The Sukat ng Kalikasan (HCVA-NCA) Framework for the Philippines was made possible through the support of the American people through the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) Sustainable Intervention for Biodiversity, Oceans, and Landscape (SIBOL) Activity Agreement No. 72049220CA00005, the Department of Environment and Natural Resource (DENR), and Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (BFAR).
This document was published by the Department of Environment and Natural Resources and Natural Resources together with the Center for Conservation Innovation PH, Inc (CCIPH), Resources, Environment and Economic Center for Studies (REECS), Forest Foundation Philippines (FFP), Zoological Society of London (ZSL) and the Research Triangle Institute (RTI) International.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or used in any manner without the prior written permission of the copyright owner, except for the use of brief quotations. To request permission, contact the publisher at XXXXXdenr email.
The contents of this Framework are the sole responsibility of the publishers and do not necessarily reflect the views of USAID or the U.S Government.
Paperback: ISBN 978-621-498-000-0
Ebook: ISBN 978-621-498-001-7
AUTHORS
Neil Aldrin Mallari, Rina Maria Rosales, Gem Castillo, Marian Delos Angeles, Herminia Francisco, Elvira Orbeta, Canesio Predo, Agustin Arcenas, Tonie Balangue, Noela Lasmarias, Oliver Coroza, Jennica Paula Masigan, Mary Ann Bautista, Jhonny Wyne Edaño, James Patric Jimenez, Freddie Palermo, Rhiana Angelita Parr, Joji Shiraishi, Clarice Kimberley Tee, Quennie Ann Uy, Leilani Yu, DeAnne Rochelle Abdao
CONTRIBUTORS
Abenir, R., Abesamis, R., Amarillo, C., Angeles, E., Apaya, M.K., Arollado, E., Atienza, R., Bandol, J., Barbecho, J., Barut, N., Bati-on, R.G., Belen, A., Bernardino, N., Bibar, J.L., Brillo, F.A., Calagui, L., Calagui, S., Calanda, V., Calderon, M., Campos, W., Canlas, C.P., Canoy, Ma. E., Cedo, K.K., Cervancia, C., Corpuz, N., Cuanan, R., David, L., Decuzar, J., de Layola, L.A., Del Prado, Y.L., Dela Fuente, S., Dinagiba, E., Dionisio, V.J., Dizon, R.D., Duya, M.R., Erasga, A., Fajardo, A., Feliciano, F., Felix, M.J., Fernandez, G., Ferrer, M.L., Flores, R., Garino, D., Gonzaga, M.G., Hipolito, B., Ibañez, C., Jasmin, C.J., Javier, A.R., Lanuza, M., Licuanan, W., Ligaray, M., Lintag, Ma. B., Lorica, R., Luna, R., Mahinay, J.P., Mamuric, R., Maranan, M., Marasigan, K., Montebon, Z., Montilijao, C., Moreno, M., Natividad, M., Navarro, J., Ocampo, A.M., Ordinario, J.A., Olvida, A., Palomar, J.A., Parreño, N., Paz, S., Primavera, J., Puna, N., Rafols, P.M., Rayo, F., Realo, C., Reginio, A., Rico, E., Rizo, E.Z., Salazar, C., Salmo, S., Sazon, R., Suetos, K.J., Tablazon, D., Trespalacio, G., Ugay, M.L., Venturillo, R., Viccuto, R., Villalon, A.M., Villanoy, C., Yap, E., Yap, S., Yñiguez, A.
EDITORS
Earl G. Parreño, Rina Maria Rosales, Quennie Ann Uy, Neil Aldrin Mallari
BOOK DESIGNER
Mems Gamad
The Sukat ng Kalikasan Toolkit represents a significant advancement in natural resource management in the Philippines. Designed as a foundational instrument, it is a systematic tool to evaluate and quantify High Conservation Values (HCVs) within the country’s Key Biodiversity Areas. These HCVs encompass a diverse range of natural assets, including species, habitats, and ecosystems, alongside the ecosystem services that they provide to communities. Aligned with the country’s Natural Capital Accounting Roadmap, the Sukat ng Kalikasan will be instrumental in ensuring that the critical values of our national parks, including the country’s natural resources, are identified, measured, monitored, and effectively managed.
Integral to the Toolkit’s framework is the recognition of ecosystem services such as the wealth of economic, social, and cultural benefits derived from the environment. The Natural Capital Accounting method used in this toolkit equips our natural resource managers with the necessary knowledge to assign monetary values to the country’s natural assets and the services they provide to society and the economy. By incorporating these pieces of information into the national account, policymakers are empowered with a comprehensive toolset to inform and guide strategies for effective biodiversity conservation.
Ecosystem services, ranging from the provision of food on the table to cultural enrichment, are intricately linked to the stewardship of natural assets, whether marine or terrestrial. The degradation of these assets can lead to adverse consequences that will not only harm nature but human well-being as well. Failure to grasp this interplay between biophysical assets and ecosystem services jeopardizes the efficacy of conservation efforts, underscoring the imperative of methodologies like Sukat ng Kalikasan.
The versatility of the Sukat ng Kalikasan Toolkit extends beyond conservation areas, finding relevance in diverse landscapes, including watersheds, islands, and political units. Adoption equips planners and implementers with the means to judiciously allocate limited resources, while simultaneously addressing pressing concerns such as climate mitigation, adaptation, and governance.
For the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR), the Sukat ng Kalikasan Toolkit signifies a pivotal milestone in bolstering the stewardship of the nation’s natural resources. Further, the Toolkit provides the where and what for the science-based and evidence-informed decision-making and policy formulation adopted by the DENR. Recognizing its potential to enhance decision-making processes and foster sustainable development, the DENR heralds this toolkit as a cornerstone in advancing the conservation agenda and paving the way for a more resilient and ecologically sound future.
Department of Environment and Natural Resources
In the face of pressing needs to address the challenges of ecosystem management and valuation of our natural resources, collaborative efforts from various stakeholders, including the government sector, are essential to bolster capabilities and create effective tools that will aid us in making informed decisions regarding resource management.
The Sukat ng Kalikasan Toolkit, an output of collaborative efforts between USAID-SIBOL Project, Department of Agriculture-Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources, Department of Environment and Natural ResourcesBiodiversity Management Bureau, local government units, and other stakeholders, serves as a practical conservation tool that will identify, manage, and monitor critical values in natural and production landscapes and seascapes in the Philippines.
The Toolkit, designed to guide the users of Sukat ng Kalikasan: A High Conservation Value Area-Natural Capital Accounting Framework on Protected Area Management, provides details on the methods, tools, data requirements, and data sources necessary for the successful implementation of assessments and monitoring activities within protected areas, and enables management authorities and regulators to prioritize critical areas for conservation management.
This Toolkit is a significant addition to our implements that will aid DA-BFAR in striking the balance between increasing fisheries production and the sustainable use and protection of our marine and inland resources.
We at DA-BFAR extend our congratulations to the USAID-SIBOL Project for the publication of this Toolkit and assure our continuous support for the empowerment of our capacity to identify appropriate ecosystem services. Hand in hand, let us strive to bridge the gaps in the conservation efforts of our shared resources.
Isidro M. Velayo, Jr., MDM Officer-in-Charge Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources
The Philippines is well-endowed with natural resources that play a crucial role in supporting ecosystem services critical to the economy. However, the provision of these vital ecosystem services has been increasingly compromised due to mismanagement and overexploitation of natural resources aggravated by the impacts of climate change and natural hazards.
According to the 2023 World Risk Report, the Philippines remained the most at-risk country for the 13th straight year. Between 2012 and 2022, approximately 106 million individuals were directly affected by tropical cyclones alone, resulting in roughly 10,000 fatalities. During the same period, the country also incurred losses and damage amounting to PHP 482.39 billion. Continuing along the business-as-usual pathways could exacerbate the impacts of climate change, significantly impacting the Philippine economy, particularly reducing 13 percent of our gross domestic product by 2040.
While data on damage and losses to agriculture and infrastructure caused by natural hazards is available, the lack of a standardized method hinders our understanding of their full impact on the country’s environment and natural resources. This also undermines providing a sound basis for the interventions needed to improve natural resources management, enhance their resiliency, and sustain their socioeconomic contribution.
Recognizing these challenges, the Philippine Development Plan 2023-2028 (PDP) 2023-2028 outlines key strategies aimed at strengthening the adaptive capacity and resilience of ecosystems and communities to climate change impacts. These include strengthening the management of protected areas by utilizing ecosystem-based approaches and nature-based solutions to optimize their economic and climate change adaptation and mitigation benefits, such as carbon sequestration, and provision of livelihood to vulnerable communities, among others.
The current administration also pursues the institutionalization of Natural Capital Accounting (NCA) into the government processes to better understand the trade-offs between economic development and environmental conservation, assess the impacts of climate change on natural capital, and design innovative strategies for sustainable and climate-resilient development. Relatedly, we have adopted the Roadmap to Institutionalize NCA in the Philippines to provide strategic guidance on the progressive integration of NCA, including ecosystem services valuation in planning, policymaking, and investment programming.
As we move toward a more sustainable future, establishing solid evidence to guide our decisions and actions for managing our environment and natural resources has never been more urgent. With the support of the USAID through the Sustainable Interventions for Biodiversity, Ocean, and Landscape (SIBOL) Project, I greatly commend the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) for developing the Sukat ng Kalikasan (SnK): A High Conservation Value Area-Natural Capital Accounting (HCVA-NCA) Framework on Protected Area Management
This Sukat ng Kalikasan framework provides the methodology, tools, and data that are essential for mapping out ecosystem services within protected areas and measuring their economic values. This toolkit is envisaged to provide a more holistic perspective of the interdependence between the environment, economy, and society by integrating the value and benefits of ecosystems into the management of our protected areas. Furthermore, it will serve as a guide for the DENR, local planners, and decision-makers in developing and implementing evidence-based policies and interventions geared to strengthen the management of the country’s protected areas as a pivotal measure to address biodiversity loss and climate change.
Indeed, attaining a healthy balance between our desired economic outcomes and the promise of leaving a better planet to future generations is a journey fraught with challenges. Everyone’s commitment and collaboration are crucial—from the government to private sector partners, civil service organizations, and every Filipino—so we can steer our systems in a greener and more sustainable pathway.
I am confident that with this toolkit, we are one step closer to our goal of sustainably managing our environment and natural resources as an indispensable requirement for us to attain a matatag, maginhawa, at panatag na buhay para sa lahat.
Arsenio M. Balisacan, PhD Secretary
National Economic and Development Authority
In an ever-evolving world, traditional economic metrics fall short of capturing a comprehensive view of development and do not provide the true measure of a country’s wealth and wellbeing. With this, a growing interest in complementary approaches aimed at measuring economic progress beyond GDP emerges. This includes recognizing the environment’s significance, underscoring the importance of accounting for environmental sustainability and resilience towards measuring the wellbeing of the environment.
Central to this endeavor is the System of Environmental-Economic Accounting - Ecosystem Accounting (SEEA-EA) framework which highlights the value of our natural capital. Within this context, the Philippines has embarked on a strategic roadmap to institutionalize Natural Capital Accounting (NCA), alongside ongoing legislative efforts through the Philippine Ecosystem and Natural Capital Accounting System (PENCAS) bill. Aligned with the SEEAEA framework, currently, the Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA) compiles various environmental accounts and statistics which are crucial in policy and program formulation towards sustainable development in the country.
With the launch of the Sukat ng Kalikasan Toolkit, we are glad to see everyone coming together – the government, development partners, and all relevant organizations. We are optimistic that this initiative will further enhance our understanding of sustainable development, providing essential insights for informed policymaking and paving the way for a more equitable and resilient future.
With all this, the Philippine Statistics Authority supports the toolkit as a significant stride towards our shared objective of measuring and conserving our natural resources.
Claire Dennis S. Mapa, PhD Undersecretary National Statistician and Civil Registrar General, PSA
The Philippines’ rich biodiversity is not only a source of national pride and a cornerstone of its identity, but it also impacts the well-being of the Filipino people. A science-based approach in accounting for its natural assets is therefore critical to making informed decisions and promoting the sustainable use of valuable resources.
We applaud the Philippine government’s steadfast collaboration with key stakeholders in developing the Sukat Ng Kalikasan – an innovative toolkit for integrating conservation values and natural capital accounting in the management of key biodiversity areas. This toolkit is the result of our collective work on preserving natural assets and promoting environmental governance.
Sukat Ng Kalikasan is a collaboration between the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) and the Philippine government, which highlights our shared commitment to environmental conservation, biodiversity preservation, and climate resilience. We developed this toolkit to address the unique challenges faced by the Philippines in managing its key biodiversity areas.
Sukat ng Kalikasan builds on the successes of USAID’s Environmental and Natural Resources Accounting Project (ENRAP). From 1991 to 2000, USAID worked closely with the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR); the National Statistical Coordination Board; the National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA); the Department of Agriculture (DA); and the Laguna Lake Development Authority to produce and compile data on the country’s natural resources. USAID’s pioneering work and close bilateral partnerships strengthened Philippine government officials’ ability to represent the country at the UN Statistical Commission. USAID assistance led to the development of the System of Environmental-Economic Accounting Central Framework, the first international standard for environmental-economic accounting, which the United Nations Statistical Commission adopted in 2012.
USAID’s contributions to natural resource management as an ecologically sound approach are translating into tangible benefits for the Filipinos. We hope that this toolkit encourages meaningful conversations about the future of our shared planet and helps us to meet our collective goal to preserve, conserve, invest in, and safeguard our biodiversity and ecosystems.
May the Sukat ng Kalikasan toolkit serve as a tool for a better, more sustainable future, fostering a legacy of environmental stewardship that will endure for generations.
(Sgd.)
Ryan Washburn Mission Director
USAID Philippines
Sukat
Sukat
Sukat
Sukat
Sukat
Acronyms and Abbreviations
ADSDPP Ancestral Domains Sustainable Development and Protection Plan
AOO Area of Occupancy
AIS Alien and Invasive Species
APFISN Asia-Pacific Forest Invasive Species Network
ATI Agricultural Training Institute (DA ATI)
ARIES Artificial Intelligence for Environment and Sustainability
ARRAS Automated Rapid Reef Assessment System
AVHRR Advanced Very High-Resolution Radiometer
AZE Alliance of Zero Extinction
BAMS Biodiversity Assessment and Monitoring System
BAS Bureau of Agricultural Statistics (PSA BAS)
BFAR Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources
BIOTECH-UPLB Biotechnology – University of the Philippines, Los Baños
BOI Board of Investments (DTI BOI)
BOQ Bureau of Quarantine (DOH BOQ)
BMB Biodiversity Management Bureau (DENR BMB)
BMS Biodiversity Monitoring System
BPI Bureau of Plant Industry (DA BPI)
BSWM Bureau of Soils and Water Management (DA BSWM)
CADC Certificate of Ancestral Domain Claim
CADT Certificate of Ancestral Domain Title
CALT Certificate of Ancestral Land Title
CAO City Agriculture Office
CBMS Community Based Monitoring System
CBSUA Central Bicol State University of Agriculture
CCC Climate Change Commission
CCS Climate Change Services (DENR CCS)
CE Choice Experiment
CHED Commission on Higher Education
CITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora
CLUP Comprehensive Land Use Plan
CM Choice Modeling
CMEMS Copernicus Marine Service
CPH College of Public Health (UP CPH)
CR Critically Endangered
CVM Contingent Valuation Method
DA Department of Agriculture
DA-BAR Department of Agriculture - Bureau of Agricultural Research
DALYs Disability-Adjusted Life Years
DAO DENR Administrative Order
DBH Diameter at Breast Height
DBM-FPRB Department of Budget and Management - Fiscal Planning and Reforms Bureau
DD Data Deficient
DEM Digital Elevation Model
DENR Department of Environment and Natural Resources
DENR-FLUP Department of Environment and Natural Resources - Forest Land Use Plan
DENR-LMB Department of Environment and Natural Resources - Land Management Bureau
DHSUD ELUPDB Department of Human Settlements and Urban DevelopmentEnvironmental, Land Use and Urban Planning and Development Bureau
DILG Department of Interior and Local Government
DOF-PH-EITI Department of Finance - Philippine Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative
DOST Department of Science and Technology
DOT Department of Tourism
DTI Department of Trade and Industries
DTM Digital Terrain Model
DWPH Department of Public Works and Highways
EN Endangered
ECA Environmentally Critical Area
EMB Environmental Management Bureau (DENR EMB)
ENRAP Environmental and Natural Resources Accounting Project
ENRO Environment and Natural Resources Office
EOO Extent of Occurrence
ERDB Ecosystems Research and Development Bureau (DENR ERDB)
ES Ecosystem Services
E-SEAMS Enhanced Socioeconomic Assessment and Monitoring System
ETOPO Earth Topography
FAO Food and Agriculture Organization
FAO GEZ Food and Agriculture Organization Global Ecological Zones
FB Facebook
FCMGI Fish Catch Monitoring and Gear Inventory
FGD Focus Group Discussion
FHSIS Field Health Service Information System
FMB Forest Management Bureau (DENR FMB)
FPA Fertilizer and Pesticide Authority
FRA Forest Resource Assessment
FSC Forest Stewardship Council
GBIF Global Biodiversity Information Facility
GDP Gross Domestic Product
GHG Greenhouse Gas
GIS Geographic Information System
GLCC Global Land Cover Characterization
GPS Global Positioning System
GSHH Global Self-consistent, Hierarchical, and High-resolution
HERDIN Health Research and Development Information Network
PAGASA Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration
PAMO Protected Area Management Office
PAMP Protected Area Management Plan
PAP4SCP Philippine Action Plan for Sustainable Consumption and Production
PASA Protected Areas Suitability Assessment
PCAARRD Philippine Council for Agriculture, Aquatic and Natural Resources Research and Development (DOST PCAARRD)
PCHRD Philippine Council for Health Research and Development
PCSD Palawan Council for Sustainable Development
PDP Philippine Development Plan
PEENRA Philippine Economic-Environmental and Natural Resources Accounting
PEV Participatory Economic Valuation
PHILLiDar Philippine Light Detection and Ranging
PhilRice Philippine Rice Research Institute
PHIVOLCS Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (DOST PHIVOLCS)
Phil-SA Philippine Space Agency
PMS Planning and Monitoring Service (DA PMS)
PO People’s Organization
POWO Plant of the World Online
PPS-PSD Policy and Planning Service - Policy Studies Division (DENR PPS-PSD)
PSA Philippine Statistics Authority
PSU Palawan State University
RAMSAR Convention The Convention on Wetlands of International Importance especially as Waterfowl Habitat
QGIS Quantum Geographic Information System
RBCO River Basin Control Office (DENR RBCO)
RITM Research Institute for Tropical Medicine
SDM Species Distribution Model
SEAMS Socioeconomic Assessment and Monitoring System
SEAWIFS Sea-Viewing Wide Field-of-View Sensor
SEEA System of Environmental-Economic Accounting
SEEA CF System of Environmental-Economic Accounting Central Framework
SEEA EA System of Environmental-Economic Accounting Ecosystem Accounting
SMART Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant, and Time-bound
SNA System of National Accounts
SPSS Statistical Package for the Social Sciences
SSE Species Survival Envelope
SRPAO Survey and Registration of Protected Area Occupants
SUCs State Universities and Colleges
SWAT Soil and Water Assessment Tool
SWM Solid Waste Management
TCM Travel Cost Method
UNACOM UNESCO National Commission of the Philippines
UNDP United Nations Development Programme
UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organizations
UNEP United Nations Environmental Programme
UNSEEA United Nations System of Environmental Economic Accounting
UPD University of the Philippines - Diliman
UPLB University of the Philippines - Los Baños
USGS United States Geological Survey
VBD Vector-Borne Disease
VU Vulnerable
WAVES Wealth Accounting and Valuation of Ecosystem Services
WB World Bank
WBCP Wild Bird Club of the Philippines
WHO World Health Organization
WHO-CHOICE World Health Organization – Choosing Interventions that are Cost-Effective
WPU Western Philippines University
WQM Water Quality Management
WoRMS World Register of Marine Species
WTP Willingness To Pay
ZSL Zoological Society of London
List of Tables
Table 4.51. Outputs required for Sukat 4.5
Table 4.52. Data needed for Sukat 4.5
Table 4.53. Sources of data for Sukat 4.5
Table 4.61. Outputs required for Sukat 4.6
Table 4.62. Data needed for Sukat 4.6
Table 4.63. Sources of data for Sukat 4.6
Table 4.71. Outputs
Table 4.72.
Table 4.73.
for Sukat 4.7
for Sukat 4.7
4.7
4.8
Table 4.82. Data needed for Sukat 4.8
Table 4.83. Sources of data for Sukat 4.8
Table 4.91. Outputs required for Sukat 4.9
Table 4.92. Data needed for Sukat 4.9
Table 4.93. Sources of
Table 4.101.
4.9
4.10
4.10
Table 4.111. Outputs required for Sukat 4.11
4.112.
4.11
Table 5.43.
5.5
5.5
Table 5.61.
Table 5.62.
Table 5.63.
Table 5.71. Outputs
Table 5.72.
5.7
5.6
List of Figures
Preface
Photo courtesy of Rhiana Angelita Parr of Center for Conservation Innovations Ph
Photo courtesy of Michelle Baird of USAID SIBOL Project
Photo courtesy of John Lister Bibar of Center for Conservation Innovations Ph
Photo courtesy of John Lister Bibar of Center for Conservation Innovations Ph
Photo courtesy of John Lister Bibar of Center for Conservation Innovations Ph
Photo courtesy of Michelle Baird of USAID SIBOL Project
Photo courtesy of Rina Maria Rosales of USAID SIBOL Project
Photo courtesy of Gregg Yan
Photo courtesy of Penn delos Santos of Batangas Divers’ Association
Photo courtesy of Penn delos Santos of Batangas Divers’ Association
Photos courtesy of Juergen Freund
Photo courtesy of Mary Ann Bautista of Center for Conservation Innovations Ph
The purpose of this Toolkit is to provide practitioners and stakeholders involved in conservation interventions with a common framework, called Sukat ng Kalikasan (SnK), which is science-driven and evidence-based. This serves as a standardized practical guide for planning, monitoring and assessment, as well as for managing and addressing threats in protected or conservation areas. This can be used by protected area and forest managers; by national government agencies and local government units; by local communities and non-government organizations; by spatial planners; the academic community; as well as corporations, investors and donors.
This Framework builds on the widely used High Conservation Value Areas (HCVA) Framework and the Natural Capital Accounting (NCA) of the United Nations System of Environmental Economic Accounting (UNSEEA). The HCVA concept was first developed by the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) in 1991 and is now used as a standard national protocol to secure biodiversity. The NCA, on the other hand, “provides accounting frameworks to ‘put together’ dispersed environmental data and integrate them with conventional income accounts.”1 The Philippines has also developed a comprehensive roadmap aimed at harnessing the potential of natural capital and integrating it into economic planning and policy-making. This roadmap encompasses several key components, including the development of natural capital accounts.
Sukat ng Kalikasan brings together the HCVA and the NCA frameworks in the specific context of the Philippines as an archipelago. It is aimed at bridging the divide between natural and economic values to establish a balance between human demands and nature’s capacity to meet them. It merges the Biodiversity Assessment and Monitoring System (BAMS) and the Socio-Economic Assessment and Monitoring System (SEAMS) and harmonizes NCA and Ecosystem Service (ES) valuation and HCVA that are measured in terms of conservation and
economic values and used for spatial analysis. It uses a 4-tier level of standards (labeled Bronze, Silver, Gold, and Platinum) which introduces a graduated scheme of increasing data organization and information according to the level of availability and complexity. It also introduces innovative strategies that will direct conservation efforts towards managing and protecting natural resources in their entirety, from highlands to ocean.
The development of this common framework allows for a harmonized and standardized guideline towards integrating relevant ecological and socioeconomic data into a more systematized database management and curation system. This will provide managers and decision-makers with a clear sense of the causal connection between project actions, threat abatement, and the conservation of species and their habitats, enabling them to identify appropriate conservation priorities, establish proper management strategies, and achieve the targets.
Sukat ng Kalikasan identifies six (6) Sukat categories composed of 31 subcategories. These are divided into two (2) classifications: The first is about the species and the areas containing them at the habitat, ecosystem, landscape, and seascape level (Sukat 1-3). The second is related to people—the regulation and maintenance ecosystem services that are critical to the consumption, health, and survival of humans, as well as the social, economic, and cultural values of an area (Sukat 4-6). This framework was developed through collaborative efforts involving a series of consultative processes, meetings, and peer reviews with specialists in relevant fields and other stakeholders in government agencies, non-government as well as community organizations.
Whether you are into conserving or protecting the ecology of a community, or into safeguarding much larger ecosystems, this toolkit is an extensive guide that will greatly enhance your work.
1 Roadmap to institutionalize natural capital accounting in the Philippines (Abridged). (2022). https://neda.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/May2022_Natural-Capital-Accounting-Roadmap-Abridged.pdf
WHY SUKAT NG KALIKASAN?
The Sukat ng Kalikasan was developed to provide science-driven, evidence-based, and standardized practical guidance for the national interpretation of Sukat categories in the Philippines. Its key innovative goals are to:
a. Bridge the gaps among existing conservation planning tools by providing a complete practical guidance – from planning, to assessment, management, monitoring, and addressing threats;
b. Integrate both terrestrial and marine ecosystems into one assessment tool so that conservation practitioners are able to achieve a holistic conservation intervention from highlands to ocean;
c. Implement a 4-level standard for Sukat identification, with technical specifications, so that assessments are delivered in a harmonized and consistent manner; and
d. Make use of economic valuation as a basis of measurement for ecosystem services and spatial analyses for all Sukat categories, according to the UN-SEEA Framework.
These innovations are intended to capture the biodiversity and ecosystem values, meaning, the economic values of the Sukat categories at the local-, regional- and national-level, and become the basis for decisions made with regard to conservation management planning and implementation. It is hoped that by doing so, the conflict between the two aspects of Sukat ng Kalikasan—between human demands and nature’s capacity to meet them—can be reduced and ultimately, nature’s supply (or stock) and human demand (or flow) will achieve a zero-net-loss.
Although this Toolkit will serve as a practical guidance for identifying the Sukat categories within a specific area of concern, it is important to take note that it is not designed to entirely replace existing guidance documents.
WHO THE TOOLKIT IS FOR
The Philippine Sukat Framework will be used by the following conservation practitioners and stakeholders involved in the undertaking of conservation interventions:
a. Protected areas or forest managers. Mainly involved in the entire Sukat assessment process, the results of the Sukat assessment will then be integrated into the management plan of their respective protected area or conservation area.
b. Government. As a legal body and stakeholder, they play an important role during the actual assessments, especially
Photo courtesy of Blue Motus of USAID SIBOL Project
Photo courtesy of PAMO of MOBPLS
Photo courtesy of PAMO of MOBPLS
when securing permits and recognizing management recommendations.
c. Local communities. As active participants in various stages of the Sukat assessment, they may also play an important role as key informants by providing supplemental information related to the Sukat categories present in their respective area.
d. Non-government organizations (NGOs). NGOs are active partners in conservation efforts and their active participation and overall help is very crucial—from preparation phase, through public consultations and peer reviewing.
e. Spatial planners. Landscape-level plans require maps and other outputs that can be used to inform and identify priorities for decision-making on land-use and conservation planning.
f. Academe. As knowledge-building institutions, the academe holds a critical role in molding the learners’ knowledge and understanding on biodiversity, ecosystems, ecosystem services, and their economic values. Academic institutions are also active contributors in conservation research.
g. Corporations, investors, donors. This Toolkit provides guidance to corporations, investors, and donors that aim to promote environmentally responsible and sustainable developments.
HOW TO USE THE TOOLKIT
It is highly recommended that the users of this Toolkit, especially those involved in Sukat assessment, will read the Sukat ng Kalikasan completely. Sufficient understanding of the definitions, data needs, expected outputs, methods, and analysis is crucial prior to practical application and actual assessment.
The Sukat ng Kalikasan Toolkit Structure
This Toolkit starts with an Introduction that gives an overview of the Sukat concept and a
brief background about the Sukat ng Kalikasan Framework.
The Toolkit’s main body is divided into six (6) chapters. Each defines the national interpretation of the six Sukat categories in the Philippines and their subcategories. Each chapter is organized as follows:
Definition - this subsection defines the Sukat category or subcategory in terms of the element or area to be assessed.
Rationale - this subsection provides a brief explanation on why a particular element is considered of high conservation value in the Philippine context. A brief explanation on the Sukat definition is provided based on the series of discussions and consultations with various experts, with reference to the limitations of present science, research, and knowledge.
Outputs, Data Needs, and Data Sourcesthis subsection serves as guidance on how to identify potential Sukat categories in an area at different Levels of Standardization (Bronze, Silver, Gold, and Platinum), depending on the availability of data and level of analysis. It is important to take into account that data sources and the methods used for data collection must be clearly defined and referenced so that they can be incorporated into the Sukat report in a logical and organized manner.2
The Sukat ng Kalikasan assessment team is expected to give support and transparency in the entirety of the assessment process. It is important to take note that quantitative definitions are not always practicable. For example, setting very high thresholds can result in inefficient protection of forest values, while very low thresholds can compromise the application of the Sukat concept. Therefore, identifying thresholds or criteria poses a serious challenge and should therefore be adapted according to the actual scenarios on the ground.
2 Brown, E., Dudley, N., Lindhe, A., Muhtaman, D.R., Stewart, C. & Synnott, T. (eds). (2013). Guidance for the Identification of
Conservation Values. High Conservation Value Resource Network.
Introduction
Photo courtesy of Daniel Glenn Darapiza of Center for Conservation Innovations Ph
1. HEEDING THE CALL FOR
Protected areas (PAs) are meant to safeguard ecological frontlines and champion biodiversity conservation. However, global studies and practices have shown that PA systems often continue to struggle when it comes to securing large-scale ecosystem mosaics that are critical for the effective protection of threatened and endemic species.3 In the Philippines, the conservation backbone lies in the implementation of vital legal and policy structures that legitimize PAs. The enactment of the National Integrated Protected Areas System (NIPAS) Act in 1992 provided a developmental framework which led to the establishment and management of priority areas for conservation (i.e. PAs) in the country. The establishment of NIPAS Act was a significant step towards furthering Philippine biodiversity conservation efforts, followed by the e-NIPAS Act of 2018 which further strengthened the management and establishment of PAs in the country.
Since the passage of the e-NIPAS Act, several guidance documents for planning, assessing, and monitoring have been issued by relevant government agencies. The Protected Areas Suitability Assessment (PASA) became mandatory in evaluating areas that are suitable for establishment under NIPAS. Since 2000, the Biodiversity Monitoring System (BMS) was enforced by the Biodiversity Management Bureau (BMB) of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) to standardize the methods in monitoring the population trends of indicator or priority species, and land use in PAs. In 2016, methods in assessing and monitoring terrestrial ecosystems were also standardized through the Biodiversity Assessment and Monitoring System (BAMS). This was then used for long-term monitoring and management, and to determine trends in ecosystem and species abundance and diversity. The results of the BAMS contributed to the implementation of science-based management actions, and updating of PA management and conservation plans. Three years later, the BAMS for coastal and marine ecosystems was also developed.
3 Mallari NA, Masigan JP, Edano JW,
Apart from the biodiversity and ecosystem data, relevant information from individuals residing within and/or extracting resources from the PA were also collected through the Survey and Registration of Protected Area Occupants (SRPAO). This involved listing the demographic profile and basic resource-use information as livelihood of the occupants. However, the level of detail in the current SRPAO is not sufficient enough to come up with a comprehensive socioeconomic assessment of the PAs such that by 2017, the Socioeconomic Assessment and Monitoring System (SEAMS) instrument was developed. This instrument took into account the resource uses, household economic profile, disaster exposure, and other basic institutional information. However, the survey proved to be too long and subsequently led to difficult encoding, processing, and data analysis. Hence, the instrument was automated through the Enhanced Socio-Economic Assessment and Monitoring System (E-SEAMS) in the hope of effectively using the information for PA management. To strengthen the existing efforts on forest and biodiversity protection, the DENR Forest Management Bureau (FMB) adopted in 2018 the LAWIN Forest and Biodiversity Protection System as a national strategy for forest and biodiversity protection. This introduced the application of science-based and technology-aided forest protection system, and enforced PAs to design their respective patrol sectors and patrol routes within their conservation area.
Despite the number of assessment and monitoring tools being used in the Philippines, there remains a great disconnect in the way data is being collected and utilized. With the implementation of the monitoring tools, data and information have piled up, but the tendency to fixate on species inventories, species counts, and diversity indices fail to measure ecosystem, cultural, and economic values. This has long created a barrier towards integrating biodiversity conservation into sustainable economic development planning and programs. Needless to say, the Philippines needs critical improvements when it comes to management, analysis, and integration of relevant data and information.
