, Cat Hammond/Shutterstock.com; slides 106, 107, "Cattails Plant" photo by Jim Rathert, courtesy Missouri Department of Conservation; slides 109 (left), 110, geogif/Shutterstock.com, (inset) Martin Shields/SCIENCE SOURCE; slides 109 (center), 111, Fotokon/Shutterstock.com, (inset) Fekete Tibor/Shutterstock.com; slides 109 (right), 112, Geoff Kidd/SCIENCE SOURCE, (inset) J Need/Shutterstock; slide 114 (from top), Martin Shields/SCIENCE SOURCE, Fekete Tibor/Shutterstock.com, J Need/Shutterstock; slide 121, Moose Eating Water Lilies video by Discover Access/Getty Images; slide 123, (left), Fotokon/Shutterstock.com, (inset) Fekete Tibor/Shutterstock.com; slides 123 (right), 174, Geoff Kidd/SCIENCE SOURCE, (inset) J Need/Shutterstock; slide 130, Melinda Fawver/Shutterstock.com; slide 132, Yellowjacket Nest video by CHP Media/Shutterstock.com; slides 133, 142, IADA/Shutterstock.com;

Credits (slide 2 of 3)

slides 135, 136, Courtesy Matthias Buck/Canadian Journal of Arthropod Identification; slides 137 (from top), 138 (from left), Mtsaride/Shutterstock.com, DeawSS/Shutterstock.com, natrot/Shutterstock.com, MyImages – Micha/Shutterstock.com, You Touch Pix of EuToch/Shutterstock.com; slides 148, 149 (left), "Armature for the Wing of the Flying Machine" by Leonardo da Vinci, Image by Pictures Now/Alamy Stock Photo; slide 149 (right), Werner Baumgarten/Shutterstock.com; slide 154, rodimov/Shutterstock.com; slides 155, 158, R-Tvist/Shutterstock.com; slides 170, 178, Ivan Chudakov/Shutterstock.com; slide 175, flowerphotos/Alamy Stock Photo; slide 203 (clockwise, from top left), wrangel/Getty Images, Ted Kinsman/SCIENCE SOURCE, Enn Li Photography/Getty Images, USFWS/SCIENCE SOURCE, Andia/Alamy Stock Photo, Fekete Tibor/Shutterstock.com, Martin Shields/SCIENCE SOURCE; slide 244, Heron at a Pond video by Wide Lens Films/Shutterstock.com; slide 251 (from top), apple2499/Shutterstock.com, Grisha Bruev/Shutterstock.com, Marcel Brekelmans/Shutterstock.com; slide 264, Monkey by the Water video by skynesher/Getty Images; slide 265, Dog in the Snow video by SVPhilon/Getty Images; slide 266, Hippos at a River video by Allstar Picture Library/Getty Images; slide 274, Crossing Guard video by NewsHour Productions–2010/10 MR ED/E/Getty Images; slide 281 (left), Chad Wright Photography/Shutterstock.com, (right), SouWest Photography/Shutterstock.com; slide 282 (left), Lubos Chlubny/Shutterstock.com, (center) nwdph/Shutterstock.com, (right), Ryan M. Bolton/Shutterstock.com; slide 291, Vervet Monkey Tries to Escape video by Fremantle Media; slide 293, Beaver Swimming video by Aleksey Krasnov/Shutterstock.com; slide 296, Photo by Dianne Stankiewicz; slides 302, 304, 309, John Kaprielian/SCIENCE SOURCE; slides 329, 330, Martin Shields/SCIENCE SOURCE;

slide 331, PHOTO RF / SCIENCE SOURCE; slide 333, Chlotus/Shutterstock.com; slides 338, 339, Mimosa Plant Response 1 video by coldaf79/Shutterstock.com; slide 346, Mimosa Plant Response 2 by fuzzfocus/Shutterstock.com; slide 354 (left), Tiplyashina Evgeniya/Shutterstock.com, (right), AjayTvm/Shutterstock.com; slide 366, James Hager/Robert Harding/Getty Images; slide 371, Kelp Grizzly Photography/Shutterstock.com; slide 375 (from left), Betty4240/Getty Images, Robert McGouey/age Fotostock, David Spates/Shutterstock.com; slide 386, Martha Marks/Shutterstock.com; slide 404, Robin Parent and Offspring video by slide Angele Sicard/Shutterstock.com; slide 418, Frank Derer/SCIENCE SOURCE; slide 423, Swan Parent Behavior video by David Dilling; slides 441, 444, Chris de Blank/Alamy Stock Photo; slides 445, 455, Koala and Eucalyptus video by Lucas T. Jahn/Shutterstock.com; slide 450 (eye and nose), Yatra/Shutterstock.com, (hand) Shir's Travel Photography/Shutterstock.com, (mouth), LIGHTITUP/Shutterstock.com; slide 451, mark higgins/Shutterstock.com; slide 453 (top), COULANGES/Shutterstock.com, bottom (from left), Anubhab Roy/Shutterstock.com, Victoria Tucholka/Shutterstock.com, mizy/Shutterstock.com

All other images are the property of Great Minds.