20131212 Creating Innovative Production Environments - phase 1 by Vereniging Deltametropool

CREATING INNOVATIVE PRODUCTION

ENVIRONMENTS a spatial design-testing strategy for Delft and Leiden

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Deltametropolis Association Mauritsweg 51a, NL-3012 JW Rotterdam P.O. Box 600, NL-3000 AP Rotterdam +31 (0)10 413 0927 December 6, 2013 Project page: http://deltametropool.nl/nl/production_environments Contact: Anke Wetzel, project leader anke.wetzel@deltametropool.nl

KNOWLEDGE PARTNERS

INITIATIVE

The project started in July 2013 and is an initiative of the Deltametropolis Association. It is concieved and executed by Anke Wetzel, and developed in collaboration with project partners Frank van Oort (Professor of Urban Economics, Utrecht University) and Helmut Thoele (senior urban planner, Province of Southâ&#x20AC;&#x201C;Holland). INITIATIVE

Municipality of Delft Municipality of Leiden The knowledge partners and investors provided the necessary information and data resources for the first phase of the project.

STAKEHOLDERS

PARTNERS SprintCity is an initiative of the Deltametropolis Association. The project is developed in collaboration with the project partners TUDelft and Movares. The knowledge partners and investors provide the necessary information, data and financial resources for SprintCity.

KNOWLEDGE PARTNERS

PUBLIC AUTHORITIES

KNOWLEDGE INSTITUTIONS

Ministry of Infrastructure & Environment Public Transport Agency Randstad StedenbaanPlus

Architectural Association London Curtin University Perth/RMIT Melbourne Delft University of Technology (Urbanism/TPM) Hong Kong University (Architecture) Radboud University Nijmegen (Planning) University of Amsterdam (Planning) University of Applied Sciences Rotterdam (Spatial Planning) Utrecht University (Geography) VU University Amsterdam (Geography) Wageningen University

Province Province Province Province Province Province Region Region Region Region Region

of of of of of of

of of of of of

Zuid-Holland Gelderland Noord-Holland Noord-Brabant Utrecht Flevoland

Amsterdam Arnhem-Nijmegen BrabantStad Drechtsteden Haaglanden

PRIVATE ORGANISATIONS AFFR

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Companies in the 5 innovative sectors in 2010, in the larger area of Delft, and their movements within the last 15 years. 4

INDEX 1

Creating innovative production environments

1.1

A spatial testing strategy

1.2

Research steps

Case studies: Delft and Leiden

2.1

Existing networks in the province of South Holland

2.2

Impact of these networks in the areas at research

Cluster conditions and qualities

3.1

Theoretical framework

3.2

Choosing relocation as a method

International comparison

4.1

International case studies

4.2

Implications for this research

Conclusions

5.1

Lessons learnt

5.2

Findings

Follow-up study: Whatâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s next?

6.1

Four main steps

Project plan overview

page 57

References

page 59

page 1

page 6

page 21

page 43

page 53

page 54

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1.Creating innovative production environments

“The contemporary town is not one but many places. It is a complex, many

layered,

multifarious

structure, made up of complementary and interconnected ideas, concepts and systems.” Ungers, O.M., 1997, The Dialectic city

industries to compete in an increasingly extended market.

This is the first publication of ‘Creating innovative production environments’, a project by the Deltametropolis Association in cooperation with the project partners Frank van Oort (Professor of Urban Economics, Utrecht University) and Helmut Thoele (senior urban planner, Province of South–Holland), and the municipalities of Delft and Leiden. It focuses on the question: “What spatial tools can the province of South Holland use to achieve greater resilience and opportunities for innovation and growth?

Through these networks ‘smart specialisation’ occurs. Research institutions and companies align goals for a common development, thereby reinforcing one another. This specialisation happens on a variety of scales; on the regional level, but also on the level of a single cluster where highly specialised companies coexist and sometimes even share the same building. Although the average enterprise within such specialised networks is most often relatively small, it is able to compete on a very large - sometimes global scale. A network within one city-region is often embedded within a number of worldwide interregional networks of competition and exchange. These smart specialisation networks, often made up by small to medium-sized companies,

Europe’s economic and urban systems are increasingly becoming regionalised. The flexible networks of companies cluster into regional agglomerations larger than the city itself. This process of agglomeration and the emergence of forming new centres is connected to patterns of innovation and local

have proven to be both successful and resilient in economical terms. Secondtier cities play an important role in these regional systems, especially those cities that have a high knowledge component. Their rich patchwork of different work areas, in close proximity to each other, offers great possibilities for the industrial system and the knowledge system to locally work together and potentially form strong nodes in broader regional innovation systems.

policy for the knowledge economy in the province of South Holland that are of interest for this research. Firstly, there is large growth in the service and knowledge economy, and less growth in the production economy. Currently the province of South Holland accommodates several big industries, like harbour and horticulture complexes, that have reached their full growth and are therefore relatively less innovative. Moreover, it is to be expected that they will shrink in time. How can this be avoided and how can these industries be given the opportunity to renew themselves?

A good example of an area for innovative regional development is the province of South Holland. It has different knowledge centres and embedded industries like in the municipalities of Delft and Leiden. The area has a considerable potential for growth and becomes a key part of the regional system and an economic driver for the Netherlands as a whole. However, the region faces fundamental obstacles for economic growth, something that has already been analysed in the research ‘Weerbare Regio’ (Province of South Holland, 2012). The findings of this study form a starting point for the Deltametropolis Association to take a more in-depth look at the knowledge economy in this area and the ways in which the province of South Holland can exploit its full potential. In identifying the shift within the knowledge economy, Leiden and Delft are case studies. A spatial testing strategy was used in search of the areas with the greatest potential for strengthening the regional economic productivity. 1.1 A STRATEGY

SPATIAL

Secondly, it appears that the province of South Holland is a spatially dispersed area; a polycentric field of activities. The knowledge-related clusters are mainly located in the urbanised regions, while the production economy is situated in the periphery. This separation of manufacturing and knowledge systems does not allow for entrepreneurial, integrated, and synergistic environments to compete in global markets. In short, opportunities arise in the emerging smaller sectors, but at the moment they are nor innovative, nor sufficiently connected to production environments. For the knowledge economy, the question arises how to interconnect industry-related clusters and knowledge clusters to form innovative and economically strong areas and corridors. Where do the clusters emerge? What are their spatial qualities? What are the spatial requirements of innovative companies? What tools can the province apply to upgrade the spatial conditions?

TESTING

The ‘Weerbare Regio’ study reported two main findings on spatial-economic

The Deltametropolis Association developed a spatial testing strategy on the

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microscale in order to gain more insight into these clustering processes, spatial requirements and the possibilities to accommodate these better. This in order to show the potentials and weaknesses of some of the existing knowledge clusters. This researcht complements the findings of the ‘Weerbare Regio’ study and serves as input for the spatial vision of the province of South Holland. It can be seen as a concretisation of the former work, leading to a larger study on spatial design testing and development of regional strategies for innovative clusters and corridors. It serves as a first test defining a method that can be applied to further cities, sectors or bigger industrial complexes. The goal is to support planning and policy in the province of South Holland, for future economic stability and growth.

answer: What tools can the province of South Holland use to achieve greater resilience and create opportunities for innovation and growth? In order to design new urban strategies we need to understand the way innovation functions as a production factor in the regional economy; what are the spatial setting and requirements for innovative clusters; and how do they start to form a regional production system? The main part of the project concentrates on the analysis of existing clusters conditions and their activities. Next to this, a comparison with international case studies will give important input in understanding the position of the selected Dutch areas in a broader context, as well as provide insight in the missing links needed for enhancing innovation and growth. The preliminary results were discussed during several interviews and an expert meeting with the project partners and local actors. The expert meeting focused on an open discussion about new urban strategies to facilitate the needs of the ´knowledge economy´.

1.2 RESEARCH STEPS To overcome the weaknesses of the current market and understand the value potential within certain areas of the province of South Holland, our focus is on the spatial organisation of synergetic and integrated work environments, so-called ‘Innovative production environments’. Complimentary to the ‘Weerbare Regio’ study, the first phase of the project focuses on the spatial analysis of innovative clusters in the province of South Holland on a microscale. It analyses the economic position and spatial settings on the municipality and cluster scale. This is a pilot project, so no final conclusions will be drawn. This first phase is used to analyse existing cluster conditions; show their weaknesses, potentials and to get a view on possible ways to strengthen them. This project and publication are a first step towards a large scale project, and contribute to

RESEARCH STEPS

1. Analysis of existing cluster conditions in South Holland, Delft and Leiden 2. International comparison 3. Local actor involvement

ANALYSIS OF EXISTING DUTCH CLUSTER CONDITIONS Since the area of the province of South Holland is too large to undergo spatial research on the microscale, the focus lies on two case areas: Leiden and Delft. To understand the value potential of the two chosen areas, our

large company dataset with longitudinal data over the last fifteen years. To understand the position of the selected areas, their weaknesses and strengths, we need to understand the existing spatial and economical conditions of innovative clusters. Therefore, the data is examined in order to measure the contribution of the innovative sectors to economic growth at 2 scales: the provincial and municipality scale. To achieve the greatest possible outcome in the limited time available, visualisation is limited to a choice of sectors, based on the outcomes of the â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Weerbare Regioâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; study. This exploration resulted in a first broad overview of cluster locations and company conditions. By applying different filters on the data, we concentrated on Gazelles and their impact on the area. If Gazelles are the most innovative companies, we need to understand their location preferences and spatial requirements in order to build strong knowledge corridors and regional innovation systems.

research examines the spatial behaviour of a specific type of small companies. A type of fast growing entrepreneurs called Gazelles (Stam, 2005). They are seen as the most innovative and flexible, form strong crossover relationships between universities and local industries and show the greatest opportunity for strengthening the regional economy. Characterised by a minimum of 5 years of existence, these companies are established in the market and their success is relfected by an immense growth. Starting as entrepreneurs, with less than 5 employees, some firms double or even triple each year. Because of their immense growth these companies have the need to move and their location choice automatically becomes important. Good examples are Microsoft, Apple, Dell, Yahoo, Google and Cisco, which were all Gazelles in their early days. Therefore, studying their location choice gives insight into their spatial requirements, as well as into the quality of the existing clusters they chose. The selection is based on a

Proposed knowledge axis Rotterdam-Delft-Leiden & Company clusters on the microscale 4

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Data visualisation helped in answering the following sub questions: How did innovative companies develop over the last years? Where do innovative companies and innovative cluster appear? What are preferred cluster locations of Gazelles? How are these innovative cluster organised? What kind of companies start to cluster together and what kind of spatial qualities do they contain?

Europe (like North-One, Singapore and Science city, Z端rich) were analysed to understand the shift of urban systems in the past and future, and how this transformation affects the shape of clusters, cities and regions. This provides insight in new strategies for strengthening urban conditions in the Dutch regions of Delft and Leiden. During this phase the following sub questions were answered: What urban strategies are used to interconnect industry-related clusters and knowledge clusters to form innovative production environments? What spatial qualities and conditions do other regions provide to form innovative clusters and regions?