CJ. 2020. Multidimensional indicators to improve the way we measure management effectiveness of protected areas.
10.26757/pjsb2020b14019
Monzon AK, Jasmin
Philippine Journal of Systematic Biology. doi
Establishing a balance between human demands and nature’s capacity to meet them is a basic earth housekeeping mandate. However, ecologists and economists have been facing major challenges in finding a common ground in measuring the economic value of nature and ecosystem services. Difficulties in identifying values in areas that were not valued before, the tendency to misinterpret an irreplaceable ecosystem as something replaceable, and mistakenly considering a supposedly valuable resource as something expendable, have led to disastrous outcomes. Nature’s accurate values and limits are often not taken into account and ecosystem services are left imperiled. While natural resource conditions continue to degrade, resource users and decisionmakers remain blindfolded about the persistent loss of nature’s assets due to the lack of proper accounting. Unless we lay a strong science-based foundation, by means of conducting proper valuation and accounting of natural capital, the Philippines will not outgrow unsustainable long-term economic growth policies, plans, and programs. The past decades and current times all the more have called for the need and urgency to bridge the divide between natural and economic values. To integrate these values into management planning, ecologists and economic planners ought to collaborate and translate them into a common framework.
2. THE NEED TO COUNT WHAT COUNTS
The development of a common framework allows for a harmonized and standardized guideline towards integrating relevant ecological and socio-economic data into a more systematized database management and curation system. This enables managers and decision-makers to identify appropriate conservation priorities, establish proper management strategies, and achieve the targets.
A way forward to encourage PA management in performing and achieving its goals and objectives is through the adoption of a standardized framework that will measure species and biodiversity,
4 “Measure what we Treasure”, DENR Secretary Ma. Antonia Yulo-Loyzaga
ecosystems, ecosystem services, and community. If we are to measure conservation success, we need to have a clear sense of the causal connection between project actions, threat abatement, and the conservation of species and their habitats. The strength of science-driven information measures our understanding of the impacts of our projects. This will force us to count what counts as we incorporate relevant ecological and socioeconomic data into appropriate conservation strategies, targets, and monitoring systems for PA management.
A common criticism towards protected areas is the lack of a robust, scientifically sound set of instruments for conservation planning and management. Conservation interventions and priorities in the Philippines have disparities and limitations due to the lack of scientific foundations in local and national natural resource management. This results in limited legal standing, a lack of technical and operational personnel, and limited funding sources and support. This drives the urge for evaluation of the effectiveness of PAs in identifying management gaps between PA implementation systems and science-based conservation planning. Revisiting management plans to establish SMART decision goals and objectives will guide practitioners in providing science-based inputs to support and inform the management and planning process for effective PA management—from site selection, to site characterization and zoning, to monitoring, and analyzing the impacts of the adoptive management interventions.
3. MEASURE WHAT WE TREASURE4
Embarking on a journey towards self-reliance and sustainability in the Philippines means envisioning an improved natural resource governance by measuring what counts at landscape and seascape levels. Building on the widely used High Conservation Value Areas (HCVA) Framework and the Natural Capital Accounting (NCA) of the United Nations System of Environmental Economic Accounting (UNSEEA), the Philippines
has developed a holistic HCVA-NCA Framework (hereafter referred to as the Sukat ng Kalikasan). The Sukat ng Kalikasan will strengthen sciencedriven decision-making by incorporating the HCVA and NCA into management planning.
3.1 The High Conservation Value Areas (HCVA) Concept
The HCVA concept was first developed by the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) in 1991 as a tool for forest management certification. This concept highlights the importance of areas with outstanding biological, ecological, social, or cultural value present in a natural habitat, and was used by managers to enhance the social and environmental sustainability of wood production projects. It is now widely used and adapted for land-use planning, conservation planning, and making responsible investment policies.5 To date, 21 countries have developed and adapted their national HCVA Framework interpretations, including Indonesia, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea, Romania, Bolivia, Bulgaria, and Australia. The HCVA Framework is now used as a spatial planning tool, and a standard national protocol to secure biodiversity.
Redefining a national framework that fits the Philippines’ archipelagic setting satisfies the need to establish a common interpretation of the HCV definitions when identifying potential conservation areas of a management unit or landscape.6 This led to the fruition of the Sukat ng Kalikasan which will serve as a common guide for identifying and managing conservation values and their corresponding threats. The obvious next step would be the standardization of data needs and methodologies. Sustaining, improving, and promoting the importance of the Sukat Ng Kalikasan will require effective assessment and management of the different categories.
The implementation of the Sukat Ng Kalikasan will require: a) the careful identification of the Sukat ng Kalikasan categories; b) understanding
to whom the Sukat categories are essential for; and c) finding the location of the areas possessing the Sukat categories.
3.2 Natural Capital Accounting (NCA) Environmental and Natural Resources Accounting Project and its Framework
The Environmental and Natural Resources Accounting Project (ENRAP) represented a significant endeavor in the Philippines to enhance the conventional national economic accounting system, aiming to capture the intricate connections between the economy and the natural environment. At its core, the ENRAP framework advocates treating the services rendered by environmentally valuable assets, such as natural resources, air sheds, and water bodies, with the same accounting principles as reproducible assets like factories and machinery. The framework recognizes that the services provided by the environment and natural resources possess economic value when their availability is limited relative to the demand for them.
Under ideal circumstances where these services are traded in markets, they would have observable market prices and would be included in the conventional accounts. However, despite their economic worth, these services are often not exchanged in markets due to the absence of established property rights or the deliberate choice of the asset’s owner, often the government, not to sell them.
Moreover, the ENRAP framework takes into consideration additional environmental services that directly benefit Philippine society, including recreational and aesthetic services, as well as the support provided to ecological systems. To ensure accurate accounting, the framework requires a balancing entry that represents the disparity between the value of all services furnished by the environment, encompassing waste disposal and other purposes, and any resulting environmental damages.
5 Stewart, C., George, P., Rayden, T., Nussbaum, R. (2008). Good practice guidelines for High Conservation Value Assessments A practical guide for practitioners and auditors. ProForest. https://www.proforest.net/fileadmin/uploads/proforest/Documents/Publications/hcv-20good-20practice_final.pdf
6 Brown, E., Dudley, N., Lindhe, A., Muhtaman, D.R., Stewart, C. & Synnott, T. (eds) 2013. Guidance for the Identification of High Conservation Values. High Conservation Value Resource Network.
“ Embarking on a journey towards selfreliance and sustainability in the Philippines means envisioning an improved natural resource governance by measuring what counts at landscape and seascape levels.
While the ENRAP initiative did not encompass all non-market household production in the Philippines, it placed particular importance on household fuelwood and upland food production due to their potential associations with deforestation.
Philippine Economic-Environmental and Natural Resources Accounting (PEENRA) Project
Towards the middle of the implementation of the ENRAP was the implementation of the UN-based PEENRA, through the National Statistical Coordination Board (now under the Philippine Statistics Authority). Major differences with the ENRAP approach were in the acceptable economic valuation methods and defining system boundaries, e.g. the asset boundary and the production boundary. While ENRAP focused on data use for policy applications, PEENRA, being led by statisticians, was more focused on data production and the development of the environmental accounts. ENRAP was influenced by economists, hence valuation methods were more consistent with environmental economic theory. Still, there was no consensus reached on which framework was acceptable at the time.
In 2012, the System of Environmental-Economic Accounting Central Framework (SEEA CF) was finalized by the United Nations Statistical Commission. This is now the international statistical standard for measuring the environment and its relationship with the economy covering three main areas: environmental flows, stocks of environmental assets and economic activity related to the environment. This framework was adopted by the Philippines, manifested in the country’s participation in the global partnership on Wealth Accounting and Valuation of Ecosystem Services (WAVES) from 2013 to 2017. The Phil-WAVES project used the UN SEEA 2012 framework, albeit it could only afford to focus on two project sites. Nevertheless, it raised awareness on the use of NCA for policy, decision-making and resource management.
SEEA CF was further enriched by the SEEA Ecosystem Accounting (SEEA EA) in 2021 which now “constitutes an integrated and comprehensive statistical framework for organizing data about habitats and landscapes, measuring ecosystem services, tracking changes in ecosystem assets, and linking this information to economic and other human activity.” The SEEA EA now allows the tracking of natural capital in physical and monetary terms with the additional layer of space, i.e. where the ecosystem assets are located in a country as well as their condition, where the ecosystem services are emanating from and where their users are. Another key aspect of ecosystem accounting is that it allows the contributions of ecosystems to be measured in monetary terms, thereby making them comparable with traditional measurements of economic goods and services in GDP.
INPUT
Compensation of Employees
Indirect Taxes
Depreciation (Produced Asset)
Net Operating Surplus
Charges Against Modified Gross Domestic Product
Capital Depreciation (-)
Charges Against Net Domestic Product
Natural Resource Inputs to:
Unmarketed Household Production (+)
a. Upland production
b. Fuelwood
Environmental Waste Disposal Services (-)
a. Air
b. Water
Net Environmental Benefit (Disbenefit)
Natural Resource Depreciation (-)
a. Forests
b. Fisheries
c. Minerals
d. Soils
Natural Resource Depreciation
Net Domestic Product
Charges Against Modified (+)
Capital Depreciation (+)
Natural Resource Depreciation
Gross Domestic Product
The National Economic and Development Authority NCA Roadmap
The National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA) Secretary Arsenio M. Balisacan, in collaboration with the United Nations Development Program (UNDP), officially launched the Philippine Action Plan for Sustainable Consumption and Production (PAP4SCP) and the Roadmap to Institutionalize Natural Capital Accounting (NCA) in the Philippines on February 14, 20238.
Personal Consumption
OUTPUT
Government Consumption
Capital Formation
Exports
Imports (-)
Statistical Discrepancy
Gross Domestic Product
Capital Depreciation (-)
Net Domestic Product
Unmarketed Household Production (+)
a. Upland production
b. Fuelwood
Environmental Waste Disposal Services (-)
a. Air
b. Water
Direct Nature Services
Natural Resource Depreciation (-)
a. Forests
b. Fisheries
c. Minerals
d. Soils
Modified Net Domestic Product
Charges Against Modified (+)
Capital Depreciation (+)
Modified Gross Domestic Product
These initiatives, the PAP4SCP and the NCA Roadmap, are designed to support the implementation of the Philippine Development Plan (PDP) 2023-2028, with a specific focus on Chapter 15, which aims to accelerate climate action and strengthen disaster resilience. The PDP emphasizes the importance of collective efforts in mitigating climate change and enhancing the resilience of communities, institutions, and ecosystems to natural hazards and climate impacts in the country9.
7 Source: The Philippine environment and natural resources accounting project (ENRAP Phase II). Main Report. https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNADX094.pdf
8 NEDA Launches the Joint Plan PAP4SCP and Roadmap to Institutionalized NCA for PDP 2023-2028 Chapter 15: From Plan to Action | Philippine Statistics Authority (psa.gov.ph)
9 Roadmap to Institutionalize Natural Capital Accounting in the Philippines. https://neda.gov.ph/roadmapinstitutionalize-nca-ph/
Protected areas (PAs) are meant to safeguard ecological frontlines and champion biodiversity conservation.
Photos courtesy of Blue Motus and Michelle Baird of USAID SIBOL Project
The launch of PAP4SCP and the NCA Roadmap signifies a significant step towards advancing sustainable development in the Philippines by promoting responsible consumption and production practices and incorporating the value of natural capital in economic decisionmaking processes.
The NEDA has developed a comprehensive roadmap aimed at harnessing the potential of natural capital and integrating it into economic planning and policy-making. This roadmap encompasses several key components, including the development of natural capital accounts, the calculation of natural capitaladjusted macroeconomic indicators, policy utilization and application, a robust data management system, capacity development, and effective dissemination. To achieve the objectives outlined in the roadmap, the NEDA has initiated a series of activities. These include the establishment of national and subnational environmental asset and flow accounts, as well as ecosystem accounts, to comprehensively assess and monitor the state of natural capital. Capacity-building programs and training have been implemented to enhance the knowledge and skills of stakeholders involved in NCA implementation. This includes competency development initiatives to ensure that professionals possess the necessary expertise for effective natural capital accounting. To ensure the successful implementation of the NEDA’s roadmap on natural capital accounting, the involvement and collaboration of key actors from various sectors are essential. These key actors include: researchers and experts, academic institutions, finance sector, government, and CSOs/NGOs. There are three major players involved in the process—data producer, accounts compiler, and users of accounts.
Natural capital includes all resources that we easily recognize and measure, like minerals, energy, timber, agricultural land, fisheries and
water. It also includes the ecosystem services that are often “invisible” to most people, such as air and water filtration, flood protection, carbon storage, pollination of crops, and habitats for wildlife.10
NCA recognizes that the environment is an important asset to society and the economy. It measures and reports on stocks and flows of natural capital in a systematic way. Through NCA, contributions (services) of the environment are accounted for and integrated into commonly used frameworks by using internationally agreed accounting frameworks like the System of National Accounts.
Currently, there is a lack of awareness by policy makers on the value added of NCA and how it can address policy needs. Traditionally, policymaking has taken a “silo” approach instead of a systems approach, such as treating the economy distinct from the environment. But the environment is important to society and the economy, thus, it should be recognized as an asset that must be maintained and managed. Placing environmental statistics into an accounting framework increases their usefulness for policy, thus leading to effective biodiversity management.
There is now a growing global movement urging policymakers to recognize the importance of natural capital and its role in environmental sustainability and economic prosperity. The Natural Capital Coalition11 is a global collaboration that works to redefine value and integrate natural capital that will transform the decision-making processes of businesses, financial institutions and governments. By doing so, the coalition has influenced global policies and practices in areas such as environmental protection, biodiversity conservation, and sustainable development. It has facilitated the adoption of natural capital accounting by governments and organizations, encouraging them to account for the value of ecosystem and ecosystem services in their
10 Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Statistics Division, United Nations, Version 5 February 2021. System of Environmental-Economic AccountingEcosystem Accounting, Final Draft 11 Capitals Coalition. (2024). A global collaboration redefining value to transform decision making. https://capitalscoalition.org/
economic planning and reporting. Overall, the Natural Capital Coalition’s work has contributed to a growing recognition of the importance of natural capital and its role in achieving environmental sustainability and long-term economic prosperity on a global scale.
4. SUKAT NG KALIKASAN
The Philippines has developed a holistic national interpretation of HCVAs through the Sukat ng Kalikasan Framework. The Sukat Ng Kalikasan introduces innovative management strategies that will direct conservation efforts towards managing and protecting natural resources in their entirety, from highlands to ocean. These include:
• The use of cutting edge science to determine species survival envelopes (SSE) as basis for
identifying spatio-temporal distribution of a species;
• The integration of terrestrial and marine ecosystems into one standardized national framework;
• The harmonization of High Conservation Value Areas (HCVA) of the FSC and HCVRN, and Natural Capital Accounts (NCA) and Ecosystem Service (ES) valuation (congruous with UN-SEEA) that provides spatial analysis and quantitative measurements of species, ecosystems, and ecosystem services;
• The use of a 4-tier level of standards (labeled Bronze, Silver, Gold, and Platinum) which introduces a graduated scheme of increasing data organization and information according to the level of availability and complexity, as shown in the chart below.
The organization of data outputs from Bronze to Platinum will provide the users of the Framework with a guide to level or scale up their data collection, as elaborated in this model.
Figure 1. Hierarchy of data and analysis
Outputs per Level of Standard
GIS-referenced Maps
Detailed Description, Narrative Account, Physical Characterization or Quantification
Checklist, Enumeration, Narrative Description, or Rough Estimates
Figure 2. Hierarchy of Outputs
The tiers of outputs visualize what PAs should strive to achieve. Supplying Platinum level outputs is not required, but PA managers are highly encouraged to do so as it will be the most informative for conservation strategies and maximizing the efficiency of their management plans. Each level may potentially represent room for growth or set a standard to which PAs can model or modify their monitoring and assessment surveys to achieve.
The assessment process often starts with desktop study and research, wherein PA managers gather secondary information for species and ecosystems, gain an initial understanding of the indigenous knowledge and the practices of IP communities, and generate maps to understand the changes in the forest and the extent of forest degradation. This process would also involve fieldwork to gather real time information on species, ecosystems, and threats to biodiversity on the ground. Stakeholder consultations will also be performed to validate the information gathered during the fieldwork.
4.1 Sukat ng Kalikasan Categories and Subcategories
The Philippines’ Sukat ng Kalikasan identifies six (6) Sukat categories composed of 31 sub-categories that are divided into two (2) classifications:
a. Species, Habitats, and Ecosystems: Sukat 1, Sukat 2, and Sukat 3
b. Ecosystem, Social, and Cultural Services: Sukat 4, Sukat 5, and Sukat 6
Each component (See Figure 3) comes with a specific definition for a unified interpretation at a national, provincial, or local level. Sukat 1, Sukat 2 and Sukat 3 focus on important species of concern and the areas containing them at a habitat, ecosystem, and landscape and seascape level. Sukat 4 draws attention to regulation and maintenance ecosystem services that are critical12 to the consumption, health, and survival of humans, such that with the interruption or absence of which, adverse impacts are likely to happen. Lastly, Sukat 5 and 6 provide emphasis
12 An ecosystem service is considered “critical” if, when interrupted, can cause a negative impact on the wellbeing of local communities, on the environment, on Sukats, or on an infrastructure system. (FSC Guidelines for High Conservation Values and Principle 9. Timothy Synnott et al., 2011. FSC Guidelines for High Conservation Values and Principle 9, 96p.).
Habitat Cover Change Analysis
Map, AOO Map
Sukat 1
Uriing Hayop at Halaman
Sukat 2 Ekosistema
Sukat 3 Ekosistemang Nanganganib
Sukat 4 Serbisyong Nagpapanatili ng Buhay
Sukat 5 Serbisyong Pangkabuhayan
Sukat 6 Serbisyong Pangkalinangan
on the social, economic, and cultural values of an area. These include areas that are important for local communities to meet their basic needs; to preserve their cultural identities and spiritual beliefs; to benefit from enjoyment and obtain intellectual contributions from.
This Sukat ng Kalikasan was developed in the context of the Global Sukat Framework and the Sukat Resource Network, and draws inspiration from the Sukat Frameworks for Indonesia, Malaysia, Romania, and Papua New Guinea.
PHILIPPINES’ SUKAT NG KALIKASAN
Sukat 1 Uriing Hayop At Halaman (Species)
Sukat 2 Ekosistema (Landscape-level and Seascape-Level Ecosystems and Ecosystem Mosaics)
Sukat 3 Ekosistemang Nanganganib (Rare andThreatened Habitats and Ecosystems)
Rare/Irreplaceable Habitats or Ecosystems
or Ecosystems
Figure 3. Categories and Subcategories
Sukat 1.1 Endemic Species
Sukat 1.2 Globally Threatened and Nationally Protected Species
Sukat 1.3 Congregatory Species
Sukat 3.1
Sukat 3.2 Vulnerable/Threatened Habitats
Sukat 1.4 Rare Species
Sukat 4.1 Global Climate Regulation
4.7 Pollination Service
Sukat 4.2 Local Climate Regulation
Sukat 4.8 Pest Control Service
Sukat 5.1 Crop Provisioning Service
Sukat 5.2 Livestock Provisioning Service
Sukat 6.1 Spiritual and Symbolic Services
Sukat 4 Serbisyong Nagpapanatili ng Buhay (Regulation and Maintenance Services)
6.3 Tangible Cultural Heritage Elements/ Properties
6.4 Sensorial Amenities
Sukat 6.5 Education, Scientific and Research Services
5.7 Water Supply Provisioning Service
6.6 Recreation, Tourism Services, and Creative Industries
Sukat
Sukat
Sukat
Sukat
Sukat
Sukat
Sukat
Sukat
Sukat
Sukat
Sukat
Introduction to Sukat 1, 2, and 3
WHAT ARE SUKAT 1, 2, AND 3?
Sukat 1 to 3 are focused on species, habitat, and ecosystem values present in the area of interest (AOI). These values take into account species found within an AOI, particularly those that are endemic, globally threatened and nationally protected, congregatory, and rare species. As this Framework embodies a highlands-to-ocean approach, Sukat 1 to 3 categories integrate both terrestrial and marine species and ecosystems. Taken into account, too, are the rare/irreplaceable ecosystems.
These three Sukat categories aim to capture the biophysical information about the ecosystems as well as track the changes in the ecosystem extent and condition. They also aim to address the challenges in the way biodiversity was measured in the past. Among these challenges is the oversimplification of data into lists and indices of flora and fauna found in an area as well as the problem of incomplete detection of species such as those that are present but have not been detected, or species that are absent but have been detected, during fieldwork.
Beyond the difficulty of getting an accurate species count, measurements of overall biodiversity don’t
always represent the relative importance of certain species to the health of the ecosystem. Some keystone species have an outsize impact on ecosystem functions—meaning that a dramatic change in their populations, or their loss altogether, can change the balance of the ecosystem, or biodiversity region. There may also be some species found in a region that are not just unique in that region, but are found nowhere else in the entire world.
Holistic assessments of the biodiversity value of one region over another must account for the complex interactions between species because, most often, it is from these interactions that the ecosystem services that humanity depends on develop. The future of just one species depends on the continued existence of more creatures than we can even count. So, a great variety of factors need to be considered when assessing what regions require the most rigorous protections for biodiversity.
Sukat 1 to 3 give importance to ecological modeling, utilizing maps and other tools to estimate species population and analyze other data. This value provides a science-driven basis to inform decisionmakers and managers and begin to prioritize areas of most concern for protection.
For Sukat 1 to 3, the Bronze level requires checklists of species, ecosystems, and habitats in an area, and their characteristics. These can be obtained from various primary and secondary sources such as published and grey literature, field investigation reports (including information coming from indigenous knowledge), and online databases, among others. The outputs for Silver level will require the generation of maps like Extent of Occurrence (EOO) and Area of Occupancy (AOO) maps, while the Gold level will require Species Distribution Models (SDM) to account for the distribution of and habitat suitability of a species. Analysis on changes in land cover will also be generated at the Gold level. Outputs at the Platinum level are produced by overlaying relevant spatial data and map layers to come up with a multi-layer map. Population estimates will also be calculated provided that there is sufficient data from field assessments.
The results of Sukat 1 to 3 will be integrated into the ecosystem service values, and linked with economic and human activities identified within the area of interest. This will be discussed further in Sukat 4 to 6. Thus, Sukat ng Kalikasan measures biodiversity and ecosystem values using six different lenses and then overlays them to provide comprehensive outputs that will inform PA managers and other conservationists with the necessary information. This will aid in identifying appropriate conservation priorities and establish proper management strategies.
Platinum Gold Silver Silver Population Estimates, Multi-layer Map
SDM, Habitat Cover Change Analysis
Dot Map, AOO Map Checklist
Photo courtesy of Ma. Theresa Aquino of Marine Wildlife Watch of the Philippines
Photo courtesy of John Lister Bibar of Center for Conservation Innovations Ph
Photo courtesy of John Lister Bibar of Center for Conservation Innovations Ph
Chapter 1 Sukat 1: Uriing Hayop at Halaman (Species)
DEFINITION
Sukat 1 specifically refers to the assemblage of endemic, threatened, and rare species of plants and animals that are important at global, regional, national, or subnational/local levels.
RATIONALE
Sukat 1 prioritizes the protection of endemic, threatened, and rare species, and the habitats vital to their survival. It is not just about counting the number of species in, or determining the biodiversity of, an area. Sukat 1 gives importance on the identification of these endemic, threatened and rare species and the condition of the areas containing them in order to direct conservation efforts towards ensuring and sustaining the species’ survival.
The Philippines has very high species endemism,13 hosting at least 3,700 endemic species, of which 255 are birds,14 125 are land mammals,15 99 are amphibians,16 266 are reptiles,17 and at least 4,852 are plants.18 Endemic and near-endemic species have limited distribution and are vulnerable to threats. Identification of these species and the areas containing them is crucial for conservation management practices to safeguard and sustain their survival. The continued destruction of the country’s natural resources has also persisted, leading to a skyrocketing number of threatened species19. A total of 984 plant species20 and 444 animal species21 of the Philippines are classified as threatened, making it one of the top global conservation areas.22
Individual species that fall under the classification of globally threatened and nationally protected species are important prospective forebears of succeeding generations.
13 United Nations Environment Programme. (2021). Convention on Biological Diversity: Country Profiles. Philippines. www.cbd.int
14 Brinkman, J.J., Allen, D., Hutchinson, R., Jensen, A.E., and C. Perez. (2022): Checklist of birds of the Philippines. Wild Bird Club of the Philippines. www. birdwatch.ph.
16 Sy, E.Y. (Editor). (2022). Checklist of amphibians of the Philippines, 2022-1. Reptile & Amphibian Database Philippines. www.herpetologyph.com
17 Uetz, P., Freed, P. & Hošek, J. (eds.). (2018). The Reptile Database. www.reptile-database.org
18 Pelser, P.B., J.F. Barcelona and D.L. Nickrent (eds.). (2011 onwards). Co’s Digital Flora of the Philippines. www.philippineplants.org
19 Ani, P.A.B., & Castillo, M.B. (2020). Revisiting the state of Philippine biodiversity and the legislation on access and benefit sharing. FFTC Journal of Agricultural Policy.
20 DENR. (2017). DENR-Administrative Order 2017-11 (DAO 17-11). Updated National Red List of Philippine Fauna and their Categories.
21 DENR. (2019). DENR-Administrative Order 2019-09 (DAO 19-09). Updated National Red List of Philippine Fauna and their Categories.
22 United Nations Environment Programme. (2021). Convention on Biological Diversity: Country Profiles. Philippines. www.cbd.int
“ A
total of 984 plant species and 444 animal species of the Philippines are classified as threatened, making it one of the top global conservation areas
Photo courtesy of John Lister Bibar of Center for Conservation Innovations Ph
If not avoided, the decimation in the number of important species within an area, such as congregatory species will result in an unfavorable large-scale impact in biogeographic or global populations of the species. Identifying and safeguarding congregatory species, including those areas of temporary use by the species and areas along important migration routes, will ensure that the ecological functions of these habitats are sustained and that species’ access thereto will persist. The Philippines is also a host to various rare species. Protecting rare species by aligning conservation management strategies to ensure that viable populations within their habitats are sustained or enhanced to the possible maximum extent, including areas vital to their survival, is vital.
The Philippines is known as a mega-biodiverse and a unique home, not only to terrestrial wildlife,
but also to marine biodiversity. Our country is, in fact, situated at the center of the highest marine biodiversity—the Coral Triangle 23. With more than 2,000 species of fish and 500 species of corals,24 our marine ecosystems play a vital role in sustaining the quality of our seascapes and the ecosystem services therein. These resources provide our oceans, and ultimately our planet, health, food, shelter, and resting and breeding grounds to a quarter of all marine life, acting as nurseries and refuges to protect critical biodiversity.
Sukat 1 has four (4) subcategories namely, Endemic Species, Globally Threatened and Nationally Protected Species, Congregatory Species, and Rare Species.
Below is a list of methods, data sources, and tools that will be used to generate the outputs for Sukat 1:
Table 1.10. Methods/Techniques in gathering data for Sukat 1
1. Secondary data collection from: Museum specimens
Published and grey literature
Existing data from online species databases (e.g., GBIF, IUCN, DAO, IPNI, POWO, WoRMS, etc.)
2. Primary data collection for ground validation that satisfy the following criteria:
a. Completeness
b. Representativeness
c. Adequacy of sampling
d. Minimization of sampling bias and uncertainties
3. Ecological modeling (e.g., generation of EOO maps, AOO maps, SDM maps, and estimation of species population)
4. Data Analysis and Database Management using ecological modeling tools (e.g., R Statistics, Paleontological Statistics, MaxEnt, SPSS, Distance, Occupancy, MARXAN, MS Excel, etc.)
5. Data Analysis and Database Management using geospatial tools and mapping technologies (QGIS, ArcGIS, Python, Google Earth Engine, R Statistics, etc.)
23 Convention on Biological Diversity [CBD]. (2024). Philippines - biodiversity facts: status and trends of biodiversity, including benefits from biodiversity and ecosystem services. Retrieved from https://www.cbd.int/countries/profile/?country=ph#:~:text=The%20Philippines%20presents%20unique%20coastal,a nywhere%20in%20Indonesia%20and%20Wallacea.
24 Coral Triangle Center. (2021). Philippines - guarding the gates of the Pacific. Retrieved on 2024 January from https://www.cbd.int/countries/ profile/?country=ph#:~:text=The%20Philippines%20presents%20unique%20coastal,a nywhere%20in%20Indonesia%20and%20Wallacea.
SUKAT 1.1 ENDEMIC SPECIES
DEFINITION
Endemic or near-endemic species are species or subspecies of flora and fauna that are naturally occurring and found within specific areas in the country.
OUTPUT, DATA NEEDS, AND DATA SOURCES
Identification of Sukat 1.1 requires a checklist, extent of occurrence (EOO) map, area of occurrence (AOO) map, species distribution model (SDM), and population estimates for endemic and nearendemic species (see Table 1.11). Data needs and data sources should be provided, as enumerated in Tables 1.12 and 1.13. The pieces of information must be relevant thereto, should be detailed, up-to-date, and sufficient enough as possible to ensure that informed decisions are made.
Photo courtesy of John Lister Bibar of Center for Conservation Innovations Ph
Photo courtesy of John Lister Bibar of Center for Conservation Innovations Ph
Photo courtesy of Ikquil James Beringuela
Photo courtesy of Mary Ann Bautista of Center for Conservation Innovations Ph
The following are outputs required for the identification of Sukat 1.1 at different levels of standardization:
Table 1.11. Outputs required for Sukat 1.1
Checklist of Endemic Species
Level 1
Bronze Level 2
Silver Level 3
Gold Level 4
Platinum
A list of endemic and near-endemic species recorded within the area must be generated. Data on species endemism may be sourced from online databases and published works.
EOO and AOO Map for Endemic Species
Given sufficient data on the endemic species, it is recommended that species occurrence records based on encounters be reported to supplement Sukat 1.1. A map showing the EOO or the AOO is to be generated using this data.
Species Distribution Model (SDM) of Endemic Species
To further support the establishment of Sukat 1.1, an SDM is to be generated per species to predict suitable habitats across the landscape for the endemic species.
Population Estimates for Endemic Species
The highest standard of information on endemic or near-endemic species within the area comes in the form of species population estimates.
The following are the data needed for the identification of Sukat 1.1 at different levels of standardization:
Table 1.12. Data needs for Sukat 1.1
Level 1
Bronze
Level 2
Silver
Level 3
Gold
Level 4
Platinum
• Species listings: list of endemic species (primary or secondary data, depending on availability), list of near-endemic species (primary or secondary data, depending on availability)
• Habitat types per species
• Endemism type of each species
• References
• Species occurrence records: GPS coordinates, recorded sightings, observation types (direct/indirect), data and time of observation, locality (smallest unit available)
• References
• Environmental layers (e.g. bioclimatic layers, biophysical layers, land cover)
• Boundary of area of interest
• Species occurrence records: GPS coordinates, recorded sightings, observation types (direct/indirect), date and time of observation, locality (smallest unit available)
• Species detection data: perpendicular or radial distance from species to observer, number of individuals detected in a group, type of detection (e.g. seen, heard, caught), date and time observation, name of observer
Below is a list of recommended data sources that can be used for the identification of Sukat 1.1 at different levels of standardization:
• Updated Red List of Threatened Philippine Fauna (DAO 2019-09)
• Updated Red List of Philippine National Plants (DAO 2017-11)
• Plants of the World Online (http://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/)
• Co’s Digital Flora of the Philippines (https://philippineplants.org/)
• Museums and herbariums
• Wild Bird Club of the Philippines (https://birdwatch.ph/home/)
• GBIF (https://www.gbif.org/)
• Reports from BMS, BAMS, and LAWIN, FRA
• Museum Catalogs, Virtual Herbaria
• eBird (www.ebird.org)
• iNaturalist (Snakes of the Philippines; https://www.inaturalist.org/guides/11042)
• Wild Bird Club of the Philippines (https://birdwatch.ph/home/)
• Primary data for species occurrence records
• Supplementary data for species occurrence records, e.g. GBIF (https://www.gbif. org/), Map of Life (https://mol.org/), museum catalogs, virtual herbaria, eBird, iNaturalist
• Land cover and environmental datasets, e.g. PhilGIS, NOAA, ESA, Global Forest and Mangrove Watch, UNEP, Earth Explorer, AVHRR
• Primary data for species occurrence records
• Data from Level 1 to Level 3
SUKAT 1.2 GLOBALLY THREATENED SPECIES
AND NATIONALLY PROTECTED SPECIES
DEFINITION
These are species that are listed in any, or all of the following:
a. Red List of globally threatened species, i.e., Vulnerable (VU), Endangered (EN), or Critically Endangered (CR) sensu IUCN Red List;
b. Red List of nationally protected species as per the DENR, DA, or PCSD, or CITES; and,
c. Conservation-dependent species that are categorized as Near Threatened (NT) and Data Deficient (DD) species sensu IUCN Red List.
