HOGENT - biomedische laboratoriumtechnologie - organische chemie

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Inhoud ALGEMENE BEGRIPPEN ........................................................................................................................... 2 Kenmerken van koolstofverbindingen ................................................................................................ 2 Formules .............................................................................................................................................. 5 Isomeren.............................................................................................................................................. 7 Conformeren ..................................................................................................................................... 12 INTERMOLECULAIRE KRACHTEN ........................................................................................................... 15 Polaire atoombindingen .................................................................................................................... 15 Polaire en apolaire moleculen ........................................................................................................... 16 Belangrijkste soorten intermoleculaire krachten.............................................................................. 18 Geïnduceerde dipool–geïnduceerde dipoolinteracties .............................................. 18 Dipool–geïnduceerde dipoolinteracties ........................................................................... 19 Dipool-dipoolinteracties ........................................................................................................ 19 Waterstofbrugkrachten ......................................................................................................... 20 Ion-dipoolinteracties.............................................................................................................. 20 Ion-ioninteracties.................................................................................................................... 21 ZUREN EN BASEN ........................................................................................................................... 22 Bronsted-Lowry theorie ............................................................................................................ 22 zuur-base gedrag van organische functies in water ..................................................... 23 Factoren die het zuur gedrag beïnvloeden ....................................................................... 26 De vergelijking van Henderson-Hasselbalch .................................................................... 30 ORGANISCHE REACTIES .............................................................................................................. 31 1.

Indeling op basis van de bindingsdoorbraak ....................................................... 31

2.

Indeling op basis van het aanvallend reagensdeeltje ...................................... 32

3.

Indeling op basis van het reactietype .................................................................... 34

4.

Reactiemechanismen van enkele organische verbindingsklassen ............... 42

a.

Nucleofiele substitutiereacties SN ........................................................................................ 42

stabiliteit van het carbokation bij een SN1 reactiemechanisme ........................... 45 sterische effecten.................................................................................................................... 46 nucleofiel .................................................................................................................................... 47 leaving group / uittredende groep ................................................................................... 48 solvent ........................................................................................................................................ 48 2.

Nucleofiele additie-eliminatie reacties van carbonzuur(derivaten) leiden tot ..................... 51

3.

Eliminatiereacties .................................................................................................................. 55

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