The research was done on 3 scales. The largest scale gave a broad overview of the movement of Gazelles in the province of South Holland. In order to understand their location preferences, the focus was next placed on the most potential areas within the municipalities of Delft and Leiden. By mapping the locations of different Gazelles on a municipal scale, successful cluster locations were identified by targeting the distribution of different urban milieus. Lastly, the cluster scale was examined in detail; three top locations were chosen, with the focus on company characteristics (age, growth, number of employment) and activities, as well as the spatial qualities these clusters contain. This gave a first insight into the complexity and spatial requirements of innovative sectors. Additionally, in order to get a more detailed understanding of the innovation factor, spatial requirements and relation to other companies / institutions in the area for certain companies, questionnaires were developed and sent out to 60 of these companies.

LOCAL ACTOR INVOLVEMENT In order to understand the possibilities for strengthening the region and the tools needed to apply new strategies, a network of different partners was established. The network consists of representatives and experts from the municipalities and province, as well as knowledge networks such as Medical Delta, Yes!Delft and Science Port Holland. The networking and lobbying by innovative economic sectors plays an important part in building up regional innovation systems. Through personal interviews and an expert meeting, it was explored how the research results could be applied and translated into regional strategies. The sub questions answered in this phase: What kind of planning tools are already used in the areas to achieve the goals? What strategies or visions are needed?

INTERNATIONAL COMPARISON In order to get a view on global trends and typological shifts of working areas, a comparison was made with several international examples. Research and industry-related clusters in Asia and

This booklet will guide you through the case studies, the preliminary findings, conclusions and the next steps we want to take after this first phase.

2. Case studies: Delft and Leiden The municipalities of Delft and Leiden were chosen as case studies for their high knowledge components and rich pattern of different working and production zones, which form an interesting base for the creation of an innovative economic network. With an approximate population of 100.000 each, they are located along the knowledge axis Delft-Leiden-Rotterdam, as proposed in the study ‘Weerbare regio’ (Provincie Zuid Holland, 2012). Understanding their economic position in the regional network and their potential to form innovative clusters, may provide tools, which can be applied to other areas in the province of South Holland.

contribute to cluster formations and renewal of existing ones. Compared to current spatial-economic trends in Europe, like smart specialisation strategies or the Dutch top sector policy, the outcomes are focused on reinforcing innovative and growing segments within the traditional strong sectors. The study identifies the four most important sectors within the province of South Holland, which show strong diversification opportunities. Examined seperately, the sectors and crossover opportunities are listed as followed: Life Sciences & Health: diversification options towards the optical industry, the pharmaceutical industry, specific forms of the chemical industry, education and research headquarters; Water & Delta technology: crossover opportunities with business services, engineering, greenhouses, chemistry; Greenports: skill related associations with biotechnology research, ICT and broadcasting, engineering and refrigeration, chemical & commercial sectors and pharmaceuticals industry; Logistics: skill related associations with high education sectors, such as engineering and architecture, maintenance, metals, greenhouses and machinery, businesses (cleaning, shop staff, transport).

The ‘Weerbare Regio’ and other economic studies acknowledge that the best place for urban growth are not the largest metropolitan regions, but medium-sized urban regions (about 2 million inhabitants) that provide a diverse urban network. Well-known examples are the Oresund region (Copenhagen/Malmö), the DüsseldorfKöln-Bonn region, the Antwerp-Ghent region and the province of South Holland. In these regions there is optimal interaction between regional and international networks, where the service, knowledge and production systems are located in close proximity and get easily intertwined. The ‘Weerbare Regio’ concentrates on economic activities in the province of South Holland. Through a focus on strong and promising sectors, it distinguishes their skill-relatedness and network positions, measured by foreign investment. The detailed analysis provides insight into the possible overlap in skills, knowledge and technologies, and where complementarity and combination of different sectors could

For our research on innovative sectors, it was decided to add an additional sector: ICT. As described in the report ‘Roadmap ICT for the Top Sectors‘ (Amandus, Peter 2012), ICT is present almost everywhere, ranging from the equipment for communication, aerospace, automotive industry, solar energy, advanced medical diagnostics and treatment.

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2.1 EXISTING NETWORKS SOUTH HOLLAND

(Barcelona, Spain), Life Sciences Zurich (Zurich, Switzerland) and Oxford & Thames Valley (Oxford, UK). A fifth region, to be mentored by the other partners, is Ă&#x2039;szak-AlfĂśld (Debrecen, Hungary). This joint project provides detailed insight into the strengths and weaknesses of the region. The interactive map (http://www.medicaldelta.nl/about /map) gives a detailed overview of the innovative companies in the region and their position in the value chain.

Several knowledge networks were found in the province of South Holland, which already aim to stimulate the economic growth through developing, transferring and implementing new knowledge in the highlighted innovative sectors. All this is undertaken to speed up the transfer from science to market and from idea to product. These networks foster the connections between the Triple Helix: academia, industry and government. The concept of the Triple Helix of university-industrygovernment relationships was initiated in the 1990s by Etzkowitz (1993) and Etzkowitz & Leydesdorff (1995). It implies the shift from a dominant role divided between industries and government in an industrial society towards a growing triadic relationship between universities, industries and government in a knowledge society.

LEIDEN BIO SCIENCE PARK FOUNDATION Supported by Leiden University, the LUMC, the cities of Leiden and Oegstgeest, the foundation aims to attract new life sciences-related companies and institutes, to promote the park and strengthen its life sciences cluster. The management of the park is run by the entrepreneurial society OV BSP, which aims to represent the interests of companies and institutes at the Leiden Bio Science Park. The society promotes, communicates and anticipates current economic and social developments. Within various facilities projects, the business park manager Ellen Smit acts as the direct contact for companies and institutes.

MEDICAL DELTA CONSORTIUM The Medical Delta consortium is a network consisting of partners in academia, industry and government which concentrates on the integration of science, business and education in research-driven life sciences and the medical technology cluster, in the province of South Holland and at different levels. With attention for community building and effective communication between stakeholders, it aims to spark innovation. Through this network, the Health TIES project was developed. A project promoting innovation and for speeding up knowledge transfers in healthcare technology on an international level. In this project, four European top regions in biosciences, med-tech and health entrepreneurship join forces: Medical Delta (Delft, Netherlands), Biocat

CLEANTECH DELTA Cleantech Delta is a private-driven triple helix membership cooperation based in Rotterdam. It focuses on networking between internationally operating companies, knowledge institutions and local governments. Established in May 2013, with Jan Nijhof as its director, it has the ambition to strengthen the cleantech cluster in the province of South Holland. With several new public-private partnership projects, like Bioforce (aimed at realising logistics for large-scale import of wood (chips) in the port of

Rotterdam) and a bioprocess facility in Delft, it concentrates on Cleantech delta projects and new funding models in order to contribute to the development of the regional economy. Research programmes include: Biobased Economy and Sustainable Energy, Water and Delta Technology, Infrastructure and Transportation, Sustainable Building and Regional Planning.

to overcome, in building up specialised and strong networks needed in the international competition. A focus on networking and establishing fast knowledge exchange between industries, stakeholders and government is one important element in forming innovative regions. This study, which concentrates on the spatial settings of companies and their activities on a microscale, complements the work already done by the aforementioned knowledge networks, and will provide further knowledge on the positioning of certain sectors, due to the spatial point of view of this research. Over the last 3 months contact was established with most of the networks, in order to discuss the results of our research and collaborate on further steps for potential urban strategies.

YES!DELFT Initiated by the University of Delft, the municipality Delft and TNO, Yes!Delft is a high tech entrepreneurs centre in Delft. It focuses on entrepreneurs with concrete ideas for technical, innovative and scalable products or processes. It provides knowledge, offers facilities and bundles forces in order to access an interesting international network. The supported companies have had an impact in numerous sectors: medical technology, cleantech, ICT, industrial applications and consumer products.

To understand the success and innovation potential of the selected economic sectors, cluster locations and company activities were mapped. This provided a first insight into economic development potentials in the region. Based on a broad company dataset, data visualisation was used to explore this development. How did innovative companies develop over the last years? Where do innovative companies and innovative cluster appear? What are the clusters with the biggest potential in these areas? With these questions in mind, the following four steps were taken:

ICT COMPANY ASSOCIATION ICT Company Association, founded early 2013, aims to strengthen the cooperation of existing ICT companies in the South Wing of the Netherlands. Reflecting on the contemporary â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;every man for himselfâ&#x20AC;&#x2DC; situation, the programme focuses on the important knowledge exchange and networking between companies, to strengthen the ICT sector and enhance crossover opportunities with other sectors. 2.2 IMPACT OF THE NETWORKS IN THE RESEARCHED AREAS The aforementioned networks play an important role in the regional development and provide a solid base for understanding the goals and visions of the region and its international positioning. The work done by these regional networks shows local challenges

RESEARCH STEPS

A. Exploring overall employment in both municipalities (page 9) B. Exploring economic development in 5 innovative sectors (page 11) C. Exploring company conditions in the municipalities (page 15) D. Exploring the development and location of Gazelles (page 17)

R E S E AR C H

A. OVERALL EMPLOYMENT IN DELFT AND LEIDEN Using data visualisation as a tool, firm locations, their sectors and their employment were explored and displayed on several maps. By applying different filters on the job data, the field of research was narrowed down and company conditions and cluster locations unfolded. First, we concentrated on the overall employment in the municipalities of Delft and Leiden, in order to understand the economic strength of both. Categorising all companies in four commonly used groups gives a first insight into the economic activities of these areas.

Trade and Industry Business and ICT services Bank and Insurers Government and non-profit

Municipality of Delft - all companies in the 4 categories

< 5 employees

5 - 20 employees

20 - 100 employees ye

20 - 100 employees

station catchment area 100 - 300 employees

100 - 300 employees

municipality border < 300 employees - labeled

< 300 employees - labeled 0

0,5

Kilometers 2

< 5 employees p

< 5 employees 5 - 20 employees 5 - 20 employees

20 - 100 employees

20 - 100 employees 100 - 300 employees ess

station catchment area

100 - 300 employees

municipality border

< 300 employees - labeled

0,5

Municipality of Leiden - all companies in the 4 categories

Overall employment MunicipaliƟes DelŌ & Leiden 60000

50000

In Delft, we see a higher contribution in the overall employment. With a split of 47% in Leiden and 51% in Delft, Leiden has a higher employment rate in Industry and Trade, while Delft shows more employment in Business and ICT services. Overall, the two areas are very well comparable for further analysis.

55.310 32%

48.807 33%

40000

30000

20000

14%

24% 1%

53%

42%

10000

DelŌ Trade and Industry Banks and Insurance

Leiden Business and ICT services Government and non-prot

Kilometers 2

R E S E AR C H

B. ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN THE 5 INNOVATIVE SECTORS By applying different filters on the company dataset (LISAdata and so-called SBI codes per sector explained on the right), we focused on the visualization of the main innovative sectors also addressed by the â&#x20AC;&#x2122;Weerbare Regioâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;study: ICT, Life Sciences & Health, Water & Delta technology, Greenports and Logistics. Based on these sectors, we looked at the economic development over a 15-year period, in order to produce the strengths and economic position of the municipalities of Delft and Leiden. The data visualisation helps to understand which sectors are more prominent in the area, which areas start to specialise in certain sectors and where specific cluster locations emerge. Within the province of South Holland the exploration of these 5 sectors on the map distinguishes several first areas of specialisation. On the next few pages their economic development from 1996-2010 is displayed.