OUTPUT, DATA NEEDS, AND DATA SOURCES
Identification of Sukat 1.2 requires a checklist, AOO or EOO map, SDM, and population estimates or biomass for globally threatened and nationally protected species (see Table 1.21). Data needs and data sources should be provided, as enumerated in Tables 1.22 and 1.23. These include pieces of information relevant thereto, and must be detailed, up-todate, and as sufficient enough as possible to ensure that informed decisions are made.
Photo courtesy of Merlin van Weerd for Mabuwaya Foundation
Photo courtesy of Rhiana Angelita Parr of Center for Conservation Innovations Ph
Photo courtesy of John Lister Bibar of Center for Conservation Innovations Ph
Photo courtesy of Juergen Freund
The following are outputs required for the identification of Sukat 1.2 at different levels of standardization:
Table 1.21. Outputs required for Sukat 1.2
Checklist of Globally Threatened Species and Nationally Protected Species
1
A list of globally threatened species and nationally protected species recorded within the area must be generated. Data on the conservation status of a species and their habitats may be sourced from online species databases, national threatened species lists, and published works.
Area of Occurrence (AOO) and Extent of Occurrence (EOO) Map of Globally Threatened Species and Nationally Protected Species
An AOO, or an EOO map of the species is to be generated, showing the information where the threatened and protected species was directly (seen, heard) or indirectly (presence of dung, footprints, etc.) observed. Species occurrence records i.e. GPS coordinates can be obtained from online databases and published works.
SDM of Globally Threatened Species and Nationally Protected Species
An SDM is to be generated per species to predict suitable habitats of threatened and protected species across the landscape.
Population Estimates for Globally Threatened Species and Nationally Protected Species or Biomass
The highest standard of information on threatened and protected species within the area comes in the form of species population estimates.
The following are the data needed for the identification of Sukat 1.2 at different levels of standardization:
Table 1.22. Data needed for Sukat 1.2
• Species listings: list of globally threatened species and nationally protected species (primary or secondary data, depends on availability)
• Habitat type per species, and conservation status
• References
• Species occurrence records: GPS coordinates, recorded sightings, observation types (direct/indirect), date and time of observation, locality (smallest unit available), name of observer
• Environmental layers (e.g. bioclimatic layers, biophysical layers, land cover)
• Boundary of area of interest
• Species occurrence records: GPS coordinates, recorded sightings, observation types (direct/indirect), date and time of observation, locality (smallest unit available), name of observer
• Species detection data: perpendicular or radial distance from species to observer, number of individuals detected in a group, type of detection (e.g. seen, heard, caught), date and time observation, name of observer
Below is a list of recommended data sources that can be used for the identification of Sukat 1.2 at different levels of standardization:
• Updated Red List of Threatened Philippine Fauna (DAO 2019-09)
• Updated Red List of Philippine National Plants (DAO 2017-11)
• Plants of the World Online (http://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/)
• Museums and herbariums
• GBIF (https://www.gbif.org/)
• Reports from BMS, BAMS, and LAWIN, PASA
• Museum Catalogs, Virtual Herbaria
• eBird (www.ebird.org)
• iNaturalist (www.inaturalist.org)
• Primary data for species occurrence records
• Supplementary data for species occurrence records, e.g. GBIF (https://www. gbif.org/), Map of Life (https://mol.org/), museum catalogs, virtual herbaria, eBird (www.ebird.org), iNaturalist (www.inaturalist.org) , reports from BMS, BAMS and LAWIN
• Shapefiles from LGU
• DENR or PA as data source for boundaries
• Bioclimatic datasets ( e.g. www.worldclim.org, www.nodc.noaa.gov)
• Land cover and environmental datasets, e.g. PhilGIS, NOAA, ESA, Global Forest and Mangrove Watch, UNEP, Earth Explorer, AVHRR
• BAMS and BMS data
• Primary data from studies and other research (e.g. tamaraw count, Philippine eagle monitoring, priority species monitoring)
DEFINITION
SUKAT 1.3 CONGREGATORY SPECIES
Species that naturally gather in large numbers at a particular place at a particular time on a regular or cyclical basis (e.g. breeding, foraging, roosting, migrating), or species that form feeding/spawning aggregations.
Threshold:
Species whose individuals constitute one of the following criteria:
a. at least one percent of the global population;25
b. at least one percent of a biogeographic or other distinct population;17
c. at least 20,000 waterbirds, or at least 6,700 pairs of seabirds of one or more species;17
d. at least 500 individuals of bats in a colony;
e. more than 10 individuals of sharks aggregating in an area <1 km2 26;
f. more than 10 individuals of mobulids aggregating,27 or
g. at least 100 individuals of sea turtles in a bale28
Sukat 1.3 includes species of invertebrates that form colonies or groups (e.g. insects, squid, jellyfish), and species that form feeding/ spawning aggregation in the Philippines such as groupers, snappers, mullets, parrotfish, trevallies, surgeonfish, rabbitfish, emperors, goatfish, and mackerels.
To date, there are no published studies yet on shark aggregations in the Philippines. Hence, case studies can be done to fill the existing data and information gaps. However, it is important to take note that species that are fed for ecotourism purposes (e.g. whale sharks) will not be considered. Sukat 1.3 includes species that are found in their natural habitat and distribution, with no human interventions that could alter the species’ behavior.
25 Criteria is based on criteria A4 and B3 used by BirdLife International to establish Important Bird Areas (IBAs) (BirdLife International Data Zone, 2020).
26 Araujo, G., Agustines, A., Bach, S. S., Cochran, J. E. M., Parra-Galván, E. D. L., Parra-Venegas, R. D. L., Diamant, S., Dove, A., Fox, S., Graham, R. T., Green, S. M., Green, J. R., Hardenstine, R. S., Hearn, A., Himawan, M. R., Hobbs, R., Holmberg, J., Shameel, I., Jaidah, M. Y., … Watts, A. M. (2022). Improving sightings-derived residency estimation for whale shark aggregations: A novel metric applied to a global data set. Frontiers in Marine Science, 9, 775691. https://doi.org/10.3389/ fmars.2022.775691
27 Palacios, M., Stewart, J., Croll, D., Cronin, M., Trejo-Ramirez, A., Stevens, G., Lezama-Ochoa, N, Zilliacus, K., Gonzalez-Armas, R., di Sciara, G., Galvan-Magaña, F. (2023). Manta and devil ray aggregations: conservation challenges and developments in the field. Frontiers in Marine Science, 1- 18. https://doi.org/10.3389/ fmars.2023.1148234
28 Eckrick, C. and Owens, D. (1995). Solitary versus arrabida nesting in the olive ridley sea turtles (Lepidochelys olivacea): a test of the predator-satiation hypothesis. Herpetologica, 15 (3), 349-354.
Photo courtesy of John Lister Bibar of Center for Conservation Innovations Ph
Photo courtesy of DeAnne Rochelle Abdao of Center for Conservation Innovations Ph
OUTPUT, DATA NEEDS, AND DATA SOURCES
Identification of Sukat 1.3 requires a checklist, AOO map, EOO map, species abundance, and population estimates or biomass of congregatory species (see Table 1.31). Data needs and data sources should be provided, as enumerated in Tables 1.32 and 1.33. These include pieces of information relevant thereto, and must be detailed, up-to-date, and as sufficient enough as possible to ensure that informed decisions are made.
The following are outputs required for the identification of Sukat 1.3 at different levels of standardization:
Table 1.31. Outputs required for Sukat 1.3
Checklist of Congregatory Species
A list of congregatory species recorded within the areas must be generated. These species may be identified through the use of online species databases and published works.
AOO and EOO Map of Congregatory Species
An AOO or EOO map is to be generated showing the location and time (spatialtemporal data) where species congregate. Species occurrence records i.e. GPS coordinates can be obtained from online databases and published works.
Congregatory Species Abundance
To further support the establishment of Sukat 1.3, it is recommended that abundance data for each congregatory species present be provided as further evidence.
Congregatory Species Population Estimates (Terrestrial) or Biomass (Marine)
The highest standard of information on congregatory species within the area comes in the form of species population estimates in relation to its global and regional population. This will require data to be compiled from population consensus over the years.
The following are the data needed for the identification of Sukat 1.3 at different levels of standardization:
Table 1.32. Data needed for Sukat 1.3
• Species listing
• Habitat types per species
• References
• Area of occurrence records (presence/absence)
• GPS coordinates
• Date and time of observation
• Species occurrence records: GPS coordinates, recorded sightings, estimated count per species, observation types (direct/indirect), date and time of observation, locality (smallest unit available), area of occurrence
• Count of individuals per species
• Observation type (seen, heard)
• Date and time of observation
• Locality (smallest unit available)
Below is a list of recommended data sources that can be used for the identification of Sukat 1.3 at different levels of standardization:
Table 1.33. Sources of data for Sukat 1.3
• Primary data for species occurrence records
• Supplementary data for species occurrence records, e.g. GBIF (https://www.gbif. org/), Map of Life (https://mol.org), museum catalogs, eBird (www.ebird.org), iNaturalist (https://www.inaturalist.org/), reports from BMS, BAMS, and LAWIN
• Shapefiles from LGU
• DENR and PA as data source for boundaries
• Land cover and environmental datasets, e.g. Geoportal, NOAA, ESA, Global Forest and Mangrove Watch, UNEP, Earth Explorer, AVHRR
• BirdLife International (www.birdlife.org)
• RAMSAR database (https://rsis.ramsar.org)
• eBird (www.ebird.org)
• IUCN habitat types
• Asian Waterbird Census (DENR)
• GBIF (https://www.gbif.org/)
• Updated data sources, references for congregatory species of mammals and invertebrates
• GBIF (www.gbif.org)
• IUCN Red List (www.iucnredlist.org)
• Asian Waterbird Census (DENR)
• Reports from BMS, BAMS, from LAWIN
• Museum Catalogs
• eBird (www.ebird.org)
• iNaturalist (www.inaturalist.org)
• Birdlife International (www.birdlife.org)
• RAMSAR database (https://rsis.ramsar.org)
• Wild Bird Club of the Philippines (https://birdwatch.ph/home/)
• Updated data sources, references for congregatory species of mammals and invertebrates Level
• Updated data sources, references for congregatory species of mammals and invertebrates
• Primary data for species occurrence records
• Supplementary data for species occurrence records, e.g. GBIF (https://www.gbif. org/), Map of Life (https://mol.org/), museum catalogs, eBird (www.ebird.org), iNaturalist (https://www.inaturalist.org/), reports from BMS, BAMS and LAWIN
• Shapefiles from LGU
• DENR or PA as data source for boundaries
• Land cover and environmental datasets, e.g. PhilGIS, NOAA, ESA, Global Forest and Mangrove Watch, UNEP, Earth Explorer, AVHRR
• Birdlife International (www.birdlife.org)
• RAMSAR database (https://rsis.ramsar.org)
• Asian Waterbird Census (DENR)
• GBIF (www.gbif.org)
Level 4
Platinum
Table 1.33. Sources of data for Sukat 1.3 (continuation)
• Primary data for count of individuals per species
• Supplementary data for count of individuals per species records, e.g. GBIF (https://www.gbif.org/), Map of Life (https://mol.org), museum catalogs, eBird (www.ebird.org), iNaturalist (https://www.inaturalist.org/), reports from BMS, BAMS and LAWIN
• Birdlife International (www.birdlife.org)
• RAMSAR database (https://rsis.ramsar.org)
• Asian Waterbird Census (DENR)
• Counts of flying fox from Priority Species Monitoring (DENR)
DEFINITION
SUKAT 1.4 RARE SPECIES
A species is considered rare when it is characterized by at least one of the following criteria:29
a. Low species abundance; b. Narrow or limited local geographic range; or, c. High habitat specificity
Rare species may not necessarily be threatened or endemic. If a species has a large and dispersed population then that particular species may be considered as endangered or vulnerable but not rare. Still rare species are usually considered threatened because it is not likely that a small population size can recover from ecological disasters.
OUTPUT, DATA NEEDS, AND DATA SOURCES
Identification of Sukat 1.4 requires a checklist, spot map, AOO or EOO map, and SDM for rare species (see Table 1.41). Data needs and data sources should be provided, as enumerated in Tables 1.42 and 1.43. These include pieces of information relevant thereto, and must be detailed, up-to-date, and as sufficient enough as possible to ensure that informed decisions are made.
29 Longton, R., and Hedderson, T. (2000). What are rare species and why conserve them? Lindbergia, 25 (2), 53- 61.
Photo courtesy of Mary Ann Bautista of Center for Conservation Innovations Ph
Photo courtesy of John Lister Bibar of Center for Conservation Innovations Ph
The following are outputs required for the identification of Sukat 1.4 at different levels of standardization:
Table 1.41. Outputs required for Sukat 1.4
Checklist of Rare Species
Level 1
Bronze
Level 2
Silver
Level 3
Gold
Level 4
Platinum
A list of rare species and/or abundance and specificity of the species thereof, must be generated. Data on species rarity may be obtained from online species databases and published works.
AOO or EOO Map of Rare Species with Basic Habitat Information
An AOO or EOO map of the species is to be generated, showing where the rare species was directly or indirectly observed. Secondary or primary data of species occurrence records i.e. GPS coordinates can be used.
Species Distribution Model of Rare Species (Terrestrial)
A species distribution model (SDM) of the rare species is to be generated to predict suitable habitat across the landscape.
Multi-layered
Map of Rare Species and its Habitat/Ecosystem (Marine)
Map of ground-truthed and validated data overlaying the occurrence points or rare species on its identified habitat or ecosystem, including topographic features, soil type, vegetation, and other physical attributes in the area of interest.
Population Density or Occupancy Model of Rare Species
The highest standard of information on rare species within the area requires a species occupancy model or an estimate of the population density.
The following are the data needed for the identification of Sukat 1.4 at different levels of standardization:
Table 1.42. Data needed for Sukat 1.4
• Species listing
• Habitat type per species
Level 1
Bronze
Level 2
Silver
• Available information on species abundance, geographic distribution/range, species locality (if available), and/or habitat specificity
• References
• Species occurrence records: GPS coordinates, recorded sightings, observation types (direct/indirect), data and time of observation, locality (smallest unit available), name of observer
• Habitat type
• Vegetation
Level 3 Gold
Level 4 Platinum
Table 1.42. Data needed for Sukat 1.4 (continuation)
For SDM:
• Environmental layers (e.g. bioclimatic layers, biophysical layers, and land cover for terrestrial)
• Boundary of the area of interest
• Species occurrence records: GPS coordinates, recorded sightings, observation types (direct/indirect), data and time of observation, locality (smallest unit available), name of observer
For Multi-layered Map:
• Species occurrence records: GPS coordinates, recorded sightings, data and time of observation, locality (smallest unit available), name of observer
• Amphibia Web Database (https://amphibiaweb.org/)
• Synopsis of Philippine Mammals
Level 1 Bronze
• Field Museum (http://archive.fieldmuseum.org/philippine_mammals/ introduction.asp)
• Co’s Digital Flora of the Philippines (https://www.philippineplants.org/)
• GEO BON (https://geobon.org/)
• Plants of the World Online (http://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/)
• Museums and Herbariums
• Snakes of the Philippine Islands (Taylor 1922)
• Synopsis of the Snakes of the Philippines (Leviton et al., 2018)
• iNaturalist
• Snakes of the Philippines (https://www.inaturalist.org/guides/11042)
• Amphibian Species of the World (https://amphibiansoftheworld.amnh.org/)
• Synopsis of Philippine Mammals
• Field Museum
• Wild Bird Club of the Philippines (https://birdwatch.ph/home/)
Level 1
Bronze (continuation)
For Marine:
• FishBase (https://www.fishbase.se)
• World Register of Marine Species (WORMS) (https://www.marinespecies.org)
• Ocean Biodiversity Information System (OBIS) (https://obis.org/) –
• EDC Binhi
• SeaHorses in the Philippines
For Terrestrial:
• GBIF (https://www.gbif.org/)
• BMS, BAMS, LAWIN Reports
• Museum Catalogs, Virtual Herbaria
• eBird (www.ebird.org)
• iNaturalist (www.inaturalist.org)
• Co’s Digital Flora of the Philippines (phiippineplants.org)
For Marine:
Level 2 Silver
Level 3 Gold
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) (https://www.gbif.org/)
• FishBase (https://www.fishbase.se)
• World Register of Marine Species (WORMS) (https://www.marinespecies.org)
• Ocean Biodiversity Information System (OBIS) (https://obis.org/)
• Environmental Data Initiative (edirepository.org)
• Dryad
• SeaHorses in the Philippines
• Balyena (Balyena.org)
• Copernicus Marine Service (CMEMS) (copernicus.eu)
For SDM:
• Primary data for species occurrence records
• Supplementary data for species occurrence records, e.g. GBIF (https://www. gbif.org/), Map of Life (https://mol.org/), museum catalogs, virtual herbaria, eBird, iNaturalist, reports from BMS, BAMS and Lawin
• Shapefiles from LGU
• DENR or PA as source for boundaries
• Bioclimatic datasets, e.g. www.worldclim.org, CHELSA (https://chelsa-climate. org/)
• Land cover and environmental datasets, e.g. Geoportal, ESA, Global Forest and Mangrove Watch, UNEP, Earth Explorer, AVHRR
• LandSat, Sentinel, MODIS for vegetation indices (e.g. NDVI, EVI, LAI, MVI)
For Multi-layered Map:
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) (https://www.gbif.org/)
• FishBase (https://www.fishbase.se)
• Ocean Biodiversity Information System (OBIS) (https://obis.org/)
• Environmental Data Initiative (edirepository.org)
• Copernicus Marine Service (CMEMS) (copernicus.eu)
• LandSat, Sentinel, MODIS, TOPEX/poseidon, AVHRR, AQUA/MODIS, SeaWIFS, Aqua
• NOAA (www.nodc.noaa.gov)
Level 4
Platinum
• Primary data from studies and other research (e.g. Balyena.org monitoring, IUCN Red List, BirdLife International)
• Data from Bronze to Gold level
Chapter 2 Sukat 2: Ekosistema
(Landscape-level and Seascape-level Ecosystems and Ecosystem Mosaics)
DEFINITION
Areas consisting of natural landscape-level and seascape-level ecosystems and ecosystem mosaics that can support viable or natural populations of fauna and flora. Sukat 2 refers to the entire mosaic, i.e., forest landscape, rather than just the actual area comprising the forest. Hence, ecosystem mosaics shall involve mosaics formed by forest ecosystems along with other types of ecosystems (e.g. grasslands, wetlands, cliffs, etc.), including networks of interconnected natural patches, ecological corridors, migratory routes, and riparian areas.
RATIONALE
The Philippines is one of the most threatened biodiversity hotspots30 in the world because of its population density. Most of the country’s islands are now inhabited by humans and its unique terrestrial and marine plant and animal species are in various states of exploitation and degradation. More than 93 percent of the country’s forest cover has been lost in the last 500 years, 70 percent of the country’s coral reefs are in poor or fair condition,
large amounts of mangroves have disappeared, and over-fishing and other destructive fishing practices are rampant.
Management of Sukat 2 areas includes: (a) maintenance or enhancement of the Sukat 2 area’s extent, natural attributes, connectivity, and the natural ecosystem functions therein; (b) protection of important viable populations of naturallyoccurring wildlife; and (c) safeguarding the movement of species and energy within and across ecosystems mosaics.
30 Conservation International. (2024). Protecting biodiversity in the Philippines. Retrieved on 2024 January from https://www.conservation.org/philippines/ projects/protecting-biodiversity-in-the-philippines.
Photo courtesy of John Lister Bibar of Center for Conservation Innovations Ph
“ Areas consisting of natural landscape-level and seascape-level ecosystems and ecosystem mosaics that can support viable or natural populations of fauna and flora.
Photo courtesy of Mary Ann Bautista of Center for Conservation Innovations Ph
Below is a list of methods, data sources, and tools that will be used to generate the outputs for Sukat 2:
Table 2.10. Methods/Techniques in gathering data for Sukat 2
Method/ Technique
1. Secondary data collection from:
Published references and gray literature
Existing data from online databases (e.g., IUCN, IPAs etc.)
Readily available maps from relevant institutions/ agencies and websites (e.g., Allen coral atlas, Google Earth Pro/Engine, maps from management plans, mapping agencies, Map of Life, etc.)
2. Primary data collection for ground validation through:
a. Remotely Piloted Aircraft System (RPAS)
b. Boots on the ground validation using GPS device
c. Very high resolution satellite imagery from 0.3 m or better
d. C5 or C30 (Alwan) reef assessment and monitoring methods, and Automated Rapid Reef Assessment System (ARRAS)
e. Transect and quadrat sampling for seagrasses and other benthic cover
3. Data Analysis and Database Management using geospatial tools and mapping technologies (QGIS, ArcGIS, Python, Google Earth Engine, R Statistics, remote sensing, Drone Systems, etc.)
4. Accuracy expected:
a. between 85% and 90% 31
b. 90% or better 32 33
OUTPUT, DATA NEEDS, AND DATA SOURCES
Identification of Sukat 2 requires a checklist, map of ecosystems, mosaic map, benthic cover map, and multi-layer map of ecosystems (see Table 2.20). Data needs and data sources should be provided, as enumerated in Tables 2.30 and 2.40. These include pieces of information relevant thereto, and must be detailed, up-to-date, and as sufficient enough as possible to ensure that informed decisions are made.
For marine ecosystems, presence of coral species alone does not necessarily indicate presence of Sukat 2. Presence of fully-formed, well-developed coral reefs needs to be identified to represent Sukat 2.
31 Anderson, J. R. (1976). A land use and land cover classification system for use with remote sensor data (Vol. 964), p.5. US Government Printing Office.
32 Verified Carbon Standard [VSC]. (2023). Methods for monitoring of GHG emissions and removals in REDD and CIW projects (M-REDD). VSC Module ver. 2.3.
33 Verified Carbon Standard [VSC]. (2012). REDD methodological module: estimation of baseline carbon stock changes and greenhouse gas emissions from unplanned restoration (BL-UP). VSC Module VMD0007 ver 3.0.
Photo courtesy of Penn delos Santos of Batangas Divers’ Association
The following are outputs required for the identification of Sukat 2 at different levels of standardization:
Table 2.20. Outputs required for Sukat 2
Checklist of Ecosystems
A list of naturally occurring ecosystems present within the areas is required. The types of ecosystems and their characteristics may be sources from online databases and published works. For marine ecosystems, the presence of fully formed, well-developed coral reefs are to be highlighted.
Map of Ecosystems
A map showing the locations of terrestrial and/or marine ecosystem types present in the area is to be generated to show Sukat 2. This can be done using secondary data. A short description of biophysical characteristics (e.g. elevation, vegetation) should also be indicated. For coral reefs, a map is to be overlayed with data on hard coral cover.
Mosaic Map of Ecosystems (Terrestrial)
Given sufficient resources, as evidence of Sukat 2 in the locality, a mosaic map of ecosystems is to be provided, such as forest ecosystem (e.g. general IPCC classification), freshwater ecosystem (e.g. rivers, lakes, marshlands).
It is recommended that each layer would be ground-truthed, either by doing it manually on foot, or via measuring tools (e.g. through GPS devices) to check on the validity and presence of biophysical characteristics represented by the data layers. Creation of the land cover maps is acceptable with an accuracy between 85% and 90%.
Benthic Cover and Ecosystem Map (Marine)
A map showing the extent of ecosystem types present in the area is to be generated to show Sukat 2. This requires ground-truthing and validated benthic cover. For coral reef communities, a preliminary classification (Type I-IV) using secondary data should be assigned.
Multi-layer Ecosystem Map
Terrestrial
A mosaic map of ecosystems with an accuracy above 90% will be produced. The map should be ground-truthed using tools, such as drone photography, to check on the validity and presence of biophysical characteristics (e.g. slope, elevation, aspect, soil type, forest type, vegetation, climate, etc.) represented by data layers.
Marine
A multi-layer ecosystems map is to be provided. Each of the ecosystem polygons shown on the map are to be derived from multi-layers of data. This includes coral reef diversity (e.g. using Taxonomic Amalgamation Units data to create a coral reef diversity map, water quality [eight basic parameters], sea surface temperatures, bathymetry, sea level, range productivity for carbon stock estimates, etc. It is recommended that each layer be ground-truthed.
The following are the data needed for the identification of Sukat 2 at different levels of standardization:
Table 2.30. Data needed for Sukat 2
• List of ecosystem types
Level 1
Bronze
Level 2 Silver
• Short description of biophysical characteristics e.g. elevation, vegetation, based from available literatures and reports.
• References for the ecosystem types, e.g. IUCN, DENR, Forest Formations of the Philippines (Fernando et al., 2008)
• Ecosystem types
• GPS coordinates available
• Points pinned on Google Earth
• Short description of biophysical characteristics e.g. elevation, vegetation, based from available literatures and reports
• Sources for the ecosystem types. e.g. IUCN, DENR, Forest Formations of the Philippines (Fernando et al., 2008), PA reports (BMS, LAWIN, and BAMS), reports on baseline inventories
1. Primary Data
• GPS coordinates of ecosystem present in the area
• Online Geospatial Data Systems, e.g. EBCO, Geoportal, Global Forest Watch (Hansen), Global Mangrove Watch, Global Climate Data, Global Administrative Map, Google Earth Data Catalogue, ESA Global Data, etc.)
• Un GIS data systems (e.g. IUCN, UN Stat, Un SDG, FAO, UNEP)
• Online Geospatial Data Systems, eg. EBCO, Geoportal, Global Forest Watch (Hansen), Global Mangrove Watch, Global Climate Data, Global Administrative Map, Google Earth Data Catalogue, ESA Global Data, etc.)
• Un GIS data systems (e.g. IUCN, UN Stat, Un SDG, FAO, UNEP)
• BSWM
Chapter 3 Sukat 3: Ekosistemang Nanganganib (Rare
and Threatened Habitats and Ecosystems)
DEFINITION
Areas containing rare, or anthropogenically threatened ecosystems, or habitats.
RATIONALE
Identification of Sukat 3 aims to protect rare or threatened habitats and ecosystems so that further degradation from anthropogenic activities are prevented. Safeguarding these areas is necessary to preserve ecological processes that persist therein.
Sukat 3 has two (2) subcategories namely, Rare/ Irreplaceable Habitats or Ecosystems, and Vulnerable/Threatened Habitats or Ecosystems.
Photo courtesy of Penn delos Santos of Batangas Divers’ Association
Photo courtesy of Clark Jerome Jasmin of Center for Conservation Innovations Ph
Photo courtesy of Daniel Glenn Darapiza of Center for Conservation Innovations Ph
Photo courtesy of John Lister Bibar of Center for Conservation Innovations Ph
“
Sukat 3 aims to protect rare or threatened habitats and ecosystems so that further degradation from anthropogenic activities are prevented.
Photo courtesy of Daniel Glenn Darapiza of Center for Conservation Innovations Ph
Below is a list of methods, data sources, and tools that will be used to generate the outputs for Sukat 3:
Table 3.10. Methods/Techniques in gathering data for Sukat 3
Method/ Technique
1. Secondary data collection from:
Published references and gray literature
Existing data from online databases (e.g., IUCN, IPAs etc.)
Readily available maps from relevant institutions/ agencies and websites (e.g., Allen coral atlas, Google Earth Pro/Engine, maps from management plans, mapping agencies, Map of Life, etc.)
2. Primary data collection for ground validation through:
a. Remotely Piloted Aircraft System (RPAS)
b. Boots on the ground validation using GPS device
c. Very high resolution satellite imagery from 0.3 m or better
d. C5 or C30 (Alwan) reef assessment and monitoring methods, and Automated Rapid Reef Assessment System (ARRAS)
e. Transect and quadrat sampling for seagrasses and other benthic cover
3. Data Analysis and Database Management using ecological modeling tools (e.g., R Statistics, Paleontological Statistics, MaxEnt, SPSS, Distance, Occupancy, MARXAN, MS Excel, etc.)
4. Data Analysis and Database Management using geospatial tools and mapping technologies (QGIS, ArcGIS, Python, Google Earth Engine, R Statistics, remote sensing, Drone Systems, etc.)
5. Accuracy expected:
a. between 85% and 90%
b. 90% or better
DEFINITION
SUKAT 3.1 RARE/IRREPLACEABLE HABITATS OR ECOSYSTEMS
Habitats or ecosystems that are naturally rare as characterized by highly localized physical and climatic attributes, soil types, hydrology, geology, or locations.34 A habitat or ecosystem is also considered rare provided that there is presence of rare species (as defined in Sukat 1.4). This includes presence of distinct species populations.
OUTPUT, DATA NEEDS, AND DATA SOURCES
Identification of Sukat 3.1 requires a checklist, dot map, extent map, and multi-layer map of rare habitats or ecosystems (see Table 3.11). Data needs and data sources should be provided, as enumerated in Tables 3.12 and 3.13. These include pieces of information relevant thereto, and must be detailed, up-to-date, and as sufficient enough as possible to ensure that informed decisions are made.
The following are outputs required for the identification of Sukat 3.1 at different levels of standardization:
Table 3.11. Outputs required for Sukat 3.1
Checklist of Rare Habitats or Ecosystems
A checklist of all rare ecosystems present within the area is required for the identification of HCV 3. The list of ecosystem types, their respective definitions, and conservation status may be sourced from online databases and published works.
Dot Map of Rare Habitats or Ecosystems
A dot map showing rare habitat types or ecosystems present within the area, including the descriptions of topographic features, soil type, forest type, vegetation, and other physical attributes of
Extent of Rare Habitats or Ecosystems
A polygon map showing the location and extent of rare habitats or ecosystems, including their descriptions of topographic features, soil type, forest type, vegetation, and other physical attributes.
Multi-layer Map of Rare Habitats or Ecosystems
Map of ground-truthed and validated data showing the extent of rare habitats or ecosystems overlaying the topographic features, soil type, forest type, vegetation, and other physical attributes of a given area.
34
Photo courtesy of Clark Jerome Jasmin of Center for Conservation Innovations Ph
The following are the data needed for the identification of Sukat 3.1 at different levels of standardization:
Table 3.12. Data needed for Sukat 3.1
• List of rare ecosystems types
Level 1
Level 2
• Threats observed by PA (e.g. landslide, fire, deforestation, anthropogenic activities, etc.)
• Biophysical attributes of ecosystems
• Rare ecosystem types
• GPS coordinates available
• Points pinned on Google Earth
• Short description on biophysical characteristics (e.g. elevation, vegetation, based from available literatures and reports)
• Sources for the rare ecosystem types, e.g. IUCN, DENR, Forest Formations of the Philippines (Fernando et al., 2008), PA reports (BMS, LAWIN, and BAMS), reports on baseline inventories
• Forest Formations of the Philippines (Fernando et al., 2008)
• GLCC
• FAO GEZ
• Mammals of Luzon Island (Heaney et al., 2016)
• Published Literatures and reports
• Reports from BMS, BAMS, LAWIN, PAs
• HCV 2 Silver Standard
• IUCN Habitat Classification Scheme (https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/ habitat-classification-scheme) or IUCN Ecosystem Typology 2.0 (Keith et al., 2020) (https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/49250)
• Global data on rare ecosystem
• HCV 1 Gold Standard
• HCV 2 Gold Standard
• Primary data for rare ecosystem boundary
• Supplementary data for rare ecosystems from DENR, PA, and LGU reports
• NAMRIA
• DENR
• PAGASA
• BFAR
• ERDB
• Online Geospatial Data Systems, e.g. Geoportal, GEBCO, Global Forest Watch (Hansen), Global Mangrove Watch, Global Climate Data, Global Administrative Map, Google Earth Data Catalogue, ESA Global Data, etc.)
• UN GIS data systems (e.g. IUCN, UN Stat, UN SDG, FAO, UNEP)
• PA Records
DEFINITION
SUKAT 3.2 VULNERABLE/THREATENED HABITATS OR ECOSYSTEMS
Habitats or ecosystems that are declining as a result of anthropogenic disturbances. The net loss of the ecosystem extent is 5% or more, 35 with a baseline period of at least five years. 36,37 It is therefore imperative to have a baseline data. If an area does not have a baseline data yet, the results of the first SnK assessment will be considered as baseline.