South Holland - companies in the 5 innovative sectors < 5 employees

each dot is one company

5 - 20 employees

20 - 100 employees < 5 employees 100 - 300 employees5 - 20 employees < 300 employees

20 - 100 employees 100 - 300 employees

2,5

< 300 employeesKilometers

2,5

Kilometers 20

< 5 employees 5 - 20 employees 20 - 100 employees 100 - 300 employees

< 300 employees

2,5

Kilometers 20

LISAdata is a database for socio-economic and spatial research, containing information on all economic branches in the Netherlands. Providing information on spatial location (address) and a socio-economic component (employment and economic activity), this type of descriptive data is available for the years of 1996 up to now and forms a valuable tool for many policy areas and policy makers. (http://www.lisa.nl)

5 innovative sectors:

ICT Life Science & Health Water & Delta technology

Selected SBI-Codes from LISAdata: 1. ICT: 62.01, 62.02, 62.03, 62.09. 2. Life Science & Health: 21.1, 21,2, 72.11 3. Water cluster: 30.11, 3012, 42.91 4. Greenports (a) trade: 46.22; (b) construction of greenhouses: 25.11, 28.25, (c) biotechnology: 72.11.1 5. Logistics: 49.10, 49.3, 49.4, 50, 51, 52

Greenports Logistics

Overall employment compared to the 5 sectors from 1996 - 2010 South Holland 1800000

The overall employment in the innovative sectors in the province of South Holland shows a relatively small share, with a percentage of about 6,5 %. Over the last 15 years, we can see hardly any growth in the innovative sectors.

1600000

1400000

1200000

1000000

800000

600000

400000

200000

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

total employment in 5 the sectors

overall employment

Employment per sector from 1996 - 2010 South Holland

Looking at the sectors separately, we see a high share of Logistics-related companies. The Life Sciences & Health and the ICT sector, are the only ones showing slight growth, while the Water & Delta technology and Greenportsrelated companies remained the same over the years. The development within each sector becomes much more prominent on a municipality scale.

140000

120000

total 5 sectors

100000

80000

60000

40000

20000

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

SIERAFOR BV 5 employees mp p < 5 <employees 5 - 20 employees 5 - 20 employees - 100 employees 20 -20100 employees

R E S E AR C H

station catchment area

- 300 employees ess 100100 - 300 employees

municipality border < 300 employees - labeled < 300 employees - labeled

ISOFT NEDERLAND BV CENTOCOR BV HAL ALLERGY BV KATWIJK FARMA BV A J JONGENEEL BV TRANSPORTBEDRIJF

HEEREMA MARINE CONTRACTORS NED BV

ASTELLAS PHARMA EUROPE BV

COLLIS BV

TH LUBBE BV TAXI TOURINGCARBEDRIJF

mention bioscince park 0

0,5

Kilometers 2

Municipality of Leiden - companies in the 5 innovative sectors Overall employment compared to the 5 sectors from 1996 - 2010 Municipality of Leiden 70000

60000

50000

40000

30000

20000

10000

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Leiden total employment in the 5 sectors

Leiden overall employment

Employment per Sector from 1996 - 2010 Municipality of Leiden 4500

total 5 sectors

4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Municipality of Leiden: Still showing a relatively small share in the overall employment, the innovative sectors are slightly increasing. When looking at the development of the sectors separately, a considerable growth of the Life Sciences & Health sector can be seen over the years; it has more than doubled. These highly specialised companies have started to form a strong cluster in the Bioscience park Leiden, which underpins their need for excellent research and laboratory facilities. With 3% in the overall employment, the potential crossover possibilities to local industries of the Life Sciences & Health sector shows strong potential for the future. However, difficulties and limits were experienced with the data selection. As the Life Sciences & Health sector is far too complex, including different related industry activities, the selection through the LISAdataset was not detailed enough. Further research is necessary to unfold the full impact of the Life Sciences & Health sector.

sectors nd

Overall employment compared to the 5 sectors from 1996 - 2010 Municipality of DelĹ&#x152; 60000

Overall to the 5 sectors Municipality ofemployment Delft: compared Compared to from 1996 - 2010 Municipality of Leiden Leiden, the overall employment share of the innovative sectors is still slightly higher in Delft, but has been declining over the last few years. While the overall employment in the 5 innovative sectors remains the same, we find an increase in the ICT-sector. The share of ICT-related employment in Delft is more than 6% of the total employment and has increased significantly over the last 15 years. ICT cluster locations start to appear in the 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 old city core Leiden fortotalsmaller companies and employment in the 5 sectors Leiden overall employment around the Technical University of Delft for bigger companies. Employment per Sector from 1996 - 2010 Municipality of Leiden Compared to international employment data (The European ICT clusters, Hansen total 5 sectors & Serin, 2010) the contribution of 6,4% of the total employment is still only average. Most European countries experience a share of 8% or higher. Another significant event is the drop in employment rates of the Life science & Health sector, mainly caused by the relocation of DSM GIST SERVICES BV headquarters to Heerlen. 70000

60000

50000

40000

30000

20000

10000

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2007 2008 2009 2010

total employment in the 5 sectors

overall employment

l employment

Employment per sector from 1996 - 2010 Municipality of DelĹ&#x152; 7000

_South Holland

total 5 sectors

6000

4500 4000

5000

total 5 sectors

3500

4000

3000 2500

3000

2000

1500 1000

1000

500

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Municipality of Delft - companies in the 5 innovative sectors CENTRIC MANAGED ICT SERVICES BV

UTS VOERMAN ABBINK BV

L VAN DER LEE EN ZN BV

DSM ANTI-INFECTIVES BV

TRANSPORTBEDRIJF VAN VLIET BV EXACT SOFTWARE NEDERLAND BV

DELFTSE TAXICENTRALE DELTAX BV TOPDESK BV

KONING & HARTMAN BV OPERATOR GROEP DELFT BV

CONNEXXION OPENBAAR VERVOER

< 5 employees

5 - 20 employees

20 - 100 employees

station catchment area 100 - 300 employees

100 - 300 employees

municipality border < 300 employees - labeled

< 300 employees - labeled 0

0,5

Kilometers 2

R E S E AR C H

C. COMPANY CONDITIONS IN DELFT AND LEIDEN The small contribution of innovative sectors to the overall employment supports the analysis in the ‘Weerbare Regio’ study; overrepresentation of mature sectors and a relative lack of new innovative ones. This largely determines the resilience of the region. In order to understand the potentials of each sector in terms of innovative elements and renewal, an explorative study on company conditions performed on age, company size and development over the years. Through additional filtering we were able to be more precise and distinguish several company types: Young Starters, Gazelles, Survivors and Big Starters (for definitions, see illustration on the right). Each type is of importance for the economic development, but in order to understand the innovative elements, we need to concentrate on Gazelles and Young Starters. As described in chapter 2, Gazelles are characterised by immense growth and their flexibility and crossover abilities form an important element to reinforce economic sectors. Young starters can be seen as potential Gazelles and offer insight in the potential economic development of an area.

Employment per company condiƟon per sector Municipality of Leiden

Looking at the overall split in company types in the municipalities of Delft and Leiden, the high share of Young Starters becomes prominent, and underpins the importance of this study. Considering they are potential Gazelles, they may grow in the near future, enhancing the innovative sectors in the region. What is their spatial impact and what kind of working areas should be provided to facilitate their needs?

Company condiƟons Municipality of Leiden

1600

1387

1400

1200

1000

600

Gazelles 83

798

800

others

481

400

Survivors

251

200

Young starters

277

262

243

105

104

Lifescience&Health Water&Deltatech.

ICT

Greenport

17 13

LogisƟc

Employment per company condiƟon per sector Municipality of DelŌ 2000

1904

Subquestions: What kind of working environments could be offered by the municipalities to comply with the spatial needs of these companies? What will be the spatial impact on the growth of certain sectors? 1800 1600 1400

Company condiƟons Municipality of DelŌ

1200 1000

766

800

600

33 221

555

326 347

400

150

200

others

ICT

Gazelles 190

Lifescience&Health Water&Deltatech.

Greenport

39 16 19

LogisƟc

Survivors Young starters

others Gazelles Survivors Young starters

5 innovative sectors:

Company types:

ICT

Young Starters < 5 year old Survivors > 5 years old < 5 employees starting year > 10 employees after 5 years

Life Sciences& Health Water & Delta technology

Gazelles > 5 years old < 5 employees start-up year > 10 employees after 5 years

Greenports Logistics

Big Starters > 5 years old

Employment per company condiƟon per sector Municipality of Leiden 1600 1387

1400

1200

1000

Employment per company condiƟon per sector Municipality of Leiden

798

800 1600 1387

600 1400 481 400 1200 251 105

104

8000

277

262

243

200 1000

83 19

798

Lifescience&Health Water&Deltatech.

ICT

Greenport

17 13

LogisƟc

600 481 400 277 262 251 Employment per company condiƟon per sector Municipality of DelŌ 243 200 2000

1904

105

104

1800 0

83 19

Lifescience&Health Water&Deltatech.

ICT

Greenport

17 13

LogisƟc

1600 1400 1200 1000 2000

Employment per company condiƟon per sector Municipality of DelŌ 1904 766

800 1800 600 1600

555 326 347

400 1400

150

200 1200

10000

ICT

Lifescience&Health Water&Deltatech.

39 16 19

Greenport

Subquestions: How can entrepreneurial company development be enhanced and supported? What kind of innovative milieus and cluster typologies are needed to support crossover opportunities within the sectors?

LogisƟc 766

800 600

When visualising the employment rates of the different company types in the related sectors (see graph on the left), both municipalities show a high share of ICT-related Young Starters and Gazelles. Except for the Life Science & Health sector in Leiden, the employment rate in entrepreneurial company types is relatively low in the 5 innovative sectors.

555 326 347

400

others 150

200

ICT

Lifescience&Health Water&Deltatech.

Gazelles 12

Greenport

39 16 19

Survivors Young starters

LogisƟc

16 others Gazelles Survivors Young starters

R E S E AR C H

D. DEVELOPMENT AND LOCATION OF GAZELLES If Gazelles are the engines behind the formation and growth of sectors, we need to understand where they appear, where they cluster and which locations they are likely to choose. Their location choice is an important indicator of the success of high-tech clusters. These clusters are also said to nurture, attract and retain these entrepreneurial firms thanks to the knowledge networks and resources they provide. As a result, Gazelles are high on the agenda of regional and national policymakers (Stam, 2005). Amount of Gazelles per year of existence in 5 the sectors

Employment 5 sectors compared to Gazelles over 15 years South Holland

140000

120000

15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5

100000

Province of South Holland: By mapping Gazelles for the province of South Holland, several first innovative cluster locations were discovered. While ICTrelated companies tend to cluster in urban inner city locations, the Gazelles in the Life Sciences & Health sector are located in highly specialised research park locations. The Greenports cluster can be found in the more rural/peripheral areas: the greenhouse locations. Water & Delta technology-related companies tend to cluster around the port and water driven areas, while the Logistics sector is located at the warehouse areas at the belt of cities and urban areas. 25

80000

60000

40000

20000

ICT

Lifescience&Health Water&Deltatech.

Greenport

LogisƟc

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

total employment Gazelles

total employment in 5 sectors

Employment of Gazelles from 1996 - 2010 in South Holland

300

250

200

ICT

South Holland - Gazelles in the 5 innovative sectors

Lifescience&Health

150

Water&Deltatech. Greenport

100

< 5 employees

LogisƟc

Gazelles per sector South Holland

5 - 20 employees ICT

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Lifesciences&Health 20 - 100 employees Water&Deltatech.