OUTPUT, DATA NEEDS, AND DATA SOURCES
Identification of Sukat 3.2 requires a checklist, map of threatened habitats of ecosystems, comparison of satellite images and threats, ecosystem change analysis, benthic cover and ecosystem maps. (see Table 3.21). Data sources and data needs should be provided, as enumerated in Tables 3.22 and 3.23. These include pieces of information relevant thereto, and must be detailed, up-to-date, and as sufficient enough as possible to ensure that informed decisions are made.
The following are outputs required for the identification of Sukat 3.2 at different levels of standardization:
Table 3.21. Outputs required for Sukat 3.2
Checklist of Threatened Habitats or Ecosystems
A checklist of all threatened ecosystems present within the area is required for the identification of HCV 3. The list of ecosystem types, their respective definitions, perceived threats and conservation status may be sourced from online databases (e.g., IUCN Red List of Ecosystems) and published works.
For marine ecosystems, the presence of fully formed, well-developed coral reefs are to be highlighted.
35 The 5% threshold is based on the established criteria used in identifying key biodiversity areas (KBAs) and important plant areas (IPAs).
36 DENR. (2016). DENR-BMB Technical Bulletin 2016-05 (TB 2016-05). Guidelines on Biodiversity Assessment and Monitoring System for Terrestrial Ecosystems.
37 BMB and GIZ. (2017). Manual on Biodiversity Assessment and Monitoring System for Terrestrial Ecosystems. Biodiversity Management Bureau and Deustsche Gesselschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH. Manila, Philippines
Photo courtesy of Niño Veroy
Table 3.21. Outputs required for Sukat 3.2 (continuation)
Map of Threatened Habitats or Ecosystems (Terrestrial)
The map should include information on perceived and identified threats such as land use change, poaching, etc. This involves secondary information on the quantification of threats and change in land cover.
Comparison of Satellite Images and Threats (Marine)
A comparison of satellite images taken at different time stamps is recommended. This involves secondary information on the quantification of threats and change in benthic cover.
Ecosystem Change Analysis (Terrestrial)
Using remote sensing methods, a preliminary habitat cover change analysis shall be conducted for the area in question, using the IPCC classification system. The net loss of the ecosystem extent is 5% or more with a baseline period of at least five years.
Benthic Cover and Ecosystem Map (Marine)
A map showing the change in extent of ecosystem types present in the area is to be generated to show Sukat 3.2.
Ecosystem Change, Forest Fragmentation, and Habitat Suitability Analysis in a Mosaic Landscape (Terrestrial)
Given sufficient resources, as evidence for HCV 3 in the locality, a mosaic map of ecosystems is to be provided, such as forest ecosystems (e.g. forest formations), and freshwater ecosystems (e.g. rivers, lakes, marshlands).
Ideally, the presence of threatened ecosystems within an area is best supported by generating the following pieces of information:
a. Hotspot map
b. Ecosystem Change
c. Forest fragmentation analysis superimposed on habitat suitability of indicator
d. species
Evidence (c) will require guidance on using the framework for selecting indicator species for management within an area.
With sufficient resources, a map on coral cover change is to be generated to support the presence of HCV 3 in an area. This requires data from long-term monitoring of changes in ecosystems.
Ideally, the presence of threatened ecosystems is best supported by producing the following pieces of information:
a. Overexploitation of stocks
b. Decline of key indicator species and functional/ecological groups
c. Ecological changes in the seascape
d. Ability of the system to cope with threats and respond thereto
The following are the data needed for the identification of Sukat 3.2 at different levels of standardization:
Table 3.22. Data needed for Sukat 3.2
• Threatened ecosystems types list (e.g., freshwater ecosystems)
• List of threats (e.g. landslide detection, fire, deforestation, etc.)
Primary Data
• Threats observed by PA (e.g. landslide detection, fire, deforestation, etc.)
• GPS coordinates of threats based on secondary data
1. Secondary Data:
• Satellite images
2. Primary Data:
• Field data, e.g. GPS coordinates of threatened habitats present in the area, GPS coordinates of and information about the threats, including photographs of the threats present in the area
1. Secondary Data:
• Forest formation, succession data
• Satellite images
2. Primary Data:
• Drone images
• Field data such as indicator species data (i.e. occurrence data)
• Boundaries of the HCV identified
• GPS coordinates of, and information about the threats, including photographs of threats present in the area Level 1
Below is a list of recommended data sources that can be used for the identification of Sukat 3.2 at different levels of standardization:
• Based from Proclamation No. 2146, s. 1981: Area that is globally, nationally, or regionally identified as priorities for conservation or protection (e.g. KBAs, IPAs, critical habitats, AZE, ECAs, and/or prioritization processes)
• Published Literatures and reports (e.g. The Global 200: Priority Ecoregions for Global Conservation (Olson and Dinerstein, 2002)
• DAO on critical habitats
• PCSD declaration on critical habitats (PCSD Resolution No. 13-481)
Table 3.23. Sources of data for Sukat 3.2 (continuation)
• Threatened ecosystem types
• GPS coordinates available
• Points pinned on Google Earth
• Short description of biophysical characteristics (e.g. elevation, vegetation, etc. based from available literatures and reports)
• Sources for the threatened ecosystem types e.g., IUCN, DENR, Forest Formations of the Philippines (Fernando et al.,2008), PA Reports (i.e. BMS, BAMS, LAWIN), reports on baseline inventories
• Zones showing undisturbed areas (for protection)
• Zones showing disturbed areas (for rehabilitation)
Note: Data preferably with historical reference period of either 5 or 10 years depending on the analytical requirements
Introduction to Sukat 4, 5, and 6
WHAT ARE SUKAT 4, 5, AND 6?
Sukat 4 to 6 are organized according to ES valuation and natural capital accounting protocols consistent with the UN-SEEA Framework for NCA. Data needs take the Philippine context into account, and outputs are made relevant for Philippine PA management purposes. On the other hand, methods for data processing and analysis are consistent with international practice on valuation and natural capital accounting. In particular, the use of ARIES, a web-based application that uses artificial intelligence, is the main tool recommended for estimating the values and accounts. ARIES “provides a dedicated user interface to easily compile accounts within the UN System of Environmental-Economic Accounting (SEEA)” (https://aries.integratedmodelling.
org/). The Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA), the official compiler and producer of natural capital accounts in the Philippines, requires the use of ARIES for work on ES valuation and NCA to be considered as part of the official accounts of the country. The Sukat ng Kalikasan Toolkit thus adopts ARIES as the main processing and analytical application software for estimating Sukat 4 to 6. However, it does not limit the methods to ARIES. Other analytical tools are included for flexibility and to account for varying preferences and capabilities of PA managers and other users of the toolkit.
The steps involved in natural capital accounting are shown below:
STEPS IN ECOSYSTEM ACCOUNTING
PHYSICAL ACCOUNTING
Steps in physical terms
Source: UN et al., 2016
Steps in monetary terms MONETARY ACCOUNTING
Data on the ecosystems should therefore be organized to reflect the different outputs needed for the accounts.
Accounts are organized according to the following:
1. Ecosystem Extent Accounts38
Ecosystem extent accounts play a crucial role in structuring data related to the size or area of various ecosystem types. The information derived from these accounts aids in generating indicators for assessing the composition and changes in ecosystem types. This common basis is valuable for discussions among stakeholders, especially concerning conversions between different ecosystem types within a country, notably in Philippine protected areas. The compilation of these accounts is also pertinent for determining the suitable array of ecosystem types to form the foundation for the structure of other accounts.
Appendix 1 shows, in tabular form, the structure of extent accounts.
2. Ecosystem Condition Accounts39
Ecosystem accounting is characterized by its systematic organization of biophysical data pertaining to the status of various ecosystem types. The ecosystem condition account categorizes information on selected ecosystem characteristics and measures the deviation from a reference condition. This arrangement not only provides valuable insights into the integrity of ecosystems but also facilitates the organization of data relevant to assessing an ecosystem’s capacity to deliver various ecosystem services.
Appendix 2 shows, in tabular form, the structure of condition accounts.
3. Supply and Use of the Ecosystem Service in Biophysical Terms40
One of the key aspects of ecosystem accounting involves the provision of final ecosystem services by ecosystem assets and the utilization of
38 Source: SEEA-EA 2021; p. 32
39 Source: SEEA-EA 2021; p. 33
40 Source: SEEA-EA 2021; p. 33
41 Source: SEEA-EA 2021; p. 178
these services by economic entities, including households, businesses, and government. Employing a supply and use table format, the ecosystem service flow accounts document the exchanges of final ecosystem services supplied by ecosystem assets and consumed by economic entities throughout an accounting period. Furthermore, these accounts enable the tracking of intermediate service flows between ecosystem assets.
For purposes of this toolkit, we differentiate “use” from “demand” as commonly defined in conventional economics. Use is consistent with the UN-SEEA method of economic measurements using market exchanges. Meanwhile, demand refers to total desire or willingness to pay, thus includes measurements of consumer surplus. Measurements of demand, i.e. data requirements, methods and outputs, will be included in the second iteration of the toolkit.
Appendix 3 presents the supply side and Appendix 4 the demand side (Use) of the ecosystem services.
4. Supply and Use of ES in Monetary Terms41
In completing the accounts, the biophysical values above are converted into monetary values. In doing so, the recorded monetary values underpin the compilation of two accounts: the ecosystem services flow account and the monetary ecosystem asset account.
In the context of accounting, monetary valuation relies on two factors, specifically:
a. The definition and scope of goods, services and assets under consideration; and
b. The valuation concept in use.
In the context of ecosystem accounting under the UN-SEEA framework, values are always based on “exchange values.” However, research and policy have usually focused on non-market valuation methods to measure changes in welfare more accurately. For purposes of this toolkit, nonmarket
valuation methods are included in the options for some ecosystem services, particularly for Sukat 4 and Sukat 6, to make it more useful for the government to plan and manage PAs across the country.
Monetary ES flow accounts are useful for the following purposes:
a. To help us understand the relative significance of different ecosystem services.
b. Support aggregation of ecosystem services to allow us to compare the roles of ecosystem assets with each other.
c. To assess the changes in monetary values over time.
d. To allow us to compare inputs of different ecosystem services to different users.
e. Support understanding the role of ecosystem services in different locations.
Below is a list of methods, data sources, and tools that will be used to generate the outputs for Sukat 4 to 6.
Table 4.01. Methods, Data Sources, Tools to Generate Extent and Condition Accounts for Sukat 4 to 6
Method/ Technique
Secondary data collection
Review of literature
Review of existing data
Request readily available maps from concerned institution/agency and websites
Allen Coral Atlas (Coastal and Marine)
Google Earth Pro
Natural resource management plans
Global Forest Watch
Mapping agencies (PhilSA, NAMRIA)
Global Mangroves Watch
Watch
Seagrass Watch
NSAP Interactive Atlas
Physical quantification of the ES based on secondary data
Ground validation of the collected secondary data (esp. maps) with proper sampling
Biophysical modeling and mapping using For extent accounting
Remote sensing
Google Earth Engine
K-Means Clustering
Table 4.01. Methods, Data Sources, Tools to Generate Extent and Condition Accounts for Sukat 4 to 6 (continuation)
To prevent double-counting of the ecosystem services within the conservation area, ecosystem accounting primarily concentrates on measuring final ecosystem services. These final ecosystem services specifically involve instances where the service user is an economic unit, encompassing businesses, government entities, and households. Consequently, each final ecosystem service denotes a transactional flow between an ecosystem asset and an economic unit. However, various interconnections exist among ecosystem assets, encompassing diverse ecosystem structures and processes that play a crucial role in influencing the provision of final ecosystem services. For instance, the harvesting of wild fish at sea may be linked to nurseries located in seagrass meadows near the shore. Consequently, although the comprehensive contribution of ecosystems is encapsulated in the catch of wild fish (considered a final ecosystem service), such documentation fails to unveil the indirect contribution of the seagrass meadows.
42 Source: SEEA-EA 2021; p. 124
In essence, the framework of ecosystem accounting enables the documentation of the indirect contributions made by ecosystem assets in the form of intermediate services. Unlike final ecosystem services, intermediate services signify contributions to benefits, with users being the ecosystem assets and a connection to the provision of final ecosystem services.
The definition of intermediate services revolves around a sequence of inputs and outputs within the environment, allowing for potential recordings both within and between ecosystem assets. For instance, the nursery services offered by seagrass meadows may play a role in the catch of fish either within the same location or in different areas. This approach facilitates the documentation of intermediate services and, consequently, the recognition of various indirect contributions made by ecosystems, regardless of the size of the ecosystem assets.
Photo courtesy of Penn delos Santos of Batangas Divers’ Association
Chapter 4 Sukat 4: Serbisyong Nagpapanatili ng Buhay
(Regulation and Maintenance Services44)
DEFINITION
Regulating and maintenance services are those ecosystem services resulting from the ability of ecosystems to regulate biological processes and to influence climate, hydrological and biochemical cycles, and thereby maintain environmental conditions beneficial to individuals and society.
RATIONALE45
The quantification of the supply of regulating and maintenance services relies significantly on understanding the specific ecosystem type and its essential features. This is because the ecosystem’s role in delivering services varies with changes in the type and characteristics of the ecosystem. Therefore, when evaluating the extent to which a particular ecosystem offers regulating and maintenance services, it is common to make assumptions about the services that would be provided if the ecosystem type or its characteristics were different. For instance, forests excel in capturing air pollutants compared to grasslands, and wetlands with well-structured and diverse vegetation are more effective in purifying water of pollutants than those with limited vegetation.
Sukat 4 has twelve (12) subcategories namely, Global Climate Regulation Services, Local Climate Regulation Services, Air Filtration Services, Soil Erosion Control Services, Landslide Mitigation Services, Solid Waste Remediation Services, Pollination Services, Biological Control: Pest Control Services, Disease Control Services, Water Purification Services, Water Flow Regulation Services, and Coastal Protection Services.
Photo courtesy of Penn delos Santos of Batangas Divers’ Association
“
The quantification of the supply of regulating and maintenance services relies significantly on understanding the specific ecosystem type and its essential features.
Photo courtesy of John Lister Bibar of Center for Conservation Innovations Ph
DEFINITION46
SUKAT 4.1 GLOBAL CLIMATE REGULATION SERVICES
Global Climate Regulation Services are ecosystem services that actively influence the chemical composition of the atmosphere and oceans, thereby impacting the global climate. This contribution involves the accumulation and retention of carbon and other greenhouse gasses (such as methane) within ecosystems, as well as their capacity to extract carbon from the atmosphere. This falls under the category of final ecosystem services.
The assessment of these services involves supply factors, which gauge ecosystem conditions and the physical flow of ecosystem services, encompassing the associated management costs. On the other hand, demand factors quantify the benefits and values derived from ecosystems, including the avoidance of damages.
OUTPUT, DATA NEEDS, AND DATA SOURCES
Identification of Sukat 4.1 will determine sources and sinks of carbon and carbon equivalents in the PA by ecosystem, land cover, and land use practices. Carbon emission, sequestration, and net emission need to be quantified using global and national standards. From these, estimation and valuation studies will be conducted using carbon monitoring plots with social cost and carbon market price (see Table 4.11). Data sources and data needs should be provided, as enumerated in Tables 4.12 and 4.13. These include pieces of information relevant thereto, and must be detailed, up-to-date, and as sufficient enough as possible to ensure that informed decisions are made.
Photo courtesy of Jonathan Baillie of Zoological Society of London - Philippines
Photo Courtesy of Juergen Freund
The following are outputs required for the identification of Sukat 4.1 at different levels of standardization:
Table 4.11. Outputs required for Sukat 4.1
Level 1 Bronze
Level 2 Silver
Level 3
Level 4
Estimates of carbon stocks and flows using global default values
Estimates of carbon stocks and flows using national default values
Physical quantification of total carbon stocks and flows using land cover change analysis
Monetary estimates of total carbon stocks and flows from various carbon pools in the PA using land cover change analysis
The following are the data needed for the identification of Sukat 4.1 at different levels of standardization:
Table 4.12. Data needed for Sukat 4.1
Level 1
Supply
1. Carbon sinks:
• Land cover (includes mangroves, peatlands and other inland wetlands)
2. Carbon sources:
• Presence/Absence and location of livestock raised within the PA
• Presence/Absence and location of agricultural activities emitting carbon and other GHGs
• Presence/Absence and location of economic activities that emit carbon and other GHGs
• Presence/Absence and location of kaingin activities in the PA
• List of transportation-emitting GHGs
• Land cover (peatlands and other land cover that emit GHGs)
Use/Demand
• Social cost of carbon
• Global default values
• Contemporary Land Cover Maps
Use/Demand
Level 2
• Social cost of carbon
• Global default values
• Contemporary Land Cover Maps
Supply
Bronze + Silver Data:
Level 3 Gold
• Ground truthed Land cover change maps
• Tenurial instruments maps (ownership)
Use/Demand
• Social cost of carbon
Level 4 Platinum
Table 4.12. Data needed for Sukat 4.1 (continuation)
Supply
• Condition: should be Platinum in at least Sukat 1 and Sukat 6
• Data needs depend on the methodology to be used
Use/Demand
• Social cost of carbon
Below is a list of recommended data sources that can be used for the identification of Sukat 4.1 at different levels of standardization:
Table 4.13. Sources of data for Sukat 4.1
• Secondary source of PA land cover (NAMRIA, Global data sources)
Level 1
Level 2
• Attribute table (A database or tabular file containing information about a set of geographic features (e.g. a map layer), usually arranged so that each row represents a feature and each column represents one feature attribute
• Local publications for carbon content standards; IPCC if not available locally
• Standard formula for above-ground and below-ground CO2 content
• Attribute table of land cover change
• Local publications for carbon content standards; IPCC if not available locally
• Standard formula for above-ground and below-ground CO2 content
• Field validated land cover
Level 3
Level 4
• Lookup table for vegetation data
• Lookup table for carbon content estimates
• Lookup table for the vegetation data
• Lookup table for carbon content estimates
• Official source of social cost of carbon estimates
SUKAT 4.2
LOCAL CLIMATE REGULATION SERVICES
DEFINITION47
Local Climate Regulation Services refer to the ecosystem’s function in controlling ambient atmospheric conditions, extending across micro and mesoscale climates. This regulation is made possible through the presence of vegetation, improving living conditions for humans and fostering economic production. Illustrations include the cooling impact of urban trees (‘green space’), the impact of urban water bodies (‘blue space’), and the shade provided by trees for both humans and livestock. These services can take on either a final or intermediate form.
47 Source: SEEA-EA 2021; p. 132
Photo courtesy of Blue Motus of USAID SIBOL Project
Photo courtesy of Blue Motus of USAID SIBOL Project
Photo courtesy of Blue Motus of USAID SIBOL Project
OUTPUT, DATA NEEDS, AND DATA SOURCES
Identification of Sukat 4.2 will require a narrative description of the local climate regulation services transmission pathway. Local site characteristics as well as the physical estimation of ecosystem services impact on agricultural productivity, housing settlements and industrial cooling need to be quantified using global and national standards. From these, estimation and valuation studies will be conducted using production function analysis and biophysical modelling.
An economic valuation will be done based on the impacts of productivity and defensive expenditures/energy savings. Data needs and data sources should be provided, as enumerated in Tables 4.22 and 4.23. These include pieces of information relevant thereto, and must be detailed, up-to-date, and as sufficient enough as possible to ensure that informed decisions are made.
The following are outputs required for the identification of Sukat 4.2 at different levels of standardization:
Table 4.21. Outputs required for Sukat 4.2
Level 1
Narrative description of the local climate regulation service providing area and the ES benefiting area (i.e., divided by radial zones)
Level 2 Silver
Level 3
Level 4
Quantification of local site characteristics and potential impact on agricultural, housing settlements, and industrial district of ES (based on secondary data)
Physical estimation of the ES impact on housing and industrial cooling, and agricultural productivity using production function analysis or biophysical modeling (e.g. wind and heat modeling)
Economic value of local climate regulation ES based on productivity impact and defensive expenditures/energy savings
Photo courtesy of Sheinna May Claro for Center for Conservation Innovations Ph
The following are the data needed for the identification of Sukat 4.2 at different levels of standardization:
Table 4.22. Data needed for Sukat 4.2
Level 1 Bronze
Supply
1. Extent
• Area of the PA in hectares
• Existing land cover (includes inland wetlands)
• River systems
2. Condition
• Presence/absence of forest fragmentation
• Presence/absence of economic activities within the PA
• Weather/climate information based on anecdotal accounts of occurrences of rainfall and typhoon events
• Elevation description
• Wind description in terms of direction, intensity and duration
• Canopy cover description
• Forest structure description
Use/Demand
• Location and approximate distance of settlement areas relative to the ES provider/source, and indicator of density
• Location and approximate distance of agricultural areas relative to the ES provider/source, and indicator of density
Supply
1. Extent
• Area (in hectares) by land cover
• Land cover (includes inland wetlands)
• Length (in km) of river systems and tributaries
2. Condition
• Degree of forest fragmentation
• Number and location of economic activities within the PA
• Weather/Climate data
• Frequency of rainfall event
• Rainfall intensity
• Temperature
• Frequency of extreme events (i.e. typhoons)
Level 2 Silver
• Elevation map
• Wind map
• River systems
• Aspect
• Canopy cover estimates
• Forest structure
Use/Demand
• Characteristics of the surrounding communities
• Population size
• Population density
• Number of households
• Agricultural production
• Area (in ha)
• Crop yield
Table 4.22. Data needed for Sukat 4.2 (continuation)
Supply
1. Extent
• Area (in hectares) by land cover
• Land cover (includes inland wetlands)
• Length (in km) of river systems and tributaries
2. Condition
• Vegetation data
• Species-level identification of trees
• Diameter at breast height (DBH) of trees
• Height of trees
• Volume of trees
• Lookup table for the vegetation data
• Degree of forest fragmentation
• Number and location of economic activities within the PA
• Weather/Climate data
• Frequency of rainfall event
• Rainfall intensity
• Temperature
• Frequency of extreme events (i.e. typhoons)
• Elevation map
• Wind map
• River systems
• Aspect
• Canopy cover estimates
• Forest structure
Use/Demand
• Household characteristics of the communities nearby the area of influence
• Population size
• Population density
• Number of households
• GPS Data of the households (geotagged)
• Ownership of air conditioning units and electric fans
• Number of household members
• Number of working members
• House-based business establishment
• Housing characteristics
• Type of building materials
• House size
• Number of windows
• Lot area and floor area
• Number of trees within the lot
• Number of trees near the house
• Agricultural production
• Area (in ha)
• Crop yield
• Quantity of crops sold by type of crop
Level 3 Gold
Table 4.22. Data needed for Sukat 4.2 (continuation)
Note: Results of the modeling in Gold level will be used in Platinum level (valuation).
Supply 1. Extent
• Area (in hectares) by land cover
• Land cover (includes inland wetlands)
• Length (in km) of river systems and tributaries
2. Condition
• Vegetation data
• Species-level identification of trees
• Diameter at breast height (DBH) of trees
• Height of trees
• Volume of trees
• Lookup table for the vegetation data
• Degree of forest fragmentation
• Number and location of economic activities within the PA
• Weather/Climate data
• Frequency of rainfall event
• Rainfall intensity
• Temperature
• Frequency of extreme events (i.e. typhoons)
• Elevation map
• Wind map
• River systems
• Aspect
• Canopy cover estimates
Platinum
• Costs of inputs Level 4
• Forest structure Use/Demand
• Household characteristics of the communities nearby the area of influence
• Population size
• Population density
• Number of households
• GPS Data of the households (geotagged)
• Household expenditure on electricity
• Ownership of air conditioning units and electric fans
• Number of household members
• Number of working members
• House-based business establishment
• Housing characteristics
• Type of building materials
• House size
• Number of windows
• Lot area and floor area
• Number of trees within the lot
• Number of trees near the house
• Agricultural production
• Area (in ha)
• Crop yield
• Quantity of crops sold by type of crop Costs and returns data
• Price by type of crop
• Quantity of crops sold
• Labor costs
Below is a list of recommended data sources that can be used for the identification of Sukat 4.2 at different levels of standardization:
Table 4.23. Sources of data for Sukat 4.2
• DENR
• CLUPs
• PSA
• NAMRIA
• PAG ASA
• Local Weather Stations
• Econometric modeling using the production function approach Level 1
2
• LGU Agricultural Data
• BAS/PSA data on Agricultural Production
• Primary surveys
• Primary surveys
• Heat island modeling
DEFINITION48
SUKAT 4.3 AIR FILTRATION SERVICES
Air filtration services encompass the ecosystem’s role in filtering airborne pollutants. This process involves the deposition, uptake, fixing, and storage of pollutants by various ecosystem components, with a particular emphasis on plants. Through this mechanism, the harmful effects of pollutants are mitigated. Typically, this serves as a final ecosystem service.
OUTPUT, DATA NEEDS, AND DATA SOURCES
Identification of Sukat 4.3 will require a narrative or physical estimate of potential air filtration impacts, quantification of pollution, as well as the estimation and valuation of the ecosystem service impacts on health, infrastructure and vegetation (see Table 4.31) Data needs and data sources should be provided, as enumerated in Tables 4.32 and 4.33. These include pieces of information relevant thereto, and must be detailed, up-to-date, and as sufficient enough as possible to ensure that informed decisions are made.
The following are outputs required for the identification of Sukat 4.3 at different levels of standardization:
Narrative account/physical estimate of potential air filtration impact based on the identification of sources of pollution, characteristics of forests and other biophysical characteristics, and potential impact zone (based on wind flow and characteristics of pollutants)
Quantification of pollution by source and characteristics of local biophysical and climatic conditions and potential impacts on health and infrastructure and vegetation damage (material damage: damage on roofings and crop losses) based on secondary data
Estimation of the relationship between air filtration ES and impacts on health, infrastructure and vegetation
Valuation of the ES impacts on health (using cost of illness/defensive expenditures) and other damages (using replacement cost and mitigation costs)
Table 4.31. Outputs required for Sukat 4.3
Photo courtesy of Mems Gamad
The following are the data needed for the identification of Sukat 4.3 at different levels of standardization:
Table 4.32. Data needed for Sukat 4.3
1
Supply
1. Extent
• Area of the PA in hectares
• Existing land cover (including built-up areas)
2. Condition
• Presence/absence of forest fragmentation
• Wind description
3. Sources of pollutants/threats:
• List of air pollutants
• Area of the built-up areas
• Presence/Absence of road networks within the PA
• List of economic activities generating air pollution
Use/Demand
• Location and distance of settlement areas relative to the ESbprovider/source, and indicator of density
• Location and distance of agricultural areas relative to the ES provider/source, and indicator of density
• List and location of economic activities that will be affected by air pollution and their distance from the ES source
Supply
1. Extent
• Existing land cover (including built-up areas)
• Area of the PA by land cover (including built-up areas) in hectares
2. Condition
• Degree of forest fragmentation
• Air quality monitoring data (if available)
• Wind map
3. Sources of pollutants/threats:
• Characteristics of air pollutants
• List and location of economic activities generating air pollution, and their distance from the PA
• Length of road networks within the PA
• Road density
• List and location of economic activities generating air pollution, and their distance from the PA
Use/Demand
• Characteristics of the surrounding communities
a. Population size
b. Population density
c. Number of households
• Data on mortality and morbidity (Upper Respiratory Tract diseases) in the identified potential areas of influence
• Location and distance of settlement areas relative to the ES provider/source, and indicator of density
• Location and distance of agricultural areas relative to the ES provider/source, and indicator of density
• List and location economic activities that will be affected by air pollution and their distance from the ES source
Table 4.32. Data needed for Sukat 4.3 (continuation)
Supply
• Existing land cover (including built-up areas)
• Area of the PA in by land cover (including built-up areas) in hectares
1. Condition
• Vegetation data, leaf & trunk characterization
a. Species-level identification of trees
b. Diameter at breast height (DBH) of trees
c. Height of trees
d. Volume of trees
e. Lookup table for the vegetation data
• Degree of forest fragmentation
• Air quality monitoring data
• Wind map
2. Sources of pollutants/threats:
• Characteristics of air pollutants
• List and location of economic activities generating air pollution, and their distance from the PA
• Size, location, start year of operation, operating hours per day, days of operation per year, and scale (inferred by the number of employees and/or production output in tons per year) of the economic activities
• Operations and pollutants mitigation measures
• Environmental protection measures
• Technology adapted
• Length of road networks within the PA
• Road density Use/Demand
• Characteristics of the surrounding communities
a. Population size
b. Population density
c. Number of households
• Data on mortality and morbidity (Upper Respiratory Tract diseases) and cancer in the identified potential areas of influence over time
• Age of affected family members
• Frequency of occurrence within a year over 5 years
• Location and distance of settlement areas relative to the ES provider/source, and indicator of density
• Location and distance of agricultural areas relative to the ES provider/source, and indicator of density
• List and location of economic activities affected by air pollution and their distance from the ES source
• Identification of cases of roofing damages potentially caused by air pollutants
• Identification of cases of crop loss potentially caused by air pollutants
Level 3 Gold
Table 4.32. Data needed for Sukat 4.3 (continuation)
Supply
1. Extent
• Existing land cover (including built-up areas)
• Area of the PA in by land cover (including built-up areas) in hectares
2. Condition
• Vegetation data, leaf & trunk characterization
a. Species-level identification of trees
b. Diameter at breast height (DBH) of trees
c. Height of trees
d. Volume of trees
e. Lookup table for the vegetation data
• Degree of forest fragmentation
• Air quality monitoring data (if available)
• Wind map
3. Sources of pollutants/threats:
• Characteristics of air pollutants
• List and location of economic activities generating air pollution, and their distance from the PA
• Size, location, start year of operation, operating hours per day, days of operation per year, and scale (inferred by the number of employees and/or production output in tons per year) of the economic activities
• Operations and pollutants mitigation measures
• Environmental protection measures
• Technology adapted
• Length of road networks within the PA
• Road density Use/Demand
• Characteristics of the surrounding communities
a. Population size
b. Population density
c. Number of households
• Data on mortality and morbidity (Upper Respiratory Tract diseases) and cancer in the identified potential areas of influence over time
• Age of affected family members
• Frequency of occurrence within a year over 5 years
• Cost of treatment
• Work loss days
• Location and distance of settlement areas relative to the ES provider/source, and indicator of density
• Location and distance of agricultural areas relative to the ES provider/source, and indicator of density
• List and location economic activities affected by air pollution and their distance from the ES source
• Expenditures to protect their HH from air pollution
• Costs on the roofing damages (replacement or re/painting)• Defensive costs to mitigate corrosion/damages on roofing materials
• Crop losses due to air pollutants by type of crop
• Defensive costs to mitigate damages/crop losses due to air pollutants
Level 4 Platinum
Below is a list of recommended data sources that can be used for the identification of Sukat 4.3 at different levels of standardization:
Table 4.33. Sources of data for Sukat 4.3
• NAMRIA
• PSA
• Secondary data/published studies
• DPWH
• NAMRIA
• PSA
• Secondary data/published studies
• DPWH
• DOH
• Rural Health Units
• DENR EMB
• NAMRIA
• PSA
• Secondary data/published studies
• DPWH
• DOH
• Rural Health Units
• Primary data gathering i.e., surveys, KIIs, FGDs, etc.
• DENR EMB
• NAMRIA
• PSA
• Secondary data/published studies
• DPWH
• DOH
• Rural Health Units
• Primary data gathering i.e., surveys, KIIs, FGDs, etc.
• DENR EMB
SUKAT 4.4 SOIL EROSION CONTROL SERVICES
DEFINITION49
Soil erosion control services denote the contributions of ecosystems, with a focus on the stabilizing effects of vegetation, to diminish the loss of soil and sediment. Additionally, these services aid in sustaining the use of the environment, such as in agricultural activities and water supply. This can be categorized as either a final or intermediate service.
OUTPUT, DATA NEEDS, AND DATA SOURCES
Identification of Sukat 4.4 will require a narrative description of the sources of soil loss, its transmission pathway, and impacted areas. Characteristics of terrain and soil conditions at the source need to be quantified and based on survey data, an estimation of the impact on crop production and losses from siltation of water bodies. From these, valuation of monetary impact will be conducted using production function analysis and/or foregone recreation and tourism revenues (see Table 4.41). Data needs and data sources should be provided, as enumerated in Tables 4.42 and 4.43. These include pieces of information relevant thereto, and must be detailed, up-to-date, and as sufficient enough as possible to ensure that informed decisions are made.