100 - 300 employees Greenports

139

LogisƟcs

< 300 employees

248

86 16 4

2,5

Kilomete 20

ers

5 innovative sectors:

Company types:

ICT

Young Starters < 5 year old Survivors > 5 years old < 5 employees starting year > 10 employees after 5 years

Life Sciences& Health Water & Delta technology

Gazelles > 5 years old < 5 employees start-up year > 10 employees after 5 years

Greenports Logistics

Big Starters > 5 years old

Employment 5 sectors compared to Gazelles over 15 years South Holland

In order to understand the development over a 5-year period, the employment rates and company age were analysed. The total employment share of Gazelles in relation to the employment in the innovative sectors is slightly increasing.

140000

120000

100000

80000

60000

40000

20000

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

total employment Gazelles

total employment in 5 sectors

Even when a high share of ICTrelated companies is seen, the share of entrepreneurial Gazelles still remains small in the overall comparison.

Employment of Gazelles from 1996 - 2010 in South Holland 300

250

200

ICT Lifescience&Health

150

Water&Deltatech. Greenport

100

LogisĆ&#x;c 50

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

R E S E AR C H

Amount of Gazelles per year of existence in 5 the sectors 50

Employment 5 sectors compared to Gaz The emergence of new companies over 15 years South Holland over the years is highlighted by Employment 5 sectors / Gazelles over 15 years_ visualising the age of the Gazelles. While participation is relatively high in the sectors ICT, Logistics and Greenport, we hardly find entrepreneurs in the Life Sciences & Health and Water & Delta technology sectors, which is probably due to the relatively high investment costs during start-up years for these sectors. 140000

120000

140000

35 120000

30 100000

Gazelles per sector _ South Holland 80000

ICT 15

60000

Lifescience&Health Water&Deltatech.

139

Greenport 5

40000

248 Lifescience&Health Water&Deltatech.

ICT

100000

80000

60000

40000

20000

LogisƟc

15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5

20000

Greenport

LogisƟc

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

total employment Gazelles

total empl

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

140000

total employment Gazelles

total emplo

120000

Employment of Gazelles from 1996 - 2010 in

Subquestions: What are the tools to Employment of Gazelles from 1996 - 2010 in S enhance participation in the innovative sectors and increase entrepreneurship for future growth of these sectors?

300

100000

250

80000

200

250

150

40000

ICT

Lifescience&Health

300

60000

Gazelles per sector _ Region DelŌ

100

20000

200

Water&Deltatech. 0

Greenport LogisƟc

total employment Gazelles

150

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

105

100

300

Amount of Gazelles per year of existence in

Gazelles per sector South Holland

250

ICT

200

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2 35

Lifesciences&Health

Municipality of Leiden - Gazelles in the 5 innovative sectors 139 150

Water&Deltatech.

LogisƟcs

100

Greenports

Gazelles Municipality of Leiden Gazellesper persector sector _ Region Leiden

15 Gazelles per sector Municipality of DelŌ

ICT

ICT Lifesciences&Health &Health Lifescience&Health Water&Deltatech. atech. Water&Deltatech. Greenports Greenport LogisƟcs LogisƟc

ech. Water&Deltatech.

139

Greenports

86 6 16 4

ICT

Lifescience&Health Water&Deltatech.

Greenpo

139 139

LogisƟcs

248

16 27

248 Health Lifesciences&Health

248 2 48

86 86 1 6 16 4

< 5 emplo

5 - 20 em

20 - 100 e

station catchment area

100 - 300

municipality border

< 300 em

150

100

zelles per sector Municipality of Leiden

Gazelles per sector Municipality of DelŌ ICT

Lifesciences&Health Health Water&Deltatech. ech.

Greenports

139 139

LogisƟcs

248

248 2 48

86 86 16

1 6 16 4

0,5

Municipality of Delft - Gazelles in the 5 innovative sectors their activities; spread out over the area in a related work or production cluster. Especially in companies in the so-called ‘most innovative Topsectors’, more consciousness regarding the choice of location in terms of accessibility or proximity of institutions was expected. This raises two main concerns. First; most companies are not aware of the importance of successful clustering and simply choose the best available location from a personal and/or financial point of view. Second; the provided work areas are far too generic and not specialised in any way.

Entrepreneurship in innovative sectors is strongly related to knowledge exchange, based on face-to-face interaction between companies, universities and local industries. Mapping the location of Gazelles in relation to the mobility system and urban areas provides a first insight into strong cluster locations and the relationship between the different clusters. In our examination of the larger areas of the municipalities of Delft and Leiden no regular pattern of clustering was found. Even Gazelles from the same sector are based at different cluster locations. A dispersed field of different work clusters in the two areas becomes visible. Within the region and municipalities a clear separation of knowledge environments, work/office areas and production zones is present. Depending on the work field of the Gazelles, the companies are located according to

Subquestions: How can more specialised nodes be created in the South region? What is the relevance of each cluster within the chosen geographical area? What tools can the province of South Holland use to form successful clusters in a more specialised region? 20

Kilometers 4

C REAT ING I NNOVATI VE P R ODUC T I O N E N V I R O N M E N T S

3. Cluster conditions and qualities “For several years, there have been discussions about the importance and relevance of agglomerations and clusters of firms within geographical areas, often related to corporate competitive conditions, growth and employment. These discussions can generally be divided into two groups of issues: firstly, external framework conditions for cluster development and secondly the relationship between businesses inside the cluster – their perception of collaboration and competition situations.” (Hansen & Serin, 2010)

what kind of cluster conditions and work areas are needed to provide successful formation of innovative production environments? How can we interrelate innovative clusters? Which are the most successful ones and what are their spatial settings?

The research in chapter two, which concentrates on the economic positioning of the municipalities of Delft and Leiden and the appearing cluster locations of Gazelles, has two main outcomes. Firstly, as already discovered in the ‘Weerbare Regio’ study, we experience a small contribution to the overall employment in the innovative sector, which show hardly any growth over the last fifteen years. Secondly, the existing cluster locations of Gazelles companies are dispersed throughout the wider area of the municipality Delft and Leiden. Using spatial reasoning as an analytical tool, we can argue that the spatial dispersion of the different sectors, as well as the clusters and working locations, is of main concern, as it does not contribute to a synergetic, entrepreneurial environment. Therefore the questions arise: If place matters for firm location and innovation,

3.1 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK Our desk research shows that successful cluster locations rely on several characteristics. Most studies concentrate on external frameworks and internal qualities to maintain a companies’ needs. The ICT-report (Hansen & Serin, 2010) focuses on the comparison of several innovative ICT clusters in Europe and summarises successful cluster conditions as follows. External conditions of qualitative and successful clusters rely on a highly developed infrastructure. Mobility

infrastructure has become one of the main assets, not only for fast and constantly changing logistics, but also to connect centres of excellence and open up opportunities for knowledge exchange. The proximity to excellent educational infrastructures as well as technical and legal infrastructures becomes increasingly important, just as access to high speed Internet, tax stability and legal protection. Lastly, a strong network to access markets is needed, as well as qualitative creative and cultural environments for high skilled workers. The internal quality of a cluster depends on the innovation factor, echoed in collaboration and competiveness. A high level of innovation is mirrored by high-skilled manpower in the area. This general competitive situation within the cluster and the area enhances innovation as well as collaboration between firms to foster innovation.

environments. To ensure a sustainable future in the knowledge economy, Saris & Modder emphasise the importance of â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;lifecycles of developmentsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; for creative and innovative industries. Within these lifecycles they state the different phases of company development. They state that in each phase of development, the right urban environments will support a company; depending on the phase of the company it has different needs and spatial requirements. Companies are able to move within these diverse environments in relation to their lifecycle development. The right urban environment will support a company, depending on the phase of development it has different needs and spatial requirements.

Saris and Modder distinguish four types of business environments, according to the lifecycle of a company: incubator places, creative workshops, transactional environments and places of production (see illustration, page 23). Experimental incubators are small core enterprises (1 - 3 persons) that need urban environments with a great deal of variety. Entrepreneurs in creative workshops need complementary companies and interaction. They seek affordable urban spaces that offer diversity, space and openness. In transactional environments the core creative entrepreneurs and the distributional, organisationally oriented companies interact with eachother and meet clients. The average size of these companies is slightly bigger. Market oriented companies in places of production have more employees and are strictly focused on production costs. This classification relates to the degree to which a company needs a supportive urban environment in order

The internal quality of a cluster depends on the innovation factor, echoed in collaboration and competetiveness.

Saris and Modder (2005) take this a step further: with the rise of the knowledge society, the international economy has undergone a major shift where innovation, and especially the environments where these take place, plays an extremely important role in the development of a firmsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; competitiveness. Framework conditions for innovative environments are fostering innovation in the form of knowledge exchange between producers, users, universities, research institutions and regional authorities. Achieved through networking between business as well as exchange of high skilled workers, this face-to-face interaction is central to the creation of innovative and competitive 22

C REAT ING I NNOVATI VE P R ODUC T I O N E N V I R O N M E N T S

Creative workshops • open and divers • affordable • space • complementary • external interaction

Extrovert

Creative environments

Experiment

Transactional environments • urban • interdisciplinary • open and tolerant • multifunctional • new or old center Market Places of production

• internal interaction • diversity • starters habitat • trial and error

• uniform habitat • industrial sites • brainparks • monofunctional

Introvert

Incubators/ breeding places

Creative Business Environments (Saris & Modder, 2005)

Even though the decision-making process for the relocation of companies is often influenced by ‘soft’ factors and personal preferences, it gives insight into preferred locations, spatial requirements and cluster qualities. As argued by Risselada, Schutjens and Van Oort (2013), entrepreneurs have social and/or business ties that influence relocation choice. Lifestyle preferences as well as individual preferences, like the look and feel of a property, are important factors influencing location choice. Furthermore, external quality factors such as the quality of life and ‘local buzz’ are increasingly important in relocation decisions. Firm size and growing ambition, translated into preferred property size and type, also play an important role in the decisionmaking process. Despite these factors, the relocation ambitions - which are key in this

to generate innovation. The importance of direct surroundings, local interaction and networks differs for companies between the start-up and production phase (Dijk, 2013). Even though the method of Saris and Modder does not give a final answer to how different clusters are related to each other, they do state an important fact. And even though our research concentrates on different sectors, there is a general challenge in incorporating diverse working environments, which support a companies’ activities and the important knowledge exchange within each phase of development. 3.2 CHOOSING RELOCATION AS A METHOD To identify the most potential cluster locations in the larger areas of Delft and Leiden a method was developed, based on the spatial behaviour of Gazelles. 23

analysis - will provide new insights into the cluster qualities of the previously selected areas. The spatial behaviour of Gazelles was analysed on three scales, in the 5 innovative sectors. With the importance of knowledge exchange and innovation fostering in mind, the company locations and relocation patterns were examined, taking into account mobility, proximity of institutions as well as the overall spatial setting of the different clusters to one another. The following research steps were taken:

RESEARCH STEPS

A. Examining location choices of Gazelles (page 25) B. Creating a heat map of the most successful cluster locations (page 27) C. Examining 3 clusters in-depth (page 30)

â&#x20AC;&#x153;The

location

firms

has

increasingly attracted the attention of scholars in recent years. This growing interest is largely explained by the important implications of these location decisons, both in terms of effects on the areas that recieve the new (relocated) economic activities and the policies aimed to increase the attractiveness of these areas.â&#x20AC;? (Arauzo-Carod 2013)

Anjon-Antolin,

R E S E AR C H

A. LOCATION CHOICE OF GAZELLES Through specific data preparation, we visualise the movement of Gazelles in each sector. Job related data is used from 1996-2010, including the location of companyies. This first explorative study on the movement patterns aims to identify the most preferred cluster locations in the province of South Holland. Subquestions: In which sector do the most relocations occur? If a company moves, is it in relation to growth or are other factors (more) relevant?