49 Source: SEEA-EA 2021; p. 132
Photo courtesy of Christian Lehayan Montilijao of Zoological Society of London - Philippines
Photo courtesy of John Lister Bibar of Center for Conservation Innovations Ph
Photo courtesy of Regina Aedrianne Felismino-Inovejas of Center for Conservation Innovations Ph
The following are outputs required for the identification of Sukat 4.4 at different levels of standardization:
Table 4.41. Outputs required for Sukat 4.4
Level 1 Bronze
Level 2 Silver
Level 3 Gold
Level 4 Platinum
Narrative description of the sources of soil loss by land use/cover and transmission pathway, and impacted areas along the way
Detailed description and quantification of the characteristics of soil conditions at the source, land use and terrain conditions of the sediment pathway, and potential on-site and off-site impact areas
Estimation of the impact on crop production from soil erosion on-site and sedimentation off-site, and fishery and recreation losses from siltation of water bodies based on survey data (farm, fisheries, and recreation)
Valuation of monetary impact using production function analysis (for crop and fishery losses) and foregone recreation and tourism revenues (reduced visitation values)
The following are the data needed for the identification of Sukat 4.4 at different levels of standardization:
Table 4.42. Data needed for Sukat 4.4
Published studies on soil loss by land use/land cover type
Supply:
1. Extent
• Area of the PA in hectares
• Existing land cover
• River systems
2. Condition
• Presence/absence of forest fragmentation
• Geology and soil type description
Level 1
Bronze
• Vegetation type description
• Slope description
• Existing land use practices
• Weather/Climate information based on anecdotal accounts of occurrences of rainfall and typhoon events
Use/Demand:
• Presence/Absence and location of agricultural (upstream and downstream) production areas
• Presence/Absence and location of downstream water bodies, dams, hydroelectric plants
• Presence/Absence of recreational use of water bodies (resorts)
• Description of agricultural practices (e.g., kaingin, plantation, agroforestry, etc.)
Level 2 Silver
Level 3 Gold
Table 4.42. Data needed for Sukat 4.4 (continuation)
Supply:
1. Extent
• Existing land cover
• Area of the PA by land cover (in hectares)
2. Condition
• Degree of forest fragmentation
• Land cover/use data
• Geology and soil maps
• Soil structure
• Erosion class (soil erodibility factor)
• Rainfall patterns (frequency and intensity)
• Vegetation type
• Slope maps
• Digital Elevation Model (DEM)
• Geomorphological data
• Soil and water conservation practices in the PAs based on secondary data
• Soil erosion coefficients from existing land use plans and hydrologic models
• Soil loss and water quality monitoring data (if available)
• Extent of cultivation within the area and type of crops grown
• Volume of water coming from watershed (if available)
• Weather/Climate data
• Frequency of rainfall event
• Rainfall intensity
• Frequency of extreme events (i.e. typhoons)
Use/Demand:
• Characteristics of the surrounding communities
• Population size
• Population density
• Number of households
• Number and location of agricultural (upstream and downstream) production areas, and their distance from the ES sources
• Data on irrigated and non-irrigated farms in potential impact areas
• Number and location of downstream water bodies, dams, hydroelectric plants, and their distance from the ES sources
• Number and location of recreational use of water bodies (resorts), and their distance from the ES sources
Note: Physical modeling: hydrologic (supply), production function analysis (agri), where recreational (downstream recreational activities) impact is significant, do recreational modeling
Supply: 1. Extent
• Existing land cover
• Area of the PA by land cover (in hectares)
2. Condition
• Land cover/use data
• Geology and soil maps
• Soil structure
• Slope
• Digital Elevation Model (DEM)
Table 4.42. Data needed for Sukat 4.4 (continuation)
• Geomorphological data
• Soil erosion coefficients from existing land use plans and hydrologic models
• Erosivity of crops (obtained from vegetational analysis)
• Extent of fragmentation of forest cover to determine the sediment delivery ratio
• Watershed geomorphological characteristics using GIS
• Stream density
• Sediment delivery ratio inferred from soil erosion rate (irrigated vs. nonirrigated)
• Nutrient analysis at the PA level
• Volume of water emanating from the PA
• Topographic characteristics
• Weather/Climate data
• Frequency of rainfall event
• Rainfall intensity
• Frequency of extreme events (i.e. typhoons)
• Extent of cultivation within the area and type of crops grown
• Soil and water conservation practices in the PAs based on primary surveys and KIIs
Use/Demand:
• Agricultural Impact through reduced water supply and sedimentation (farm level survey)
• Upstream production impact (in volume/quantity of agricultural products): inferred from the comparison of productivity of cultivated area with soil conservation measures vs without soil conservation measures (costs and returns data of irrigated vs non-irrigated)
• Downstream production impact (in volume/quantity of agricultural products): based on the value of lost irrigation potential of downstream water bodies because of sedimentation of water bodies.
• Loss of production area because of siltation, loss of production area because of low water supply, low productivity because of low water supply Recreation (based on secondary data & KI survey)
• Reduced recreational value of water bodies affected by excessive nutrients from soil (turbidity). If this can be established based on KII of residents nearby the area
• Once established, we can infer loss in recreational value due poor water quality (for inland waters and beach areas)
• Increase/Decrease of the number of visits to the site
• Fisheries (based on secondary data & KI survey)
• Reduced fisheries productivity of nutrient-polluted water bodies
• Fish catch data (volume)
• Water quality data
Additional Data Needs:
• Counterfactuals in the absence of land use/cover changes
• Farm-level surveys for agricultural impacts; KIIs for recreation and fisheries impacts
Level 3 Gold (continuation)
Table 4.42. Data needed for Sukat 4.4 (continuation)
Note: Results of the modeling in Gold level will be used in Platinum level (valuation).
Supply:
• Land cover/use data
• Geology and soil maps
• Soil structure
• Slope
• Digital Elevation Model (DEM)
• Geomorphological data
• Soil erosion coefficients from existing land use plans and hydrologic models
• Erosivity of crops (obtained from vegetational analysis)
• Extent of fragmentation of forest cover to determine the sediment delivery ratio
• Watershed geomorphological characteristics using GIS
• Stream density
• Sediment delivery ratio inferred from soil erosion rate (irrigated vs. nonirrigated)
• Nutrient analysis at the PA level
• Volume of water emanating from the PA
• Topographic characteristics
• Weather/Climate data
• Frequency of rainfall event
• Rainfall intensity
• Frequency of extreme events (i.e. typhoons)
• Extent of cultivation within the area and type of crops grown
• Soil and water conservation practices in the PAs based primary surveys and KIIs Use/Demand:
• Agricultural Impact through reduced water supply and sedimentation (farm level survey)
• Upstream production impact (in revenue terms by type of crops): inferred from the comparison of Productivity of cultivated area with soil conservation measures vs without soil conservation measures (costs and returns data of irrigated vs non-irrigated)
• Downstream production impact (in revenue terms by type of crops): based on the value of lost irrigation potential of downstream water bodies because of sedimentation of water bodies. (costs and returns data of irrigated vs nonirrigated)
• Loss of production area (by type of crops) because of siltation, loss of production area because of low water supply, low productivity because of low water supply Recreation (based on secondary data & KI survey)
• Reduced recreational value of water bodies affected by excessive nutrients from soil (turbidity). If this can be established based on KII of residents nearby the area
• Once established, we can infer loss in recreational value due poor water quality (for inland waters and beach areas)
• Increase/Decrease of the number of visits to the site (can’t be attributed to the siltation/sedimentation of the site)
• Increase/Decrease in the revenue generated from recreational facilities affected by poor water quality using costs and returns data Fisheries (based on secondary data & KI survey)
• Reduced fisheries productivity of nutrient-polluted water bodies
• Fish catch data (volume)
• Cost and returns data
• Water quality data
Level 4 Platinum
Level 4
Platinum (continuation)
Table 4.42. Data needed for Sukat 4.4 (continuation)
Additional data needs:
• Counterfactuals
• Production function to measure productivity impacts
• TCM surveys for recreation over time
• Primary survey of fishers over time
• Valuation of water quality
Below is a list of recommended data sources that can be used for the identification of Sukat 4.4 at different levels of standardization:
Table 4.43. Sources of data for Sukat 4.4 (continuation)
• MGB,
• PHIVOLCS
• NAMRIA
• BSWM
• PAGASA/local weather stations
• Water districts
• Secondary data/published studies
• LGU data
• Local water districts
• Communal irrigation associations
• Dam management
• Primary data gathering
SUKAT 4.5 LANDSLIDE MITIGATION SERVICES
DEFINITION50
Landslide mitigation services refer to the ecosystem’s contributions, specifically the stabilizing effects of vegetation, that mitigate or prevent potential harm to human health, safety, buildings, and infrastructure resulting from the mass movement (wasting) of soil and rock. This serves as a final ecosystem service.
OUTPUT, DATA NEEDS, AND DATA SOURCES
Identification of Sukat 4.5 will require a narrative description and quantification of landslide-prone areas, quantification of areas at risk, physical estimation of landslide mitigation service and monetary estimation of landslide mitigation value (see Table 4.51). Data needs and data sources should be provided, as enumerated in Tables 4.52 and 4.53. These include pieces of information relevant thereto, and must be detailed, up-to-date, and as sufficient enough as possible to ensure that informed decisions are made.
50 Source: SEEA-EA 2021; p. 132
Photo courtesy of Regina Aedrianne Felismino-Inovejas of Center for Conservation Innovations Ph
The following are outputs required for the identification of Sukat 4.5 at different levels of standardization:
Table 4.51. Outputs required for Sukat 4.5
Narrative description of identified landslide-prone areas based on biophysical, characteristics (vegetation type, slope, soil) and land uses, and identification of potential impact zone (population and economic activities at risk)
2
3
4
Quantification of landslide-prone areas and their biophysical, geomorphological, and climatological characteristics; Quantification of areas at risk (population and economic activities)
Physical estimation of landslide mitigation service of the vegetation/land cover on properties and livelihood (houses, industries agricultural land, and others) based on primary data collection/surveys in areas at risk and probabilistic modeling using biophysical and geomorphological data
Monetary estimation of landslide mitigation value using avoided/actual damage based on presence/absence of vegetation and land cover, and predicted economic activities and properties affected Level 1
The following are the data needed for the identification of Sukat 4.5 at different levels of standardization:
Table 4.52. Data needed for Sukat 4.5
Published studies/articles on landslide mitigation service of ES by land use/land cover type
Supply: 1. Extent
• Area of the PA in hectares
• Existing land cover 2. Condition
Level 1
• Presence/absence of forest fragmentation
• Geology and soil type description
• Vegetation type description
• Slope description
• Existing land use practices
• Weather/Climate information based on anecdotal accounts of occurrences of rainfall and typhoon events
• Earthquake occurrences (historical)
• Landslide occurrences (historical)
• Presence of streams
• Use/Demand:
• Agricultural areas within landslide-prone areas
• Recreational use of water bodies (resorts) within landslide-prone areas
• Settlement areas within landslide-prone areas
• Infrastructure within landslide-prone areas
Table 4.52. Data needed for Sukat 4.5 (continuation)
Supply:
1. Extent
• Existing land cover
• Area of the PA by land cover (in hectares)
2. Condition
• Degree of forest fragmentation
• Land cover/use maps
• Geology and soil maps
• Soil structure
• Faultline and seismicity maps
• Erosion class (soil erodibility factor)
• Vegetation type
• Slope maps
• Digital Elevation Model (DEM)
• Geomorphological data
• Soil and water conservation practices in the PAs
• Extent of cultivation within the area and type of crops grown
• Volume of water coming from watershed (if available)
• Weather/Climate data
• Frequency of rainfall event
• Rainfall intensity
• Frequency of extreme events (i.e. typhoons)
• Coefficients on effectivity of vegetative cover in reducing landslide from existing land use plans, hydrologic models (if available), published studies
Use/Demand:
• Characteristics of the surrounding communities
• Population size
• Population density
• Number of households
• Number and location of agricultural (Upstream and downstream) production areas, and their distance from the ES sources
• Data on irrigated and non-irrigated farms in potential impact areas
• Number and location of downstream water bodies, dams, hydroelectric plants, and their distance from the ES sources
• Number and location of recreational use of water bodies (resorts), and their distance from the ES sources
Level 2 Silver
Level 3 Gold
Table 4.52. Data needed for Sukat 4.5 (continuation)
Notes: Probability of landslide occurrence as a function of land use, holding other factors (climate and soil condition (including water holding capacity)) constant using coefficients of land cover/vegetation
y (dependent) = landslide occurrence
x (independent) = factors; typhoons (probability), land use and soil conditions (actual values)
Supply:
1. Extent
• Existing land cover
• Area of the PA by land cover (in hectares)
2. Condition
• Land cover/use data
• Geology and soil maps
• Soil structure
• Slope
• Digital Elevation Model (DEM)
• Geomorphological data
• Soil erosion coefficients from existing land use plans and hydrologic models
• Faultline and seismicity maps
• Erosivity of crops and trees (obtained from vegetational analysis)
• Extent of fragmentation of forest cover to determine the sediment delivery ratio
• Watershed geomorphological characteristics using GIS
• Stream density
• Volume of water emanating from the PA
• Topographic characteristics
• Weather/Climate data
• Frequency of rainfall event
• Rainfall intensity
• Frequency of extreme events (i.e. typhoons)
• Extent of cultivation within the area and type of crops grown
• Soil and water conservation practices in the PAs based primary surveys and KIIs
Use/Demand:
• Agricultural losses (in volume) by type of crops grown
• Housing losses/damages by type of housing materials
• Structural/infrastructural losses by local estimates of damages
• Population in the areas at risk
• Landslide mitigation measures of areas at risk
Additional Data Needs and Processes:
• Counterfactuals in the absence of land use/ cover changes (depends on whether regression analysis can be done/in the absence of landslide hazard model)
• Farm-level surveys for agricultural impacts; household-level surveys for population impact
• Landslide risk modeling
• Vulnerability and risk assessment to estimate the probability of landslide occurrence given varying land uses/land cover
• Land use/land cover analysis and their potential to reduce landslide risks based on consultation with hydrogeologists (goal is to link PA cover with landslide risk)
• Thorough literature and news search on landslide occurrences and corresponding damages in the Philippines, and site-specific data.
• Collect information of site characteristics in areas where landslide events had taken place and correlate these with site-specific characteristics of the PA of study
Table 4.52. Data needed for Sukat 4.5 (continuation)
Note: Results of the modeling in Gold level will be used in Platinum level (valuation)
Supply
1. Extent
• Existing land cover
• Area of the PA by land cover (in hectares)
2. Condition
• Land cover/use data
• Geology and soil maps
• Soil structure
• Slope
• Digital Elevation Model (DEM)
• Geomorphological data
• Soil erosion coefficients from existing land use plans and hydrologic models
• Faultline and seismicity maps
• Erosivity of crops (obtained from vegetational analysis)
• Extent of fragmentation of forest cover to determine the sediment delivery ratio
• Watershed geomorphological characteristics using GIS
• Stream density
• Volume of water emanating from the PA
• Topographic characteristics
• Weather/Climate data
• Frequency of rainfall event
• Rainfall intensity
• Frequency of extreme events (i.e. typhoons)
• Extent of cultivation within the area and type of crops grown
• Soil and water conservation practices in the PAs based on primary surveys and KIIs
Use/Demand:
• Estimates of damages avoided
• Agricultural losses (in revenue terms) by type of crops grown
• Value of housing losses/damages by type of housing materials
• Value of structural/infrastructural losses by local estimates of damages
• Population in the areas at risk
• Costs of landslide mitigation measures of areas at risk
• Historical data (in the PA and other areas)
• Landslide defensive/protection practices (relocation, engineering solutions, NBS, or combination) and costs
Additional Data Needs and Processes:
• Counterfactuals in the absence of land use/ cover changes
• Farm-level surveys for agricultural impacts; household-level surveys for population impact
• Landslide risk modeling
• Vulnerability and risk assessment to estimate the probability of landslide occurrence given varying land uses/land cover
• Land use/land cover analysis and their potential to reduce landslide risks based on consultation with hydrogeologists (goal is to link PA cover with landslide risk)
• Thorough literature and news search on landslide occurrences and corresponding damages in the Philippines, and site-specific data
• Collect information of site characteristics in areas where landslide events had taken place and correlate these with site-specific characteristics of the PA of study
Level 4 Platinum
Below is a list of recommended data sources that can be used for the identification of Sukat 4.5 at different levels of standardization:
Table 4.53. Sources of data for Sukat 4.5
• MGB
• PHIVOLCS
• NAMRIA
• BSWM
• PAGASA
• Water districts
• Secondary data/published studies
• MGB
• PHIVOLCS
• NAMRIA
• BSWM
• PAGASA/local weather stations
• Water districts
• Secondary data/published studies
• LGU data
• Local water districts
• Communal irrigation associations
• Dam management
• MGB
• PHIVOLCS
• NAMRIA
• BSWM
• PAGASA/local weather stations
• Water districts
• Secondary data/published studies
• LGU data
• Local water districts
• Communal irrigation associations
• Dam management
• Primary data gathering
• MGB
• PHIVOLCS
• NAMRIA
• BSWM
• PAGASA/local weather stations
• Water districts
• Secondary data/published studies
• LGU data
• Local water districts
• Communal irrigation associations
• Dam management
• Primary data gathering (SEAMS, CBMS, etc.)
DEFINITION51
Solid waste remediation services indicate the ecosystem’s role in transforming organic or inorganic substances, facilitated by the actions of microorganisms, algae, plants, and animals. This transformation mitigates the harmful effects of these substances. Such services can be classified as either a final or intermediate ecosystem service.
PAs provide this ecosystem service through the following processes:
1. Solid waste pollutants impact health through leachates into water bodies (surface and groundwater). PA vegetation reduces leachate discharge through the action of microorganisms, algae, plants and animals at the site, thereby reducing its toxicity or damage to aesthetics and property value. Vegetation absorbs hazardous chemical discharges from solid wastes.
2. Solid wastes emit an obnoxious smell during their decomposition process that affects property value. PA vegetation absorbs the obnoxious smell.
51 Source: SEEA-EA 2021; p. 132
SUKAT 4.6 SOLID WASTE REMEDIATION SERVICES
3. Solid wastes impair tourism in the area because of the aesthetic damage. PA vegetation traps solid wastes thereby controlling the aesthetic damage.
Protecting and managing this ecosystem service is necessary for the well-being and survival of the surrounding communities in the area.
OUTPUT, DATA NEEDS, AND DATA SOURCES
Identification of Sukat 4.6 will require a narrative description of the sources of pollution from solid wastes, quantification of the solid wastes, measurement of the ecosystem flow and monetary valuation of impacts on health, property and recreation in the affected areas (see Table 4.61). Data needs and data sources should be provided, as enumerated in Tables 4.62 and 4.63. These include pieces of information relevant thereto, and must be detailed, up-to-date, and as sufficient enough as possible to ensure that informed decisions are made.
The following are outputs required for the identification of Sukat 4.6 at different levels of standardization:
Table 4.61. Outputs required for Sukat 4.6
Narrative Description of the sources and location of pollution from solid wastes/leachates and transmission pathway, and potential affected areas
Quantification of the solid wastes (in tons) and leachates, pollution by location and characterization of solid waste pollutants based on secondary data from LGUs; Estimation of the extent of the ES; Quantification of the extent of potential impact area
Measurement of the ES flow (assimilative capacity of the forests and other affected ecosystems) to determine the net impact on the affected areas; Detailed characterization of the ES conditions
Monetary valuation of health, property, and recreational impacts of the ES in the affected areas
The following are the data needed for the identification of Sukat 4.6 at different levels of standardization:
Table 4.62. Data needed for Sukat 4.6
Supply
• Area of the PA in hectares
• Area (ha) allocated or used for solid waste disposal within PA
• LGUs dumping wastes within the PA
• List of solid wastes (e.g., biodegradable, non-biodegradable, special or hazardous wastes, and residual wastes) from LGU SWM Plans
• Land cover adjacent or near the dumping site
Demand
• Identify water bodies near the solid waste disposal facilities
• List of ecosystems (lakes, ponds, rivers) that might be choked or silted because of too much solid wastes or polluted by leachates from solid wastes (example: algal bloom)
• Settlement areas around the solid waste disposal area
• Recreational sites within the PA that might be affected by the presence of solid waste disposal facilities
Supply
• Area (in hectares) allocated or used for solid waste disposal within PA
• Land cover types adjacent or near the dumping site, and their distance from the solid waste disposal facilities
• LGUs dumping wastes within the PA, and their distance from the solid waste disposal facilities
• Solid waste management practices of the said LGUs
• Characteristics and quantity of solid wastes (e.g., biodegradable, nonbiodegradable, special or hazardous wastes, and residual wastes) from LGU SWM Plans
Use/Demand
• Characteristics of the surrounding communities
a. Population size
b. Population density
c. Number of households
• Number and location of water bodies affected/impacted and determine other sources of pollutants to these water bodies.
• Number of ecosystems (lakes, ponds, rivers) that might be choked or silted because of too much solid wastes or polluted by leachates from solid wastes (example: algal bloom)
• Area and location of settlement areas and their distance from the solid waste disposal area
• Number and location of recreational sites within the PA and their distance from the solid waste disposal facilities
• Area and location of agricultural lands and their distance from the solid waste disposal area
Table 4.62. Data needed for Sukat 4.6 (continuation)
Note: Survey on health, property, and recreational impacts in the affected areas
Supply
• Area (in hectares) allocated or used for solid waste disposal within PA
• Characteristics and quantity of solid wastes (e.g. biodegradable, nonbiodegradable, special or hazardous wastes, and residual wastes)
• Types of pollutants from solid wastes (e.g. leachates, methane, sulfur dioxide, and other heavy metals) and their quantity estimates.
• Estimate waste generated by source
a. Wastes generated by the community within the PA and tourists in the PA
b. Transported wastes from outside of the PA but disposed in the PA
• Solid waste management practices of the PA and LGUs
a. Extent of effective implementation based on LGU assessment
• Characteristics of the land cover (vegetation type, structure (monocrop or multi-storey) and density) adjacent to and along the pathway of the solid waste leachates.
• Other solid waste disposal sites outside of the PA that might be contaminating water bodies of concern
• Air quality monitoring data over several years
• Water quality data on the affected water bodies (including groundwater) over several years
Use/Demand
• Map flow of leachates from solid waste disposal sites to water bodies
• Number and location of water bodies affected/impacted and determine other sources of pollutants to these water bodies.
• Health incidence of water-borne diseases in the area over several years
a. Morbidity data of water-borne diseases for downstream area
b. Morbidity data of air-borne diseases for settlements around solid waste disposal sites
• Reduced value of recreational facilities affected by solid wastes. If this can be established based on KII of residents nearby the area
a. Number of tourists passing through solid waste disposal sites
b. Increase/Decrease of the number of visits to the site
• Number of ecosystems (lakes, ponds, rivers) that might be choked or silted because of too much solid wastes or polluted by leachates from solid wastes (example: algal bloom)
• Agricultural losses (in volume) by type of crops grown
• Fisheries losses (in volume) by species of fish captured/cultured Processes:
• Waste transport modeling
• Water toxicity analysis
• Soil quality analysis
Level 3 Gold
Table 4.62. Data needed for Sukat 4.6 (continuation)
Note: Results of the modeling in Gold level will be used in Platinum level (valuation).
Supply
• Area (in hectares) allocated or used for solid waste disposal within PA
• Characteristics and quantity of solid wastes (e.g. biodegradable, nonbiodegradable, special or hazardous wastes, and residual wastes)
• Types of pollutants from solid wastes (e.g. leachates, methane, sulfur dioxide, and other heavy metals) and their quantity estimates.
• Estimate waste generated by source.
a. Wastes generated by the community within the PA and tourists in the PA
b. Transported wastes from outside of the PA but disposed in the PA
• Solid waste management practices of the PA and LGUs
a. Extent of effective implementation based on LGU assessment
b. Solid waste management expenditures
• Characteristics of the land cover (vegetation type, structure (monocrop or multi-storey) and density) adjacent to and along the pathway of the solid waste leachates.
• Other solid waste disposal sites outside of the PA that might be contaminating water bodies of concern.
• Air quality monitoring data over several years.
• Water quality data on the affected water bodies (including groundwater) over several years.
Use/Demand
• Map flow of leachates from solid waste disposal sites to water bodies.
• Number and location of water bodies affected/impacted and determine other sources of pollutants to these water bodies.
• Health incidence of water-borne diseases in the area over several years
a. Morbidity data of water-borne diseases for downstream area
b. Morbidity data of air-borne diseases for settlements around solid waste disposal sites
• Cost of illness (treatment costs and work loss days)
• Reduced value of recreational facilities affected by solid wastes. If this can be established based on KII of residents nearby the area
a. Number of tourists passing through solid waste disposal sites
b. Increase/Decrease of the number of visits to the site
c. Increase/Decrease in the revenue generated from recreational facilities affected by poor water quality using costs and returns data
• Number of ecosystems (lakes, ponds, rivers) that might be choked or silted because of too much solid wastes or polluted by leachates from solid wastes (example: algal bloom)
• Affected agricultural areas (production costs and returns data)
• Fish production data (costs and returns data) in the affected water bodies
• WTP of tourists and households for solid waste remediation services of different types of ecosystems
• Remediation costs (with vegetation vs. without vegetation) Processes:
• Waste transport modeling
• Water toxicity analysis
• Soil quality analysis
Level 4 Platinum
Below is a list of recommended data sources that can be used for the identification of Sukat 4.6 at different levels of standardization:
Table 4.63. Sources of data for Sukat 4.6
• Secondary data/published studies
• Solid Waste Management Plans
• LGUs
• PSA
• Secondary data/published studies
• Solid Waste Management Plans
• LGUs
• Water districts
• PSA
• Rural health units
• Secondary data/published studies
• Solid Waste Management Plans
• LGUs
• Water districts
• PSA
• Rural health units
• BSWM
• MGB
• Primary data gathering
• EMB
• Secondary data/published studies
• Solid Waste Management Plans
• LGUs
• Water districts
• PSA
• Rural health units
• BSWM
• MGB
• Primary data gathering
• EMB
DEFINITION52
SUKAT 4.7 POLLINATION SERVICES
Pollination services represent the contributions of wild pollinators within ecosystems, aiding in the fertilization of crops. This process sustains or enhances the abundance and diversity of other species that are utilized or appreciated by economic entities. These services may be categorized as either a final or intermediate ecosystem service.
OUTPUT, DATA NEEDS, AND DATA SOURCES
Identification of Sukat 4.7 will require a checklist of factors determining the supply and use of pollination services. The population of pollinators and crops pollinated need to be mapped and quantified, and the monetary value of pollination services estimated (see Table 4.71). Data needs and data sources should be provided, as enumerated in Tables 4.72 and 4.73. These include pieces of information relevant thereto, and must be detailed, up-todate, and as sufficient enough as possible to ensure that informed decisions are made.
The following are outputs required for the identification of Sukat 4.7 at different levels of standardization:
Checklist of ecological and human factors determining the supply and use of pollination services of ecosystems
Quantification and mapping of population of pollinators and crops pollinated, and description of documented programs to conserve, protect, and monitor major pollinators
Value of Pollination Services at the Community Level Physical estimates (area planted, crops yield, population of major pollinators) of pollination service by major pollinators at PA level
Estimates of the monetary value of pollination services for specific crops at the PA level using cost-based methods such as expenditure/damage cost avoided
52 Source: SEEA-EA 2021; p. 133
Table 4.71. Outputs required for Sukat 4.7
Photo courtesy of John Lister Bibar of Center for Conservation Innovations Ph
The following are the data needed for the identification of Sukat 4.7 at different levels of standardization:
Table 4.72. Data needed for Sukat 4.7
• Profile and cost of alternative technology by ES
• Profile and cost of programs on conservation, and monitoring by objective (e.g. species-specific, water conservation, pollination, coastal protection)
• Profile, costs (capital outlay, operating and maintenance, labor) and returns by economic use (including pharmaceutical, NTFP, and nutraceutical products, spiritual gatherings, artistic events)
• Published studies/articles on ES, ES valuation by land use/land cover type
• Socioeconomic characteristics of users
• Socioeconomic profile of PA and surrounding communities
• Type of pollinators identified by crop (e.g. honeybees for avocados and mangoes)
• Area and percentage distribution of land cover for municipalities/ provinces within the PA, in particular, forests including grassland and agricultural land, annual data for the past 5 years, map
• Area and percentage distribution of land uses for municipalities/provinces within the PA, in particular, forests including grassland and agricultural land, annual data for the past 5 years, map
• Number of commercial beekeepers and wild honey gatherers, by province
• Market price of beehives (past 5 years)
• Area of pollinated crops planted by type and by province (for provinces included in the PA, annual data for past 5 years)
• Yield by type of crop; annual data for past 5 years
• Total volume of crop produced per year by type of crop and by province for provinces within the PA
• Average market price of crops by crop (at constant prices for past 5 years)
• Bee hives population dynamics (location, density, abundance; both commercial and non-commercial)
• Tenurial instrument map, including CADC application
• Farm management and harvesting practices, particularly those that threatens the habitat and population of pollinators
• Spatial distribution of honeybees and bats by municipality within the PA
• List of existing programs from DA, UPLB and other POs
• Estimated population of pollinators (wild bees and bats) within the PA based on existing studies
• Profile of programs on conservation and monitoring of pollinators (honey bees, bats, and other pollinators)
• A listing of agricultural crop production practices that pose a threat to pollinators such as the use of pesticides
• Wild honey gathering practices that threatens the habitat and population of pollinators, such as honey bees, and bats
• Mapping of location of crops benefiting from wild population, based on information on production areas of identified pollination-dependent crops and on geographic location of pollinators (e.g. wild honey bees) within 500m to 1km radius
• Total annual crop production per type, and by municipality for provinces within the PA
• Number of colonies/beehive and total number by province
• Number of beehives maintained per beekeeper
3
Table 4.72. Data needed for Sukat 4.7 (continuation)
• Biophysical assessment data of caves
• An inventory of tree species that support or serve as habitat for beehives within the PA
• An inventory of caves that support or serve as habitat for bats within the PA
• Area planted to crops by type of crop (e.g. coffee, mangoes, etc.) located close (< 1 km) to patches of forests or hedgerows within the PA
• Average Yield of crops planted within the PA (past 5 years)
• Total volume of crop produced per year by type of crop and by municipality for
• Provinces within the PA for the past 5 years
• Number of bee hives by geographic location (or PA), for past 5 years; map
• Number of beekeepers by geographic location (or PA), for past 5 years; map
• Potential production value loss attributable to lack of pollinators
• Mean pollination-driven reduction in yield by type of crop (i.e. the proportion of crop production that depends on pollination)
• Cost of programs on conservation and monitoring of pollinators (honey bees, bats, and other pollinators)
• Crop losses or change in productivity under a scenario with and without pollinators
• Measures may include agricultural practices intended to conserve or increase the population of natural pollinators or practices to avoid damages. Examples include establishment of hedgerows or preservation of specific areas as habitat for pollinators; planting of tree species that provide suitable habitat for pollinators; and adoption of pollinator friendly agricultural practices.
• Cost to farmers may include the cost of agricultural practices intended to conserve or increase the population of natural pollinators or practices to avoid damage including the opportunity costs of preserving specific areas as habitat for pollinators.
• Farm-gate price of crops affected by absence of pollinators
• Average farm-gate price of crops by crop (at constant prices for past 5 years)
• Variable costs related to crop harvest = (Lh x Ch)
• Number of man-days required for harvesting (Lh)
• Cost of labor per man-day (Ch)
Below is a list of recommended data sources that can be used for the identification of Sukat 4.7 at different levels of standardization:
Table 4.73. Sources of data for Sukat 4.7
• UPLB
• DA-BAR
• BAS
• NAMRIA
• PHILLiDar
• PCSD
• CLUP
• DENR FLUP
• DA
• CBSUA
• NARTDI
• SUCs
• BMB wildlife management section (BMB management plan for bat
• conservation)
• Philippine ISI Journals (i.e., JESAM on valuation)
• BEENET
• Citizen science - direct inquiry of via beekeeping groups, via FB a. Various beekeeping groups exist that can provide us with information b. Different bee species being sold across the Philippines
• BAR
• BMB
• DENR LMB
• NAMRIA
• NATRIPAL
• NARTDI
• NTFP-PFHN
• UPLB, UPD, SUCs
• Citizen science - IPs are a good source of information on this
• UPLB - some data available for Mt. Makiling
• UPD
• DENR
• PCSD
• BAR
• LGUs - MENRO/CENRO, MAO/CAO
• Citizen science
• Publications (local and ISI)
• DENR
• UPLB
• NARTDI
• BAR
• Publications (local and ISI)
DEFINITION53
SUKAT 4.8 PEST CONTROL SERVICES
Pest control services encompass the ecosystem’s role in decreasing the prevalence of species that can hinder or alleviate the impacts of pests on biomass production processes and other economic and human activities. This can be classified as either a final or intermediate ecosystem service.
OUTPUT, DATA NEEDS, AND DATA SOURCES
Identification of Sukat 4.8 will require a species list and map of indigenous trees and industrial trees for plantation, indicating their corresponding major parasitic plants, pests, and disease threats; an estimation of damages, and their corresponding economic values, of forested and agricultural areas affected by alien and invasive species, pests and diseases (see Table 4.81) Data needs and data sources should be provided, as enumerated in Tables 4.82 and 4.83. These include pieces of information relevant thereto, and must be detailed, up-to-date, and as sufficient enough as possible to ensure that informed decisions are made.
The following are outputs required for the identification of Sukat 4.8 at different levels of standardization:
Table 4.81. Outputs required for Sukat 4.8
List of indigenous and industrial tree plantation species and their corresponding major parasitic plant, pests and disease threats; list of incidence of invasive alien plant species, pests and diseases; and lists of KBAs and of species within these KBAs
Map of native and industrial tree plantation species and their corresponding major parasitic plant, pests and disease threats; incidence of invasive alien plant species, pests and diseases; forest and agricultural crop production activities affected; and programs to control alien and invasive species (AIS)
Estimates of damages of forested and agricultural crop areas affected by AIS, pest and, diseases at the PA level
Estimates of the economic value of AIS, pest and disease control at the local level using appropriate valuation methods
53 Source: SEEA-EA 2021; p. 133
Photo courtesy of John Lister Bibar of Center for Conservation Innovations Ph
The following are the data needed for the identification of Sukat 4.8 at different levels of standardization:
Table 4.82. Data needed for Sukat 4.8
• A summary of information on AIS present in forest and agricultural crops ecosystems. Details include scientific name, common name, major hosts (tree species), severity of impacts, geographic location (by province and municipality)
• Inventory of native forest tree species and the corresponding major insect and disease threats
• Inventory of industrial plantation forests and the corresponding major insects and disease threats
• Details include the name of the program, geographic coverage, year implemented, and cost (total and per hectare) of completed and existing programs to control forest invasive alien species, pests and diseases
• Geographic coordinates of forests and agricultural areas affected by AIS, pests and diseases; for forest invasive alien plant species, pest and pathogens causing high impacts; map
• List of preventive or control measures to reduce spread and potential damage from invasive alien tree species, pests and diseases, including mechanical, chemical, and biocontrol agents
Supply
• Area of forests and agricultural crops affected by AIS, pests and diseases; by geographic location for municipalities within the PA
• Density of trees (host tree species) in areas affected by invasive alien species, pests and diseases; by geographic location for municipalities within the PA
• Number of tree species and agricultural crops affected by AIS, pest, and diseases per unit quantity
• Number of tree species infested by pests such as measuring worms, jumping lice and shoot borer per hectare
• Number of tree species affected by diseases such as pink disease, gall rust and root rust per hectare
Use/Demand
• Inventory of economic activities affected
Supply
• Number and area of tree species and agricultural crops affected by AIS, pest, and diseases per unit quantity
Use/Demand
• Volume of timber and crops damaged by invasive alien species, pest and diseases (Q) by geographic location for municipalities within the PA
• Farm-gate price of timber and crops (P)
• Volume of timber and crops damaged (Q) x Farm-gate price of timber and crops (P)
• Preventive measures and strategies to reduce the spread and potential damage from invasive alien tree species, pests and diseases including mechanical, chemical, and biocontrol agents
• Inventory of economic activities affected at the PA level
Level 4
Table 4.82. Data needed for Sukat 4.8 (continuation)
Supply
• Costs (average, marginal, total) of preventive measures; include 1) national government expenditures for research and development, regulation, management, information dissemination); 2) local government expenditures (removal, replacement, treatment of dead or dying trees).
Use/Demand
• Costs (average, marginal, total) of preventive measures to reduce the spread and potential damage; include 1) household expenditures (tree removal, replacement, treatment); 2) timber value losses to private landowners of ITPs.
• Projected economic benefits (economic damages avoided) from implementing preventive measures and strategies to reduce the spread and potential damage caused by forest AIS, pest and disease in terms of crop and timber production, recreation amenities, and carbon sequestration.
Below is a list of recommended data sources that can be used for the identification of Sukat 4.8 at different levels of standardization:
Table 4.83. Sources of data for Sukat 4.8
1
BPI, FPA, BFAR, DA, BMB, DENR, Philippine Rice Research Institute, International Rice Research Institute, Research results of individual researchers, SUCs in agriculture and fishery
BPI, FPA, BFAR, DA, BMB, DENR, Philippine Rice Research Institute, International Rice Research Institute, Research results of individual researchers, SUCs in agriculture and fishery
PA Office, ERDB, Project level reports
Asia-Pacific Forest Invasive Species Network (APFISN)
BPI, FPA, BFAR, DA, BMB, DENR, Philippine Rice Research Institute, International Rice Research Institute, Research results of individual researchers, SUCs in agriculture and fishery
PA Office, ERDB, Project level reports
Asia-Pacific Forest Invasive Species Network (APFISN)
Primary data gathering
BPI, FPA, BFAR, DA, BMB, DENR, Philippine Rice Research Institute, International Rice Research Institute, Research results of individual researchers, SUCs in agriculture and fishery
PA Office, ERDB, Project level reports
Asia-Pacific Forest Invasive Species Network (APFISN)
Primary data gathering
DEFINITION54
SUKAT 4.9 DISEASE CONTROL SERVICES
Disease control services are the ecosystem’s contributions in decreasing the occurrence of species that can prevent or alleviate the impacts of other species on human health. Typically, this serves as a final ecosystem service.
OUTPUT, DATA NEEDS, AND DATA SOURCES
Identification of Sukat 4.9 will require a profile and inventory of programs on vector-borne diseases (VBD), the ecosystem condition, and economic values of disease control ecosystem service, as shown in Table 4.91. Data needs and data sources should be provided, as enumerated in Tables 4.92 and 4.93. These include pieces of information relevant thereto, and must be detailed, up-todate, and as sufficient enough as possible to ensure that informed decisions are made.
The following are outputs required for the identification of Sukat 4.9 at different levels of standardization:
Table 4.91. Outputs required for Sukat 4.9
1
List of Vector-Borne Diseases (VBDs) by geographic location and mortality associated with VBDs
Mapping and profiling of VBDs, ecosystem condition, and inventory of programs and resources for disease control at a local level
Incidence of VBDs and their health impacts, and measures for control and surveillance of VBD
Estimate of the economic burden of pest and disease control at the PA level using cost-based method
54 Source: SEEA-EA 2021; p. 133
Photo courtesy of John Lister Bibar of Center for Conservation Innovations Ph
The following are the data needed for the identification of Sukat 4.9 at different levels of standardization:
Table 4.92. Data needed for Sukat 4.9
Supply
• A checklist of vector-borne diseases (VBDs) by vector, emergence mechanism, anthropogenic drivers, and geographic location (include map of hotspots)
• A checklist of vector-borne diseases (VBDs) by vector, by ecosystem, and by geographic location (provincial level)
• Inventory of financial and manpower (i.e., number of staff to whom vector control is added to their job description) resources for surveillance and control of vectors and VBDs per year, by geographic location (allocated and actual)
Use/Demand
• Annual number of deaths associated with VBDs by type of disease, (age group, gender, social status, ethnicity) and geographic location; mortality rate; national, regional, and provincial levels
• Inventory of financial and manpower (i.e. number of staff to whom vector control is added to their job description) resources for surveillance and control of vectors and VBDs per year, by geographic location (allocated and actual)
Supply
• Inventory of completed and existing studies on vector control and surveillance of VBDs conducted by ecosystem type and geographic location
• Inventory of completed and existing programs or measures to prevent, monitor, control or eradicate VBDs conducted by public institutions and corresponding budgets (allocated vs actual) by ecosystem type and geographic location
• Profiling of anthropogenic factors that alters the ecosystem condition thereby reducing its biocontrol services, specifically, disease control
• A checklist of anthropogenic factors that alters the ecosystem condition thereby reducing its biocontrol services, specifically, disease control
Use/Demand
• Inventory of completed and existing programs or measures to prevent, monitor, control or eradicate VBDs conducted by private institutions and corresponding budgets (allocated vs actual) by ecosystem type and geographic location
• Annual number of deaths associated with VBDs by type of disease, (age group, gender, social status, ethnicity,) and geographic location; mortality rate; municipal population; municipal level
• Annual number of morbidity cases associated with VBDs by type of disease, (age group, gender, social status, ethnicity,) and geographic location; morbidity rate; municipal population; municipal level
• Monthly data on incidence of VBDs for the PAs during a given period (usually a year) by type of disease, (age group, gender, social status, ethnicity,) and geographic location; municipal population; municipal level
• Prevalence of VBDs at a particular point in time by type of disease, (age group, gender, social status, ethnicity,) and geographic location; municipal population; municipal level
• A summary of cost-effective interventions and alternative approaches for VBDs being applied or with potential for application in the municipality such as those included in the WHO-CHOICE (Choosing Interventions that are Cost-Effective)
Table 4.92. Data needed for Sukat 4.9 (continuation)
Supply
• Population and geographic distribution of major disease-causing vector species within PAs for periods where data are available; map
• Time series data on changes in PA environment (land cover and land use changes through deforestation, reforestation, road construction, dam building, etc.) (5 years).
• Time series data on weather variables such as temperature, precipitation, and humidity (5 years).
• Details on factors affecting the transmission of VBDs such as geography, climate, time, demographics, income, urbanization, healthcare systems, herd immunity, circulating virus/bacteria strain travel and trade, vector population.
Use/Demand
• An inventory of disease mitigation and adaptation measures for households and communities to choose from to reduce risk of exposure to VBDs with corresponding estimated cost per capita or per hectare.
• Time series and cross-section data to look at changes in incidence of disease (5 years).
• Provincial/PA/municipal-specific information.
Supply
• Economic burden of disease including: 1) Cost of vector surveillance, control and eradication activities, case management, and cost of development of new vector-control tools by government.
Use/Demand
• Economic burden of disease including: 1) household expenditures on personal protective measures and/or treatment and 2) foregone income due to reduced productivity or time off work due to illness or caregiving to sick household members.
• Cost of VBD control or interventions and estimate of Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) averted.
• Data required for estimating Disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) lost: costs of control interventions and effects (incidence of disease) data; and disease surveillance data stratified by management (ambulatory vs. hospitalized (or outpatient vs inpatient), by age group.
Below is a list of recommended data sources that can be used for the identification of Sukat 4.9 at different levels of standardization:
Table 4.93. Sources of data for Sukat 4.9
DOH, RITM; Phil. Council for Health Research and Development (PCHRD) of DOST; National Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, in particular BIOTECH -UPLB; College of Public Health of UP Manila; University of San Carlos in Cebu; HERDIN (Health Research and Development Information Network - http://www. herdin.ph/), Specific vector (e.g., dengue, malaria, etc.) control programs of the DOH; existing studies, National Epidemiology Center of the Philippines (NECP)DOH, WHO Level 1
DOH, RITM; Phil. Council for Health Research and Development (PCHRD) of DOST; National Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, in particular BIOTECH -UPLB; College of Public Health of UP Manila; University of San Carlos in Cebu; HERDIN (Health Research and Development Information Network - http://www. herdin.ph/), Specific vector (e.g., dengue, malaria, etc.) control programs of the DOH; existing studies, National Epidemiology Center of the Philippines (NECP)DOH; DOH surveillance system (includes barangay health centers, rural health units, municipal/city health offices); LGU surveillance system (includes local hospitals, private clinics, and human quarantine stations); Field Health Service Information System (FHSIS) Annual Reports, WHO
DOH, RITM; Phil. Council for Health Research and Development (PCHRD) of DOST; National Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, in particular BIOTECH -UPLB; College of Public Health of UP Manila; University of San Carlos in Cebu; HERDIN (Health Research and Development Information Network - http://www. herdin.ph/), Specific vector (e.g., dengue, malaria, etc.) control programs of the DOH; existing studies, National Epidemiology Center of the Philippines (NECP)DOH; DOH surveillance system (includes barangay health centers, rural health units, municipal/city health offices); LGU surveillance system (includes local hospitals, private clinics, and human quarantine stations); Field Health Service Information System (FHSIS) Annual Reports, WHO, primary data gathering
DOH, RITM; Phil. Council for Health Research and Development (PCHRD) of DOST; National Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, n particular BIOTECH -UPLB; College of Public Health of UP Manila; University of San Carlos in Cebu; HERDIN (Health Research and Development Information Network - http://www. herdin.ph/), Specific vector (e.g., dengue, malaria, etc.) control programs of the DOH; existing studies, National Epidemiology Center of the Philippines (NECP)DOH; DOH surveillance system (includes barangay health centers, rural health units, municipal/city health offices); LGU surveillance system (includes local hospitals, private clinics, and human quarantine stations); Field Health Service Information System (FHSIS) Annual Reports, WHO, primary data gathering
DEFINITION55
SUKAT 4.10
WATER PURIFICATION SERVICES
Water purification services encompass the ecosystem’s role in restoring and preserving the chemical quality of surface water and groundwater. This is achieved through the breakdown or removal of nutrients and pollutants by various ecosystem components, mitigating the adverse effects of these pollutants on human use and health. Such services can be classified as either a final or intermediate ecosystem service.
OUTPUT, DATA NEEDS, AND DATA SOURCES
Identification of Sukat 4.10 will require characterization of supply and demand, monetary value, and economic value of the water purification ecosystem service, as shown in Table 4.101. Data needs and data sources should be provided, as enumerated in Tables 4.102 and 4103. These include pieces of information relevant thereto, and must be detailed, up-todate, and as sufficient enough as possible to ensure that informed decisions are made.
The following are outputs required for the identification of Sukat 4.10 at different levels of standardization:
Table 4.101. Outputs required for Sukat 4.10
Characterization of Watershed (in terms of land use, vegetative cover)
2
4
Physical Quantification of the Ecosystem Service
Biophysical modeling of the Ecosystem Service
Economic Value of the Ecosystem Service (using cost functions and choice experiments)
55 Source: SEEA-EA 2021; p. 132
Photo courtesy of Jessie Cereno of USAID SIBOL Project
The following are the data needed for the identification of Sukat 4.10 at different levels of standardization:
Table 4.102. Data needed for Sukat 4.10
Level 1
Bronze
Supply
1. Extent
• Point and non-point sources of pollutants (i.e. agricultural and industrial areas)
• Watershed boundaries
• Geographic coordinates of groundwater and surface water intake points
• Sources of drinking water
• Description of WQM in the watershed (location/points)
2. Condition
• Environmental factors
• Land Use (forestland - virgin, logged-over; cropland, urban)
• Rainfall pattern
• Classification of waterbodies in the watershed (Class A, B, C)
• Description of types of water treatment in the PA Use/Demand
• Identification of the impact area
• Identification and location (i.e., consumptive/non-consumptive) of water users
a. Institutional water users
b. Domestic water users
c. Industrial
d. For wildlife
• Description (i.e., consumptive/non-consumptive) of water users
a. Institutional water users
b. Domestic water users
c. Industrial
d. For wildlife
Supply
1. Condition
• Water table data (e.g. volume and depth)
• Water supply quality of groundwater and surface water
• Water Quality Indicators (e.g. natural characteristics, nutrient loads, sediments, heavy metals)
• Watershed conservation measures and costs
• Water quality monitoring data and activities
Level 2
Silver
• Budget on water quality monitoring and engagement of communities Use/Demand
• Sources of drinking water (i.e. Levels 1, 2 and 3)
• Population served by type of user (e.g. number of HH, industries, farms/irrigated areas, etc.)
• Estimated volume of demanded water consumed by various water users
• Water harvesting practices and water storage facilities
• Water treatment types and costs, volume and % of water treated by type of use (irrigation, domestic, industrial)
• Annual water treatment cost
• Unit water treatment cost
• Wage rate
Table 4.102. Data needed for Sukat 4.10 (continuation)
Supply
1. Condition
• InVEST modeling using (in addition to the data used in the water provisioning model):
a. Land use/cover data
b. Nutrient loading for land use class
c. Nutrient runoff
d. Soil and water conservation measures
e. Efficiency parameter to retain nutrients
f. Soil type
• Transported nutrients data (from fertilizers, pesticides, etc.)
• Quantified watershed conservation measures
• Water quality monitoring data and activities in the watershed Use/Demand
• Individual users of drinking water
• Individual users of water for other domestic use
• Sources of drinking water
• Water purification activities and costs by type of users
• Pollution control measures and costs
• Water quality monitoring data and activities in the outlets
• Value of water purification service of forests (including avoided costs)
Supply
1. Extent
2. Condition
• Attributes of the PA that determine water quality
• Physical estimates from InVEST modeling
• Costs of water conservation measures
• Budget on water quality monitoring and engagement of communities Use/Demand
• Water purification activities
• Water districts (can have primary and secondary treatment costs)
• Industries (costs depend on the use of water)
• Household (costs depend on the sources of drinking of water i.e., Levels 1, 2 and 3)
• Detailed cost and volume of treated water
• Input cost and output price
• Water purification defensive expenditures
• Pollution control measures and costs
• Socio-economic characteristics of users
• Watershed function attributes (water regulation, water supply, water purification)
• Replacement costs
Below is a list of recommended data sources that can be used for the identification of Sukat 4.10 at different levels of standardization:
Table 4.103. Sources of data for Sukat 4.10
1
3
BMB, BSWM, CLUP, DENR, DSWD, DPWH, EMB, Existing water use studies, FAO reports, FMB, LGU (Provincial or Municipal), Local universities (PSU & WPU), NAMRIA, NWRB, PAGASA, PAMO, Water district, Watershed management plan, WorldClaim
BMB, Barangay Health Unit, BSWM, CLUP, DENR, DOH, DSWD, DPWH, EMB, Existing water use studies, FAO reports, FMB, LGU (Provincial or Municipal), Local universities (PSU & WPU), MGB, NAMRIA, NEA, NIA, NIGS, NWRB, PAGASA, PAMO, PCSD, Water district, Watershed management plan
Putting all together the data from Bronze and Silver (local and global data), Journal articles, User’s manual (default data), Local validation using primary surveys, E-SEAMS
Putting all together the data from Bronze and Silver (local and global data), Journal articles, User’s manual (default data), Local validation using primary surveys, E-SEAMS
DEFINITION56
SUKAT 4.11 WATER FLOW REGULATION SERVICES
Water flow regulation services involve the ecosystem’s role in regulating river flows, groundwater levels, and lake water tables. These services emanate from the ecosystem’s capability to absorb and retain water, leading to either a gradual release during dry seasons through processes like evapotranspiration to ensure consistent water flow or the mitigation of flood and other extreme water-related events. These functions, often bundled with river flood mitigation services, collectively provide the valuable benefit of flood protection. This can be classified as either a final or intermediate ecosystem service.
Note: the values derived for this ES are the same as the values derived for Sukat 5.7
56 Source: SEEA-EA 2021; p. 132
Photo courtesy of Rhiana Angelita Parr of Center for Conservation Innovations Ph
OUTPUT, DATA NEEDS, AND DATA SOURCES
Identification of Sukat 4.11 will require a narrative description, aggregate supply and demand, economic value, and natural capital accounting (NCA) of the water baseline flow regulation service, as shown in Table 4.111 Data needs and data sources should be provided, as enumerated in Tables 4.112 and 4.113. These include pieces of information relevant thereto, and must be detailed, up-to-date, and as sufficient enough as possible to ensure that informed decisions are made.
The following are outputs required for the identification of Sukat 4.11 at different levels of standardization:
Table 4.111. Outputs required for Sukat 4.11
Level 1
Bronze
Level 2
Silver
Level 3
Gold
Level 4
Platinum
Characterization of Watershed (in terms of land use, vegetative cover)
Physical Quantification of the Ecosystem Service, and Impacts
Biophysical modeling of the Ecosystem Service (InVEST/SWAT)
Economic Value of ES (using cost and production function analysis)
The following are the data needed for the identification of Sukat 4.11 at different levels of standardization:
Table 4.112. Data needed for Sukat 4.11
Level 1
Bronze
Supply
• Watershed/PA boundaries
• Geographic coordinates or groundwater and surface water intake points, and spring water (headwaters)
• Land use (forestland, agriculture, water, tourism, residential, parks and recreation etc.)
• Land cover (forest, plantation, other wooded land, inland water, other land i.e., natural, cultivated, fishpond, built-up area)
• Vegetation: composition and structure of plant cover, crops planted
• Physical factors like soil types, topography, elevation
• Characterization of inland wetland/water ecosystems (river systems/streams, basins, lakes, swamps, peatlands, outlet) in terms of ecosystem types and conditions, environmental flow requirements
• Rainfall pattern, frequency of typhoon
• Land use practices like cropping, intensity, deforestation, shiftingcultivation, etc.
Photo courtesy of Jessie Cereno of USAID SIBOL Project
Table 4.112. Data needed for Sukat 4.11 (continuation)
Use/Demand
• Identification of the service area/impact area
• Identification, location description (i.e. consumptive/non-consumptive) of water users
a. Domestic water users
b. Industrial/commercial
c. Agricultural & plantation
d. Infrastructures in impact areas (housing, industries, road, etc.)
Supply
• Area of various land uses
• Detailed information on rainfall data (monthly and time series, preferably 30 years)
• Historical information on typhoon
• Water table data of base flow & peak flow (e.g. volume and duration)
• Watershed conservation measures and costs
• Water volume & depth monitoring data and activities
• Cost of water volume and depth monitoring and engagement of communities
• Land cover
• Digital elevation maps (DEM)
• Geological characteristics of surrounding area
• Water source by ecosystem types
• Characterization of inland (wetlands) water ecosystems
• Environmental flows
Use/Demand
• Water availability & seasonality to various types of water users: irrigation, domestic, and industrial/commercial
• Pattern of water supply in major infrastructures (dams and reservoirs for various users)
• Irrigation by types (e.g. pumped groundwater, drip irrigation, etc.)
• Estimated number of shallow tube wells
• Groundwater extraction for household and industrial use
• Population served by type of users (e.g. farmers, number of HH, industries)
• Water harvesting practices and water storage facilities
• Water consumption by type of water users
• Historical information on flooding events (5- to10-year data)
• Losses/damage associated with major flooding events
Supply
• Land use/land cover map & data
• Elevation map (masl)
• Soil map
• Soil hydrologic group: soil types
• Physical and chemical characteristics of the soil
• Historical weather data (precipitation, max and min temperature, relative humidity, solar radiation and wind speed)
• Crop/vegetation coefficient
• Threshold flow accumulation (number of up-slope) pixels from watershed map that must flow into a pixel before it is classified as stream)
• Water discharge and seasonal flow monitoring data and activities (discharge level)
Level 3
Gold (continuation)
Table 4.112. Data needed for Sukat 4.11 (continuation)
Use/Demand
• Inundation area/area flooded (hectares & value of crop affected)
• Irrigation area for damaged infrastructures and houses affected based on survey)
• Type of commercial properties affected, and value based on survey or secondary information
• Inventory of shallow tube wells for domestic, commercial and irrigation (number of volume of supply)
• Fixed and variable cost of shallow tube wells, and extraction
Supply
• Physical estimates from InVEST modeling
• Costs of watershed protection measures
• Costs of water infrastructures/storage
Use/Demand
• Crop yield and total production of affected area
Level 4 Platinum
• Alternative sources of water and costs
• Damages of affected economic units (farmland, commercial establishments, etc.)
• Defensive expenditures (e.g. riprap, dikes, house level elevation, etc.)
• Ecosystem rehabilitation costs
• Replacement costs (using other sources of water)
• Clean-up costs
• Socio-economic characteristics of users
• Wage rate
Below is a list of recommended data sources that can be used for the identification of Sukat 4.11 at different levels of standardization:
Table 4.113. Sources of data for Sukat 4.11
Level 1
Level 2
BMB, BSWM, CLUP, DENR, DSWD, DPWH, EMB, Existing water use studies, FAO reports, FMB, LGU (Provincial or Municipal), Local universities (PSU & WPU), NAMRIA, NWRB, PAGASA, PAMO, Water district, Watershed management plan, WorldClaim
BMB, Barangay Health Unit, BSWM, CLUP, DENR, DOH, DSWD, DPWH, EMB, Existing water use studies, FAO reports, FMB, LGU (Provincial or Municipal), Local universities (PSU & WPU), MGB, NAMRIA, NEA, NIA, NIGS, NWRB, PAGASA, PAMO, PCSD, Water district, Watershed management plan
Level 3
Level 4
Putting all together the data from Bronze and Silver (local and global data), Journal articles, User’s manual (default data), Local validation using primary surveys, E-SEAMS
Putting all together the data from Bronze and Silver (local and global data), Journal articles, User’s manual (default data), Local validation using primary surveys, E-SEAMS
Appended herewith (see Appendix 5) are tables to record data of past, present and future extent and condition (denoted as Table 4.114) and tables to record data of past, present and future (estimate) biophysical and monetary stock and flow (supply and use, denoted as Table 4.115) of Sukat 4.11 or the Water Flow Regulation Services.
SUKAT 4.12 COASTAL PROTECTION SERVICE
DEFINITION57
Coastal protection services entail the contributions of the ecosystem in safeguarding shorelines through linear elements in the seascape such as coral reefs, sandbanks, dunes, or mangrove ecosystems. These natural features play a crucial part in mitigating the effects of tidal surges or storms on local communities. This function serves as a final ecosystem service.
OUTPUT, DATA NEEDS, AND DATA SOURCES
Identification of Sukat 4.12 will require a general description, habitat risk assessment, economic value, and community impacts of the coastal protection service, as shown in Table 4.121. Data sources and data needs should be provided, as enumerated in Tables 4.122 and 4.123. These include pieces of information relevant thereto, and must be detailed, up-to-date, and as sufficient enough as possible to ensure that informed decisions are made.
57 Source: SEEA-EA 2021; p. 133
Photo courtesy of Jonathan Baillie of Zoological Society of London - Philippines
Photo courtesy of Penn delos Santos of Batangas Divers’ Association
Photo courtesy of Penn delos Santos of Batangas Divers’ Association
Photo courtesy of Daniel Glenn Darapiza of Center for Conservation Innovations Ph
The following are outputs required for the identification of Sukat 4.12 at different levels of standardization:
Table 4.121. Outputs required for Sukat 4.12
Profiling (tabular form) of coastal ecosystems (mangroves, coral reefs, and seagrasses) and description of the Ecosystem Services
Silver
Level 3
Platinum
Mapping of Coastal Characteristics (coastal bathymetry, elevation, storm surge/wave heights, existing maps of past damages
Physical estimates of the impacts of natural hazards that are relevant to coastal protection (with or without ecosystem service)
Estimation of the avoided damage costs (with or without ecosystem service) under several typhoon scenarios
The following are the data needed for the identification of Sukat 4.12 at different levels of standardization:
Table 4.122. Data needed for Sukat 4.12
Level 1
Bronze
Supply
• Historical and latest extent of mangroves
a. Area
b. Layout of mangrove whether along or perpendicular to the coastline
c. Width and length of mangrove
• Historical and latest condition of mangroves
a. Species of mangroves
b. Density of mangroves
c. Total height of mangroves
d. Diameter of mangroves
• Historical and latest extent of beach forests
• Historical and latest condition of beach forests
• Historical and latest extent of coral reef area
• Historical and latest condition of coral reef area
• Man-made storm surge/wave barriers
• Off-site coastal protection management programs by PA manager Use/Demand
• Historical record of storm occurrence
• Storm damage reports
• Community maps
Table 4.122. Data needed for Sukat 4.12 (continuation)
Supply
• Factors that affect the extent and condition, including abiotic factors
• Area
• Species diversity
• Density
• Volume
• Past typhoons
• Wind speed
• Storm surge height,
• Rainfall
• Flood level
• Damages in the ecosystems
a. Erosion impacts
b. Sedimentation impacts
• Coastal flooding events
Use/Demand
• Compilation of records affected/damaged by storm surge,
a. Number of storm events
b. Damages (from reports) on
Communities
Households
Public facilities
Infrastructure
• Coastal protection programs
• Man-made storm surge/wave barriers and cost (off-site of the PA) using secondary data
• Summary of all storm events from secondary data
c. Intensity
d. Duration
e. Direction of events
f. Damages
g. Reduction in GDP per capita
h. Coastal protection structures
i. Costs of establishing such structures
• Damages on infrastructure and property based on (using secondary data)
a. zonal value
b. shoreline changes
c. life on PAs based on
• Damages teconomic activities using secondary data
• Other LGU defensive expenditures (i.e. retaining walls) using secondary data
Level 2 Silver
Level 3 Gold
Table 4.122. Data needed for Sukat 4.12 (continuation)
Supply
• Ecosystem conditions
a. Rain intensity
b. Elevation
• Estimate offshore waves and water levels using global datasets
• Estimate nearshore waves and water levels using best available data
• Effect of ecosystem on nearshore
• Climate scenarios (temp)
• Management scenarios
• Hydrodynamics
• Geomorphological risks
• Indicators and parameters of coastal protection
• Seasonal tidal data
• Storm surge height based on secondary data or KII
• Define extreme waves and water levels along shoreline for 10, 25, 100-year storms
• Identify land, people, and built capital flooded using a global digital elevation model
• Develop flooding scenario with and without ecosystem presence
• Climate and sea-level storm projections
• Tropical cyclone tracks and return periods
• Bathymetry -ETOPO 1:1.6 km resolution (1 arc min) global topo-bathy; SEAWIFS
1km resolution of coral reefs bathymetry worldwide
National Initiative on Climate Resilient Agriculture (NICRA)
Primary data gathering
Appended herewith (see Appendix 6) are tables to record data of the extent and condition (denoted as Table 4.124) and tables to record the biophysical and monetary stock and flow (supply and use, denoted as Table 4.125) of Sukat 4.12 or the Coastal Protection Services.
Provisioning services focus on critical areas required to meet the basic needs of the local community. These basic needs may be fulfilled directly through consumption, such as obtaining food, medicine, clothing, or shelter sourced from natural habitats, or indirectly through income derived sustainably from the responsible utilization of natural resources. In this context, provisioning services represent the contributions to derived or harvested from ecosystems59. It is therefore crucial to determine the sustainable levels of utilization, sometimes referred to as carrying capacity levels, for an area to attain recognition as Sukat 5.
Supply and Use/Demand Classification of Data:
In line with the UN SEEA EA 2021 definition, supply refers to “Ecosystem Assets” by ecosystem type, while Use/Demand refers to the use/s of final ecosystem services by economic units (e.g. farmers, fishers, households, government). In accounting, supply is theoretically equal to demand. In other words, the “total generation of a single ecosystem service should equal the total use of that service.”
SUPPLY
Ecosystem Condition
1. Biophysical indicators
2. Land and soil quality
3. Water quality
4. Slope
5. Water flow/stream flows
DEMAND/USE
Revenues
1. Production area
2. Types of production
3. Volume of production
4. Value of production
Costs
1. Types of production inputs
2. Prices of production inputs
3. Volume of production inputs
Technology and management
Map of production areas and support infra Land use maps
58
“
It is crucial to determine the sustainable levels of utilization, sometimes referred to as carrying capacity levels, for an area to attain recognition as Sukat 5.
Photo courtesy of Blue Motus of USAID SIBOL Project
In most relationships between the generation and use of ecosystem services, provisioning services are likely to originate and be utilized within the same ecosystem due to the need for harvesting materials on-site. Subsequent transactions involving the processing, transportation, and sale of these harvested materials fall under the standard economic accounting, and are therefore not the main focus of the discussion on ecosystem accounting. Simultaneously, the integration of ecosystem accounts with standard economic accounts is facilitated by employing the SEAA framework. This facilitates the development of extensions designed to analyze the relationship between ecosystem services and a broader range of transactions, including international trade flows.
Usually, provisioning services are quantified in units such as tonnes or cubic meters, reflecting the relevant physical properties of the underlying input. However, they may also be measured using units specific to the type of service. Provisioning services, in particular, are easier to measure because many indicators are linked to currently measured aspects of economic activity. At the same time, a range of additional information is required when defining the boundaries for cultivated crops and other plants to measure flows related to these cultivated sources.
Provisioning services pertain to the goods obtained from an ecosystem through extraction or harvesting. Typically, the value of these goods’ production is encompassed within the System of National Accounts (SNA) production boundary and, consequently, contributes to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP). The extraction or harvest process usually incurs human input costs (such as labor and produced assets), which must be subtracted from the production value when determining the valuation of the respective ecosystem service. Additionally, it is important to assess the notable effects of taxes and subsidies on production. Sukat 5 has seven (7) subcategories namely, Crop Provisioning Services, Livestock Provisioning
Services, Aquaculture Provisioning Services, Wood Provisioning Services, Wildfish and Other Natural Aquatic Biomass Provisioning Services, Wild Animals, Plants and Other Biomass Provisioning Services, and Water Supply Provisioning Services.