Legend South

Holland - Relocation of Gazelles in the 5 innovative sectors (1996 - 2010)

ICT Lifescience&Health Water&Deltatechnology Greenport Logistic

2,5

Kilometers 20

Relocation distance / Number of companies:

Movement of Gazelles:

1277 km 206 Gazelles

ICT

Life Sciences & Health

1,7 km 3 Gazelles

6,2 km/ per company 0,5 km/ per company

Water & Delta technology

56 km 14 Gazelles

4,0 km/ per company

Greenports

247 km 56 Gazelles

4,0 km/ per company

Logistics

593 km 93 Gazelles

Mapping the location choice of Gazelles to find a regular movement pattern is difficult. What becomes obvious, however, is the relatedness of the different areas and clusters to each other. While different company relocations can be seen in the The Hague and Delft area, as well as between Rotterdam and Leiden, there are no relocations between Leiden and Delft. Closer examination shows a tendency in the movement from housing areas to business park-like locations, but not as a regular pattern. Just a few selected high-tech spin-off companies from the TU Delft or University of Leiden chose high quality locations within the new developments of Technopolis and Bioscience Park Leiden.

6,3 km/ per company

A quick explorative study of movement in relation to growth shows that half of the relocations was related to growth, in nearly all of the innovative sectors. This implies changing spatial needs in relation to growth; the current working location could either not accommodate more employees or during the development of the company its activities changed, leading to the need for a different working location. The scale of the province of South Holland is far too broad to draw final conclusions on the location choice of Gazelles. Therefore a different method, called heat mapping, is used to identify the most important cluster locations in the larger region of Delft and Leiden.

Number of Gazelles in relaĆ&#x;on to amount of movement/movement in relaĆ&#x;on to growth 450 418 400

350

300

250

248 210

203

200

Number of Gazelles

139

150 104

100

Number of movements

50 4

23 7

ICT

Lifesciences&Health Water&Deltatech.

Greenports

LogisĆ&#x;cs

Movement in relation to growth

outh Holland 80000

60000

R E S E AR C H

40000

Employment 5 sectors / Gazelles over 15 years_ South Holland

20000

B. HEAT MAP: GAZELLE CLUSTERS 140000

248

total employment Gazelles

ext deltp.

total employment in 5 sectors

100000

Gazelles per sector _ South Holland 80000

Based on the amount of Gazelles in one location, heat maps were developed to identify these ’hot spots’. A ‘hot spot’ is defined as a cluster which contains more than one Gazelle within 300m proximity (a walkable distance). The Employment 5 sectors / Gazelles over 15 years_more South HollandGazelles a cluster contains, the more prominent it appears on the heat map. The clusters in the larger area of Delft and Leiden totalled 3 - 6 Gazelles (see illustration on the right for more information). The total Gazelles per sector _ South Holland employment of the Gazelles in each cluster, split in each sector will give further insight into the cluster conditions and activities. ICT

60000

Lifescience&Health Water&Deltatech.

40000

139

Greenport

20000

LogisƟc

140000

248

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2

120000

total employment Gazelles

total employment in 5 sectors

100000

80000

ICT

Chart Title

60000

Lifescience&Health Water&Deltatech.

40000

139

Greenport 20000

LogisƟc

Employment 5 sectors / Gazelles over 15 years_ South Holland 248

140000

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2 120000 total employment Gazelles

Municipality of Leiden - Gazelle ‘hot spots’

total employment in 5 sectors

185

ICT

100000

Gazelles per sector _ South Holland

80000

Chart Title

60000

Lifescience&Health

300

120000

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2

Water&Deltatech.

40000

139

Greenport

168

250 128

104 58

20000

LogisƟc

200

248

21 11

green delŌ

ora

biocince l.

ict delŌ 150

L next to city

north ora

alphe

185

Chart Title

168

250

104 50

99 68

0 Deltpark

150

next deltp. 185

green delŌ

ora

100

235

biocince l.

104 99

68 0

ict delŌ

L next to city

north ora

10 24 alphe

168 250

Chart Title

32 300

128

58 21 Flora Holland Rijnland 16

200 Westland

total employment in 5 sectors

235 100

total employment Gazelles

32 300

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2

200 Westland

Deltpark

next deltp.

128

Bioscience Park21Leiden1024 58

green delŌ

ora 185

biocince l.

150

ict delŌ

L next to city

104

128

north ora

alphe

32 235 100

168

99 68

0 Westland

Deltpark

next deltp.

green delŌ

ora

biocince l.

ict delŌ

L next to city

21 11 north ora

10 24 alphe

5 innovative sectors:

Clusters:

300m

ICT

Gazelles

Life Sciences & Health Water & Delta technology

300m

Hot spots:

3 Gazelles

Gazelles 5 Gazelles

Greenports Logistics 2 Gazelles

4 Gazelles

6 Gazelles

Employment 5 sectors / Gazelles over 15 years_ South Holland

Hot spots in Leiden: Within the larger area of Leiden, one prominent ‘hot spot’ can be found: Flora Holland. With 8 Gazelles, in one cluster, it shows the highest employment rate of all ‘hot spots’. All other cluster locations in the area show relatively low cluster conditions. With mainly 2 or 3 Gazelles in one cluster, these other ‘hot spots’ are dispersed throughout the area. Only in Alphen a/d Rijn, another cluster formation exists in close proximity.

140000

120000

100000

80000

60000

40000

20000

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2

total employment Gazelles

total employment in 5 sectors

Even though Flora Holland is the most prominent ‘hot spot’, the focus of this research is on Bioscience Park Leiden. This choice is based on previous research showing the immense growth of the Life Sciences & Health sector over the last 15 years.

104

128

7 58

16 biocince l.

ict delŌ

L next to city

21 11 north ora

10 24 alphe

R E S E AR C H

Hot spots in Delft: Compared to Leiden, the larger area of Delft shows a higher number of ‘hot spots’. The ICT-related clusters are located around the city centre of Delft or in close proximity to train station nodes. The two hot spots around Technopolis Delft, less than 2km distance from each other, are an interesting case for further development of urban strategies. The 2 hotspots in the Westland area show great diversity of activities in different sectors, which is interesting for further analysis. Employment 5 sectors / Gazelles over 15 years_ South Holland 140000

120000

100000

Gazelles per sector _ South Holland 80000

ICT 60000

Lifescience&Health

Municipality of Delft - Gazelle ‘hot spots’ Water&Deltatech.

40000

139

Greenport

20000

LogisƟc 248

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2

total employment Gazelles

total employment in 5 sectors

86 16

Employment 5 sectors / Gazelles over 15 years_ South Holland 140000

120000

100000

Gazelles per sector _ South Holland 80000

ICT 60000

Lifescience&Health Water&Deltatech.

40000

139

Greenport 20000

LogisƟc

Chart Title

248

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2

300

total employment Gazelles

total employment in 5 sectors

86 16

250

200 185

150 32 235 100

168 104

99 68

58 11

0 Westland

Deltpark

next deltp.

128

Flora Holland 16

300

green delŌ

Chart Title

ora

biocince l.

ict delŌ

21 11

L next to city

north ora

alphe

250

200 185

150 32 235 100

168 104

99 68

Honderdland Business 11 9 Park

Westland

Deltpark

next deltp.

128

green delŌ

ora

7 58

16 biocince l.

ict delŌ

L next to city

21 11 north ora

10 24 alphe

5 innovative sectors:

Clusters:

300m

ICT

Gazelles

Life Sciences & Health Water & Delta technology

300m

Hot spots:

3 Gazelles

Gazelles 5 Gazelles

Greenports

Employment 5 sectors / Gazelles over 15 years_ South Holland

Logistics

140000

120000

Employment 5 sectors / Gazelles over 15 years_ South Holland 140000

2 Gazelles

100000

4 Gazelles

6 Gazelles

120000 80000 100000

Gazelles per sector _ South Holland 60000 80000 40000 60000 20000 40000

139 0

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 20000 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2

total employment Gazelles

total employment in 5 sectors

248

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2

total employment Gazelles

total employment in 5 sectors

Employment 5 sectors / Gazelles over 15 years_ South Holland

16 140000

4 120000

100000

ector _ South Holland 80000

60000

40000

Chart Title

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2

total employment Gazelles

total employment in 5 sectors

185 168

235

104

99 16

een delŌ

20000

248

128

Delftechpark 11

ora

Deltpark

next deltp.

Chart Title

58 biocince l.

168

ict delŌ

green delŌ

104

L next to city

21 11

128 10 24

north ora

ora

biocince l.

alphe

ict delŌ

7 58

21 11

L next to city

north ora

Cluster II : Delftechpark (page 35)

168 104

128

Technopolis Innovation Park 16 11 9 next deltp.

green delŌ

This data visualisation is limited to the 5 innovative sectors, but it still provides an interesting approach for identifying ‘hot spots’ in the areas. Based on this, the 3 most important clusters in the area were chosen for analysis. In order to understand the strengths and weaknesses of each 10 of the 3 clusters they are examined on 24 company types, company activities and alphe spatial settings. The following clusters are examined: Cluster I : Bioscience Park Leiden (page 31)

185

C. THREE CLUSTERS EXAMINED IN-DEPTH

ora

biocince l.

ict delŌ

7 58

L next to city

21 11 north ora

10 24

Cluster III : Honderdland Business Park (page 39)

alphe

Kilometers

R E S E AR C H

RS BV BRICHELLE BV N VD EYKEL BLOEMEN RT BV

MAXLEAD SERVICES BV

CLUSTER I : BIOSCIENCE PARK LEIDEN Bioscience Park Leiden: Itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s the leading life sciences cluster in the Netherlands. Next to the city centre and located between motorway A44 and Leiden Central Station, it is a great spot for all biomedical related research and design activities. On the site, the research park holds a great mix of entities, like the BioPartner Center and Auditorium, CORPUS Congress Centre, Kenniscentrum Leiden and Leiden University. The overall split of companies shows 70% Life Sciences & Health related businesses and 30% ICTrelated companies, with a high share of start-ups.

BIOPARTNER CENTER

BIOPARTNER AUDITORIUM

EJR QUARTZ BV

OCTOPLUS DEVELOPMENT BV BASECLEAR BV

LEIDEN KENNISCENTRUM

SEM

LAB

LEIDS UNIVERSITAIR MEDISCH CENTRUM (LUMC)

SWITCH AUTOMATISERINGSPERSONEE

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PROSENSA BV - developes GIMARIS - specialises innovative, RNA-based therapeutics in marine research, to address unmet medical needs for inventory, & strategy patients with genetic disorders solutions focusing on consultancy MYMETICS BV SZIENZ - software for life sciences; developes new generation builds Laboratory Information mucosal and virosomes Management System (LIMS) for life science companies TOKO BV - developes software based vaccines applications / solutions for computerassisted instruction ensuring robust OCTOPLUS BV - Dedicated to drug and reliable key software delivery; formulates development and cGMP manufacturing of conventional and biotech pharmaceuticals

EJR QUARTZ BV - web content development mainly for the European Space Agency; combines editorial and journalistic skills of EJR Publications with IT skills of Quartz Consultancy

BIOPARTNER CENTER

BIOCULT - contract manufacturing services for monoclonal antibodies; establishing of cell banks ZF-SCRREN BV - developes patented technology for automated in vivo highthroughput screening of pharmaceutical drug candidates against diseases

BASECLEAR BV - an accredited service laboratory for DNA-based research, quality assurance and forensics

LEIDEN KENNISCENTRUM

KATWIJK FARMA BV - pharmaceutical manufacturer and wholesaler

Water&Deltatech.

ACTIVITIES IN THE BIOSCIENCE PARK LEIDEN CLUSTER

Greenport

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104

39 16 19

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262

243 105

PROXY LABORATORIES BV - now Sinensis Life Sciences is active in Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Microbiology, BioSafety Testing, Analytical R&D and Contract Manufacturing

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URBAN QUALITIES

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BioPartner Centre Leiden is an innovation centre which offers starting entrepreneurs in the biotechnology industry a workplace and all the important facilities. Located at the West of the Bioscience Park, the Center currently counts around 50 businesses and shows great success in developing spin-off companies, like Octoplus (below) and Baseclear (on the right). BIOPARTNER CENTER

OCTOPLUS BV COMPANY

BIOSCIENCE PARK LEIDEN

BASECLEAR BV COMPANY Even though the Bioscience Park offers great high-end research facilities, with an international reputation, it could be argued that the monofunctional setting of the park does not provide a synergetic and vibrant enough environment for knowledge exchange. Characterised by poor walkability and isolated buildings it does not offer a qualitative public realm. Green spaces and water are merely used as buffers, adding to the island-like formation, rather than providing a connected recreational space.

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CLUSTER II - DELFTECHPARK Delftechpark: Located next to the University of Delft and the new development Technolopolis, this business park offers a great location with close proximity to research facilities, the incubators Yes!Delft, Radex Innovation Center and the city centre. Largely dominated by ICT-related companies, the cluster provides a great split of Young Starters, Gazelles and more mature companies. The high move-in rate of 9 established Gazelles makes it a successful ‘transactional environment’ (Modder & Saris, 2005: Creative spaces in the Netherlands).

ISIS GLOBAL COMPUTING

HINTTECH BV

TJIP BV

TODAY IT B.V. E-MERGO LEVEL UP BV

DELFTECHPARK

YES! DELFT

SYSTEMATIC DESIGN BV

IDEAS TO INTERCONNECT B.V.

DEMIS BV Q DELFT

RADEX INNOVATION CENTER 35

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ACTIVITIES IN THE DELFTECHTPARK CLUSTER Greenport

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HINTECH BV - a leader in content and marketing technology; in the areas of Customer Experience & Content Management, Enterprise Content Management & Collaboration, Brand & Digital Asset Management, Mobile and Social

TJIP BV - developes software for the financial community and healthcare sector DELFTECHPARK

Ampelmann Operations - sets new standards in offshore safety by operating full motion compensation offshore access systems and services all over the world

PLAXIS BV - supplies a range of geotechnical software tools, courses, seminars and expert services all targeted at the world of geotechnics, geo-engineering and civil engineering

RADEX INNOVATION CENTER

QDelft - specialises in the development, management and maintenance of hightech software for information systems, mathematical models and expert systems

TODAY IT BV - internet solution for the administration and management of returnable transport items; less effort and more control of containers, crates, shelves and pallets Alert Solutions - developes and supplies innovative measurement systems for monitoring infrastructure works, combining chip technology and geotechnological insights

Delta Sync - an interdisciplinary design and consulting firm, with a strong focus on research and development for flood proof urbanisation

YES! DELFT

MediShield - primarily focuses cost reduction safety improvement, in the medical field, during surgery with intuitive new tools and innovative work-flow concepts 36

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URBAN QUALITIES

OF THE DELFTECHTPARK CLUSTER

The Radex Innovation Center and Yes!Delft are two innovation centres located next to the Delfttechpark. The Radex Innovation Center contains up to 60 business companies, with a large number of graduates from the TU Delft. Yes!Delft promotes and supports technological entrepreneurship in all its phases; providing practical support in the creation and development of businesses. From a spatial point of view, it can be argued that the isolated location of the two centres, with no emphasis on the surrounding public space, are not facilitating the synergetic and entrepreneurial environment expected to facilitate knowledge exchange. RADEX INNOVATION CENTER

YES!DELFT

DELFTECHPARK

The Delftechpark is organised around a central delivery spine. The business park is dominated by car parking spaces between buildings. The isolated island formation of the business park lacks any form of vibrancy, caused by mono-functional buildings with no relation to street life. 38

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ERKLEEFT CONSTRUCTIETECHNIEK VOF

VELDWERK TRANSPORT BV

CLUSTER III - HONDERDLAND BUSINESS PARK

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EN ZN TRANSP ORTBEDRIJF

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CE BV R SERVI

FA P DE JONG

COMPUTE

VENECO AUTOMATISERING

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Honderdland Business Park: HOOGWERKER TECHNIEK NEDERLAND PRES-TIGE PLANTS BV Located 15km to the south west of Delft, in the Westland area, this business park is right at the A20 motorway and next to the business parks Transportcentrum Westland, Poortcamp and Coldenhove. Major international operating bases, like the ferry connection Harwich – Hoek van Holland , the port of Rotterdam and Rotterdam Airport are within reach through the motorway access. Honderdland harbors ICT, Logistics and Greenports-related companies, the company types show a great mix of Young Starters, Gazelles and mature companies

COOL CONTROL BV JOJOTOURS B.V.

VENECO AUTOMATISERING LOGISTIC BUSINESS PARTNERS (ROTTERDAM) B.V. ALLROUND COMPUTER SERVICE BV

EXS DATA SYSTEMS BV DIRECT ACCESS B.V.

TIC B

LOGIS

HONDERDLAND BUSINESS PARK

VA N

V OL B ) B.V. NTR RDAM L CO OTTE RS (R COO RTNE SS PA

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POORTCAMP

POST-KOGEKO LOGISTICS B.V.

TRANSPORTCENTRUM WESTLAND FA P DE JONG EN ZN TRANSPORTBEDRIJF INTERNATIONAAL TRANSPORTBEDRIJF B.B. STOLK BV

125

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ACTIVITIES IN THE HONDERDLAND BUSINESS PARK CLUSTER Greenport

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DIRECT ACESS BV - provides support for importers and dealers in marketing initiatives and initiates innovative automotive marketing concepts

Logistic Business Partners Rotterdam logistics company for airfreight, sea freight, COOL CONTROL - offers stock control and warehousing storage space with up-to-date refrigeration conditions

WEVAB - specialises in designing HONDERDLAND and manufacturing presentation tools, ENALCO BV - developes innovative BUSINESS PARK transportation tools for the horticulture technological systems for advanced engine and floriculture retail segment and flue gas systems for horticulture and garden centres in Europe industry; technology for maximum energy savings VENECO AUTOMATISERING - automation, telecom and security, provides total solutions for critical business processes, intelligent networks, network security, cloud computing and control of industrial robots

POST-KOGEKO - an all-round logistics service provider in conditioned food logistics GIST BV - provides innovative, bespoke supply chain solutions that deliver cost savings, environmental benefits and competitive advantage

TRANSTOLK BV - specialises in all forms of transport of fruit, vegetables, flowers and other plants

WESTLAND

THERMO KING developes transport refrigeration machines for trucks and trailers and provides various data communication systems, options and accessories for cargo temperature

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HONDERDLAND BUSINESS PARK

Honderdland Business Park is situated at a former horticultural location in the Westland area and started its developments in 2004. It takes up an area of approximately 100ha and aims to become the first CO2 neutral business park in the Netherlands. Its ambition to make optimal use of land, by for instance providing multilayered parking facilities, is still characterised by a mono-functional and street based layout, with no emphasis on green areas. In the near future Dijcks Mastery will be opened, a business complex of modern design offering flexible unit sizes and affordable business and storage spaces for both entrepreneurs and individuals. 41

URBAN QUALITIES OF THE HONDERDLAND BUSINESS PARK CLUSTER

Transport Centrum Westland mainly holds logistics-related companies. Organised around a central delivery spine its spatial organisation is purely set up for quick delivery and distribution within the area. It shows a limited set of building types, lacking architectural qualities.

TRANSPORTCENTRUM WESTLAND

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4. International comparison “A creative social environment should be present so that it is possible to establish contact to other firms in the form of networking and innovation development. These conditions are best satisfied in the large urban areas of Europe and in societies with a well-developed public infrastructure.” (Hansen & Serin, 2010) Our examination in chapter 3, which focuses on the analysis of existing clusters in the area of Delft and Leiden with the most potential, presents a striking outcome. Even though crossover activities can be found within several clusters - distributed in different urban milieus - the innovative companies are dispersed throughout the region and the spatial qualities of the researched cluster areas (both for working and production) are characterised by monofunctionality and lack qualitative public space and buildings. Using spatial characteristics as a main determinant, as both a diagnostic and critical tool, it can be argued that the spatial dispersion of the different sectors as well as the provided cluster qualities, are of main concern, as they do not contribute to a synergetic, entrepreneurial environment. This begs the questions: How can industryrelated and knowledge clusters be interconnected as to form innovative production environments? What are the spatial qualities and conditions needed to form qualitative innovative clusters and regions?

flexibility; providing high-cost mobility infrastructure. With these kinds of decisions, the risks are as high as the gains, as Noisette (2012) states: “Over the last forty years, a phenomenon in many European cities has been the restructuring of inner-city land in order to improve places of connection for different modes of transport and to enhance the value of existing assets. (...) These developments often take decades to complete, have a considerable impact on the character and functions of the surrounding areas, and can be disruptive to the life and energy of the city.” Innovative companies are dispersed throughout the region and cluster areas are characterised by mono-functionality and a lack of qualitative public space and buildings. Nowadays, strategic business locations rely increasingly on good connectivity through infrastructure. What used to be a simple alignment along motorways for efficient distribution of goods, has become a far more complex and interrelated system of railway, motorway, innovation clusters and nearby knowledge clusters. Investments in business locations are now concentrated in urban settings with railway nodes, in proximity to

The challenges in forming innovative production environments are not trivial: integrating research and manufacturing; providing high-quality environments to attract skilled workers; planning simultaneously for specialisation and

universities and quick access to other clusters or airports. However, these clusters are often not synergetic enough in nature, nor related to the actual changemakers, namely Research and Development companies or innovative industry companies. The crossover between different companies that form strong economical ecologies highly depends on close proximity and face-to-face interaction. This is not only for the good of dayto-day operations, but also to channel innovation and have the unpredictable happen. Well-designed collective spaces are an important asset; already a typological shift in building types can be seen in an effort to create crossover working conditions, or to engage more with the public on the street. These shifts are based on key changes in urban development policies, which allow for greater freedom in developing mixeduse environments. The Dutch Ministry of Housing, Spatial Planning and the Environment pointed out, already in 2001, the need for backing growth conditions with a qualitative approach for functional integration, through the application of innovative planning concepts. 4.1 INTERNATIONAL STUDIES

new science clusters or even science cities, to join in on the global competition. Especially in Asia, immense new areas are being developed, while in Europe former isolated industrial and research parks increasingly cluster together to channel innovation. Examples are the Science City in Zürich, Switzerland; the new High Tech campus in Eindhoven, the Netherlands; and the Life Science Campus in Wolfsburg, Germany. A successful approach to plan for the knowledge economy is still lacking. However, the analysed international clusters do show one similarity: urbanisation of knowledge and production driven areas. Next, we will highlight their spatial setting and the elements used to form innovative production environments. This section looks at elements that can be used to ‘upgrade’ the local clusters of South Holland. The following international clusters were studied: INTERNATIONAL CLUSTERS

A. One-North, Singapore (page 45) B. Science City, Zürich (page 47) C. MFO-Park & Puls 5, Zürich (page 48) D. Arsenal Center, London (page 49) E. Transparent Factory, Dresden (page 50) F. Dutch examples (page 51)

CASE

In order to understand global trends and typological shifts of working areas, we turned to international case studies. Strengthening the (inter-) national economic and knowledge position of regions is the main goal of many countries, so what can we learn from other strategies? Within this research, several hightech and research cluster in Europe and Asia were analysed to find out how they accommodate the shift of the knowledge economy. Cities, like Singapore, plan

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A. ONE-NORTH, SINGAPORE: A NEW APPROACH TO CITY BUILDING The One-North project in Singapore is more than just an expansion of Research & Development space; it is a new approach to city planning. It harbors key elements, like research and industrial facilities, mixed with housing, green areas, cultural and sport facilities. The development provides a dynamic, vibrant cluster of distinctive techno-entrepreneur communities. The diverse areas are organised around a central park and provide a communal environment where one can live, work and research! Well connected by public transport, the site covers 180ha and is about a 10min drive away from the downtown Central Business District.