60 Source:
Photo courtesy of Blue Motus of USAID SIBOL Project
Photo courtesy of Blue Motus of USAID SIBOL Project
SUKAT 5.1 CROP PROVISIONING SERVICES
DEFINITION61
Crop provisioning services refer to the contributions of ecosystems that support the cultivation of plants, which are subsequently harvested by economic entities for diverse purposes such as food and fiber production, as well as for fodder and energy.
OUTPUT, DATA NEEDS, AND DATA SOURCES
Identification of Sukat 5.1 will require descriptive statistics, value of production and employment, resource rent estimates, spatial analysis, socioeconomic analysis, and special studies on crop provisioning services, as shown in Table 5.11 Data needs and data sources should be provided, as enumerated in Tables 5.12 and 5.13. These include pieces of information relevant thereto, and must be detailed, up-to-date, and as sufficient enough as possible to ensure that informed decisions are made.
61 Source: UN SEEA-EA 2021; p. 131
Photo courtesy of Mary Ann Bautista of Center for Conservation Innovations Ph
Photo courtesy of Raffy Mark Failon of Center for Conservation Innovations Ph
Photo courtesy of Raffy Mark Failon for Center for Conservation Innovations Ph
Photo courtesy of John Lister Bibar for Center for Conservation Innovations Ph
Table 5.11. Outputs required for Sukat 5.1
The following are outputs required for the identification of Sukat 5.1 at different levels of standardization: Descriptive statistics on Croplands
Level 1
Bronze
Level 2
Silver
Level 3
Gold
Level 4
Platinum
Value of production and employment information
Spatial analysis of distribution of the ES
Resource Rent Estimates, Socio-economic analysis
The following are the data needed for the identification of Sukat 5.1 at different levels of standardization:
Table 5.12. Data needed for Sukat 5.1
• Area planted to crop (n)
Level 1
Bronze
Level 2
Silver
Level 3
Gold
Level 4
Platinum
• Major crops
• Volume of production (secondary data-regional and provincial level)
• Value of production (secondary data-regional and provincial level)
• Major crops planted
• Volume and value of crops planted
• Cost of production (from secondary data, municipal level)
• No. of persons employed (direct and indirect labor; self-employed; subsistence)
• Wage rate
• Resource degradation data (soil quality data, chemical & biological indicators)
• Demographic info
• Enforcement perceptions
• Cost of production
• Volume and value of production
• Socio-economic info
Below is a list of recommended data sources that can be used for the identification of Sukat 5.1 at different levels of standardization:
Table 5.13. Sources of data for Sukat 5.1
Level 1
Bronze
Level 2
Silver
Level 3
Gold
Level 4
Platinum
Regular government surveys available online (PSA, BFAR, FMB, etc.)
Municipal and Barangay data (CBMS, MAO, CENRO, BFAR, business permits, etc.)
Land use maps
E-SEAMS
NSAP-FCMGI
Maps of production areas and support infra
Primary studies
Appended herewith (see Appendix 7) are tables to record data of the extent and condition (denoted as Table 5.14) and tables to record the biophysical and monetary stock and flow (supply and use, denoted as Table 5.15) of Sukat 5.1 or the Crop Provisioning Services.
DEFINITION62
SUKAT 5.2 LIVESTOCK PROVISIONING SERVICES
Livestock provisioning services encompass the role of the ecosystem to the development of cultivated livestock and associated products (such as meat, milk, eggs, wool, and leather), utilized by economic entities for a range of purposes, predominantly in food production. This represents a conclusive ecosystem service, with the understanding that if grazed biomass provisioning services are documented as a final ecosystem service, distinct livestock provisioning services need not be separately accounted for.
62 Source: UN SEEA-EA 2021; p. 131
Photo courtesy of John Lister Bibar for Center for Conservation Innovations Ph
OUTPUT, DATA NEEDS, AND DATA SOURCES
Identification of Sukat 5.2 will require a narrative description, economic value of production, resource rent estimates, socioeconomic analysis, and special studies on livestock provisioning services, as shown in Table 5.21. Data needs and data sources should be provided, as enumerated in Tables 5.22 and 5.23. These include pieces of information relevant thereto, and must be detailed, up-todate, and as sufficient enough as possible to ensure that informed decisions are made.
The following are outputs required for the identification of Sukat 5.2 at different levels of standardization:
Table 5.21. Outputs required for Sukat 5.2
1
Narrative description of livestock production at the provincial level
Value of Production at the Municipal and Barangay level; Employment information
Spatial Analysis of the distribution of the ES
Resource Rent Estimates; Socio-economic analysis
Photo courtesy of Mary Ann Bautista of Center for Conservation Innovations Ph
The following are the data needed for the identification of Sukat 5.2 at different levels of standardization:
Table 5.22. Data needed for Sukat 5.2
• Major types of livestock
• Total area occupied
• Volume (heads)
• Price (farm-gate)
• Value
• No. of persons employed
• Stocking density of livestock (raised inside PA)
• Number of heads of livestock
• Resource degradation data (chemical indicators, biological indicators)
• Demographic info
• Enforcement perception
• Area of grazing
• Cost of production
• Volume and value of production
• Socioeconomic info
Below is a list of recommended data sources that can be used for the identification of Sukat 5.2 at different levels of standardization:
Table 5.23. Sources of data for Sukat 5.2
Regular government surveys available online (PSA, BFAR, FMB, etc.)
Municipal and Barangay data (CBMS, MAO, CENRO, BFAR, business permits, etc.)
Land use maps
E-SEAMS
NSAP-FCMGI
Maps of production areas and support infrastructure
DEFINITION63
SUKAT 5.3 AQUACULTURE PROVISIONING SERVICES
Aquaculture provisioning services encompass the vital contributions of ecosystems to the cultivation of aquatic organisms, including fish, shellfish, and seaweed, within controlled aquaculture environments. These cultivated resources are systematically harvested by economic entities for a multitude of purposes, constituting a definitive and crucial ecosystem service.
OUTPUT, DATA NEEDS, AND DATA SOURCES
Identification of Sukat 5.3 will require a narrative description, value of production, resource rent estimates, and special studies on aquaculture provisioning service, as shown in Table 5.31 Data sources and data needs should be provided, as enumerated in Tables 5.32 and 5.33. These include pieces of information relevant thereto, and must be detailed, up-to-date, and as sufficient enough as possible to ensure that informed decisions are made.
The following are outputs required for the identification of Sukat 5.3 at different levels of standardization:
62 Source: UN SEEA-EA 2021; p. 131
Table 5.31. Outputs required for Sukat 5.3
Photo courtesy of Blue Motus of USAID SIBOL Project
The following are the data needed for the identification of Sukat 5.3 at different levels of standardization:
Table 5.32. Data needed for Sukat 5.3
• Culture area of species
Level 1 Bronze
Level 2
Level 3 Gold
Level 4
• Volume of production
• Price
• Total cost of production
• No. of persons employed (direct indirect labor; self-employed; subsistence)
• Total cost of production
• Volume and value of production (secondary data)
• Resource degradation data (soil quality data, chemical & biological indicators)
• Demographic info
• Enforcement perceptions
• Value and Volume of production
• Cost of production
• Socio-economic info
Below is a list of recommended data sources that can be used for the identification of Sukat 5.3 at different levels of standardization:
Table 5.33. Sources of data for Sukat 5.3
Level 1 Bronze
Level 2 Silver
Level 3
Gold
Level 4 Platinum
Regular government surveys available online (PSA, BFAR, FMB, etc.)
Municipal and Barangay data (CBMS, MAO, CENRO, BFAR, business permits, etc.)
Land use maps
E-SEAMS
NSAP-FCMGI
Maps of production areas and support infrastructure
Primary studies
DEFINITION64
SUKAT 5.4 WOOD PROVISIONING SERVICES
Wood provisioning services denote the integral contributions of ecosystems to the cultivation of trees and other woody biomass, spanning both cultivated (plantation) and uncultivated production contexts. Economic entities systematically harvest these resources for a variety of applications, including timber production and energy generation. It is crucial to clarify that this service explicitly excludes contributions to non-wood forest products. This provision stands as a definitive and final ecosystem service.
OUTPUT, DATA NEEDS, AND DATA SOURCES
Identification of Sukat 5.4 will require a narrative description, value of production, resource rent estimates, and special studies on wood provisioning services, as shown in Table 5.41. Data needs and data sources should be provided, as enumerated in Tables 5.42 and 5.43. These include pieces of information relevant thereto, and must be detailed, up-to-date, and as sufficient enough as possible to ensure that informed decisions are made.
The following are outputs required for the identification of Sukat 5.4 at different levels of standardization:
64
Narrative description of Wood Provisioning Spatial Analysis of the distribution of the ES
of production at the municipal and barangay level, employment information
Table 5.41. Outputs required for Sukat 5.4
Photo courtesy of Blue Motus of USAID SIBOL Project
The following are the data needed for the identification of Sukat 5.4 at different levels of standardization:
Table 5.42. Data needed for Sukat 5.4
• Production area and volume harvested (forest land and plantation)
Level 1
Bronze
Level 2
Silver
Level 3
Gold
Level 4
Platinum
• Volume of production
• Market price
• No. of persons employed (incl. self-employed and subsistence)
• Area of species (natural and cultivated)
• Harvest volume
• Price/species
• Total cost of production
• Resource degradation data (chemical & biological indicators)
• Demographic info
• Fuelwood production area
• Enforcement perceptions
• Stumpage price
• Volume (inventory of species)
• Fuelwood production (volume and price)
• Estimate of biomass per species (reflectance value)
• Cost of production
• Socio-economic info
Below is a list of recommended data sources that can be used for the identification of Sukat 5.4 at different levels of standardization:
Table 5.43. Sources of data for Sukat 5.4
Level 1
Bronze
Level 2
Silver
Level 3
Gold
Level 4
Platinum
Regular government surveys available online (PSA, BFAR, FMB, etc.)
Municipal and Barangay data (CBMS, MAO, CENRO, BFAR, business permits, etc.)
Land use maps
E-SEAMS
NSAP-FCMGI
Maps of production areas and support infra
Primary studies
DEFINITION65
SUKAT 5.5 WILD FISH AND OTHER NATURAL AQUATIC BIOMASS PROVISIONING SERVICES
The provisioning services of wild fish and other natural aquatic biomass represent the ecosystem contributions to the growth of fish and other aquatic biomass that are harvested within uncultivated production contexts by economic units for various uses such as food production. This stands as a final ecosystem service.
OUTPUT, DATA NEEDS, AND DATA SOURCES
Identification of Sukat 5.5 will require a narrative description, value of production, employment information, resource rent estimates, and special studies on wild fish and other aquatic biomass provisioning services, as shown in Table 5.51. Data needs and data sources should be provided, as enumerated in Tables 5.52 and 5.53. These include pieces of information relevant thereto, and must be detailed, up-to-date, and as sufficient enough as possible to ensure that informed decisions are made.
The following are outputs required for the identification of Sukat 5.5 at different levels of standardization:
Table 5.51. Outputs required for Sukat 5.5
65 Source: UN SEEA-EA 2021; p. 131
Photo courtesy of Penn delos Santos of Batangas Divers’ Association
The following are the data needed for the identification of Sukat 5.5 at different levels of standardization:
Table 5.52. Data needed for Sukat 5.5
Level 1
Bronze
Level 2 Silver
• Annual fish production volume by species (commercial and municipal)
• Price and value of production
• Volume of fish landed by species
• Price per species
• Value of production
• No. employed
• Resource degradation data (chemical & biological indicators)
Level 3 Gold
Level 4
Platinum
• Demographic info
• Enforcement perceptions
• Value and Volume of production
• Cost of production
• Socioeconomic info
• Volume of fish species landed
• Gear used
• Price
• No. of workers
• Wage rates
• Cost of Production
Below is a list of recommended data sources that can be used for the identification of Sukat 5.5 at different levels of standardization:
Table 5.53. Sources of data for Sukat 5.5
Level 1
Bronze
Level 2
Silver
Level 3
Gold
Level 4
Platinum
Regular government surveys available online (PSA, BFAR, FMB, etc.)
Municipal and Barangay data (CBMS, MAO, CENRO, BFAR, business permits, etc.)
Land use maps
E-SEAMS
NSAP-FCMGI
Maps of production areas and support infra
Primary studies
Appended herewith (see Appendix 8) are tables to record data of the extent and condition (denoted as Table 5.54) and tables to record the biophysical and monetary stock and flow (supply and use, denoted as Table 5.55) of Sukat 5.5 or the Wild Fish and Other Natural Aquatic Biomass Provisioning Services.
DEFINITION66
SUKAT 5.6 WILD ANIMALS, PLANTS AND OTHER
BIOMASS
PROVISIONING SERVICES
Wild animals, plants and other biomass provisioning services are the ecosystem contributions to the growth of wild animals, plants and other biomass that are captured and harvested in uncultivated production contexts by economic units for various uses. The scope includes nonwood forest products (NWFP) and services related to hunting, trapping and bio- prospecting activities; but excludes wild fish and other natural aquatic biomass (included in previous class). This is a final ecosystem service.
OUTPUT, DATA NEEDS, AND DATA SOURCES
Identification of Sukat 5.6 will require a narrative description, value of production, employment information, resource estimates, and special studies on wild animals, plants, and other biomass provisioning services, as shown in Table 5.61. Data needs and data sources should be provided, as enumerated in Tables 5.62 and 5.63. These include pieces of information relevant thereto, and must be detailed, up-to-date, and as sufficient enough as possible to ensure that informed decisions are made.
The following are outputs required for the identification of Sukat 5.6 at different levels of standardization:
Narrative description of Wild Animals, Plants and Other Biomass Provisioning
Spatial Analysis of the distribution of the ES
Value of production and employment information at the landing sites Resource
66 Source: UN SEEA-EA 2021; p. 131
Table 5.61. Outputs required for Sukat 5.6
Photo courtesy of John Lister Bibar of Center for Conservation Innovations Ph
The following are the data needed for the identification of Sukat 5.6 at different levels of standardization:
Table 5.62. Data needed for Sukat 5.6
• Species of wild animals and plants collected
Level 1
Bronze
Level 2
Silver
Level 3
Gold
Level 4
Platinum
• Area planted to/inhabited by species
• Volume collected/ harvested
• Price
• No. of employed
• Type of use of species
• Volume collected per type of use
• Price per species
• Resource degradation data (chemical & biological indicators)
• Demographic info
• Enforcement perceptions
• Type of use of species
• Volume collected per type of use
• Price per species
• Cost of production
• Illegally harvested and traded flora and fauna
• Value and Volume of production
• Socio-economic info
Below is a list of recommended data sources that can be used for the identification of Sukat 5.6 at different levels of standardization:
Table 5.63. Sources of data for Sukat 5.6
Level 1
Bronze
Level 2
Silver
Level 3
Gold
Level 4
Platinum
Regular government surveys available online (PSA, BFAR, FMB, etc.)
Municipal and Barangay data (CBMS, MAO, CENRO, BFAR, business permits, etc.)
Land use maps
E-SEAMS
NSAP-FCMGI
Maps of production areas and support infrastructure
Primary studies
Appended herewith (see Appendix 9) are tables to record data of the extent and condition of Almaciga, a vast tree endemic to the Philippines (denoted as Table 5.64) and tables to record the biophysical and monetary stock and flow (supply and use) of Almaciga and honey, important wild plant and animal (honeybee, denoted as Table 5.65) of Sukat 5.6 or the Wild Animals, Plants and Other Biomass Provisioning.
DEFINITION67
SUKAT 5.7 WATER SUPPLY PROVISIONING SERVICES
Water supply services reflect the combined contributions of ecosystems, involving water flow, purification processes, and other services. These efforts ensure the supply of water of appropriate quality to users for various purposes such as household consumption. This stands as a final ecosystem service.
OUTPUT, DATA NEEDS, AND DATA SOURCES
Identification of Sukat 5.7 will require a narrative description, aggregate supply and demand, resource rent estimates, and NCA on water supply provisioning service, as shown in Table 5.71. Data needs and data sources should be provided, as enumerated in Tables 5.72 and 5.73. These include pieces of information relevant thereto, and must be detailed, up-to-date, and as sufficient enough as possible to ensure that informed decisions are made.
The following are outputs required for the identification of Sukat 5.7 at different levels of standardization:
Table 5.71. Outputs required for Sukat 5.7
1
3
4
Narrative description
Aggregate supply (based on streamflow) and demand (based on domestic, industrial, irrigation water use)
Watershed model, Spatial Analysis of the distribution of the ES
Resource rent estimates, water supply and demand analysis
67 Source: UN SEEA-EA 2021; p. 131
Photo courtesy of Mems Gamad
The following are the data needed for the identification of Sukat 5.7 at different levels of standardization:
Table 5.72. Data needed for Sukat 5.7
Level 1 Bronze
• Volume of groundwater and surface water extracted per year by area and type of users
• Access to clean water
• Groundwater availability map
• Streamflow data
Level 2
Level 3
Level 4 Platinum
• Water use/consumption data
• Water tariffs
• Water balance
• Water flow rate
• Watershed modeling
• Upstream and downstream users plotting
• Number of users per type of user
• Sources of water
• Cost of supply and delivery
• Price of water
• Demand estimates
• Socioeconomic info
• Volume of water by use and users (supply)
Below is a list of recommended data sources that can be used for the identification of Sukat 5.7 at different levels of standardization:
Table 5.73. Sources of data for Sukat 5.7
Level 1 Bronze
Level 2 Silver
Level 3 Gold
Level 4 Platinum
Regular government surveys available online (PSA, BFAR, FMB, etc.)
Municipal and Barangay data (CBMS, MAO, CENRO, BFAR, business permits, etc.)
Land use maps
E-SEAMS
NSAP-FCMGI
Maps of production areas and support infra
Primary studies
Appended herewith (see Appendix 10) are tables to record data of the extent and condition of Sukat 5.7 (denoted as Table 5.74) and tables to record data of past, present and future (estimate) biophysical and monetary stock and flow (supply and use, denoted as Table 5.75) of Sukat 5.7 or the Water Supply Provisioning Services.
Sukat 6 refers to services emanating from areas with cultural and/or historical significance that contribute to cultural development and advancement of culture. These services/benefits are experiential and can be tangible and intangible expressions related to the perceived or actual qualities of ecosystems whose existence and functioning contributes to a range of cultural benefits. Sukat 6 subcategories go beyond the UN-SEEA list, and are customized to reflect other Philippine cultural services derived from the country’s ecosystems. These added subcategories are consistent with UNESCO principles and guidelines. However, those that have been added will necessitate further discussions in terms of providing the technical details of the outputs generated, as well as the data requirements and methods for each level. Meanwhile, the subcategories that are similar with the UN-SEEA list have the details necessary to measure them, consistent with existing economic theory and practice.
RATIONALE69
Significant relationships exist between individuals and ecosystems that extend beyond provisioning or regulatory functions. The term “cultural services” serves as an inclusive designation for numerous experiential and non-material connections within this realm. This nomenclature is a practical selection, aligning with its historical usage in the ecosystem services measurement community. It is essential to clarify that the term does not insinuate culture itself is a service. Instead, it serves as a comprehensive label aimed at encapsulating the diverse ways in which individuals forge connections with, and develop an identity tied to nature, along with the myriad motivations driving these connections.
Sukat 6 has six (6) sub-categories namely, Spiritual and Symbolic Services, Intangible Cultural Heritage Elements/Properties, Tangible Cultural Heritage Elements/Properties, Sensorial Amenities, Education and Research, and Recreation, and Tourism Services. 68 Concepts of Sukat 6 draw inspiration
The term “cultural services” serves as an inclusive designation for numerous experiential and non-material connections within this realm.
The significance of spiritual and symbolic cultural services derives from practices aligned with a comprehensive worldview, emphasizing inspiration. These services encompass the appreciation of the land or ecosystem sustaining beliefs, faith, and rituals. Their value is rooted in the profound connection with both the visible and invisible elements. Symbolic services in particular include historical aspects of an area, such as historical mountains that may have a symbolic feature. Symbols may also represent cultural features unique to the area.
OUTPUT, DATA NEEDS, AND DATA SOURCES
Identification of Sukat 6.1 requires a checklist, narrative account, map, and economic value of the ecosystem services, as shown in Table 6.11. Data profiling has to be conducted before mapping. The existence value of the PA will also need to be determined. Data needs and data sources should be provided, as enumerated in Tables 6.12 and 6.13. These include pieces of information relevant thereto, and must be detailed, up-to-date, and as sufficient enough as possible to ensure that informed decisions are made.
The following are outputs required for the identification of Sukat 6.1 at different levels of standardization:
Table 6.11. Outputs required for Sukat 6.1
Checklist of sacred grounds, historical sites, symbolic areas
Narrative account of spiritual, artistic and symbolic services
Spatial representation, mapped area of spiritual, artistic and symbolic services
Economic value of spiritual, artistic, and symbolic services
Photo courtesy of Mems Gamad
The following are the data needed for the identification of Sukat 6.1 at different levels of standardization:
Table 6.12. Data needed for Sukat 6.1
Supply:
• Presence of sacred grounds
• Presence of symbolic areas/areas with historical importance
• Ancestral domain maps
Use/Demand:
• Use of area for spiritual, artistic and symbolic purposes
Supply:
• Anecdotal accounts of areas with symbolic, spiritual and religious significance
• History and historical accounts related to the site
Use/Demand:
• Population that practices faith (IPs and non-IPs)
• Frequented area and number of visitors for historical, symbolic, and spiritual purposes
• GIS referenced maps
Supply:
• Specific sites within the PA that provide artistic inspiration
• Specific sites that have historical significance
• Specific sites that are used for spiritual purposes
• Certificate of Ancestral Domain Claim (CADC) and Certificate of Ancestral Domain Title (CADT)
Use/Demand:
• Time of use of areas for spiritual and symbolic purposes
• Types and prices of commercial artworks, products of IPs, products inspired by the tribe (weaved products, carvings, etc.)
• Experiential benefits from the site for the various uses (specific to historical, symbolic, spiritual site)
• Pilgrimage costs
• Costs of organizing religious activities
• Location shoots for movies and TV shows, cost of location shoot
• Relative importance of the area to livelihood activities
Below is a list of recommended data sources that can be used for the identification of Sukat 6.1 at different levels of standardization:
Table 6.13. Sources of data for Sukat 6.1
• ADSDPP
• NCCA
• NCIP
• NHCP
• Ancestral Domains Sustainable Development and Protection Plan (ADSDPP) Level 1
• PAMB
• NCIP
• Anthropological studies
• Anecdotes (e.g. local news)
• DENR
• Cultural maps from DENR and NCCA
• CADTs/CADCs/CALTs from NCIP
• Primary CVM, CM, or PEV surveys (local or national)
• Primary surveys of visitors, households, IPs, local tourism offices, artist groups
Appended herewith (see Appendix 11) are tables to record data of the extent and condition of Sukat 6.1 (denoted as Table 6.14) and tables to record the biophysical and monetary stock and flow (supply and use, denoted as Table 6.15) of Sukat 6.1 or the Spiritual and Symbolic Services.
DEFINITION
SUKAT 6.2
INTANGIBLE CULTURAL HERITAGE ELEMENTS/PROPERTIES
The significance of this cultural service is grounded in the intangible cultural heritage domains and the collective memory of the community. This encompasses oral traditions, performing arts, rituals, festive events, as well as knowledge and practices related to nature and the universe. Additionally, traditional craftsmanship within the local context contributes to this subcategory. Striving for alignment, the definitions, inclusions, and overall coverage will adhere as closely as possible to UNESCO’s definition of intangible cultural heritage. As noted in UNESCO’s Intangible Cultural Heritage website70:
“The 2030 Agenda (for Sustainable Development) refers to sustainability as ‘development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.’ Transmitted from generation to generation, living heritage is a source of community-based resilience, which can be a driver of sustainable development in many different ways…”
This also encompasses governance services, as well as indigenous knowledge systems and practices (IKSPs). As of the present writing, the specifics regarding data sources, methodologies, and outputs for this category are yet to be defined. These particulars are slated for finalization in the subsequent iteration of this toolkit.
Photo courtesy of Mems Gamad
DEFINITION
Sukat 6.3 refers to both movable and immovable, possessing historical, archival, anthropological, archaeological, artistic, social, spiritual, or architectural significance linked to the ecosystem.
Movable heritage objects encompass archaeological discoveries, ethnographic items, artifacts, religious articles, works of art, paintings, archival materials, and specimens from natural history.
Immovable heritage objects include archaeological sites, buildings, places of worship, monuments, and more.
SUKAT 6.3 TANGIBLE CULTURAL HERITAGE ELEMENTS/PROPERTIES
The following are outputs required for the identification of Sukat 6.3 at different levels of standardization:
Table 6.31. Outputs required for Sukat 6.3
Checklist of tangible immovable objects, Checklist of permits and revenues generated, Checklist of studies conducted within the PA
Database of cultural information (Literature review and data of historical, cultural, and archaeological significance)
Spatial representation
Economic value of the tangible immovable objects
Photo courtesy of Mems Gamad
The following are the data needed for the identification of Sukat 6.3 at different levels of standardization:
Table 6.32. Data needed for Sukat 6.3
Supply:
• List of UNESCO candidates and accredited Geoparks, Biosphere Reserves, and World Heritage Sites.
• List of ASEAN candidates and accredited Heritage Parks
• List of NHCP candidates and accredited historical sites
• List of NCCA candidates and accredited cultural sites
• List of ancestral domains
• List of archaeological sites that do not fall under UNESCO, ASEAN, and NCCA Use/Demand:
• Population data
• Tourism data
• Revenues generated from tourism
• Donations
• Number of publications written about the site
Supply:
• Existing reports pertaining to status and updates on condition of archaeological, historical, and cultural sites
• Existing reports pertaining to archaeological, historical, and cultural significance of the sites
• Comprehensive Land Use Plans Use/Demand:
• Existing IP studies of the site
• Existing photographs of the site
• Existing ethnographic studies at the site
• Polygon shapefiles of archaeological, historical, and cultural heritage sites
• Shapefiles of land use, land cover, and benthic classifications
• Digitized maps Use/Demand:
• Demographic information
• Settlements
• Other economic uses of the site
Supply:
• Operating, maintenance, and labor costs of designated management authority Use/Demand:
• Time of use of areas for archaeological, historical, and cultural purposes
• Types and prices of commercial artworks, products inspired by the area
• Experiential benefits from the site for the various uses (specific to archaeological, historical, and cultural site)
• Pilgrimage costs
• Costs of organizing archaeological, historical, and cultural visits
• Location shoots for movies and TV shows, cost of location shoot
• Relative importance of the area to livelihood activities
• Total cost of research by type of research conducted on the site
Below is a list of recommended data sources that can be used for the identification of Sukat 6.3 at different levels of standardization:
Table 6.33. Sources of data for Sukat 6.3
• UNACOM
• NHCP
Level 1
Bronze
• NCCA
• ACB
• NCIP
• NMNH
Level 2
Silver
Level 3
Gold
Level 4
Platinum
• Publications
• Literature search
• LGUs
• DENR
• PSA
• Universities
• Primary surveys
• LGUs
• Financial statements of the designated management authority
• Primary surveys on management costs
• KII
• Survey of tour operators including religious groups, municipal tourism office, etc.
• Survey of film producers and film archives
• FGDs of users
• Survey of research institutions
DEFINITION
The significance of this cultural service arises from a holistic sensory experience that goes beyond visual elements. This involves a blend of visual, auditory, olfactory, gustatory, and tactile stimulation.
OUTPUT, DATA NEEDS, AND DATA SOURCES
Identification of Sukat 6.4 will require a checklist, descriptive summary, map, and economic value of sensorial amenities. In previous discussions, there seem to be significant overlaps with the outputs, data needs and methods of Sukat 6.6 (Recreational Services). For this iteration, it is suggested to focus on the estimation of recreational services and subject the details of Sensorial Amenities to future technical discussions with relevant experts and specialists in this field.
SUKAT 6.4 SENSORIAL AMENITIES
Photo courtesy of Mems Gamad
DEFINITION
SUKAT 6.5 EDUCATION, SCIENTIFIC AND RESEARCH SERVICES
The values of this cultural service are based on the contribution to culturebased knowledge, products of science and technology, and all other activities concerning knowledge generation, skills formation, and values formation.
OUTPUT, DATA NEEDS, AND DATA SOURCES
Identification of Sukat 6.5 will require checklists, a database of scientific information, economic value, and bioprospecting value, as shown in Table 6.51. Data needs and data sources should be provided, as enumerated in Tables 6.52 and 6.53. These include pieces of information relevant thereto, and must be detailed, up-to-date, and as sufficient enough as possible to ensure that informed decisions are made.
The following are outputs required for the identification of Sukat 6.5 at different levels of standardization:
Table 6.51. Outputs required for Sukat 6.5
Checklist of ethno-botanical species, Checklist of permits and revenues generated, Checklist of studies conducted within the PA Spatial representation
Database of scientific info (Literature review and data of genetic products)
Bioprospecting (Option) Value of the PA, Economic Value of Education, Research and Scientific Service
Photo courtesy of Save Philippine Seas
Photo courtesy of Blue Motus of USAID SIBOL Project
The following are the data needed for the identification of Sukat 6.5 at different levels of standardization:
Table 6.52. Data needed for Sukat 6.5
Supply:
• List of ethno-botanical species found in the area
Use/Demand:
• Presence and titles of taxonomic and ethnobotanical + traditional knowledge studies
• Number of taxonomic and ethnobotanical and ethno-biological studies
• Presence/absence of collectors of genetic materials such as universities for taxonomic studies and firms for bioprospecting purposes, or combination thereof
• Permits granted to collect genetic materials, Number of permits granted
• Bioprospecting fee per collector per year
• Total revenues from bioprospecting fees per year
• Number of publications written on NTFPs, marine genetic materials from the PAs and MPAs
Supply:
• Existing reports of management policies and inventory of species with nutraceutical (i.e. Agar wood, Longjack (tongkat ali)), pharmaceutical uses, and cosmetics at provincial level
Use/Demand:
• Literature review of scientific studies that describe benefits of all products
• Literature review of scientific studies explaining the methodology to manufacture the products
• Road networks
• Types of forests, forest cover
• Species of interest (from Sukat 1)
• GIS referenced maps
• Demographic information
• Settlements
• Research sites and stations
• Marine PAs and sanctuaries
• Cost and return data of discovery and production of NTFP-based and marine species-based pharmaceuticals and nutraceutical products
• Total cost of research by type of research conducted on the PA
• Replacement (of PA) cost
• Forecasted revenues from drugs, research, and scientific services
Supply:
• Existing reports of management policies and inventory of species with nutraceutical, pharmaceutical uses, and cosmetics at PA level
Use/Demand:
• Pharmaceutical and industrial-based products from the PAs
• Existing patent and patent applications for discovered use and production from genetic materials from the forests
• Number of researchers including student thesis writers by type of studies conducted on the PA
• Source and amount of funding (local or foreign)
• Cost of studies/ research/ expeditions
• Local knowledge
Below is a list of recommended data sources that can be used for the identification of Sukat 6.5 at different levels of standardization:
Table 6.53. Sources of data for Sukat 6.5
Level 1 Bronze
Level 2 Silver
Level 3
Level 4 Platinum
• BMB
• Publications
• Literature search
• PAMBs
• Universities
• DOST-PCAARRD
• KIIs with local residents
• Primary surveys of households
• Survey of bioprospectors
DEFINITION
SUKAT 6.6 RECREATION, TOURISM SERVICES AND CREATIVE INDUSTRIES
The values of this cultural service are based on creative expressions and services that contribute to the overall recreation and tourism value. Ecosystem contributions related to recreation services, through the biophysical characteristics and qualities of ecosystems, enable people to utilize and enjoy the environment. This allows for creative expression through dialect, in-situ, physical and experiential interactions with the environment. These contributions include all tourism services and services applicable to the nine domains71 for the creative industry.
71 Under RA 11904, the 9 domains of creative industries include: Audiovisual Media, Digital Interactive Media, Creative Services, Design, Publishing and Printed Media, Performing Arts, Visual Arts, Traditional Cultural Expressions, and Cultural Sites.
Photo courtesy of Rina Maria Rosales of USAID SIBOL Project
OUTPUT, DATA NEEDS, AND DATA SOURCES
Identification of Sukat 6.6 will require a checklist, descriptive summary, map, and economic value of the recreational services as shown in Table 6.61. An environmental and economic impact assessment on tourism will also be needed. Data needs and data sources should be provided, as enumerated in Tables 6.62 and 6.63. These include pieces of information relevant thereto, and must be detailed, up-to-date, and as sufficient enough as possible to ensure that informed decisions are made. Note that the details included in the following tables pertain to recreation services, and do not yet consider the details pertaining to the creative industries. This will be further refined in the next iterations of the toolkit.
The following are outputs required for the identification of Sukat 6.6 at different levels of standardization:
Table 6.61. Outputs required for Sukat 6.6
Level 1
Bronze
Level 2
Silver
Level 3
Gold
Level 4
Platinum
Checklist of all recreational activities at the PA level
Descriptive summary and contribution of PA recreation income to total PA income, and to total local tourism economy
Mapping of recreational-related activities, carrying capacity
Economic Value of Recreational Services from Nature (Using TCM, CVM, CE, or resource rent)
The following are the data needed for the identification of Sukat 6.6 at different levels of standardization:
Table 6.62. Data needed for Sukat 6.6
Level 1
Bronze
Supply:
• Name, location and area (hectares) of PA
• Landscape features of PA
• Iconic landmarks or species per PA
Use/Demand:
• Visitation rates (number of visitors at parks and natural areas per day/month/ year disaggregated by type (local and non-local)
• Number and name of events (nature festivals, ecotourism, nature-based recreation) held within PA disaggregated by type (local and non-local)
• Participation rates in cultural events (number of participants per event/day/ month/year)
• Recreational activities in the ecotourism site
Photo courtesy of Rina Maria Rosales of USAID SIBOL Project
Table 6.62. Data needed for Sukat 6.6 (continuation)
Supply:
• Location and area of PA
• Details of PA description and physical characteristics
• Inventory of facilities and costs for ecosystem management of the PA Use/Demand:
• Description of transportation services within the PA
• Income of accommodation facilities, transportation and other infrastructure within the PA
• Taxes paid by businesses within PA
Supply:
• GIS-referenced Maps
• Location of the recreational site
• Location of the facilities inside and outside of the site where tourists stay
• Land cover
• Road networks (secondary, primary road)
• Distance information Use/Demand:
• Number of visitors
• Preferences of visitors
Supply See Gold
Recreational opportunity spectrum (system for classifying and managing recreation opportunities)
Use/Demand: Option 1: TCM
• No. of visits per year
• Length of stay in number of days
• Length of travel time
• Sites visited
• Duration of visit per site
• Number of tourist visitors: domestic and foreign
• Local visitors (day-trip visitors)
• Transport cost: airfare and local transfer
• Accommodation
• Tour guide
• Rental for equipment for recreational use
• Rental for cottages
• Entrance fee
• Additional food and drinks beyond normal cost
• Income
• Gender
• Education
• Membership in environmental organization
• HH size
Level 4
Platinum (continuation)
Table 6.62. Data needed for Sukat 6.6 (continuation)
Option 2: CVM
• Detailed visitor information such as number by origin, visitation rates, etc.
• Tourist profile including income
• Projected number of visitors
• WTP for recreational activities and visual amenities
• Planned infra, cost of infra
• Payment vehicle
• Labor costs, labor requirement
• Visitation rates correlating to off-site tourism activities
• Net income of businesses within PA
• Biophysical and socioeconomic carrying capacity assessment (maximum no. of visitors per recreational area)
Option 3: Hedonic Pricing Model
• Land prices
• Distance of the site from surrounding communities
• Environmental quality of the site itself (from gold)
Below is a list of recommended data sources that can be used for the identification of Sukat 6.6 at different levels of standardization:
Table 6.63. Sources of data for Sukat 6.6
• BMB
• DOT
• Google Earth
• DOT
• BMB
• LGUs
• Primary data gathering
• Surveys
• DOT
• LGUs
• PAMBs
• Tourism Master Plans
• E-SEAMS
• Primary data gathering
• Surveys
• DOT
• LGUs
• PAMBs
• Tourism Master Plans
Appended herewith (see Appendix 12) are tables to record data on the extent and condition of Sukat 6.6 (denoted as Table 6.64) and tables to record the biophysical and monetary stock and flow (supply and use, denoted as Table 6.65) of Sukat 6.6 or the Recreation, Tourism Services and Creative industries.
Appendices
Photo courtesy of Danny Ocampo
APPENDIX 1
Structure of Extent Accounts
Note: This table provides an indicative structure with respect to the set of ecosystem types. Compilation will require the use of nationally selected ecosystem types.
APPENDIX 2
Structure of Condition Accounts
APPENDIX 1 APPENDIX 2
APPENDIX 3
Supply Side of the Ecosystem Services
APPENDIX 3
APPENDIX 4
Demand Side of the Ecosystem Services
Table 4.114. Extent and Condition for Sukat 4.11 Extent
Table 4.115. Supply and Use for Sukat 4.11
Table 4.115. Supply and Use for
Monetary
Agriculture
Domestic
• Drinking
• Other HH uses
Total used
Unused water
Total including unused water
Agriculture
Domestic
• Drinking Quezon Rizal
• Other HH uses
Quezon Rizal
Total used
Unused water
Total including unused water
APPENDIX 6
Table 4.124. Extent and Condition for Sukat 4.12
Extent
Opening Extent (year beginning)
Additions in Extent:
Reductions in Extent:
Change in Extent
Closing Extent (year ending)
Managed Expansions
Unmanaged Expansions
Managed Reductions Unmanaged Reductions
Mangrove Coral Reefs Seagrass Others
Condition
Ecosystem Condition Indicators
Condition Indicators relevant to storm surge protection
Density of big trees
Dominant Trees ht
Higher # big trees, stronger to reduce storm surge # trees/ha
Higher ht than the ht of storm surge Average ht
Forest strip width and length Wider width lesser chance to penetrate the forest; longer length wider coverage area to protect
Ecosystem Condition Indicators
Condition Indicators relevant to storm surge protection
Hard Coral Cover Reduces under water waves % Hard Coral/Tot al Corals
Coral Diversity Index Higher density of diverse coral species reduce under water waves Index #
Ecosystem Condition Indicators
Condition Indicators relevant to storm surge protection
Density of seagrasses Higher density, more reduction to under water wave impacts # seagrass hills/ha
Seagrass leaf height Higher reach near surface water layers Average ht
Seagrass cluster spacing Closer spacing of seagrass colony has more impact in reducing under water movements than wider spacing of colonies
M x m
Mangroves
Coral Reefs
Seagrass
M x m
Table 4.125. Supply and Use for Sukat 4.12
Physical Monetary
Mangrove coastal protection services
Coral reefs coastal protection services
Seagrass coastal protection services
Area or Ton
Area or Ton
Area or Ton
Total Total area total tons
Mangrove coastal protection services
Coral reefs coastal protection services
Seagrass coastal protection services
Number/area/ facilities affected with storm surge
Number/area/ facilities affected with storm surge
Number/area/ facilities affected with storm surge
Total coastal protection
No ecosystem coastal protection
Number/area/facility/ PhP affected with storm surge (damage cost)
Mangrove coastal protection services values Monetary Value
Coral reefs coastal protection Services values Monetary Value
Seagrass coastal protection services values Monetary Value
Total Total Monetary Value B.
To estimate area use existing map or RS/GIS, to estimate tonnage, conduct sampling
To estimate area use existing map or RS/GIS, to estimate tonnage, conduct sampling
To estimate area use existing map or RS/GIS, to estimate tonnage, conduct sampling Total Ecosystem Services Value
Damage Cost Avoided
Damage Cost Avoided
Damage Cost Avoided
Table 5.14. Extent and Condition for
Extent
Opening stock of environmental assets
Additions to stock
Managed expansion
Natural expansion
Upward reappraisals
Reclassifications
Total additions to the stock
Reductions of stock
Managed regression
Natural regression
Catastrophic losses
Downward reappraisals
Reclassifications
Total reductions in stock
Revaluation of the stock a/
Closing stock of environmental assets a/ Only applicable for asset accounts in monetary terms
Condition Indicators
Water holding capacity
Soil organic carbon
Soil nutrient availability
Insect species richness
Bird species richness
Crop diversity
Share of time or area as fallow land
Biophysical
Selected Key Products Only
Agricultural Products
Crop Products
Maize
Rice Wheat Palm oil Sugar
Potatoes
Fodder
Other food crops
Other non-food crops
Total
Livestock Products
Livestock raising
Eggs
Raw milk
Honey
Other livestock products
Total
Other Agricultural Products
Total Agricultural
Forestry products
Forestry
Logging
Other Forestry Products
Total Forestry Products
Fisheries Products
Aquaculture
Capture fisheries
Total Fisheries Economic
Table 5.54. Extent and Condition for Sukat 5.5 (continuation)
Condition
Ecosystem Condition Indicators
Indicators
Density (tons/ha)
Diversity Index
Species composition (Flora or fauna)
NDVI (from remote sensing e.g. Google Earth engine)
NPP (data from Remote Sensing)
Ecosystem Condition Indicators
% cover (/m2)
Index #
No. of species
Index #
Index #
Density (shoots/m2)
Diversity Index
Ecosystem Condition Indicators
Index #
Hard Coral Cover %
Reef Fish Biomass (mt/km2)
Coral Diversity Index
Reef Fish Diversity Index
Ecosystem Condition Indicators
Table 5.55. Supply and Use for Sukat 5.5
Biophysical
Year 1
Fisher 1
Fisher 2
Fisher N
Total Catch
Fishing gear 1
Fishing gear 2
Index #
Index #
Mangroves
Seagrass Beds
Coral Reefs
Open Sea (Sandy Substrate?)
Harvest, in kg.
Monetary
Fisher 1
Gear 1 Species 1
Gear 2 Species 2
Fisher 2
Fisher N
Supply Table - (kgs. and PhP)
1
Species 2
Species 3
Species N
Use Table - (kgs. and PhP)
Species 2
Species 3
Species N
APPENDIX 9
Table 5.64. Extent and Condition for Sukat 5.6
Extent and Condition
Almaciga Info
No. of concessions
Area (hectarage) covered by the concessions
Annual allowable Harvest/ha
Estimated number of almaciga trees/ concessions
Estimated volume of almaciga harvest per year
Php in Year 1
Php/ha (from extent) in Year 1
Php/kg (from Physical) in Year 1
Brookes Point Rizal
Bataraza
Quezon
Sofronio Espanola
Seagrass Bed
Coral Reefs
Table 5.64. Extent and Condition for Sukat 5.6 (continuation)
Extent and Condition
Almaciga Info
Monetary Account
Estimated Revenue from Almagica harvest (tons)
Estimated cost of extraction
Rent per kg of almaciga
Rent per hectare
Total value of harvested Almaciga
Table 5.65. Supply and Use for Sukat 5.6
Table 5.74. Extent and Condition for Sukat 5.7 Extent Table 5.75. Supply and Use for Sukat 5.7
Biophysical Condition
Species composition (flora or fauna)
Vegetation (NDVI)
NPP (data from Remote Sensing)
Total Area in Beginning Year
Total Area in Ending Year
Agriculture
Domestic
• Drinking
• Other HH uses
Total used
Unused water
Total including unused water
Agriculture
Domestic
• Drinking Quezon Rizal
• Other HH uses
Quezon Rizal
Total used
Unused water
Total including unused water
APPENDIX 11
Table 6.14. Extent and Condition for Sukat 6.1
Extent
Condition
Service to allow/enhance practice belief
# of sites and size of sites
Service to enhance/allow connection with higher being # of sites and size of sites
Service to enhance/allow connection with self
Service to enhance/allow connection with others
# of sites and size of sites
# of sites and size of sites Demand (Use)
Contemplation and reflection # of users
Communication with higher being # of users
Communication with spirits # of users
Burial sites
Wedding sites
Baptism sites
Others
# of incidence
of incidence
of incidence
Service to allow/enhance practice belief
Service to enhance/allow connection with higher being
Service to enhance/allow connection with self
Service to enhance/allow connection with others
# of sites and size of sites
# of sites and size of sites
# of sites and size of sites
# of sites and size of sites
Contemplation and reflection # of users
Communication with higher being # of users
Communication with spirits # of users
Burial sites
# of incidence
Wedding sites # of incidence
Baptism sites # of incidence
Others
Extent
• Resource Rent Estimation: Compute what is due to nature; the unpaid input—NATURE.
• Simulated Exchange Value - estimate demand function using stated preference study. Estimate supply based on costs are of maintaining the recreation ecosystem service and tthen derive the intersection of the demand and supply curves (Caparros, et.al. 2017)
• Travel Cost Method - estimate costs incurred in making the visit (transport, opportunity cost of time, all other cost); derive travel cost function using visit-days information.
• Choice Experiment - survey-based method to get the value for the contribution of nature to the recreational experience.
APPENDIX 13
DEFINITION OF TERMS
• Abiotic - non-living components present in an ecosystem.
• Aggregation (of species) - grouping or clustering of many individuals of the same species.
• Archival - refers to public and private records in any format that have been selected for permanent preservation because of their evidential, historical informational value. (RA No. 10066).
• Area of Interest (AOI) - refers to an area showing the extent of the analysis.
• Area of Occupancy (AOO) - a scaled metric that represents the area of suitable habitat currently occupied by the taxon (IUCN).
• Avifauna - any kind of bird present in an area.
• Bale - a group of sea turtles.
• Bathymetry - the measurement of a water body’s depth at various places; this is used to a map showing underwater landforms.
• Benthic Cover - the biotic (e.g. coral communities, algae, marine sponges) and abiotic (sand, carbonate rock, rubble) features present on the seafloor within marine ecosystems.
• Biochemical cycle - any of the natural pathways by which essential elements of living matter are circulated. The term biochemical is a contraction that refers to the consideration of the biological and chemical aspects of each cycle.
• Biodiversity - is the species, genetic, and ecosystem diversity in an area, including associated biotic and abiotic processes and can be measured in terms of genetic diversity, identity and number of different types of species, assemblages of species, biotic and biotic processes, and the amount (e.g., abundance, biomass, cover, rate) and structure of each.
• Biological diversity - means the variability among living organisms from all sources including, among other things, terrestrial, marine, and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they are part; this includes diversity within species, between species, and of ecosystems.
• Biomass - renewable organic material that comes from plants and animals.
• Biophysical map - a map showing the biophysical features of an area, including the soil, elevation, slope, climatic information, and vegetation.
• Biophysical modeling - refers to the use of mathematical and computational models to simulate physical processes within ecosystems; biophysical models can aid in filling data gaps in ecosystem characteristics and services, spatially allocating information (e.g., measurements from surveys, administrative records, or censuses), and integrating results of ecosystem accounts into accounting frameworks (SEEA EA, 2021).
• Bioprospecting - a systematic and organized search for useful products derived from bioresources including plants, microorganisms, animals, etc., that can be developed further for commercialization and overall benefits of the society.
• Boots on the ground - referring to field researchers, citizen scientists, or other individuals deployed on the ground to conduct a specific task in the area of interest.
• Breeding - sexual production of species to produce offspring.
• Canopy cover - otherwise known are crown cover; the proportion of the forest that is covered by the vertical stands of tree crowns.
• Capital outlay - costs incurred by acquiring capital assets such as tools, equipment, and machineries.
• Carbon emission - carbon compound (such as carbon dioxide) released into the atmosphere, often through human activity such as the burning of fossil fuels such as coal or gas.
• Carbon pools - A component of the climate system that can store, accumulate, or release carbon. Oceans, soils, atmosphere, and forests are examples of carbon pools.
• Carbon sequestration - the process of capturing and storing atmospheric carbon dioxide. It is one method of reducing the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere to reduce global climate change.
• Carbon sinks - anything that absorbs more carbon from the atmosphere than it releases—for example, plants, the ocean, and soil.
• Carbon stock - The quantity of carbon contained in a “pool”, meaning a reservoir or system which can accumulate or release carbon.
• Choice experiment - is a type of stated preference approach where an individual is offered a set of alternative levels of supply of goods or services (typically two or three), in which the characteristics vary according to defined dimensions of quality and cost (SEE EA, 2021).
• Climate - the average, long-term weather pattern in a specific region or area (NASA).
• Connectivity - natural links between habitats; a mechanism that plays a critical role in replenishment and dispersal of biodiversity; this mechanism also includes ocean currents, dispersion of flora and fauna, migratory patterns.
• Conservation - is the human management of nature to achieve and maintain its greatest sustainable benefit to current and future generation.
• Conservation-dependent - a term adopted by the IUCN describing species that are dependent on conservation practices to prevent them from becoming threatened.
• Conservation status - pertains to the species’ risk of extinction according to the IUCN Red List or DENR-AO 2019-09 (fauna) and DENR-AO 2017-11 (flora).
• Contingent valuation method (CVM) - a survey-based stated preference technique that elicits people’s willingness to pay for a change in hypothetical or constructed markets (SEE EA, 2021).
• Cost-based valuation method - applied to assess the value of government-supplied services such as education, health, and defense, particularly in the context of accounting for public goods (SEE EA, 2021).
• Counterfactual - an estimate of what would have happened without the program/intervention or the presence of an ecosystem service.
• Creative expressions - expressions that result from the creativity of individuals, groups, and societies, and that have cultural content.
• Critically Endangered (DENR-AO) - a species that, in the immediate future, is extremely at high risk of extinction in the wild.
• Critically Endangered (IUCN) - an IUCN Red List Category of threatened species classifying a species as being at tremendously high risk of extinction.
• Cross-section data - In statistics and econometrics, this is a type of data collected by observing many subjects at a single point or period of time.
• Cultural activities - activities that embody or convey cultural expressions, irrespective of the commercial value they may have. Cultural activities may be an end in themselves or they may contribute to the production of cultural goods and services. (UNESCO).
• Culture bearer - any individual, especially a migrant, who carries, and thus diffuses, cultural values and traits bet ween societies. The role of culture bearers is particularly important within those cultures underg oing transition or experiencing threats from outside the culture (https://encyclopedia2. thefreedictionary.com/).
• Cultural heritage - includes artifacts, monuments, a group of buildings and sites, museums that have a diversity of values including symbolic, historic, artistic, aesthetic, ethnological or anthropological, scientific and social significance. It includes tangible heritage (movable, immobile and underwater), intangible cultural heritage (ICH) embedded into cultural, and natural heritage artifacts, sites or monuments. The definition excludes ICH related to other cultural domains such as festivals, celebration etc. It covers industrial heritage and cave paintings. (UNESCO).
• Cultural property - refers to all products of human creativity by which a people and a nation reveal their identity, including churches, mosques and other places of religious worship, schools and natural history specimens and sites, whether public or privately-owned, movable or immovable, and tangible or intangible. (RA No. 10066).
• Data Deficient - an IUCN Red List category classifying that a species’ currently available data is insufficient to assess the risk of species towards extinction.
• Damage cost avoided - estimates the value of ecosystem services based on the costs of the damages that would occur due to the loss of these services; damages should be estimated using prices consistent with the exchange value concept; particularly useful for regulating services. (SEE EA, 2021).
• Defensive expenditures/cost - costs incurred to prevent negative outcomes; while they add to measures of national income, their contribution to overall welfare may be limited, thus, they can be deducted to provide a more appropriate measure of national income in terms of welfare (SEE EA, 2021).
• Deforestation - the loss of trees in a forest, either caused by anthropogenic factors or natural events.
• Direct Observation - firsthand observation involving visual or aural encounters of the species (e.g. sightings, vocalizations).
• Dot map - a thematic map showing a point symbol to represent the geographic location or distribution of a certain object or feature.
• Econometric model - specifies the statistical relationship that is believed to hold between the various economic quantities pertaining to a particular economic phenomenon.
• Economic valuation - in this context, it is placing a monetary value on the basis of perceived ‘goods’ and ‘bads’ arising from changes in environmental quality or resource availability.
• Ecosystem - a community of living organisms interacting with each other and with their physical environment (DENR); a dynamic complex of plant, animal and micro-organism communities and their non-living environment interacting as a functional unit (CBD, 2010; https://www.cbd.int/ecosystem/ description.shtml).
• Ecosystem accounting - a framework designed to align with economic data prepared according to the System of National Accounts (SNA) which incorporates specific measurement boundaries and valuation concepts unique to ecosystem measurement; includes assessment of ecosystem assets such as their extent, condition, and services with a focus on accounting in both physical (e.g., hectares, tonnes) and in monetary terms (SEE EA, 2021).
• Ecosystem mosaic - mosaics formed by forest ecosystems together with other ecosystem types, including networks of interconnected natural patches, ecological corridors, migratory tourist, and riparian areas.
• Ecosystem Services - are direct and indirect contributions of ecosystems that directly affect humanity.
• Ecotourism - type of tourism that is intended to gain awareness about nature or ecology while minimizing negative impact to the environment.
• Endangered (DENR-AO) - a species that is not classified as critically endangered, but is unlikely to survive in the wild provided that factors contributing to its decline continues to persist.
• Endangered (IUCN) - an IUCN Red List Category of threatened species classifying a species as being at very high risk of extinction.
• Endemic Species - species or subspecies of flora and fauna that naturally occurs in a specific area within the Philippines; this includes near-endemic species.
• Erosivity - term used to describe the potential of raindrop impact or surface runoff to detach and erode soil.
• Extent - total area, size, range, or scale occupied by or included in something/a component.
• Extent of Occurrence (EOO) - is defined as “the area contained within the shortest continuous imaginary boundary which can be drawn to encompass all the known, inferred or projected sites of present occurrence of a taxon, excluding cases of vagrancy” (IUCN).
• Extinct - species that no longer exists.
• Feeding/spawning aggregations - This refers to the clusterings or congregations of fishes that form as a result of feeding (i.e. the presence of a food source brings in a group of fish of the same species) or spawning (i.e. as in the aggregation of fish of the same species for reproduction).
• Financially viable carbon - refers to carbon-related initiatives or projects that are economically sustainable and capable of generating positive financial returns.
• Foraging - an activity wherein a species searches for food resources.
• Forest - land covering an area greater than 0.5 hectares with a tree canopy covering of more than 10%, or an equivalent level of stocking density, where the trees reach a minimum height of 5 meters when fully grown in their natural environment. This includes both dense forest formations with multiple layers of trees and undergrowth covering much of the ground, as well as open areas with consistent vegetation cover where the tree crown cover exceeds 10%. Additionally, young natural stands and any forestry plantations, that have not yet achieved a crown density of over 10% or a tree height of 5 meters, are considered part of this definition of forest. (FAO, 2000).
• Forest fragmentation - refers to forest loss and the division of the remaining forest into smaller blocks. (Riitters, 2007).
• Forest structure - configuration and distribution of various plant species and sizes in a forest.
• Geomorphology - refers to the physical features and landforms of the earth’s surface/landforms.
• Grasslands - characterized by seasonal temperature variations with flat open areas dominated by grasses or grass-like species maintained by burning, grazing, and drought (Osborne 2012).
• Greenhouse gasses (GHG) - gasses that trap heat within the Earth’s atmosphere.
• Ground-truthing - the process that involves the collection of data on the ground, specifically in identified sampling locations/localities; this is especially performed to compare and verify remotesensed data against those collected on the ground.
• Habitat - a place or environment where a species or subspecies naturally occurs or has naturally established its population” (RA 9147, Wildlife Conservation Act. 2001).
• Habitat specificity - is a measure or quantitative expression of a habitat’s impact on species richness across a landscape. When a patch of land or habitat harbors many rare species (specialists), habitat specificity is high. (Halvorsen & Edvardsen, 2009).
• Heat island modeling - a model used to model capture the temperature variations between builtup (usually urban) and green (vegetated) area.
• Hedonic pricing method - estimated the differential premium on property values or rental values (or other composite goods) that arises from the effect of an ecosystem characteristic (e.g., clean air, local parks) on those values; commonly used to measure services related to the amenity provided to residents in particular locations (SEE EA, 2021).
• Herpetofauna - is the collective term use for amphibians and reptiles that are found or present in a certain area.
• High conservation value - an environmental, social, or cultural aspect that is known to be of outstanding importance at the global, regional, or local level.
• High conservation value area - areas containing high conservation values.
• Hydrodynamics - branch of physics concerned with the motion of fluids and the forces exerted on solid bodies immersed in fluids and in motion relative to them.
• Hydrological cycle - involves the continuous circulation of water in the Earth-Atmosphere system (NOAA, 2023).
• Indirect observation - personal observation without actual encounter of the species, which is indicative of the species’s presence (e.g. tracks, dung, urine marks, nests).
• Intangible heritage - it is made up of expressions, knowledge, activities and techniques that transmit the identity and culture of a certain community or group. It is made up of intangible, intangible assets. These are traditions and customs that are usually transmitted from generation to generation through orality. For instance, dances, festivities or cultural events (https://www.exampleslab.com/).
• Land cover - the observed biophysical or physical cover of the Earth’s surface.
• Leachates - any contaminated liquid percolated through a substance such as solid waste disposal site, gathering impurities, and moving into subsurface areas.
• Locality - smallest available unit of an area occupied by an organism or individual Market price— defined as amount of money that willing buyers pay to acquire something from willing sellers. (SEE EA, 2021).
• Mesoscale climate - The climate of a geographically restricted area, such as that of a forest, upland area, or valley, which is not necessarily representative of the overall climate of the region as a whole.
• Microscale climate - a local set of atmospheric conditions that differ from those in the surrounding areas, often slightly but sometimes substantially.
• Migration - The species’ seasonal movements from one locality to another, often for breeding or feeding.
• Mobulid - collective term for manta rays and devil rays.
• Movable heritage properties - are objects which may be classified as antiques, relics, or artifacts, and specimens of natural history such as physical, anthropological, archeological and ethnographic materials, meteorites and tektites; household and agricultural implements; decorative articles or personal adornment; works of art such as paintings, sculptures, carvings, jewelry, music, architecture, sketches, drawings, or illustrations in part or in whole; works of industrial and commercial art such as furniture, pottery, ceramics, wrought iron, gold, bronze, silver, wood or other heraldic items, metals, coins, medals, badges, insignias, coat of arms, crests, flags, arms, and armor; vehicles or ships or boats in part or in whole. (RA No. 10066).
• Multi-layer map - a map consisting, not only of one map layer, but multiple map layers.
• Natural capital - refers to the stock of renewable and non-renewable resources (e.g., plants, animals, air, water, soils, and minerals) that provide a flow of benefits to people. It also includes the ecosystem services that are often “invisible” to most people, such as air and water filtration, flood protection, carbon sequestration, pollination of crops, and habitats for wildlife. As such it is a key component of the country’s wealth, affecting long-term income and growth and sustaining a well-functioning economy.
• Natural capital accounting - is a tool that measures changes in the stock of natural capital and integrates the value of ecosystem services into accounting and reporting systems for a given region or ecosystem. Using an accounting approach that integrates various economic, sociodemographic, and environmental data into aggregates and indicators, NCA provides accounting frameworks to “put together” dispersed environmental data and integrate them with conventional income accounts.
• Near-endemic species - species with a geographic range that is almost entirely restricted to a specific region, island, or country.
• Near Threatened - an IUCN Red List category classifying a species as neither Critically Endangered, Endangered, nor Vulnerable at present, but is nearly or likely to be qualified as Threatened in the near future.
• Nutrient runoff - transport of nutrients from land to water bodies caused by excessive nutrients from soil or other surfaces carried by water such as rain and irrigation water.
• Occupancy model - a modeling technique used to determine the true occupancy of a species and the probability of true absence or presence of a species in an area.
• Participatory economic valuation - integrating participatory approaches (together with local communities and stakeholders) with other economic valuation tools.
• Pollutants – substances released in ecosystems by human activities that decrease the quality of air, water, soil and food, and affect the health of human and non-human populations. (UGC Berkley, n.d.).
• Population density - The number of individuals of a particular species within a specified per unit of land area.
• Probabilistic modeling - a statistical approach that predicts potential occurrence of future outcomes based on the effect of random occurrences or actions.
• Production function analysis - method of determining the changes in the service that will lead to changes in the output of the marketed good, holding other things equal. (SEE EA, 2021).
• Red List - a tool used in understanding how species are classified according to their risks of global extinction; it provides a list of species and their conservation status.
• Reflectance value - measurement of the amount of light when redirected as it strikes a nontransparent surface.
• Remotely Piloted Aircraft Systems (RPAS) - a system used in collecting aerial images through unmanned aircraft; consists of a remotely-piloted aircraft (drone), remote pilot station(s), command and control links, and other elements necessary during flight operation (https://skybrary.aero/articles/ introduction-remotely-piloted-aircraft-systems-rpas).
• Resource map - a map showing the location of natural resources present in an area.
• Resource rent - is the economic rent that accrues in relation to environmental assets, including
• natural resources (SEE EA, 2021).
• Roosting - an animal behavior wherein an individual or a group of individuals in the same species congregate together in a specific place (e.g. cave) or substrate (e.g. tree) to rest or sleep.
• Root-shoot ratio - The ratio of the amount of plant tissues that have supportive functions to the amount of those that have growth functions. Plants with a higher proportion of roots can compete more effectively for soil nutrients, while those with a higher proportion of shoots can collect more light energy.
• Sediment delivery ratio - sediment yield from an area divided by the gross erosion of that same area.
• Sediment pathway - the pathway with which the sediments are transmitted from one are to another.
• Sensu - as defined or understood by.
• Shapefiles - a vector data storage format used to store the shape, location, and attributes of a geographic feature; the file type used in QGIS or ArcGIS (https://doc.arcgis.com/en/arcgisonline/ reference/shapefiles.htm).
• Simulated exchange value - in the absence of estimated demand functions, exchange values can be approximated based on aggregated travel cost data (e.g, fuel). (SEE EA, 2021).
• Social cost of carbon - an estimate of the cost, in dollars, of the damage done by each additional ton of carbon emissions.
• Soil erodibility factors - used to quantify soil detachment by runoff and raindrop impact. These erodibility factors are indexes used to predict the long-term average soil loss from sheet and rill erosion under crop systems and conservation techniques.
• Soil structure - assemblage of individual particles of sand, silt, and clay (FAO, n.d.).
• Species abundance - The number of individuals of a particular species within a defined area.
• Species assemblage - all species found within a defined area.
• Species Distribution Model (SDM) - a tool to predict the distribution of a species across geographic space and time using environmental data. (Elith & Leathwick, 2009).
• Species occurrence - refers to the recorded presence, observation, or encounters of a particular species in a particular location (expressed in GPS coordinates).
• Species Survival Envelope - defines the limits of environmental features essential to species’ survival or “niche”.
• Succession - the gradual progression of structural and compositional changes in natural ecosystems through which a community of species changes over time (H.H. Shugart, 2013).
• Sukat ng Kalikasan - the Philippines’ national interpretation of the international high conservation value categories; this term either refers to the Framework itself or the high conservation value categories and subcategories.
• Supply and use tables - accounting tables structured to record flows of final ecosystem services between economic units and ecosystems and flows of intermediate services among ecosystems; entries can be made in physical and monetary terms (SEE EA, 2021).
• Tangible heritage - it is made up of goods, sites or objects that are considered relevant to the culture, history and identity of a certain society, country or region. This type of heritage can be movable, or real estate (https://www.exampleslab.com/).
• Tangible cultural property - refers to a cultural property with historical, archival, anthropological, archaeological, artistic and architectural value, and with exceptional or traditional production, whether of Philippine origin or not, including antiques and natural history specimens with significant value (RA No. 10066).
• Taxonomic amalgamation unit - the unit used in the classification of corals to represent species that are hard to differentiate but are rather closely related based on specific of characteristics.
• Time series data - data at specific intervals over a period to identify trends, seasonality, and residuals, and to reveal the degree to which the extent and composition of ecosystem types has changed, and the nature of conversions between ecosystem types. (SEE EA, 2021).
• Topographic characteristics - refer to natural or man-made features of the Earth’s surface, such as hills, mountains, roads, rivers, etc.
• Topography - the description of both natural and unnatural features present in an area.
• Travel cost method (TCM) - is commonly used in economics to estimate the value of recreational areas based on the revealed preferences of visitors to the site (SEE EA, 2021).
• Variable cost - costs that change as the quantity of the good or service that an economic activity produces changes.
• Vegetation - an assemblage of plants present in an area, including the ground cover.
• Viable population - a population of species with a high probability of survival for a predetermined amount of time.
• Vulnerable (IUCN) - an IUCN Red List Category of threatened species classifying a species as being at high risk of extinction.
• Vulnerable (DENR-AO) - species or subspecies under threat from multiple factors in their geographic range that are neither critically endangered nor endangered, but likely to be pushed toward the endangered category in the near future. (RA 9147. Wildlife Conservation Act. 2001).
• Wetlands - refers to any land areas that have waterlogged soil, and classified as inland habitats and coastal and marine areas whether it is natural or artificial and permanently or seasonally flooded with static or flowing water (BMB, 2023; https://bmb.gov.ph/protected-areadevelopment-andmanagement/).
• Worldview - pertains to our perspective towards nature and what it encompasses. This includes the values of spiritual and cultural services of people and communities (e.g. culture bearers, elders).
• Zonal value - the value placed on real estate properties for taxation purposes.