BIOPOLIS - BIOMEDICAL R&D HUB

An important part of the OneNorth project is the biomedical R&D hub Biopolis. Designed as a walkable environment, the vibrant cluster of mixed-use buildings offers several service facilities on the ground level, with emphasis on public areas. While integrated underground parking frees up land and allows for denser development, the bridge links between buildings provide an additional layer of networks and meeting places on the site.

“The vision of One-North is developing an ‘exciting place of vision & inspiration’ to attract, nurture and sustain a dynamic, vibrant and distinctive technopreneur community of innovators, students and professionals, technopreneurs, researchers, venture capitalists, corporate lawyers, investment bankers, business consultants, e-commerce specialists and even media stars and artists. These diverse talents can live, work, congregate or simply be there to interact with each other to exchange ideas, collaborate and strike deals, or just to have fun.” (Arthur Aw, 2005) 46

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B. SCIENCE CITY, ZÜRICH: FORMING A NEW NEIGHBOURHOOD Science City Zürich: The ETH Campus on the Hönggerberg in Zürich is currently undergoing a huge transformation. With the new redevelopment plan from KCAP, the formerly isolated knowledge cluster will become a vibrant urban area, bringing the university, research and industry as well as new learning and sport facilities closer together. The qualities of the existing campus will be retained and transformed internally into a multifaceted urban area to increase its capacity. It is to act as an interface between scholarship and society, all facilities will be open to the general public.

MFO PARK - NEU-OERLIKON (ZÜRICH)

PULS 5 - ZÜRICH-WEST (ZÜRICH)

C. MFO PARK & PULS 5, ZÜRICH: FROM INDUSTRIAL DISTRICT TO URBAN QUARTER The MFO-Park in Neu-Oerlikon, Zürich is designed by Burckhardt + Partner and Raderschall Landschaftsarchitekten AG. Built on the former location of an engine factory, the public park accommodates a number of different activities. Major events such as open-air movies, theatre and concerts, among others can be held here. The large Park-Haus steel construction is based on an ancient garden design and includes a sundeck, which offers a view over northern Zürich.

A similar approach, of upgrading a former industrial site, was taken with the Plus 5 development, in the heart of the new trend district Zürich-West. Retaining the character of the industrial hall, the building was redeveloped into a hip meeting and exhibition space, for all kinds of events and trade shows. The qualitative facade materials and public realm, in combination with different shopping and living facilities, transformed the former industrial area into a vibrant urban quarter.

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D. ARSENAL RECYCLING CENTER, LONDON: STACKING FUNCTIONS Stacking functions â&#x20AC;&#x201C; The primary objective of an industrial building was to facilitate access and contain the required technological functions within a neutral, low-cost structure. The shift towards cleaner and less noise polluting industries has allowed industrial-based clusters to become more urban. The Arsenal Recycling Center in London (UK) offers an interesting approach on integrating industrial buildings into urban areas. By stacking housing facilities around the recycling station, the outward oriented design allows the formation of a qualitative residential neighbourhood.

TRANSPARENT FACTORY - DRESDEN

ARSENAL RECYCLING CENTER - LONDON

E. TRANSPARENT FACTORY, DRESDEN: INCLUSION AND ADAPTABILITY Inclusion of different elements – Another outstanding example of how industries can be integrated in the city landscape is the Transparent Factory in Dresden (Germany). Located in the heart of the city, the building sits on the edge of the baroque park ‘Grosser Garten’. Designed by Henn architects, the building is characterised by transparency. Offering a view on the production process, the building also functions as an exhibition and sales centre, and hosts several cultural events.

“Complex urban areas show hierarchy, diversity and balance. The parts of the city have integrity, while building up synergies across their differences. This pattern of continuity and differentiation is not delivered by a land-use plan, but by awareness of how spaces of interaction and association are built up across uses and functions. Good plans show how streets can develop character, how workspaces gain value through a network, how schools and libraries establish civic landscapes.” (Barth, 2012 - Learning cities platform, p.19) 50

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F. DUTCH EXAMPLES: IMPLICATIONS FOR THIS RESEARCH In this chapter we examined several high-tech clusters in Europe and Asia. Although the clusters are located in different parts of the world, they show one similarity: the urbanisation of knowledge and production driven areas. These upgrading processes have already started in the Dutch context, which underpins the importance of this research. Within the areas of Rotterdam, Delft and Leiden several examples were found that focus on providing more synergetic working environments. The IMd building in Rotterdam is a great example of how to use an existing LIJMFABRIEK - DELFT

RDM CAMPUS - ROTTERDAM

IMd OFFICE - ROTTERDAM

structure and reshuffle the interior. The RDM Campus Rotterdam houses a new scooter factory and an area for young entrepreneurs to meet. The Lijmfabriek in Delft, located at an industrial site next to the university grounds, is a cultural spot for people to meet. Subquestions: What is the right approach to form â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Innovative production environmentsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;? Is cluster upgrading the correct approach or is it necessary to start anew? How can the different elements from the case studies be used in forming urban and synergetic research and working environments in South Holland? 52

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5. Conclusions “In order to design new urban strategies on a local or regional level in a global competition of regions we have to explore and reveal the conditions that make certain areas attractive. We also need to understand the way innovative sectors interact with other economic branches, and why they prefer certain urban conditions. Finally we must try to understand the different chances of urban regions for making places fit for fostering the creative economy.” (Modder & Saris, 2005)

Three main steps were taken in the first phase of the project ‘Creating Innovative Production Environments‘, which this booklet describes:

economic situation. Furthermore, the data selection proved difficult, since the complexity of each sector and crossover activities of companies make it hard to contain all companies as well as draw conclusions about the development of a sector. However, the dataset was a sufficient tool to start with.

FIRST PHASE: 3 MAIN STEPS

> Analysis of existing Dutch cluster conditions (page 6) > Local actor involvement (page 7) > International comparison (page 43)

During the first phase, it became clear that further examination of additional sectors is needed to complete the study of the South Holland region. Through interviews and the expert meeting it was uncoverd that sectors such as safety & security, space and creative industry seem to become important for the economic development of the municipalities of Delft and Leiden. Consequently they need to be incorporated in the next research phase.

Upon completion of the first phase, we draw some preliminary conclusions in this fifth chapter on the questions asked, as well as on the process and the approach that were taken. The final chapter 6 describes the steps planned for the next phase of the project. 5.1 LESSONS LEARNT

A very low response was experienced on the questionnaires that were sent out. This was clearly not the right tool to engage entrepeneurs. As a result in the next phase Yes!Delft, Bioscience Park Leiden as well as the municipalityies of Delft and Leiden will help in reaching more companies.

Using data visualisation as a tool, we faced several limits. Our dataset of companies reached from 1996 to 2010, so was not up-to-date enough to reflect on the current situation. The rapid change and new development of companies poses the need for more recent data to map the

5.2 FINDINGS

In order to offer more synergetic work environments the spatial settings and building types need to be explored and developed further. This information is important for the design of new urban development strategies for cluster locations.

Using data visualisation to explore the economic position of the selected areas is an interesting tool in order to understand the potentials, strengths and weaknesses of certain areas. The filtering of company types showed the potential and weakness of each region. Based on the outcomes of sectors with the most growth, we can start to visualize the transformation of an area. Its spatial impact will be mapped out in the second phase of the project. Concerning the spatial dispersion of Gazelle locations, the main question is how stronger specialised nodes and clusters can be formed in the area, through upgrading the clusters that already exist. This will also be touched upon in the next phase.

The examination of international case studies resulted in several upgrading possibilities, that can be of use in the Dutch context as well. The cluster intensification strategy (Plus 5, Zürich) through incorporating housing and other civic facilities, offers great possibilities to bring urban life to a mono-functional cluster. The shift in building types, like stacking housing functions (Arsenal, London) and the inclusion of cultural and civic elements in industrial areas (MFO Park, Zürich & Transparent Factory, Dresden) also offer an interesting approach for bringing urban life into the mono-functional settings of regional Dutch clusters. These concepts will also be worked out in the second phase of the project.

The measurement of successful clusters through heat maps showed an interesting approach for investigateing cluster conditions. It enabled us to develop further parameters for the identification of important locations. Examples of these parameters are: stakeholders, building age, ownership of land and/or buildings, etc. These parameters give insight into the potential upgrading opportunities, which will be included in the second phase of the project

6. What’s next? With the lessons learnt and the results from this first research phase, we head towards the next phase. So far, we focused on mapping existing conditions. To unveil the full potential of sectors or clusters, further research is needed. Even though the identified clusters are characterised by ‘poor’ urban conditions, the ‘hotspots’ (the most preferred locations in the researched areas) are immensely interesting for further examniation and at the same time ask for new integrated urban development strategies. If space matters in forming innovative

On the company scale, when looking at company activities and networks within certain clusters, several crossover activities were discovered in the 5 innovative sectors. Unravelling the condition of companies gave a first insight into their spatial requirements. Based on the study ‘Creative Spaces in the Netherlands’ by Modder and Saris (2005), the activities of Gazelles in relation to entrepreneurial, working and production zones were categorised.

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production milieus, then what are the tools to upgrade them and what do these possible transformations look like? Luuk Boelens (2009) describes the need to see spatial planning as a ‘strategic navigation towards a speculated future’. He proposes a method for tracing potentials of certain sectors, identification of potential areas for urban development and speculative testing of possible conditions to unfold the potentials of whole regions and leading towards urban strategies. We will adopt this approach in the next research phase with the aim of forming a spatial vision for the knowledge axes Delft-Leiden and Delft-Rotterdam.

Urbanity - London Lower Lea Valley’ (A. Wetzel, 2012), will serve as good methodological counterexamples for new ways of spatial analysis and to illustrate the complex interrelations on the different scales (local, regional, international). For this test, two different cluster typologies within the area of South Holland were chosen. Selections are based either on the outcomes of research in the first phase or outcomes from the expert meeting. The selected clusters are divided into two sets: a) highly specialized clusters and b) more derelict locations to test the spatial transformation of clusters in different urban settings. The 7 selected clusters are: Bioscience park Leiden, Technopolis Delft, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, Marconi towers Rotterdam, Space Research cluster Noordwijk Estec, Plaspoelpolder Rijswijk and South business park Leiden. The main goal of this step is to explore upgrading possibilities of different clusters.

6.1 FOUR MAIN STEPS The next research phase will be made up of 4 parts: SECOND PHASE: 4 MAIN STEPS

> Tracing and mapping > Workshops > Debates > Publication

This research-in-design will have 3 parts and form the basis for further discussion on urban transformation strategies: 1. Positioning of the cluster: aimed at visualising the spatial condition, organisation and spatial differences of the selected clusters, by taking into account the typology of buildings, the relationship to the street, the cluster, the city and its institutions, as well as connectivity through rail and motorway. The visualisation will give insight into the age of buildings, vacancy and stakeholders. Movements within the sites will also be examined, based on the grid pattern. These diagrams will help to establish a framework for differentiation and hierarchy. 2. Development of new building types: The set of building types for working areas is limited. While we

TRACING AND MAPPING This step focuses on systematically tracking existing area conditions, in order to reveal positioning of areas; to map transformation opportunities of sectors; and to show urban transformation possibilities, addressing the needs of the knowledge economy. An explorative study of cluster upgrading possibilities is proposed. This study focuses on the spatial settings of each cluster. New building types and new upgrading and intensification opportunities for local Dutch clusters will be worked out. The researches ‘Exploring the Knowledge Neighbourhood - towards a new Nodality for Cambridge’ and ‘Towards Industrial

have thirty-five housing types there are only a few working typologies. Possible new typologies and their possible use in different urban settings will be sketched. 3. Upgrading and intensification of local clusters: aimed at applying the then developed working typologies on a site-specific level. It will be explored which urban qualities can be achieved through redevelopment.

WORKSHOPS Products from the ‘tracing and mapping’ phase form the basis for a series of spatial tests, which will focus on the transformation of different clusters and areas in South Holland. In several worskhops, with selected partners, architects and planners, the potential of the different areas will be outlined and new urban transformation strategies will be worked on. Proposed workshop topics are: > Intensification of working areas and clusters – How to form a more vibrant urban atmosphere? > Interconnecting industrial and knowledge based clusters – At what distance do clusters start to work together as a unit? What kind of mobility systems are needed to enhance knowledge exchange between clusters? > Extending existing working areas – Where are the potential new hotspots for growth in South Holland?

Next, the potentials of sectors and companies for region development will be explored, to get a grip on the possible transformation of the innovative sectors. Opportunity maps will show what is particularly local and unravel positions within the regional network. These are open maps, describing the transformation opportunities of certain sectors and areas. Data for the opportunity maps will be gathered by: > Extending data visualisation on missing sectors – What are the most prominent sectors in the area? > Personal interviews with selected local companies – Which transformation processes are taking place within the innovative sectors? What are their spatial requirements? > Small-scale workshops – With knowledge networks in South Holland (Medical Delta, Cleantech Delt, Yes!Delft). How to transform their visions into space?

DEBATES What are the possibilities for urban and regional development, and how can our vision and spatial strategy become reality? With the withdrawal of the Dutch government and current economic crisis, new ways to transform urban neighbourhoods and quarters become increasingly interesting. The inclusion of stakeholders in an actor related approach to urban planning is seen as promising. A series of debates will be organised to explore how the workshop design concepts can be implemented.

Lastly, a matrix of areas with opportunities for intervention will be produced to examine and categorise the different clusters and working areas in South Holland. This matrix will show areas with high/low potentials related to high/low possibilities for upgrading. Furthermore, we aim to cooperate with the Ministry of Infrastructure and Environment on a heat map of existing work areas for further spatial testing.

PUBLICATION Lastly, the research process, its products and results will be bundled. This publication, seen as a spatial vision for the province of South Holland, can serve as a starting point for administrations and stakeholders for first discussions on upgrading possibilities in the province.

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FIRST PHASE: PILOT PROJECT

Province of South Holland

Ministry of Infrastructure and the Environment

University of Utrecht Municipality of Delft Municipality of Leiden

FIRST RESEARCH PHASE

SECOND PHASE: STEP 1 - TRACE POTENTIALS HEAT MAPS trace potentials, which conditions have formed an area and where are upgrading possibilities?

MAP POTENTIAL SECTORS > personal interviews and questionnaires to alter course of planning processes > confrontation between past and new alliances of actors and markets > map the manners in which the interaction can take place

described in this publication MAP POTENTIAL TRANSFORMATIONS > trace spatial conditions of seven areas > develop new working typologies > make diagrams that reflect transformation of seven chosen areas

Deltametropool Association Supported by Creative Industries Fund NL

Province of South Holland Economy expert University of Utrecht Representative Municipality of Delft Representative Municipality of Leiden Economic experts Municipality of Leiden Representative Bioscience Park Leiden Expert Space sector Expert Holland Rijnland Programme manager Leiden Kennisstad Representative Medical delta Representative Yes!Delft

INITIATIVE

FIRST PHASE PARTNERS 57

SECOND PHASE PARTNERS

THIRD PHASE: STEP 2 - DIAGRAM POTENTIALS

FOURTH PHASE: STEP 3 - DISCUSS POTENTIALS

WORKSHOPS

DEBATES

based on phase 2, spatial tests on different Dutch case studies:

bring the spatial vision of phase 3 into reality, proposed debate topics:

> map potentials > develop new urban strategies > draw spatial visions

> new urban development strategies > the role of stakeholders > policies and planning tools

Province South of Holland Economy expert University of Utrecht Representative Municipality of Delft Representative Municipality of Leiden Economic experts Municipality of Leiden Representative Bioscience Park Leiden Expert Space sector Expert Holland Rijnland Programme manager of Leiden Kennisstad Representative Medical delta Representative Yes!Delft

Cleantech Delta Innovation Leyland Leiden Scienceport Holland ICT programme Zuidvleugel Owners businessparks Selected companies & stakeholders

Selected architects Selected developers Selected designers

Selected architects Selected developers Selected designers International experts Stakeholders

THIRD PHASE PARTNERS

FOURTH PHASE PARTNERS 58

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REFERENCES: AMANDUS L. , PETER A., 2012, Roadmap ICT for the Top Sectors, The Minister of Economic Affairs, Agriculture and Innovation ARAUUZO-CAROD, J. A., ANJON-ANTOLIN, M., 2013, Introduction to the spatial issue - new insights in industrial locations, Tijdschrift voor economische en social geografie, vol. 104 ARTHUR, A, 2005, SINGAPORE: The One-North Project, Bilbao/Spain 2005, 41st ISoCaRP Congress ATELIER STAD, 2012, Uitkomsten Werksesssies - suburban optimization ATELIER STAD, 2012, Uitkomsten Werksesssies - matching skills ATELIER STAD, 2012, Uitkomsten Werksesssies - making metropolis BRAMWELL, A., HEPBURN, N., WOLFE, D., 2012, Growing Innovation Ecosystems: UniversityIndustry Knowledge Transfer and Regional Economic Development in Canada. University Toronto BOELENS, LUUK: The Urban connection: An actorrelated approach to urban planning, 010 Publishers, 2009 BURDETT, R., Ovink, H., 2011, The tale of two regions. LSE Cities DELTAMETROPOOL, 2011, Knowledge cluster, Delft University DIJK, V. D., 2013, Brainport’s life cycle, spatial strategy to faciliate the life cycle of innovative industries brainport Eindhoven HANSEN P.A, SERIN G. 2010, The European ICT clusters – an overview of selected ICT clusters in Europe, Roskilde University Hoeger, K., 2000, Campus and the city : urban design for the knowledge society. Zurich : Gta Verlag HOUSING AND URBANISM, 2012, Tech-Knowledge Neighbourhood: towards Industrial Urbanity. Architectural Associ-ation LEARNING CITIES PLATFORM, Utrecht, 2012, Places of connection. Academy of Urbanism OORT, F. VAN, 2011, Enterpreneurship and Regional Development: An international Journal. University of Utrecht MINISTRY OF HOUSING, SPATIAL PLANNING AND THE ENVIRONMENT, 2001, Ruimte Maken, Ruimte Delen, Vijfde nota over de Ruimtelijke Ordening 2000/2002 MODDER J. , SARIS J. ,2005, Creating spaces in the Netherlands, 41st IsoCarp congress 2005, MCCANN, P., ORTEGA-ARGILÉS,R., 2011, Smart Specialisation, Regional Growth and Applications to EU Cohesion Policy. University of Groningen PROVINCIE ZUID HOLLAND, 2012, Weerbare Regio - De strijd om kapitaal PROVINCIE ZUID HOLLAND, 2012, Weerbare Regio - Ruimtelijk-economisch beleid in de ZuidHollandse kenniseconomie PROVINCIE ZUID HOLLAND, 2012, Weerbare Regio - Skill-gerelateerdheid in de arbeidsmarkt RISSELADA, A., SCHULTJES, V., OORT, V. F. , 2013, Real estate determinants of firm relocation in urban residential neighbourhoods, Tijdschrift voor economische en social geographie, Vol. 104 SAXENIAN, A., 2006, New argonauts : regional advantage in a global economy. Cambridge, Mass. : Harvard University Press STAM, E., GARNSEY, E., 2009. Decline and renewal of high-tech cluster: The Cambridge case. CBS Copenhagen Business School

STAM, E., 2005, Windows of the Netherlands, The geography of Gazelles in the Netherlands, Tijdschrift voor economische en social geographie, VOL. 96, NO. 1, PP. 121â&#x20AC;&#x201C;127 SPECIAL DELFT, 2012, Nieuw ICT-consortium is innovatiemotor voor Zuid-Hollandse clusters, STORPER, 2010, GLOBAL CITY-REGIONS: AN OVERVIEW UFFELEN, C. VAN., 2009, Factory design. [Berlin] : Braun UNGERS, M. , 1997, The dialectic city. Milano : Skira VALIZ, TRANCITY, Compendium for the civic economy, 00:/ , 2012 WETZEL, A., 2013, Exploring the concept of the Knowledgeneighborhood - towards a new Nodality for Cambridge, Architectural Association

PROJECT WEBSITE: Creating Innovative Production Environments http://deltametropool.nl/nl/production_environments ONLINE PDF DOCUMENTS: Tech-Knowledge Neighbourhood: towards Industrial Urbanity - Lower Lea Valley London: http://issuu.com/anke.wetzel/docs/book_techknowledge_neighbourhood_aa Exploring the concept of the Knowledgeneighborhood - towards a new Nodality for Cambridge http://issuu.com/anke.wetzel/docs/march_final_thesis_anke_wetzel_1 Tainan workshop: http://issuu.com/anke.wetzel/docs/121005_tainan_book FactSheet, Deltametropolis Association - Industrial clusters: http://issuu.com/anke.wetzel/docs/fact_sheet_cargo_site

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For more information or to get involved, please contact: Anke Wetzel - urban researcher at Deltametropolis Association Projectleader â&#x20AC;&#x153;Creating Innovative Production Environmentsâ&#x20AC;? tel: +31 10 413 0927 mail: anke.wetzel@deltametropool.nl 62

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